An outstanding Soviet therapist, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor (1967).
In 1922 he graduated from the Kyiv Medical Institute. For 12 years he worked side by side with such prominent representatives of medical science as F.G. Yanovsky and N.D. Strazhesko, whose influence on the young doctor was indisputable. In the faculty therapeutic clinic of the Kyiv Medical Institute V.Kh. Vasilenko worked for several years as an assistant and associate professor.
In 1935 V.Kh. Vasilenko was elected head of the Department of Therapy at the Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education, while continuing to work at the Institute of Clinical Medicine under the direction of N.D. Strazhesko.
V.Kh. Vasilenko is the author of more than 250 scientific papers, including several monographs. Scientific research by V.Kh. Vasilenko conducted mainly in two areas of therapy - cardiology and gastroenterology. Of great importance are the works of his work: "Heart failure", "Myocardial dystrophy", "Defects of the heart".
Even in the pre-war period, while working in Kyiv, he paid much attention to the study of chronic circulatory failure. In the process of scrupulously conducted scientific research, he refuted the teaching of the Austrian therapist G. Eppinger, which had prevailed in science until then, about changes in the metabolism of lactic acid in circulatory failure, and for the first time described metabolic alkalosis that develops in chronic heart failure (1939).
A significant contribution was made by V.Kh. Vasilenko in understanding the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in chronic circulatory failure and the development of pathogenetic methods for their treatment. He substantiated the pathogenesis of symptoms of fatigue and fatigue in decompensated patients, described the syndrome of acute left atrial insufficiency in mitral stenosis, identified the presystolic fourth heart sound. Based on the study of metabolism in circulatory failure V.Kh. Vasilenko together with N.D. Strazhesko proposed a classification of circulatory insufficiency, which in 1935 was adopted by the XII All-Union Congress of Physicians. This classification is based on a functional approach and a qualitative assessment of changes in the whole organism, its physical reserves and capabilities. In 1940 V.Kh. Vasilenko presented his data on this topic in his doctoral dissertation entitled "Materials on metabolism in chronic circulatory failure".
The first years of the Great Patriotic War V.Kh. Vasilenko spent time in evacuation in Ufa, where he worked as an assistant professor at the Bashkir Medical Institute and as a consultant in evacuation hospitals. Since 1943 V.Kh. Vasilenko was in the army on the fronts as the chief therapist of the North Caucasian, and then the 1st Ukrainian fronts. During the offensive of the troops of the North Caucasian Front in 1943 (Taman Peninsula), a mass disease of malaria arose in the formations and units of the front. At the request of V.Kh. Vasilenko, by order of the commander, all hospitals of the front were transferred to the therapeutic service for 10 days. All patients with malaria were treated with quinine and quinine, and by the time appointed by order, the combat capability of units and formations was restored. For the successful "therapeutic operation" V.Kh. Vasilenko was awarded the command of the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.
His observations and experience of the period of the Great Patriotic War V.Kh. Vasilenko summarized in a number of original scientific works: "Principles of organizing therapeutic care in frontline conditions" (1944), "Croupous pneumonia" (1947). After the war, for several years he headed the therapeutic service of the Lvov and Carpathian military districts.
In 1948, by competition, he was elected head of the department of propaedeutics of internal diseases of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. THEM. Sechenov, where he worked until 1987.
In the postwar years, V. X. Vasilenko identified a number of clinical forms of circulatory failure. Important works of V.Kh. Vasilenko are devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction, substantiation of the diagnostic role of photo-scanning in the diagnosis of post-infarction aneurysms of the heart and intracardiac thrombosis.
The second direction, which V.Kh. Vasilenko has been developing for more than 40 years - this is gastroenterology. In 1967-74. he headed the Scientific Research Institute of Gastroenterology of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, created with his direct participation. He described a number of symptoms: a physical sign of a sharp expansion of the stomach, splashing noise in the epigastric region on the right, a symptom of pain at the height of inspiration when the anterior abdominal wall is tapped in the area of the gallbladder projection (a sign of cholecystitis), etc.
Since the 60s, he has been researching the clinic and diagnosing various forms of gastritis, ulcers, acute "stress" ulcers in myocardial infarction, gastrointestinal bleeding, and has been dealing with issues of early diagnosis of gastric cancer. Vasilenko in the monograph "Disease of the esophagus" (1971). The book “Post-gastroresection disorders” (1974) is devoted to diseases of the operated stomach. The work of V.Kh. Vasilenko (together with A.L. Grebenev) "Diseases of the stomach and duodenum" (1981), which reflects the latest achievements of gastroenterology and the clinical experience of the authors in this field. They provide data on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the stomach and duodenum (gastritis, ulcers, stomach cancer). A generalizing study in the field of gastroenterology can be called the monograph "Achalasia of the cardia" (1976).
V.Kh. Vasilenko was an excellent teacher and lecturer. Many students and teachers who had the good fortune to communicate with him note that “the way he treats patients conquers in him”; he is thoughtful, attentive during rounds, seeks to strengthen the patients' hope for recovery. For the textbook "Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases", in which he acts as a co-author and editor, V.Kh. Vasilenko was awarded the USSR State Prize. In the same year, 1979, for a series of works on the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapy and prevention of diseases of the esophagus, he was awarded the Prize. N.D. Strazhesko Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR.
The depth of thought, the novelty of the approach marked the last book of the scientist "Introduction to the Clinic of Internal Medicine" (1985), in which the author outlined the main problems of medicine, being fluent in the historical method, tried to answer important questions about how to build a diagnosis, prognosis, what is the essence of the clinical concept of the disease, etc.
V.Kh. Vasilenko founded the scientific school of gastroenterology. He was the chairman of the All-Union Scientific Society of Gastroenterologists. For many years he served as Academician-Secretary of the Department of Clinical Medicine of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, was an honorary member of the International Society of Therapists, the Swedish Society of Therapists, scientific societies of gastroenterologists in Germany, Bulgaria, V.Kh. Vasilenko headed the editorial team of the scientific journal Clinical Medicine.
For his many services to the Fatherland, he was awarded three Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War I and II degree, the Red Banner of Labor, Friendship of Peoples and other honorary awards.
V.Kh. Vasilenko was the chairman of the Moscow Society of Therapists for many years. The department of propaedeutics of internal diseases, which he headed since 1948, and the clinic of internal diseases bear his name.
Andrzej Wajdaoutstanding film director
Polish director Andrzej Wajda was born on March 6, 1926 in Suwałki. Wajda studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow, but without completing the course, he entered the directing department of the Lodz Film School. During his studies, he worked as a second director on the film "Five from Barskaya Street", which was directed by A. Ford. After graduating from the film school in 1954, the director made his debut with the film "Generation", which marked the beginning of the "Polish film school". Wide recognition came to Vaida after the film "Canal" (1956), awarded several awards, including a special prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1957. One of the best works of Andrzej Wajda of this period is the film "Ashes and Diamond", which he staged based on the novel of the same name by Jerzy Andrzejewski and told about the tragedy of young underground workers. The role of Maciek in this film brought fame to the actor Zbigniew Cybulski. In the future, the director touched on the theme of war in the films "Letna", "Samson", "Landscape after the battle", "Korczak", "Pring with an eagle in a crown", "Holy Week". In addition, Andrzej Wajda made lyrical films and satirical comedies ("Young Ladies from Wilko", "Birch Tree", "Promised Land", "Innocent Magicians", "Hunting for Flies"). A considerable place is occupied in the director's work by adaptations of literary classics, both Polish and world - "The Wedding", "Siberian Lady Macbeth", "Demons", "Pilate and Others". A noticeable socio-political resonance, and not only in Poland, was caused by Wajda's work in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when he made such films as "The Man from Marble", "Without Narcosis", "The Man from Iron" , Danton.
In addition to cinema, Andrzej Wajda worked in the theater since the late 1950s, among the performances he staged are several versions of Hamlet, Demons and Crime and Punishment (according to F.M. Dostoevsky).
The director's work was marked by the Oscar, Cesar, Felix awards, as well as a number of prestigious international awards in Japan, Italy, Greece; The University of Washington and the Jagiellonian University awarded him an honorary doctorate.
In 1999, Andrzej Wajda staged the historical film "Pan Tadeusz", which tells about Poland during the Napoleonic Wars.
In 2000, Andrzej Wajda received an Oscar for his achievements in cinematography.
Henryk Wieniawski- great Polish violinist and composer
Great Polish violinist and composer. Born July 10, 1835 in Lublin, died March 31, 1880 in Moscow. In 1843 he was admitted to the conservatory in Paris, where from 1844 he was a student of L. Massart. In 1846, having successfully graduated from the conservatory, he began an active concert activity. In 1851-1853. together with his brother Jozef he performed in Poland, Russia, Germany, and then gave concerts in France and England. In 1860-1872. was a soloist of the imperial court in St. Petersburg. In 1862-1868. - Violin professor at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. Together with Anton Rubinstein he made a big tour of the countries of America (1872-1874). In 1875-1877. - Professor of the Brussels Conservatory in the violin class. Then he returned to concert activity.
He was a brilliant virtuoso, who, in terms of the brightness of his talent, was compared with the great N. Paganini. Representative of the romantic performing arts. How the composer enriched the violin repertoire (polonaises, mazurkas, etc.). Many international competitions founded in Warsaw (since 1935), in Poznan (since 1952), as well as competitions for composers and violin makers (since 1956) are named after him.
Anna Germanformer popular singer
Anna German was born on February 14, 1936 in the Soviet Union in the city of Urgench (Central Asia) in a family of Russian immigrants. Among her distant ancestors were emigrants from Holland who ended up in Russia in the middle of the 17th century. Anna's great-great-grandfather on the paternal side, who lived for about forty years on a farm in southern Ukraine, was forced to go to Central Asia, where he remained forever.
Russian became the native language for Anna due to family traditions. Anna practically did not remember her father - when she was two years old, he was arrested and sent to a camp, where he disappeared. Soon Anna's younger brother also died of illness. After that, he and his mother had to wander a lot - they lived in Novosibirsk, Tashkent, Dzhambul, where the war caught them.
Anna's mother remarried and after the war in 1946 they went to Poland to their homeland to their second husband. Anna went to school there. She was especially good at languages (from childhood she had to communicate in different local languages back in her homeland) - she knew Dutch and Italian well. She painted beautifully. Then she began to sing. After graduation, Anna applied to the Faculty of Geology. There, at the Faculty of Geology of the University of Wroclaw, her talent manifested itself in the student theater "Pun", on the Wroclaw stage. After studying for six years, I did not go to geology - I chose a song.
The first success came to her at the 3rd Sopot Festival, then there was a triumph at the 2nd Polish Song Festival in Opole with the song "Dancing Eurydice". The first performances in Moscow, where she was offered to record the first disc, Sopot again, touring in the USA, performing at the Paris Olympia with Dalida.
In 1967 Herman conquers Italy at the Sanremo festival where there were such celebrities as Domenico Modugno, Dalida, Sonny, Cher, Claudio Villa. Later he had great success at the Neapolitan Song Festival in Sorrento. Everything went well, but, unfortunately, fate treated her cruelly - she got into a car accident.
Anna and the driver were driving in a car along a mountain road. On one of the difficult sections of the road, the driver dozed off and the car crashed into a concrete fence. As a result of the collision, Anna was thrown out of the car so far that at first they simply did not notice her. In this car accident, she receives complex fractures of the spine, both legs, left arm, concussion. Anna does not regain consciousness for 12 days, then heavy operations follow, her whole body is encased in plaster.
Only by 1970 did she begin to walk around the apartment. In the spring of 1972 Herman resumes concert tours. In the autumn she comes to Moscow and writes down the song "Hope" by A. Pakhmutova and N. Dobronravov. In Poland, she did not have her own author, and in the USSR V. Shainsky, O. Feltsman, V. Dobrynin, E. Ptichkin, A. Babadzhanyan, Y. Frenkel and many other composers began to offer her new songs. In the 70s, A. German began to often sing songs for Russian listeners, which they really liked, especially in her performance. Many of these songs became hits of that time, and some remained forever. For example: "Hope", "When the gardens were blooming", "We are a long echo of each other", "Burn, burn my star", etc.
In 1975, her son was born. Everything seemed to be going well, but fate once again treated her cruelly - in the early 80s, she was diagnosed with cancer. Knowing this, Anna went on her last tour - to Australia. When she returned, she went to the hospital. There she underwent three complex operations. However, it was not possible to save A. German.
A. Herman was buried in the Warsaw cemetery and a treble clef and notes were engraved on a black tombstone.
Stanislav Lem - famous science fiction writer
LEM (LEM) Stanislav (b. 09/12/1921). A prominent Polish writer, playwright, critic, literary critic and original philosopher, also known for his work. other genres (detective literature, poetry), leading author of nat. NF liters, classic modern. NF. Born in Lvov (now Ukraine). He was forced to interrupt his studies at the Lvov (now Ukraine) honey. in-those in connection with the beginning. World War II; in the years of it. occupation, he worked as a car mechanic, welder, participated in the Polish resistance movement. After the end of the war, together with his family, he repatriated to Poland, graduated from medical school. Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow and for some time worked in his specialty; from the beginning 1950s - prof. writer. He made his debut in literature in 1946; in NF - at the same time (r-zy "Alien" and "History of one discovery", as well as the story "Man from Mars"). After martial law was established in Poland in 1980, he left for the West. Berlin, also lived in Austria, Italy; returned home in the late 1980s. Honorary Doctor of the Wroclaw Polytechnic Institute. Laureate pl. nat. and foreign lit. premiums, including State. Prizes of Poland (1976), State. Austrian Prize (1956). NF and the philosophical TV of L. (one, apparently, of the last thinkers - encyclopedists), usually closely linked in most of his works, is a unique lit. and general cultural phenomenon of the 2nd floor. 20th century Usually in sci-fi novels and r-zah writer, pl. of which are included in the gold fund of modern. NF, his original and bold philosophical concepts concerning the prospects of decomp. sciences, from cybernetics to space civilizing activity in general. To the most famous SF products. L. include: early novels - "Astronauts" (1951; Russian 1955) and "Magellan Cloud" (1955; Russian 1958); satirical cycles - “The Star Diaries of Iyon the Quiet” (1957; Rus. 1961), subsequently continued by stories and even novels, and “Kiberiad”, which also amounted to several. Sat.; cycle about the space pilot Pirks - Sat. “Tales of the Pilot Pirks” (1968) and others, the late novel “Fiasco” (1987); novels - "Eden" (1959; Russian 1967), "Solaris" (1961; Russian shortened 1963; added 1976), "Return from the Stars" (1961; Russian 1965), "Invincible" (1964; Russian . 1964) and others. One of the stories about Pirks and the novel Solaris were filmed, and the second film adaptation by A. Tarkovsky belongs to the masterpieces of world cinema science fiction. L. is also known for his original philosophical and futurological book “The Sum of Technology” (1964; Rus. 1968), a number of philosophical and literary-critical works.
Adam Mickiewicz - famous Polish poet
Mickiewicz, Adam (1798-1855), Polish poet. Born December 24, 1798 in Novogrudok (now Belarus) in a small-scale gentry family. In 1819 he graduated from Vilna University. In 1822 and 1823 he published two small collections of poetry, marking the beginning of the romantic trend in Polish literature. In 1824 he was exiled to Russia for active participation in Polish patriotic organizations; lived in Odessa, Moscow and St. Petersburg; in 1829 received permission to travel to Western Europe.
In Russia, Mickiewicz wrote the Crimean Sonnets (Sonety krymskie, 1826) and an epic poem in the spirit of Byron, Konrad Wallenrod (Konrad Wallenrod, 1828), testifying to poetic maturity. In 1829-1831 he lived mainly in Rome, where, having experienced a spiritual crisis, he became interested in mysticism. Without much enthusiasm trying to join the participants in the Polish uprising of 1830-1831, in 1832 he settled in Paris, where he spent most of the rest of his life. In 1832–1834, two of his greatest poems were written: Part III Dziady and Pan Tadeusz. In the first, Mickiewicz outlined his "messianic" idea, giving the Poles the same place among other peoples as Christ occupied among people: Poland was crucified, but will rise again and initiate a new historical era. The action of Pan Tadeusz takes place in rural Lithuania on the eve of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812; the plot is based on the feuds of local Polish gentry, which successfully ended in a wedding.
After Pan Tadeusz, Mickiewicz practically stopped writing poetry. In 1840 he became the first professor of Slavic literature at the Paris College de France. In 1841 he fell under the influence of the mystic A. Towianski, an apologist for Polish messianism, in whose teaching the belief in the rebirth of Poland was combined with the belief in the unceasing activity of the spirit of Napoleon. In 1845, the French government suspended Mickiewicz from lecturing for promoting Tovyanism, and in 1852 he was dismissed. In 1855, Mickiewicz left for Constantinople, where he intended to organize a Polish legion to help the French and British in the fight against Russia. Having contracted cholera, he died on November 26, 1855. In 1890, Mickiewicz's ashes were transported from Paris to Krakow and placed in a sarcophagus in the Wawel Cathedral.
Cyprian Camille Norwid - the greatest poet, playwright, artist
Cyprian Kamil Norwid / Cyprian Kamil Norwid (1821 - 1883) Buy books of the poet Cyprian Kamil Norwid - poems, verse translations ... The largest Polish poet, playwright, artist. In 1842 he left his homeland and went to Italy, wishing to continue his art education. In 1846 he was arrested in Berlin by the Prussian authorities, after his release he moved to Paris. At the end of 1852 he left for America, then returned to Europe again, lived in Paris. A contemporary of Mickiewicz, Slovak, Chopin. Sadly calling himself "an unknown poet", he believed in the revival of harmony in art, which, as the poet argued, can only be comprehended in a "society of free individuals" who defend their right to think and create; he was a supporter of progressive evolution, speaking out against revolutionary violence; it was in art that he saw the power of influencing social reality (the poem "Promethidion" - 1848-1850). Contemporaries appreciated Norwid as a brilliant orator and a great reciter, an excellent artist, but only the creators of "Young Poland" appreciated his literary genius. The literary heritage of the poet is characterized by deep philosophical generalizations, bold innovation, but above all - a comprehensive interest in a person, in the content of his life. The most original are his cycle "Vade mecum" (1865-66), which included the masterpiece of Norwid's lyrics "Chopin's Piano", as well as "The Thing about Freedom of Speech" (1869). These and many other gems of the poet's intellectual lyrics were published posthumously. In recent years, the poet lived in extreme poverty. From February 1877 he was forced to live in an orphanage on the Parisian outskirts of Ivry. He died in 1883. Five years later, the ashes of the poet were transferred to the Montmorency cemetery and buried in the common grave of unknown Polish wanderers.
Most of the poet's most important works have been preserved in fragments and have come down to our time in manuscripts: "Behind the scenes", "Tirteus", "Cleopatra", "A Dorio ad Phrygium", "Ring of a high society lady", "Emil from Gostavya", "Countess Palmyra ".
Today, the name of Norwid in the pantheon of Polish literature is next to the names of Mickiewicz and Słowacki.
Krzysztof Penderecki- outstanding composer and conductor
An outstanding Polish composer and conductor, one of the most interesting personalities in modern world music, one of the creators of the modern musical avant-garde. A graduate of the Jagiellonian University and the Higher State Musical College in Krakow (later renamed the Academy of Music). Since 1958 professor of composition. He taught at many educational institutions in Poland and abroad. In 1972-1987. rector of the Academy of Music in Krakow. In 1987-1990. was thin. head of the Krakow Philharmonic. Since 1988 he has been Principal Conductor of the North German Radio Orchestra in Hamburg.
Honorary member of the Royal Academy of Music in London and Stockholm, honorary doctor of many universities, winner of the most prestigious music awards in the world, including them. Sibelius in Helsinki (1983), Grammy Awards in the USA (1988), Gravemeyer Award in the USA (1990).
The most important works of K. Penderetsky:
- "In memory of the victims of Hiroshima - tren" (1960)
- "Passion for Luke" (1963/65)
- "Morning" (1970)
- "Cosmogony" (1970)
- "Magnificat" (1974)
- "Seven Gates of Jerusalem" (1996)
operas:
- "Ludens' demons" (1968)
- "Paradise Lost" (1978)
- "Black Mask" (1987)
- "King Ubyu" (1991).
Author of five symphonies, three quartets, a number of concertos, etc.
Juliusz Slovacki- great poet and playwright
The great poet and playwright, along with A. Mickiewicz, is the founder of Polish romanticism. Educated at Vilnius University. Stefan Batory. During the November uprising of 1830, he worked in the Diplomatic Bureau of the National Government. In patriotic poems written during this period, the voice of a citizen poet sounds. "The resurrection of the people became the moment of the resurrection of dreams," J. Slovacki later wrote in his autobiography. However, in March 1831 the poet left Warsaw (he left as a diplomatic courier for Paris and then for London). After the defeat of the uprising, J. Slovacki remained in exile. He lived mainly in Paris, spent 1833-1836 in Geneva, in 1837-38 he traveled to Greece, Egypt and the countries of the Middle East. In his early works, J. Slovacki imitated Byron and Shakespeare. In the period of mature creativity, he became the spokesman for the quests and disappointments of his generation, presenting on his behalf an account of life and history. The poet's work is striking in the versatility of genre searches, the abundance of ideas, many of which, however, were never brought to the end. His contribution to the development of romantic drama is especially significant. The dramas Kordian (1834 edition, 1899 edition), Balladina (1835, 1839 edition, 1862 edition), Lilla Veneda (1840, 1863 edition) are masterpieces of Polish dramaturgy. The motives of individual tragedy are intertwined in them with national historical and philosophical problems. In the dramas "Balladin" and "Lilla Veneda" the poet tried to find examples of national character and history in the world of myths and legends. Mastery in combining tragic and comic motifs, fantasy and reality, which is noticeable in "Balladin", was most fully manifested in the poem "Benevski" (1841, unfinished), a masterpiece of romantic subjectivism and literary controversy. Other important works of Yu. Slovatsky: prose poem "Angelli" (1938); the dramas Gorshtynsky (1835), Mazeppa (1840), Salome's Silver Dream (1844), Samuel Zborovsky (1845); romantic comedy "Fantasy" (1841); unfinished historical and philosophical poem "The Spirit King" (1845-1849).
J. Slovacki died in Paris in 1849. Since 1927, the ashes of the poet have been buried in Krakow in the tomb of Wawel. The work of Yu. Slovatsky had a huge impact on the development of Polish literature ("Young Poland" recognized the poet as its patron and predecessor) and to this day is a living source of ideological and artistic inspiration.
Red Guitars- the most popular Polish youth ensemble of the sixties
Czerwone Gitary - the most popular Polish youth ensemble of the sixties. Founded in 1965 in Gryn by J. Kossel. The members also included: S. Karajewski, K. Klenczon, H. Zomerski, J. Skrzypczak and B. Dornowski.
"Chervony guitars" (Red guitars) gained popularity very quickly. Their repertoire included many popular songs. The most famous of them: "Matura" (Matura), "Do not turn up your nose" (Nie zadzieraj nosa), "After all, you are afraid of a mouse" (Bo ty sie boisz myszy), "No one in the world knows" (Nikt na swiecie nie wie ), "White Cross" (Bialy krzyz), "Anna Maria" (Anna Maria), "Flowers in the Hair" (Kwiaty we wlosach), "Allowed from 18" (Dozwolone od lat 18-tu).
In 1968 the song "Such beautiful eyes" (Takie ladne oczy) received the award of the Committee for Radio and Television Affairs (Przewodniczacy Komitet d.s. PR i TV), and in 1969 "White Cross" (Bialy Krzyz) received the award of the Minister of Culture and Art (Minister Kultury i Sztuki).
In 1970, Klenczon left the group (died tragically in 1981).
"Red Guitars" after minor changes in the composition in 1977 in Sopot won the second award at the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Nie Spoczniemy".
Discography: "To wlasnie my" (1996), "Czerwone Gitary 2" (1967), "Czerwone Gitary 3" (1968), "Na fujarce" (1970), "Consuela" (1971), "Czerwone Gitary - Warszawa" (1971), "Spokoj serca" (1971), "Rytm ziemi" (1974), "Dzien jeden w roku" (1976), "Port piratow" (1977), "Rote Gitarren" (1978), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary" (1978), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary" (1991), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary 2" (1991), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary 3" (1991), "Czerwone Gitary (1)" ( 1991), "Czerwone Gitary (2)" (1991), "Czerwone Gitary" (1994), "Ballady" (1994), "Koniec - Czerwone Gitary by Seweryn Krajewski" (1995), "Gold" (1996).
Fryderyk Chopin - great composer
The great Polish composer Fryderyk Chopin was born (according to official documents) on February 22, 1810 in Zhelyazova Wola. The composer himself, however, considered the date of his birth March 1, which was confirmed by his mother. Chopin was brought up in Warsaw in a boarding school for children of noble birth, which was opened by his mother. Father - Mikolay Chopin - a Frenchman by birth, an educated son of a Vosges peasant winemaker, arrived from Lorraine and stayed in Poland to avoid serving in the Napoleonic army. Mother - Justyna Krzyzhanovska - served as a housekeeper for Countess Skarbek on the estate of Zhelyazova Volya. Chopin's youth is the comprehension of the secrets of composition from Józef Elsner, rector of the conservatory; these are the rapid successes of playing the piano, these are Warsaw receptions, concerts in fashionable salons, and summer vacations on the estates of boarding comrades. Chopin's musical abilities manifested themselves exceptionally early: already at the age of eight he was called the "Polish Mozart". On February 24, 1818, he gave his first public concert. All Warsaw was talking about him. Chopin was a close observer of the life around him: he followed the change of styles and fashions, primarily in the world of art, the Warsaw disputes between the supporters of classicism and romanticism. At the same time, Chopin was forming as a pianist. His performances attracted the attention of the public and the press in Warsaw, then in Vienna, where he gave his first concert in 1829. In Vienna, Chopin was caught by the news of the uprising that began on November 29, 1830 in Warsaw, which caused the composer, many of whose friends participated in this uprising, a severe mental crisis. The tragic experiences of this time were reflected in the sketches created soon. Three etudes were given the name "Revolutionary" due to their exceptionally dramatic nature. Reflections on the fate of Poland and the patriotic spirit sounded later in Chopin's heroic polonaises, and echoes of longing for Poland resound in some mazurkas written in Mallorca and Nohant.
In the autumn of 1831, Chopin arrived in Paris. The first Paris concert on February 26, 1832 immediately brought him great popularity. Chopin quickly conquered the Parisian salons with his brilliant humor and genius for improvisation, and quickly entered the circle of people of art. Here he became close with Liszt, Mendelssohn, Meyerbeer, Halevi, Heine, met with Mickiewicz, who unsuccessfully persuaded him to write a patriotic opera. A major role in the life of Chopin of that Parisian period was played by the famous writer Aurora Dudevant, who wrote under the pseudonym George Sand. Chopin visited her summer residence in Nohant, Madame Sand accompanied the already seriously ill composer on his trip to Mallorca. In those years (1838-1847) Chopin's best works were written - ballads, scherzos, fantasy in F minor, sonatas in B flat minor and B minor, barcarolle, a number of waltzes and mazurkas, as well as polonaises in F sharp minor, A flat major and polonaise fantasy. In Nohant, his work ended. After breaking up with George Sand, the composer went to England and Scotland for several months. Chopin died in Paris on October 17, 1849 and was buried in the Pere Lachaise cemetery. According to the will of the composer, his heart was transported by his sister to Warsaw and buried in the dungeon of the Church of St. Cross; in 1879 it was walled up in one of the columns of this temple, on which a board was erected with the inscription: "Compatriots to Fryderyk Chopin".
Chopin was one of the brightest creative individuals in the history of not only music, but of the entire world culture. He consciously devoted himself only to piano work, did not write any operas or symphonies. But for the first time he turned piano music into such an independent powerful artistic realm.
What does it mean to be famous? For example, Chesley Sullenberger was ranked second in the Top 100 Most Influential People of 2009 for just a successful emergency landing of the plane, as a result of which no one was injured. But time passes, and all these rating names are erased and dissolved behind millions of the same rating names. But there are ten people who are known in any part of the globe. They knew, know and will know about them. And we invite you to remember these ten people in the Top Greatest People of All Time. The names in the list are in ascending order, from tenth to the most important, first place.
Greatest people of all time. Top 10. Sir Isaac Newton
If you make a rating of people on demand in Google, then Albert Einstein would be in tenth place, in one month the query “Albert Einstein” gains up to 6.1 million search queries. But many more books have been written about Isaac Newton, and Albert Einstein is unlikely to ever beat him in this sense. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the Law of Attraction, coined the term "gravity", invented the reflecting telescope, defeated the Roman Catholic Church with the justification of geocentrism and determined that any, even the smallest object in the Universe, moves. In his spare time, Newton explored the principles of optics. He lived a long life and died at the age of 84.
Greatest people of all time. Top 10. Leonardo da Vinci
In the case of one of the greatest men in history, Leonardo da Vinci, a Google search can be quite inaccurate. And if you enter only the name "Leonardo", then Google will return a bunch of links to the ninja turtles and people who drowned on the Titanic. But if you type the full name of Leonardo da Vinci, you will immediately find out that he is known to the whole world. A person who could do anything. And all the books about him and his inventions are probably the biggest and most interesting summaries in the world. He was an engineer, inventor, anatomist, architect, mathematician, geologist, musician, cartographer, botanist, writer and sculptor. He invented the rifle, even if it didn't immediately look like what we used to call a rifle, but Leonardo's rifle shot at a distance of 1000 yards. He invented the parachute, 300 years before it was officially invented. He invented the hang glider, 400 years before his official invention. Hang glider Leonardo was based on the work of bird wings. He could imagine what a helicopter should be like, but he could not understand what kind of force it would have to be to lift such a structure into the air. He invented the tank, which was a structure driven by a crankshaft. The structure could move and shoot at the same time and in different directions. He invented scissors by bolting two knives together.
Along with incredible inventions for his time, Leonardo was a great artist and sculptor. The work "Mona Lisa" is a masterpiece of world portraiture, around which the controversy does not stop to this day.
Greatest people of all time. Top 10. William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare is a person whom we repeat every day, quoting and not even suspecting that it was he who invented this phrase or expression. It's amazing, remember how often you say something like this: "not all that glitters is gold," "a pitiful sight," "food of the gods," "all's well that ends well." It's all Shakespeare. And of course, the maestro's most famous phrase: "to be or not to be." Egil Aarvik, a spokesman for the Nobel Prize Committee, once said that Shakespeare would be the only person who could qualify for the Nobel Prize more than once.
Speaking about the work of Shakespeare, we can say almost nothing unambiguously about him. About his life, about him as a person. We only know that he was a simple actor, and then suddenly became the greatest playwright. This gives rise to an incredible amount of rumors spreading about whether Shakespeare was Shakespeare.
Greatest people of all time. Top 10. Adolf Gitler
Everyone knows who Adolf Hitler is. We all know that this man is the root cause of World War II. He provoked the war for two main reasons, so to speak. One: to become the most powerful person on Earth and in history, and rule the world. The second reason: to generate as much pain as possible against all those whom he personally considered responsible for putting Germany in an insulting and humiliating position after the First World War.
Hitler was a great speaker, and he knew what his compatriots wanted to hear and knew that they felt the same feelings towards the offenders of Germany as he did. Consequently, it was not difficult to raise people to "great" accomplishments and conquests.
The Second World War was the most difficult, bloodiest war in the history of mankind. It led to the greatest human losses. The approximate number of victims of the Second World War is 71 million people. And Hitler is to blame for this. And during the war, he knew about it. He knew that all these victims were his victims, and he was glad of that. He was proud of it. Today, Hitler is in the hearts and minds of people on the same list as the "Devil" and "Satan".
Greatest people of all time. Top 10. Apostle Paul of Tarsus
In sixth place in our ranking of the Greatest people of all time. Top 10 is the Apostle Paul of Tarsus. The Apostle Paul is considered the most important person in the spread of Christianity, its ideology and principles. The Apostle Paul is considered the most important Christian apologist.
The Apostle Paul is the most famous and revered apostle of all the disciples of Christ.
Greatest people of all time. Top 10. Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
It may surprise you, but most people who Google the name of the Buddha are not Buddhists. In the Western Hemisphere and throughout Europe, Buddhism is not as widespread as in the Eastern part - Nepal and India. It is known that the Buddha was a mortal man who achieved nirvana and spiritual awakening at the age of 35. To achieve nirvana and spiritual knowledge, the Buddha sat in meditation for 49 days under a tree until he reached the knowledge of what needs to be done in order to end human suffering. Having learned the truth, the Buddha carried his teachings to people so that all those who do could be freed from the torment in their lives. This path is called the Noble Eightfold Path, which consists of: Right View, Right Intention, Right Concentration, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, and Right Mindfulness. According to the teachings of the Buddha, if you follow these simple rules, you can become a truly happy person who does not depend on anything.
Greatest people of all time. Top 10. Moses
Moses is revered by all the major modern religions of the world, and Judaism, and Christianity, and Islam. He is the greatest prophet of the Supreme Testament, the liberator of the Jewish people from Egyptian slavery. Moses was a legislator, a judge, a person through whom the Lord passed on his main 10 commandments.
According to legend, Moses was found as a baby, in a basket, floating on the Nile and was raised as the son of a pharaoh. There is no, by and large, accurate information about Moses, except that he grew up in a noble Egyptian family, and one day he saw an Egyptian mocking his Jewish slave, killed the Egyptian and fled into the desert. Here, in the desert, God first appeared to Moses as a burning bush. This turning point inspired Moses, and he, inspired, went to the pharaoh, asking him to let all the Jews go, otherwise, the Lord would send such torment to the Egyptians that they would not stand it. And so it happened. Pharaoh resisted, and the Lord showed his strength and sent unimaginable torments to the Egyptian people. Ultimately, Pharaoh was forced to release Moses along with all the Jews.
Moses led the Jews through the deserts for 40 years, so that they would all be reborn from slavery, here the Lord conveyed his basic laws through Moses.
Greatest people of all time. Top 10. Abraham
Bronze on our ranking of The Greatest People of All Time. The top 10 is occupied by the Biblical Abraham. And this is no coincidence. Abraham is considered one of the first prophets of the Middle East, the first to preach the one God. According to legend, God makes a covenant with Abraham, because he was very pious, unshakable in his faith in God. This covenant is marked by circumcision. Before that, the Lord tested Abraham's faith, demanding that he kill his son Isaac and Abraham had already raised a knife over his son when the Lord said that this was a test.
Greatest people of all time. Top 10. Mahomet
For non-Muslims, Mahomet founded Islam. For Muslims, Islam already existed, but Mohammed revived it in the hearts of people. Muslims believe that the Lord conveyed through Mohammed the basic philosophical principles and revelations, which he wrote down in the main religious book of Muslims - the Koran.
Mohammed was born in Saudi Arabia and had 13 wives. Not a single exact image of Mohammed has been preserved, because he is considered the last prophet sent by Allah in order to teach people the main path of peace and righteousness, and that he is too holy for all of us to see his face. During his life, Mohammed managed to unite the entire Middle East under the name of one God - Allah.
Greatest people of all time. Top 10. Jesus of Nazareth
It would be incomprehensible if some other person took the first place in the Top 10 Greatest People of All Time. Naturally, this is Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ.
We all know the story of the life of Jesus, who was born to a virgin, died at the age of 33, that he was crucified on the cross, that he died and resurrected three days later, ascended to heaven, to the abode of His Father and now sits at the right hand of God.
Jesus Christ is accepted by all religions of the world, both believers and atheists know about him and his life. Perhaps, some of the most primitive peoples and tribes living in the Amazon River Delta or in the impenetrable forests of Brazil do not know the name of Christ. The main book that tells about the life and deeds of Christ is the New Testament Bible, we note that 25 million copies of the Bible are sold annually around the world.
So, even if you are not a believer, you will have to accept the fact that the most famous person in the whole world is Jesus of Nazareth.
Who are the most famous people in Russia today? Who is the younger generation and adults oriented towards? Who is known more today - the heroes of the past or contemporaries? Let's try to figure it out.
Famous people
The list of "Famous people of Russia" includes a variety of characters. These are politicians, writers, artists and musicians. Recently, a rating of the most popular Russian personalities was compiled based on search queries on the Internet.
Rating leader
For most readers, it will come as no surprise that the most famous person in Russia has become the current president, Vladimir Putin.
Born in Petersburg. During the Soviet Union, he served in the State Security Committee, in particular, he worked in the GDR.
The names of famous people of Russia are well known to everyone. In the case of Putin, this is confirmed by the presidential elections. He has already won this race three times, receiving the support of at least 60 percent of the voters who came to the polling stations.
Prior to the post of head of state, Putin served as head of the Federal Security Service, and then for six months was the country's prime minister. Before the New Year 2000, Putin replaced the resigned Boris Yeltsin. Prior to the elections, he served as interim president of the Russian Federation.
Now Putin is in power for the third term. Little is known about his personal life. He divorced his wife. He has two daughters, whose identities and whereabouts have not been made public.
As prime minister
The second most popular person was the current prime minister, ex-president of Russia Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev. He also rightfully entered the list of "Famous people of the country of Russia."
In the early 2000s, he was at the head of the board of directors of one of the largest Russian companies, Gazprom. In 2008, he won the presidential elections in Russia.
Most of his activities are remembered for the intensification of the fight against corruption, a softer policy in the international arena, the passion of the head of state for modern technologies. It was in his era that the words "innovations" and "gadgets" entered the everyday life of Russians.
In 2012, he was replaced in this post by Vladimir Putin, and Medvedev became prime minister and headed the United Russia political party. He remains in these positions to this day. In particular, he oversees the implementation of the largest national projects in the country.
Despite a more restrained foreign policy, it was during his presidency that an armed conflict took place in Abkhazia between the Russian and Georgian armies. Many have dubbed it the Five Day War.
Russian epic novel
Not only our contemporaries got into the list of "Famous people of Russia". The dead are also included. For example, the writer Leo Tolstoy. This is one of the largest and most popular prose writers and thinkers of the 19th century. And not only in Russia, but all over the world. His novels are read in different parts of the world.
His uniqueness lies in the fact that during his lifetime he was recognized as the greatest of Russian writers. Tolstoy rightfully bears the title of "famous person of Russia." Almost all of his novels are still reprinted in English.
He is considered one of the founders of a new stage in world realism. He had a strong influence on humanists throughout the world, as well as on the development of realistic traditions.
His novels and short stories have been repeatedly filmed by the most famous directors. For example, recently another mini-series based on his epic "War and Peace" was released in the USA.
First President of Russia
The list of "Famous People of Russia" always includes the first president - Boris Yeltsin. He came to power in 1991 as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
A native of the Sverdlovsk region, during perestroika, he was the personification of democratic trends that were so popular in the country at that time. In 1991 he was elected the first and only president of the RSFSR.
It is with his name that the changes that have taken place in the country are associated. First of all, it is glasnost, the transition from a planned to a market economy.
Many of his policies a large number of claims. He is blamed for the collapse of the USSR, the war in Chechnya, the unstable economic situation in the country, rampant banditry and crime. At the same time, experts note that it was only under Yeltsin that independent mass media actually worked, that the concept of "private property" and the opportunity to conduct entrepreneurial activities appeared.
Diva
People of creative professions are as popular as politicians. Therefore, it is not surprising that the list of "Famous people of Russia of the 21st century" included the singer Alla Pugacheva. Even despite the fact that her career began long before the new millennium.
At one time, she was the most popular performer on the domestic stage. Pugacheva's repertoire includes five thousand songs. Moreover, they were translated into dozens of world languages, they are sung by pop performers in different countries of the world.
Records and albums of Pugacheva, in addition to the USSR and Russia, were also published in Germany, Poland, Bulgaria and even Japan and South Korea. The total circulation of all discs exceeded a quarter of a billion pieces.
The name of Alla Pugacheva is well known not only in Russia, but also in the countries of Eastern and Northern Europe. In our country, she has consistently been recognized as the most popular singer from the mid-70s to the 90s. And now it does not lose its fame. Even regardless of age. She is already 67 years old.
Pugachev officially stopped touring activities in 2010, when she was 60 years old. At the same time, she continues to appear in public and conduct creative activities. Pugacheva regularly participates in various talk shows as a guest star, expert or jury member.
She is married to the famous master of parody Maxim Galkin. She has two daughters, a son and three grandchildren.
Voice of the era
The list of "Famous People of Russia" would be incomplete without Vladimir Vysotsky. This famous poet and musician died almost 40 years ago, but his songs are still listened to by those who caught him alive and went to his concerts, and those who were born years after his death.
Vysotsky is a unique poet who managed to write lyrics for all walks of life without exception. He sang about criminals, and about front-line soldiers, and about scientists, and about peasants. Everyone felt that the author knew the most important thing about his life and profession. Many were deeply convinced that, without being a front-line soldier or a criminal, it was impossible to write such texts. But Vysotsky was not only a poet, but also a wonderful actor who played in such famous films as "Vertical", "Dangerous tour", "The meeting place cannot be changed."
He performed his songs on stage with an ordinary seven-string guitar. He was also one of the key actors of the Taganka Theatre. He played in more than 20 performances, including appeared in the image of Shakespeare's Hamlet.
According to the results of the VTsIOM poll, he lost only one person in the list of idols of the last century.
First man in space
The Russians called Yuri Gagarin the idol of the 20th century. The first inhabitant of the planet Earth, who went into space. Gagarin, who was born shortly before the Great Patriotic War in a small village in the Smolensk region, dreamed of the sky since childhood. He dreamed of becoming a pilot, so he went to study in Saratov.
Shortly thereafter, he entered an experimental training program for the first manned flight into space. Of course, several people were preparing, which of them would fly, it was not known until the very last moment. The lucky ticket fell to Yuri Gagarin.
It was launched on a Vostok rocket on April 12, 1961, opening the space age for humanity. His flight lasted 108 minutes. After that, he successfully landed near the town of Engels in the Saratov region.
Gagarin instantly became a world celebrity. He was invited abroad, he visited at least 30 states, dined with the Queen of Great Britain.
True, he was no longer destined to fly into space. But he remained in aviation, testing new aircraft. He tragically died in 1968 while performing training flights on a MiG aircraft. His death became national mourning throughout the country.
Sun of Russian poetry
Talking about the most famous Russian people, one cannot forget about the 19th century poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. There is no person in Russia who does not know at least a few of his poems. Pushkin's poetry is studied at school and university, but it can be said with confidence that it has not been possible to study it thoroughly so far. There are so many hidden meanings and signs in his poems.
Pushkin is the founder of the Russian literary language. Brought up on French literature and the tales of his nanny Arina Rodionovna, he managed to create the best poetic works, which the Russian language is still proud of.
Antropov Alexey Petrovich(1716-1795) - Russian painter. Antropov's portraits are distinguished by their connection with the tradition of the parsuna, the truthfulness of the characteristics, and the pictorial techniques of the Baroque.
Argunov Ivan Petrovich(1729-1802) - Russian serf portrait painter. Author of representative ceremonial and chamber portraits.
Argunov Nikolay Ivanovich(1771-1829) - Russian serf portrait painter who experienced the influence of classicism in his work. The author of the famous portrait of P. I. Kovaleva-Zhemchugova.
Bazhenov Vasily Ivanovich(1737-1799) - the largest Russian architect, one of the founders of Russian classicism. Author of the project for the reconstruction of the Kremlin, the romantic palace and park ensemble in Tsaritsyn, the Pashkov House in Moscow, the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg. His projects were distinguished by boldness of composition, variety of ideas, creative use and combination of traditions of world classical and ancient Russian architecture.
Bering Vitus Jonassen (Ivan Ivanovich)(1681-1741) - navigator, captain-commander of the Russian fleet (1730). Leader of the 1st (1725-1730) and 2nd (1733-1741) Kamchatka expeditions. He passed between the Chukchi Peninsula and Alaska (the strait between them now bears his name), reached North America and discovered a number of islands in the Aleutian ridge. A sea, a strait and an island in the North Pacific Ocean are named after Bering.
Borovikovsky Vladimir Lukich(1757-1825) - Russian portrait painter. His works are characterized by the features of sentimentalism, a combination of decorative subtlety and grace of rhythms with the correct transmission of character (portrait of M. I. Lopukhina and others).
Volkov Fedor Grigorievich(1729-1763) - Russian actor and theatrical figure. In 1750, he organized an amateur troupe in Yaroslavl (actors - I. A. Dmitrevsky, Ya. D. Shumsky), on the basis of which in 1756 the first permanent professional Russian public theater was created in St. Petersburg. He himself played in a number of tragedies by Sumarokov.
Derzhavin Gavrila Romanovich (1743-1816) - Russian poet. Representative of Russian classicism. The author of solemn odes imbued with the idea of a strong Russian statehood, including satire on the nobles, landscape and household sketches, philosophical reflections - "Felitsa", "Nobleman", "Waterfall". Author of many lyrical poems.
Kazakov Matvei Fyodorovich(1738-1812) - an outstanding Russian architect, one of the founders of Russian classicism. In Moscow, he developed types of urban residential buildings and public buildings that organize large urban spaces: the Senate in the Kremlin (1776-1787); Moscow University (1786-1793); Golitsynskaya (1st Gradskaya) hospital (1796-1801); house-estate of Demidov (1779-1791); Petrovsky Palace (1775-1782), etc. He showed a special talent in interior design (the building of the Nobility Assembly in Moscow). Supervised the drawing up of the master plan of Moscow. Created an architectural school.
Kantemir Antioch Dmitrievich(1708-1744) - Russian poet, diplomat. Rationalist educator. One of the founders of Russian classicism in the genre of poetic satire.
Quarenghi Giacomo(1744-1817) - Russian architect of Italian origin, representative of classicism. He worked in Russia from 1780. The Concert Hall pavilion (1786) and the Alexander Palace (1792-1800) in Tsarskoye Selo, the Assignation Bank (1783-1790), the Hermitage Theater (1783-1787) are distinguished by monumentality and rigor of forms, plastic completeness of the image ), Smolny Institute (1806-1808) in St. Petersburg.
Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich(1711-1755) - Russian traveler, explorer of Kamchatka, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1750). Member of the 2nd Kamchatka expedition (1733-1743). Compiled the first "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" (1756).
Kulibin Ivan Petrovich(1735-1818) - an outstanding Russian self-taught mechanic. Author of many unique mechanisms. Improved polishing glass for optical instruments. He developed a project and built a model of a single-arch bridge across the river. Neva with a span of 298 m. He created a prototype of a searchlight ("mirror lamp"), a semaphore telegraph, a palace elevator, etc.
Laptev Khariton Prokofievich(1700-1763) - captain of the 1st rank. Examined in 1739-1742. coast from the river Lena to the river. Khatanga and the Taimyr Peninsula.
Levitsky Dmitry Grigorievich(1735-1822) - Russian painter. In compositionally spectacular ceremonial portraits, solemnity is combined with the vitality of images, colorful wealth ("Kokorinov", 1769-1770; a series of portraits of pupils of the Smolny Institute, 1773-1776); intimate portraits are deeply individual in their characteristics, restrained in color ("M. A. Dyakova", 1778). In the later period, he partly accepted the influence of classicism (portrait of Catherine II, 1783).
Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich(1711-1765) - the first Russian world-class scientist-encyclopedist, poet. The founder of the modern Russian literary language. Artist. Historian. Figure of public education and science. He studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow (since 1731), the Academic University in St. Petersburg (since 1735), in Germany (1736-1741), from 1742 - adjunct, from 1745 - the first Russian academician of the St. Petersburg Academy Sciences. Member of the Academy of Arts (1763).
Maikov Vasily Ivanovich(1728-1778) - Russian poet. Author of the poems "The Ombre Player" (1763), "Elisha, or the Irritated Bacchus" (1771), "Instructive Fables" (1766^1767).
Polzunov Ivan Ivanovich (1728-1766) - Russian heat engineer, one of the inventors of the heat engine. In 1763, he developed a project for a universal steam engine. In 1765, he created the first steam and heat power plant in Russia for factory needs, which worked for 43 days. Died before her trial run.
Popovsky Nikolai Nikitich(1730-1760) - Russian educator, philosopher and poet. Professor at Moscow University (since 1755). A supporter and one of the ideologists of enlightened absolutism.
Rastrelli Bartolomeo Carlo(1675-1744) - sculptor. Italian. Since 1716 - in the service in St. Petersburg, His works are characterized by baroque splendor and splendor, the ability to convey the texture of the depicted material ("Empress Anna Ioannovna with a black child", 1733-1741).
Rastrelli Varfolomey Varfolomeevich(1700-1771) - an outstanding Russian architect, representative of the Baroque. Son of B. K. Rastrelli. His works are characterized by a grandiose spatial scope, clarity of volumes, rigor of rectilinear plans, combined with the plasticity of the masses, the richness of sculptural decoration and color, whimsical ornamentation. The largest works are the Smolny Monastery (1748-1754) and the Winter Palace (1754-1762) in St. Petersburg, the Grand Palace in Peterhof (1747-1752), the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo (1752-1757).
Rokotov Fedor Stepanovich(1735-1808) - Russian painter. Thin in painting, deeply poetic portraits are imbued with awareness of the spiritual and physical beauty of a person ("Unknown in a pink dress", 1775; "VE Novosiltsova", 1780, etc.).
Sumarokov Alexander Petrovich(1717-1777) - Russian writer, one of the prominent representatives of classicism. In the tragedies "Khorev" (1747), "Sinav and Truvor" (1750) and others, he raised the problem of civic duty. Author of many comedies, fables, lyrical songs.
Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich(1686-1750) - Russian historian, statesman. Managed state-owned factories in the Urals, was the Astrakhan governor. Author of many works on ethnography, history, geography. The largest and most famous work is "Russian History from Ancient Times".
Trediakovsky Vasily Kirillovich(1703-1768) - Russian poet, philologist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1745-1759). In the work "A new and brief way to compose Russian poetry" (1735) he formulated the principles of Russian syllabo-tonic versification. The poem "Tilemakhida" (1766).
Trezzini Domenico(1670-1734) - Russian architect, representative of the early baroque. Swiss by nationality. In Russia since 1703 (invited to participate in the construction of St. Petersburg). He built the summer palace of Peter I (1710-1714), the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul in the Peter and Paul Fortress (1712-1733), the building of 12 colleges (1722-1734) in St. Petersburg.
Felten Yuri Matveevich(1730-1801) - Russian architect, representative of early classicism. Author of the Old Hermitage (1771-1787), fences of the Summer Garden (1771-1784) in St. Petersburg. Participated in the construction of the granite embankments of the Neva (since 1769).
Kheraskov Mikhail Matveevich(1733-1807) - Russian writer. Author of the famous epic poem "Rossiyada" (1779), written in the spirit of classicism.
Shelikhov (Shelekhov) Grigory Ivanovich(1747-1795) - Russian merchant, pioneer. In 1775 created a company for fur and fur trade in the northern Pacific islands and Alaska. He founded the first Russian settlements in Russian America. Conducted significant geographical research. On the basis of the company created by Shelikhov, the Russian-American Company was formed in 1799.
Shubin Fedot Ivanovich(1740-1805) - an outstanding Russian sculptor. representative of classicism. He created a gallery of psychologically expressive sculptural portraits (busts of A. M. Golitsyn, 1775; M. R. Panina, 1775;
I. G. Orlova, 1778; M. V. Lomonosov, 1792, etc.).
Yakhontov Nikolai Pavlovich(1764-1840) - Russian composer. Author of one of the first Russian operas "Sylph, or the Dream of a Young Woman".
