In the first decade of the 17th century. Among the small peoples of the Volga region and the Urals - the Bashkirs, Mari, Tatars and Chuvashs - there was continuous unrest associated with the unheard-of arbitrariness of Peter the Great's administration, the displacement of the local population from their inhabited places, the seizure of the best lands, as well as the forcible introduction of Orthodoxy. The struggle against the authorities launched by the Bashkirs in 1705-1711 was particularly powerful.
The immediate cause of this uprising was the appearance of royal profit-makers in Bashkiria, who came to Ufa in 1704 to exact new taxes and conscript thousands of people for military service. The spontaneous indignation was used by the local Bai elite in their own interests: they sought to break away from Moscow and become subject to the Turkish Sultan or Crimean Khan, using the slogans of the Muslim religion. There were frequent cases of Bashkirs inciting hatred towards the Russian population living in the Urals - as a result, Russians were killed, maimed, and sold into slavery. With great difficulty, the tsarist authorities, with the help of regular troops, managed to suppress the uprising by 1711.
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In the 18th century, the Russian Empire more than once became the scene of powerful social upheavals, among which the Bashkir uprising of 1705-1711 occupied a significant place. These events, separated from us by more than three centuries, clearly demonstrate the disastrous results that short-sighted and sometimes criminal policies pursued by local authorities can lead to. We will try to understand in this article what the specifics of the Bashkir uprising were and what were its causes.
Detonator for social explosion
Over the course of a long historical period, covering the entire previous 17th century, dissatisfaction grew among the population of Bashkiria with the attempts of the Russian authorities to instill Christianity among them in every possible way to the detriment of the national religion - Islam. Indignation was also caused by illegal extortions arranged by tsarist officials. Sometimes the situation became so tense that the Bashkirs took up arms.
This happened again in 1705, and the detonator for the social explosion was the decree of local tax officials M. Dokhov and A. Zhikharev. At a general meeting of representatives of the Bashkir clans, they announced the introduction of 72 new taxes, most of which were illegal and were supposed to fill their own pockets.
The last straw in the cup of patience
In addition, officials presented local residents with a number of religious demands. Thus, their decree stated that from now on all mosques should be built on the model of Christian churches, and mullahs must enter into marriages and record deaths in the presence of Orthodox priests. The Bashkirs were especially outraged by the requirement to pay a tax for each visit to prayer meetings.
Such claims were perceived as preparation for the forced Christianization of the people. To top it all off, they were obliged to supply 20 thousand horses and 4 thousand recruits for the needs of the army of Peter I, who was then fighting the Northern War. All these demands, the fulfillment of which was an unbearable burden for the bulk of the population, became the cause of the Bashkir uprising, which broke out in 1705 and raged for almost six years.
Social explosion
The beginning of events was also provoked by the arrival of Colonel A.S. Sergeev, notorious for his cruelty, in the Ufa district. Having gathered the elected elders, he put them in the position of hostages, announcing that he would execute everyone if 5 thousand horses were not handed over to him as soon as possible. Fearing the death of their compatriots, the Bashkirs submitted, but the arbitrariness of the authorities did not stop there. The collection of horses resulted in outright robbery of the already impoverished population.
As a result, residents driven to despair generally refused to obey local officials, stopped paying taxes and, as had happened more than once, took up arms. The place where the Bashkir uprising began was the Nogai Daruga (an administrative-territorial unit of those years), but very soon it covered the entire space from Kungur in the north to the Yaika River in the south, and from the Volga in the west to Tobol in the east.
A reckless step by the sovereign
The rebels were led by a resident of Ufa, Dumey Ishkeev. His troops carried out a number of attacks on the Zakamsky fortresses and were active in the area of the city of Solevarenny. It should be noted that, despite the military successes of the first stage of the Bashkir uprising, its organizers tried with all their might to avoid bloodshed, and for this purpose in the summer of 1706 they sent a petition to Peter I with a list of their grievances.
Ishkeev himself took her to St. Petersburg. The most respected representatives of the people went with him to the banks of the Neva. However, the sovereign not only did not consider it necessary to consider their demands, but ordered Ishkeev to be hanged, and the rest to be imprisoned as criminals and rebels. This clearly short-sighted step of his gave impetus to the continuation of the Bashkir uprising.
Separatist tendencies
The movement acquired its most widespread character in 1707, when residents of the Kazan and Nagai darugas united their efforts to defeat the military units of General P. S. Khokhlov sent to suppress the unrest, and then, having crossed the Kama, attacked the cities of Vyatka and Kungur districts.
At the same time, the feudal elite of the region announced their renunciation of Russian citizenship and attempted to create the Bashkir Khanate. In her endeavor, she counted on the help of the Crimean and Turkish khans, to whom ambassadors were immediately sent.
Broken Promises
At the beginning of the next 1708, new military units led by Prince P. I. Khovansky were sent to the areas affected by the uprising from the capital. His task was complicated by the fact that by that time the Bashkirs were closely interacting with the peasants and Cossacks of the Don, just like them, who had rebelled against bureaucratic arbitrariness. Realizing that full-scale military action would only aggravate the situation, the government, through its representative Khovansky, announced its readiness to make concessions.
In particular, it was promised to cancel illegal taxes imposed by local officials, as well as to consider all previously filed complaints. In response to this, the rebels agreed to lay down their arms, but since in reality the authorities did not fulfill any of their promises, their struggle continued.
War in Trans-Urals
In 1709, the center of military operations moved to the Trans-Urals, where local Karakalpaks joined the rebel detachments led by Urakai Yuldashbaev and Aldar Isyangildin. With their combined efforts, they carried out daring attacks on villages, factories, monasteries and forts located in the basins of the Techa, Iset and Miass rivers.
The chronicle of the events of the Bashkir uprising shows that at a certain stage, many Russian residents of the region joined the various ethnic groups that participated in the rebellion. Some of them had real reasons to hate the authorities, while others simply took the opportunity to take part in the robberies. But one way or another, their presence created additional difficulties for government troops.
Completion of large-scale military operations
In order to finally put an end to the rebels and normalize the situation, in 1710 the sovereign sent 2 fresh regiments to the Trans-Urals under the command of General I. Ya. Yakushin. The general, who by that time had quite a wealth of experience in pacifying rebellions, managed to attract local Kalmyks and even several thousand Bashkirs who wished to remain loyal to the tsarist government to suppress the uprising. Thanks to this, a significant superiority of forces was on his side. In addition, volunteer helpers from among the local residents had excellent knowledge of the terrain and with a high degree of probability could foresee the further actions of their rebellious compatriots.
As a result, the Bashkir uprising began to decline, and in the summer of 1710 the bulk of the rebels laid down their arms. Only their isolated isolated groups continued to resist, the liquidation of which did not pose a serious problem for government troops.
Concessions from the authorities
The last weak surge of anti-government activity was observed in 1711, when a small group of local residents tried to resume the fight in the central part of Bashkortostan. Their rebellion was also suppressed, but in order to prevent further protests, the authorities considered it advisable to make real concessions.
Thus, by decree of the tsar, the patrimonial rights of the Bashkirs were confirmed and a significant part of the previously established taxes was abolished. In addition, meeting with elected representatives of the population, the tsar's emissaries, on his behalf, condemned the violence and arbitrariness previously committed by the local authorities.
To top it all off, an open trial was held against tax officials Zhikharev and Dokhov, who, with their illegal actions, pushed the until then peaceful residents of the region to revolt. Both of them were sentenced to death, which greatly served to restore peace and tranquility.
However, the Bashkir uprising of 1705-1711. caused great human and material losses on both sides. Yesterday’s rebels regained Russian citizenship only in 1725, swearing allegiance to the widow of Peter the Great, Empress Catherine I.
Regarding the objective factors that prevented the rebels from achieving success, researchers point primarily to their ethnic heterogeneity. This uprising went down in history as the Bashkir one only because representatives of this ethnic group were its instigators and made up the majority of the participants. However, along with them, Karakalpaks, Kalmyks and a number of other peoples took an active part in the events of those years, each of whom pursued their own goals.
In addition, the fragmentation of individual rebel detachments and the almost complete absence of centralized leadership of military operations played into the hands of the tsarist troops, which largely reduced their effectiveness. And besides, the rebels, who were poorly armed and had not undergone any military training, were in many ways inferior to well-trained and sufficiently equipped government units.
To the Volga, from the middle reaches of the Yaik to Kazan, Vyatka and Kungur
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At the beginning of 1708, the government sent punitive forces against the rebels, led by P. I. Khovansky. In April-May 1708, the Bashkirs established contact with the rebel peasants and Cossacks of the Don led by K. A. Bulavin. In May 1708, the government again turned to the Bashkirs with a proposal to begin negotiations. Khovansky, on behalf of the government, promised to cancel the demands of the “profit-makers,” forgive the rebels and consider complaints about the arbitrariness of local authorities. The Bashkirs agreed to stop fighting. But the authorities violated the terms of the agreement. Uprising in Trans-Urals3rd stage. In the spring of 1709, the uprising resumed on the territory of the Siberian and eastern parts of the Nogai roads. A struggle unfolded in the Trans-Urals under the leadership of Aldar Isyangildin and Urakai Yuldashbaev. The rebels established contact with the Karakalpaks and together with them attacked forts, settlements, factories, monasteries and villages located on Bashkir lands in river basins |
An endless series of national revolts were provoked by fiscal pressure and forced Christianization
Yaroslav Pilipchuk continues his story about the Bashkir-Tatar uprisings. Following the article “Tatars and Bashkirs: on opposite sides of the Troubles, but together in uprisings and campaigns for the Russian Tsar,” Realnoe Vremya publishes notes from a Ukrainian historian about foreign resistance in the 18th century, which included different periods - both brutal suppression of riots and recognition their demands are fair.
Partisan Front
The policies of Peter I caused discontent in many parts of the empire. In 1704, the Bashkirs and Tatars of the Kazan, Menzelinsky and Ufa districts rebelled. They did not pay taxes, and they expelled census takers from their lands. In response, the punitive troops behaved harshly and began to intimidate the Bashkirs, robbing villages and taking away their property, as well as mocking the Muslim clergy and executing the nobility. In particular, the Bashkirs of the Baylar and Yeney tribes were subjected to bullying. Later, punitive actions spread to the Ufa district. In addition, the areas on the Ik and Kama rivers were planned to be transferred to Kazan. The Ufa governor Lev Aristov began a population census to tighten taxation, and many Bashkirs fled to the mountains and forests. On the Kazan road of the Ufa district, the guerrilla war was waged by the rebel detachments of Dumay Ishkeev. Sergeev's teams could not cope with the situation, and he was recalled from Bashkiria by Menshikov. On the Nogai road of the same district, the Bashkirs, led by Iman-Batyr, operated at the Solovarsky plant. The Bashkirs of the Osinsk and Siberian roads also rebelled. At the end of 1705, Sheremetev reported on the difficult situation in the Ural-Volga region. In the same year, the garrison of Astrakhan rebelled, and in 1706, the Don Cossacks rebelled under the leadership of K. Bulavin. The Donchaks were also supported by the Yaik Cossacks. The Terek Cossacks, intending to fight against the Kalmyks, negotiated with the Crimeans, Bashkirs and Karakalpaks.
The Tatars and Bashkirs directly supported the Astrakhan people. In 1706, the son of Shibanid Kuchuk, Sultan-Murad, appeared in the lands of the Tatars and Bashkirs. He, like his father earlier, ruled the Karakalpaks. From there, Sultan-Murad moved to the North Caucasus, where he entered into an alliance with the Chechens. Then he proceeded to Crimea and Istanbul, but did not receive support from either the Girays or the Ottomans. The Tatars and Bashkirs were encouraged to fight by Kilmyak Nurushev, Aldar Isyangildin, Iman Batyr. In 1706, B. Sheremetev was sent to pacify Astrakhan with several regiments removed from the front of the war with the Swedes. The troops of the Kalmyk Khan Ayuki were sent against the Terts and the Chechens allied with them. As for the Bashkirs, Sheremetev tried to defuse the situation with them through diplomacy. Thus, he freed many elders from prison, whom Sergeev had thrown into prison, and also promised the Bashkirs royal mercy. Nevertheless, he asked the king for more forces to suppress the uprising.
A split emerged among the rebels. Dumay believed the government's promises, and Iman Batyr wanted the uprising to continue. The Bashkirs complained about Sergeev’s punitive actions and land seizures. In 1706, Kudryavtsev was appointed to Kazan, who took a tougher position than Sheremetev, having the approval of Peter. The Bashkirs did not want to obey Kazan and pay taxes. During negotiations with the government, some of the Bashkir elders obtained a promise from government officials to remove new taxes.
Iman Batyr continued to operate on the Nogai road. The Bashkirs came to the Kama and fought in the vicinity of Samara, Sergeevsk, Saratov, and ravaged the Simbirsk district. They were also active on the Osinskaya and Siberian roads. Fearing the Bashkirs, the Russian peasants of the Kungur district were afraid to engage in agriculture. The Bashkirs of the Kazan and Nogai roads were led by Urazai, Kusum Tyulekeev, Tlesh Begeneshev. However, the Bashkirs were not united, and Mamonov sought through diplomatic means to win over the wavering Bashkirs of the Osinsk and Siberian roads to his side. The local nobility organized several councils of yynyns (yynyn is a self-government body). Mullah Ishbulat-Murza and Asanov arrived from Kazan. The Bashkirs of the above roads did not join the rebels, but they also did not want to fight against their fellow tribesmen. With the suppression of the Astrakhan uprising in 1706, the tsarist government abandoned the policy of negotiations with the Bashkirs. Dumey Ishkeev was ordered to be sent to Kazan in shackles. After torture, the Bashkir leader was hanged.
In 1706, B. Sheremetev was sent to pacify Astrakhan with several regiments removed from the front of the war with the Swedes.
The brutal suppression of the uprising caused a new wave of indignation. The Bashkirs were preparing for an uprising. Aldar Isyangildin, Khazi Akkuskarov, Kusum Tyulekeev and Mishar Araslan raised their people to revolt in the summer of 1707. Rumors about kings, that is, about the Genghisid khans, spread throughout the Volga region. In the North Caucasus, Chechens, Kumyks, Nogais, Agrakhan Cossacks, and Russian schismatics acted on the side of the Bashkirs. An archival document from 1708 says that the Tatars of the Kazan district decided to renounce their allegiance to the Romanovs, destroy the Russians in their region and make a certain Sultan-Gazi khan. In fact, it was the impostor Khazi Akkuskarov. This is how the Bashkirs developed an understanding of the promotion of the sovereign from their midst.
In the fall of 1707, near the Solovarsky town in the Yurak-tau tract, P. Khokhlov’s regiment was defeated. Several battles took place near Ufa, near Sergeevsk, Bilyarsk, Karakulinsk, Sarapul, Zainsk. Sarapul was besieged by the Mari and Bashkirs, the Bashkirs acted near Ufa, and the Bashkirs, Mari, and Mishars near Kungur. The regiments of Aristov and Rydar suffered significant losses and were forced to take refuge in the Solovarsky town. Ufa was taken under siege. The Bashkir uprising spread throughout the Volga region and the Urals. It was calm in the Trans-Urals, but the Bashkirs from there actively participated in the events near Ufa. The six regiments located in Kazan were not enough, and the tsar was forced to send five regiments to the east, taking them away from the war with the Swedes in Poland and the Baltic states.
At the end of 1707, the Tatars and Bashkirs took Zainsk and launched an attack on Novosheshminsk, Bilyarsk, Sergeevsk, Menzelinsk. In January 1708, the forces of the rebels concentrated in the Kazan district. They occupied the villages of Chepchugi, Elan, Cheremyshevo, Arkatova, Iya, Yunusovo, Shuran, Chirpy, Savrush, Baltach. The rebels stopped 30-40 miles from Kazan, not daring to storm the well-fortified city. Near Kazan, the Bashkirs were supported by local Tatars, Mari, Udmurts, and Chuvashs. As for the serving Tatars, they took the side of the loyalists and killed the rebels on the Nogai road in Kazan district. The detachments of the Tatar Kazan Murzas and Akhuns were well supplied with weapons by the authorities and were considered as loyal troops. The Russian commander Khovansky, having gathered more than 12 thousand soldiers, negotiated with Isyangildin and Tyulekeev - in order to gain time and accumulate more forces. Kalmyk Khan Ayuka and the Yaik Cossacks were ordered to move against the Bashkirs. The rebels were forced to retreat beyond Vyatka and Kama. Having reached Yelabuga, Khovansky again negotiated. The Tatars began to swear allegiance to the tsar, but the struggle of individual groups in the eastern regions of Tatarstan continued in 1709-1711. The main base of the rebels was, of course, Bashkiria, especially the Trans-Urals and the Kungur region.
In 1708, Kusum’s detachment destroyed the Ilbakhtin monastery, the villages of Elan, Cheremyshevo, Toraevo, Kazan road, Ufa district. Yakup Kulmetyev ravaged Cheremyshevo and Imeteskovo. In the North Caucasus, the detachment of Sultan-Murad operated, which, together with the Chechens, Nogais and Kumyks, took the city of Terek. Then they decided to go to Astrakhan, but Ayuka sent 3 thousand of his soldiers to the Terek, and 1.2 thousand soldiers and 650 Nogais set out from Astrakhan. The Russians recaptured the city, and Sultan Murad was captured.
The brutal suppression of the uprising in Astrakhan caused a new wave of indignation. Photo astkraeved.livejournal.com
Letter to the Turkish Sultan
The actions of the Bashkirs in the North Caucasus were reflected in the Kalmyk-Ottoman diplomatic correspondence. Thus, two letters in Ottoman-Turkish language have been preserved in the Turkish Ottoman archive. In the first of them (from the Turks), after a polite address, it is said that the Nogai Muhammad Salih-bek arrived to the Ottomans from the Kalmyks. It was said that the Turks undertake to be friends to the khan's friends and enemies to his enemies. The proximity of the uluses of the Crimean Vilayat to the Kalmyk possessions was noted, and it was ordered to maintain peace and good relations with the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey II and his people in order to gain approval from the Sultan. The ambassador who delivered the message to Ayuka was Pahlavan Kulybay. At the end of the letter there was a list of gifts delivered by the Kalmyks to the Ottoman Empire.
In the second letter, Ayuka sent a response message through Kulybay. First, he notes that he received pleasure from the fact that his ambassador was received and honored, and then, in a businesslike tone, he says that one of the eshteks, who were under the authority of the Moscow ruler, made a trip to the Etil River, famous like Terek, and captured the outer part of the local Russian fortress. However, he was unable to take the internal part, was captured, and the Moscow Tsar executed him. Then the Karakalpaks, Kazakhs and the Eshteks tribe united, and a ruler from the Karakalpaks was proclaimed Sultan of the Eshteks. It was said that the three nations entered into an agreement to raid the Russians and fight with them for 15 years. Then the Moscow ambassador arrived to Ayuka, asking for help against the Eshteks, but Ayuka refused him. The second ambassador demanded that the Eshteks be kept from raiding the Moscow state. And Ayuka did not agree with this demand. He said that the Russians killed the Sultan of the Eshteks, and as long as there is blood feud between them and the Russians, the Kalmyks cannot help the Russians, since they have a common origin with these peoples. It was indicated that Ayuka even helped the Eshteks by sending troops to help them, and 40 thousand Russians were defeated by the Eshteks on the ice of the Etil River. Ayuka ordered all news about this to be conveyed to the Ottomans. The Kalmyk ruler informed the Turks that he was in complete agreement with Devlet-Girey II and that the Crimean and Kalmyk khan were handing over their thieves to each other. It was said that when Ayuka sent an embassy to the Sultan, the Kalmyks had ambassadors from the Eshteks, Kazakhs and Karakalpaks. It was reported that the four nations, if the Sultan wished, were ready to oppose the Russians.
The Eshteks are Bashkirs, and the war with the Russians is another Bashkir uprising. Ayuka tendentiously exaggerated the role of the Kalmyks in these events and his loyalty to the Ottomans. The purpose of the embassies was to secure an alliance with the Ottomans. The Kalmyk Khan was somewhat disingenuous: he really did not send an army to Bashkiria at first, but in the North Caucasus, where Sultan Murad offended his interests, he assisted the Russians in the war against the Turks, highlanders and Cossacks.
Recognize the demands of the Bashkirs as fair
The Russians, in order to calm the Volga-Ural region, had to make concessions. They brought out the tax collectors and declared that the king would grant forgiveness to the rebels. The leaders of the rebel Bashkirs Aldar, Kusum, Murza-Abyz, Ismagil, Hussein, Tatars Irmyak, Mamet, Yubrash, Udmurt Nikita, Mari Kizylbay negotiated with the Russians in the village of Savrush. They dragged on for a month and did not lead to any concrete results.
Khovansky needed this pause to gather troops, who later defeated the rebels at Yelabuga. The latter, after the defeat at Yelabuga, fought in 1708 in the area of Samara, Sergeevsk and Bilyarsk. In the spring of 1708, the rebels began an armed struggle in the Trans-Urals. The rebels acted near Chumlyakskaya, Chusovskaya and Utkinskaya settlements and plundered the surrounding villages. Then the struggle unfolded at Torgovishsky and Ilyinsky prisons. The activation of the Bashkirs is explained by the fact that the government had to transfer part of its forces against the Don people in order to prevent the connection of the troops of Bulavin and the Bashkirs. The British Ambassador to Russia, Charles Whitworth, indicated that the Don people were moving towards Saratov to unite with the Bashkirs. In addition, part of the Don people, led by Ignat Nekrasov, attacked the Kalmyks. In this regard, Peter ordered Khovansky and Kudryavtsev to resolve the Bashkir issue. In May 1708, the Bashkir elders confessed. Khovansky ordered to collect taxes at the old salary, that is, until the reign of Sergeev in the region. The Bashkirs swore allegiance on the Koran. In the conclusion of peace, in addition to the military power of the regular army, the slowness of the Kazakhs, as well as the provision of assistance to Samara by the Yaik Cossacks, also played a role.
The territory of the spread of the Bashkir uprisings. Photo wikipedia.org
In 1708, the activity of the Bashkirs subsided; only part of them, led by Kusum, continued to fight. In the fall, elders, dissatisfied with the violence and robberies on the part of the Kazan administration of Kudryavtsev, began to gather with him and Aldar for eynyns. At the end of 1708, the Bashkirs blocked Ufa. Around the same time, they entered into an alliance with the Karakalpaks. However, the situation was difficult, since government troops had already defeated the Donets, and there were already significant loyalist forces in Kazan. Information spread among the Russians that Kuchuk Khan at the head of 40 thousand warriors was moving towards them. Some spoke of the son of this khan with two tumens. It was known for certain that 80 people came with a relative of the khan. Aldar and Urakay called the Karakalpaks. Abadan operated in the Trans-Urals. In 1709, Gazi, together with Aldar, was in the lands of Yurmatia near Ufa. However, a split emerged again among the Bashkirs. Aldar wanted to continue the war, and Kusum stood for reconciliation with the Russians.
At the end of March 1709, the Bashkirs of the Kazan road of the Ufa district took the oath to the Russians and swore to them. An uprising broke out in the Trans-Urals. Aldar, Chagyr Yargalov and Rysmakhanbet fled there. They fought near the Russian settlements of the region. The Bashkirs and Karakalpaks made attempts to take possession of the Beloyarskaya Sloboda, but were repulsed. They also fought along the Iset and Techa rivers. In May 1709, the Kungur district was attacked. The Russian attempt to mobilize the Bashkirs of the Kazan and Siberian roads against them was unsuccessful. Kusum asked Apraksin to send him against the rebel Cossacks and Kalmyks. Many Russian factories in the Trans-Urals were under siege. In the battle on Lake Chebarkul on August 13, 1709, the Bashkirs who attacked the Russian detachments suffered significant losses. The Bashkirs were dressed in armor - chain mail and shells. By the fall of 1709, the Karakalpak detachment went home. The Bashkirs continued to fight in the Trans-Urals. They attacked the Kamensky plant and Kamyshlovskaya Sloboda, as well as other factories and settlements. It was also restless in Kungur district.
Winter 1709-1710 was a time of calm and preparation for the continuation of the uprising. The Bashkirs of the Osinskaya road of the Ufa district and the Siberian Bashkirs asked the Karakalpaks for help. In turn, the Siberian governors asked the tsar for help. In the winter of 1710, the Siberian governor organized a campaign against the Bashkirs, which, however, brought modest success. In the spring of 1710, the Bashkirs attacked the Beloyarsk and Alamirsk settlements and the Uktus plant. In July of the same year, Ayuka sent 5 thousand Kalmyks to suppress the uprising. The uprising began to decline and most of the Bashkirs laid down their arms. Aldar Isyangildin and Urakai Yuldabashev stopped fighting. The last outbreak of the uprising occurred in 1711, when the Bashkirs of the Nogai and Kazan roads rebelled. The Karakalpaks came to their aid, and together they made a campaign against Ufa. Ayuka asked Apraksin for help against the rebels. The uprising was soon suppressed.
In 1720-1722, the tsar organized a government investigation, which recognized the demands of the Bashkirs as fair. In 1724, a poll tax was introduced in the Russian Empire, but it did not apply to Bashkiria. In 1726, under Empress Catherine, Sergeev was imprisoned, and in 1728, the Ufa province was removed from the subordination of Kazan. Instead of Russians, Bashkir elders became yasak collectors. The uprising of 1705-1711 allowed the Bashkirs to maintain their autonomy for some time.
Monument to Ayuka Khan in Kalmykia. Photo infourok.ru
And again the fight
The next uprising rocked the Volga-Ural region in 1735. It was caused by forced Christianization, as well as by Kirilov’s organization of the Orenburg expedition. Its establishment and the construction of a number of new cities in the Urals affected the territory of the Bashkirs from all sides. The uprising was led by Akai (Kusyum's son). In 1738, Urazai brought Sultan Shigai from the Kazakh steppes, whom the Bashkirs wanted to make their khan. The uprisings of 1735-1736 and 1737-1739, as well as 1740, were not supported by the Tatars. The Mishari and Teptyars maintained neutrality. But the Bashkir uprisings received an echo in the Middle Volga region. In 1743, the Erzya, Moksha and Mari rebelled against the power of Empress Elizabeth. This event in Russian historiography was called the “Teryushevsky riot”. In 1747, the Mishars and Teptyars rebelled, and in 1748, an uprising broke out in the village of Melekes on the Siberian Road.
One of the reasons for the uprisings was the construction of the Orsk defensive line of the Russians. In addition, Senate Secretary Kirilov wanted to mobilize the Bashkirs for a military expedition without explaining its purpose. Kirilov told the Karakalpaks and Kazakhs that they were vassals of the empire and must ensure the safety of trade routes and expeditions. More and more forces arrived in the fortresses and cities of Bashkiria, and Kirilov decided to build Orenburg on Ori. In 1735, the Bashkirs rebelled and attacked the Vologda regiment. The rebels were led by Kilmyak Nurushev, Yusup Arykov and Akay Kusyumov. The uprising swept Bashkiria, Tevkelev’s detachment, sent to Siberia, fought its way to Verkhneuralsk. In Yekaterinburg he met with Tatishchev. The Russian garrisons of Menzelinsk, Tabynsk, Ufa, and the Verkhnee-Yaitsk fortress were under siege. The Bashkirs tried to raise the Tatars, Mishars, Chuvash, Mari, and Udmurts to revolt. Kilmyak Nurushev sent people to negotiate with Abulkhair. Kirilov himself remained in Orenburg, whose garrison suffered from a lack of food due to Bashkir raids on trade routes.
Empress Anna Ioannovna ordered Rumyantsev, together with Kirilov, to suppress the uprising. The latter adhered to a hard line, believing that the only way to calm the rioters was through cruelty and intimidation. Meetings were prohibited, and elders were responsible for the activities of the population under their control. Anyone who rebelled was ordered to be executed, and the Muslim clergy was appointed by the Russian authorities. Blacksmithing was prohibited so that the Bashkirs would not have weapons. The Mari, Udmurts, and Tatars were turned into peasants. Rumyantsev was a supporter of a “lighter” attitude towards the subordinate Turkic population. He drew attention to the fact that there was a Russian-Turkish war going on, and therefore one should behave liberally with the Bashkirs. A. Tevkelev negotiated with the Bashkirs. In 1736, the Russians exempted the Turkic and Finnish peoples who lived in the Bashkir territories from taxes. In the spring and summer of the same year, as a result of Kirilov’s actions, the war broke out with renewed vigor. True, Rumyantsev’s detachments, which moved from Kazan to the Menzelinsky district and into the Dema River basin, encountered almost no resistance. Kirilov, leading the Vologda regiment, killed and wounded about a thousand Bashkirs and burned 200 villages. A detachment of Ostankov's Cossacks in the Dema basin destroyed several hundred Bashkirs, and later in the deep regions of the Nogai road - another two hundred. Under these conditions, Kilmyak Nurushev gathered an army of 8 thousand Bashkirs and attacked Rumyantsev’s camp, which was located near the Kutush River.
Empress Anna Ioannovna asked Minikh to send two dragoon regiments to suppress the uprising, and also wrote to the Kalmyk Khan Donduk-Dashi, demanding troops from him against the Bashkirs. And this is in conditions of war with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate. Rumyantsev led a series of ineffective punitive expeditions, Kirilov was preoccupied with the supply of Orenburg. Ostankov was active in the Tabynsk area. The actions of the Cossacks facilitated the actions of the regular troops. Kirillov considered the Nogai and Siberian roads already pacified, but Bepenya Turupberdin and Isangul acted on the Siberian road. When suppressing the uprising, Russian commanders attracted detachments of Bashkir elders loyal to the empire. Khan of the Younger Zhuz Abulkhair reported that the Ottomans were urging him to take the side of the Bashkirs. He declared that he was not going to help them, and in 1736 his soldiers attacked the rebel Bashkirs of the Nogai and Siberian roads. Abulkhair very actively corresponded with A. Tevkelev and V. Tatishchev. He promised to give them the Bashkir leaders for a reward. In order to lure the rebels into a trap, he invited Kusyapa Sultangulov, Yuldash, Ak-Khodzha, Sultan-Murat. The Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz supported the rebels. In 1736, they attacked Okunevsky, Shadrinsky, Krutikhinsky districts and the Tobolsk department. The Bashkirs complained to Barak's son Abul-Mambet about many injustices on the part of the Russians: forced conversion to Christianity, recruitment as soldiers, executions. In 1737, the Bashkir Berdekesh, together with Ablai, Kuchuk and Battal, took part in a raid on the Kalmyks. True, relations with the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz were not without contradictions. In 1738, when Sultan-Murat Dyuskeyev fled from Bashkiria, he was attacked by local warriors and was forced to return. However, later he was able to get to Khan Barak and reach Urgench through his possessions.
Anna Ioannovna asked Minich to send two dragoon regiments to suppress the uprising, and also wrote to the Kalmyk Khan Donduk-Dashi, demanding troops from him against the Bashkirs. Reproduction of a portrait by Louis Caravaque
However, everything was not so rosy for the Russians. In the Kungur district, the Bashkirs attacked the Mishars loyal to the empress, and also destroyed a detachment of 1.5 thousand Russians. Kirilov intensified his actions upon the arrival of reinforcements from Minikh under the command of Khrushchev. Famine was raging among the Bashkirs at that time, and the Russians hoped that this would significantly weaken the uprising. In 1736, the Bashkirs of the Siberian Road invited Khan Kuchuk to their place, asked for help from the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz, and they helped them for some time. The Khan of the Younger Zhuz informed the Englishman in the Russian service, Andrew Castle, about the need for emergency measures, since 40 thousand Kazakhs, who were pushed to war with the Russians by the Ottomans, were supposed to arrive to the Bashkirs. Some of the Kazakh aristocrats swore allegiance to the Russians in a new way in 1736, and in the meantime the Bashkirs suffered heavy losses. At the beginning of 1737, Kirilov died of scurvy (he was replaced by Tatishchev). After himself, he left many fortresses in Bashkiria, and it was much easier for V. Tatishchev and L. Soimonov to solve problems. Tatishchev carried out an administrative reform, separating the Iset province from Bashkiria, the center of the Perm province was moved from Solikamsk to Kungur. The Bashkir and Iset provinces were administratively subordinate to Orenburg. Gaininskaya volost was formed on the Osinskaya road. Krasnoufimsk became the center of the Siberian Road. Tatishchev began a population census, but this work was not completed due to the Bashkir uprising that broke out again in 1737. V. Tatishchev and L. Soimonov suppressed it. The Bashkirs asked for help from the Kazakhs Abul-Mambet, Barak and Ablai, but the Kazakhs sent only eight hundred and Sultan-Murat with one hundred. Abulkhair played a major role in suppressing the uprising. He deceived the Bashkirs, talking about his desire to become their khan. Barak's son Shigai also laid claim to the Bashkir throne, but he was defeated by the Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz. The Kazan road was pacified by the Russians.
The reason for the action of the Bashkirs was increased fiscal oppression, which increased due to the fact that the Russian Empire was at war with the Turks and Crimeans. Also in 1737, there was a famine among the Bashkirs, and in desperation they attacked the villages of the Mishars, Russians and Bashkirs loyal to the empress. The uprising began when Kusyap-batyr and Tyulkuchura rebelled near Tabynsk and Eldyatsk in the summer of 1737. Other rebel detachments operated in the vicinity of Kungur, Krasnoufimsk, and Birsk. These detachments were led by Bepenya Turupberdin, Yuldash-mullah, Mandara. The first to rebel against the Russians were the inhabitants of the Siberian Road, they were joined by the Bashkirs of the Nogai Road, who attacked the Bashkirs loyal to the empire, forcing them to seek salvation in the Sakmara fortress. Settlements near Ufa and Tabynsk were devastated by the rebels. However, for now these were local actions, since a little more than 3 thousand out of 100 thousand Bashkirs took part in hostilities. Soimonov, defending settlements along the Kazan tract, was attacked by a Bashkir detachment of 1 thousand soldiers. Bepenya Turupberdin acted in the Trans-Urals. It must be said that the uprising did not acquire a mass scale and was limited to spontaneous raids. The brutal winter of 1737-1738, as well as Kazakh raids on the Bashkirs, caused the decline of the uprising. Negotiations between the rebels and Abulkhair were unsuccessful. The Kazakh Khan was afraid that 6 thousand Kalmyks would attack the Kazakhs if he sided with the Bashkirs. In addition, the Dzungars were pressing on him from the east. The Kazakhs of Shah Mehmet, who invaded Bashkiria, were defeated by the Bashkirs. In addition, Tatishchev promised pardon to the leaders of the uprising if they swore allegiance to the empress and confessed. He also freed the captured Bashkir leaders so that they would bring their still rebellious fellow tribesmen to submission. Tax breaks were also made for the payment of yasak. Seyit-bai and Rysay-bai surrendered to the Russians. In the Trans-Urals, the detachments of Arsenyev and Soimonov attacked the Bashkirs who continued to resist. Yuldash-mullah, Tuklyuchura, Mandara confessed.
In 1738, most of the Bashkir elders surrendered, leaving only Bepenya Turupberdin and Kusyap Sultangulov, who hoped for help from the Kazakhs. Bepenya sent his son Bayazit to the Khan of the Middle Zhuz, but he was intercepted by the pro-Russian Janibek Batyr. The Kazakh sultans Ablai and Abdulmamet were loyal to the Russians. At the beginning of 1739, Tatishchev was removed from office, but proposed to reorganize the Bashkirs along the lines of the Cossack army and distribute all the people of Bashkiria into the Bashkir and Mishar regiments. He proposed making many loyal Bashkirs Tarkhans and thereby marking their participation in the actions of the Orenburg expedition.
In the summer, V. Urusov became the head of the Orenburg Commission, and while he was getting acquainted with the affairs, F. Soimonov began active work in the Bashkir Commission. His actions on the census led to a new uprising. The Bashkirs Yuldash-Mullah decided to leave Russian citizenship and convert to the citizenship of the Dzungar Khan Galdan-Tseren. Other Bashkirs wanted to go to the Kazakhs. But just at this time, the Bashkir-Kazakh contradictions escalated; the Bashkirs and Kazakhs carried out mutual raids. In the summer and autumn of 1739, the Bashkirs offered little resistance to the Russians, and Tuklyuchura was captured by government forces. Kusyap Sultangulov was lured by Abulkhair to Orenburg. The Tatar mullah took an oath from Abulkhair on the Koran that “nothing will happen to Kusya.” However, the Kazakh and Tatar were in agreement with I. Neplyuev, and as soon as Kusyap came to Orenburg, he was imprisoned. After this, Bepenya Turupberdin was also caught. According to one version, he turned himself in, according to another, he was captured by Khrushchev’s team. Bepenya was tortured during the investigation, and then imprisoned in the Menzelin prison. There he died during torture on the wheel. V. Urusov began the construction of a new defensive line from Samara to Tobolsk, moving the Zakamsky garrisons to the south and east. In December 1739, a population census was conducted in Bashkiria.
In 1740, Karasakal appeared in Bashkiria, who declared himself Sultan-Girey and began to be called the Khan of the Bashkirs. There was no consensus regarding his origin: some considered him a Nogai from the Kuban, others considered him a Bashkir Mindigul Yulaev from the Siberian Road, others considered him Shibanid from the descendants of Kuchum. Karasakal himself spread information about himself that he was a Nogai. P. Rychkov considered him a Bashkir and an impostor, Prince Urusov spread the same information. Karasakal spread rumors that an 82,000-strong army from the Aral region was coming to his aid. The Bashkirs of the Siberian Road Allandziangul Kutluguzin, Mandar Karabaev, Yuldash-mullah joined him. Soimonov, having heard about the uprising, which was joined by several hundred Bashkirs, arrived in Ufa. In several skirmishes, Karasakal was defeated, and Allandziangul was captured. Karasakal had to hide in the Kazakh steppes. The Russian forces consisted of several thousand regular troops plus contingents of Mishars, Teptyars, and Bashkirs. Destroying the resistance, they burned 122 villages and killed more than 1.5 thousand rebels in Inner Bashkiria. Many Bashkirs, seeing the failure of the uprising, came to confess. The delegates who turned themselves in were humiliated, calling them bandits and thieves and pointing out the infidelity of the Bashkirs to the Russian authorities. But their lives were spared on condition of continued faithful service.
Meanwhile, Karasakal took another name from the Kazakhs - Shuna-Batur Khan and proclaimed himself the son of the kontaishi and the brother of Galdan-Tseren (IV ruler of the Oirat state (Dzungaria), 1727-1745), starting the struggle for the throne of the ruler of the Senior Zhuz of the Kazakhs. Karasakal took part in Sultan Barak's raid on the Dzungars in 1740. However, the adventurer was defeated and forced to flee towards Orenburg. Galdan-Tseren's troops followed him, intending to capture him. However, Karasakal avoided captivity and already in 1741 attacked Russian troops in Siberia. In addition, Musa Batyr from the Usergan gathered eight hundred Bashkirs and attacked the Irtysh line. The Karakalpaks also joined Karasakal. They were led by another adventurer, known by the names Abd ar-Rahman, Sultan-Murat, Hadji. In 1739, he was captured by the Russians during the suppression of the Bashkir uprising, but was able to escape and already in 1741 attacked the Tobolsk district. He fought against the Kazakhs. In 1742, he conflicted with Karasakal at the request of the ruler of one of the Karakalpak groups, Shaybak. Neplyuev wanted to lure Karasakal to Orenburg, like Kusyapa Sultangulov, in order to imprison him. However, he was not naive, and then the Russians started a diplomatic game with Sultan Barak. The consequence of this was the cooling of Barak’s relations with Karasakal, which had previously been very warm. In 1743, Galdan-Tseren longed for the extradition of Karasakal and gave many gifts to Barak. Barak wanted to hand Karasakal over to the Dzungars in exchange for his son. However, since 1745 his relations with Carasakal improved. In 1748, Karasakal was at the court of Barak.
The reason for the action of the Bashkirs was increased fiscal oppression, which increased due to the fact that the Russian Empire was at war with the Turks and Crimeans
It is necessary to pay special attention to the personality of Carasacal. There is a stunning contrast between the attitude towards him and towards Kusyap Sultangulov. Abulkhair, without thinking, took part in the intrigue that led to the extradition of Kusyapa. The Kazakhs did not extradite Karasakal, despite numerous appeals from the Russians. This makes possible the hypothesis of his Genghisid origin, in particular from the Shibanids. Karasakal's friends were Kabanbai and Kazbek-biy, who were with him to the end. In the Middle Zhuz of the Kazakhs, Karasakal ruled the Naiman tribe. Such a respectful attitude could only be towards the representative of the Torah, that is, Genghisid. In addition, only a representative of this dynasty could rule the zhuz. All this gives reason to trust the information that Karasakal was a descendant of one of the Khiva Jochids.
The Russians replaced the Orenburg Commission with the Orenburg Province, finally cutting off the Bashkirs from the Kazakhs. The Kazakhs were already separated from the Kalmyks by the Samara defensive line. The lands of Bashkiria were under special subordination to the Senate. The troops of Abulkhair's sons Nurali and Erali helped the Russians suppress the Bashkir uprising. Having brought Bashkiria into submission, the Russians began to build the Orenburg Line, which was needed to protect against the attacks of the Kazakhs of the Small Zhuz. In 1745, Karasakal was ready to come to Orenburg to confess, but his return to Bashkiria never happened. Apparently, Karasakal did not particularly trust Neplyuev.
Lampoon addressed to the Empress
All this was the introduction to the great uprising of the Tatars and Bashkirs, which was raised by the Akhun of the Siberian Road, Misharin Batyrsha Aliev. It was no accident that the Ufa district became the center of the uprising. The Russians in the Urals built numerous cities and factories, thereby violating long-standing agreements. The missionary activities of S. Glavatsky and L. Konashevich, who forcibly converted Muslims to Christianity, also played a major role. The Bashkirs of all four roads were preparing for an uprising. Batyrsha restrained the activity of the Bashkirs of the Nogai road so that the Bashkirs and Tatars could act in a consolidated manner against the Russians.
In the summer of 1755, he published his appeal to the Tatars and Bashkirs, in which he called on them to defend the Islamic faith and expel their oppressors. It was widespread in Kungur, Ufa and Kazan districts. However, Batyrsha could not control everything, and the uprising began with a spontaneous uprising of the Bashkirs of the Burzyan volost, which was reacted to in Orenburg. More than a thousand Cossacks and soldiers were sent to the region; Bashkir elders loyal to the Russians opposed their relatives. The local uprising of the Bashkir-Burzyans was suppressed. The Zilair fortress was founded in their lands, the leaders of the rebels were arrested, and the few survivors fled to the Kazakhs.
In the Gaininsky volost, the uprising was led by mullahs Chiragulov, Murzaliev and Imangulov. Batyrsha sent his shakird Apkin to them, thus preparing and correcting their performance. He himself went to Orenburg in the lands of the Burzyans to prepare an uprising there. The formal pretext was to buy theological books in Orenburg. From Kargaly, Batyrsha sent a letter to the centurion of the Alatskaya road of the Kazan district Mamashev with a call to rebel. He pointed out that all four roads in the Ufa district were ready to rebel.
In July 1755, the Russians suspected the preparation of an uprising among the Bashkirs of the Gaininsky volost. In August, the Burzyan Bashkirs, led by Yaubasar Azdurov, attacked the copper plants of Sivers and Tverdyshev. The latter suffered especially, where the Tatars and Bashkirs killed the Russians and Chuvash. The Bashkirs, led by the elders of the Sugun-Kypchak, Bushman-Kypchak, Chamkin-Kypchak and Usergan volosts, burned the joint plant of Glazov and Shuvalov on the Ik River. The rebels' weapons were a classic nomadic set of weapons - bows and arrows, sabers and spears. 30 versts from the Zalair fortress, Kuchukbai’s detachment defeated a Russian detachment consisting of a company of dragoons and 50 Cossacks. However, Kuchuk-bai himself died in the battle.
By mid-August, the Usergan, Tangaur, Tamyansk, Burzyan, Sugun-Kypchak, Bushman-Kypchak, Chamkin-Kypchak volosts were engulfed in the flames of uprising. In case of defeat, the rebels were ready to flee to the Kazakhs. However, they did not rule out joint actions with the Kazakhs against the Russians. Kalmyks and Cossacks, as well as several regiments of regular troops, were thrown against the rebels with the order not to spare anyone to intimidate them. The Bashkirs asked Batyrsha to send Mishars to help them, and he agreed that they would come to the Gaininsky volost. In this volost, the rebels killed Kudzhagulov, a loyal Russian headman. Izhbulatov, who replaced him, sabotaged the uprising and dispersed Batyrshi’s supporters near the village of Kyzyl-Yar. This event became a turning point in the history of the uprising.
Neplyuev sent troops to the Osinskaya volost of the Ufa district in September. Residents of the Kungur region were ready for attacks by the Bashkirs. The Bashkirs and Tatars attacked the Uinsky plant, Torgovizhsky and Sokolsky prisons. The Russians negotiated with Nurali regarding the Bashkirs. A. Tevkelev managed to achieve the extradition of more than 5 thousand rebels by the Kazakhs. At the same time, Empress Elizabeth removed the discriminatory requirement to resettle unbaptized Tatars and Bashkirs if there is at least one baptized person in the village.
Empress Elizabeth removed the discriminatory requirement to resettle unbaptized Tatars and Bashkirs if there is at least one baptized person in the village
In September 1755, the uprising was effectively suppressed, and the rebels were distributed as serfs. Batyrsha hid for another year in the Nadyrovskaya volost. He was detained in August 1756 in the village of Azyakovo, and he was taken to St. Petersburg. Eleven other leaders of the uprising were sent with him. Four of them died in prison from torture. During interrogations, Batyrsha indicated that he was forced to raise an uprising by injustice and violence and that he wanted to meet with the empress. While in prison, he wrote a letter to the Empress, in which he demanded freedom of religion and the elimination of forced Christianization, and spoke about the infringement of the rights of Muslims in the Kazan, Orenburg, and Tobolsk provinces. In addition, he pointed out that local Russian nobles forced the Tatars to take salt from their factories, and not from mountains and lakes, as they usually did, that trials took place only in fortresses, that the Russian volost authorities caused a lot of violence and losses to Muslims, that a Tatar and a Bashkir could easily be crippled by having their hand cut off. Batyrsha asked Elizabeth to appoint more fair officials in the volost, and to transfer judicial cases under Sharia from the elders to the ahuns, and also to leave Muslims the right to be in their faith. Naturally, the letter did not reach the empress; Batyrsha was accused of treason and writing a libel. He was whipped, his nostrils were cut out, and he was imprisoned for the rest of his life. In 1762, he died in a battle with guards at the Shlisselburg fortress. In the same year, Peter III adopted a decree on religious tolerance, and in 1773 a Senate decree on religious tolerance was signed. Thus, the confessional factor no longer played such a role as before.
Yaroslav Pilipchuk
Reference
Yaroslav Pilipchuk graduated from the National Pedagogical University. M.P. Drahomanov in Kyiv in 2006, majoring in History and Law. In 2010, at the Institute of Oriental Studies named after. A.Yu. Crimean National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine defended his dissertation in the specialty “World History. Mongol conquest of Desht-i-Kipchak in the 13th century.”
Rebellion 1662-64. It began after the tsarist government banned the Bashkir feudal lords from raiding the Kalmyks and demanded the return of the prisoners they had captured, which infringed on the economic interests of the Bashkir nobility. The uprising was led by large feudal lords (Ish-Mukhammed, Konkas and Deveney Devletbaevs, Sary-Mergen and others), who sought to take advantage of the dissatisfaction of the popular masses with the seizure of Bashkir lands by the tsarist administration, abuses in the collection of yasak, etc. The political orientation of the feudal lords changed repeatedly. Some of them, having renounced Russian citizenship, looked for new patrons in the person of the Kalmyk taishas or the Siberian prince Kuchuk. The movement spread throughout Bashkiria and some neighboring districts. It reached a particular scale in the summer of 1662. Rebel detachments operated in the Ufa region, took the city of Kungur, besieged the Dolmatov Monastery and destroyed a number of Russian settlements in the Ufa and Kungur districts. The tsarist government sent significant military forces to fight the uprising. By the summer of 1664 the uprising was suppressed. The government partially satisfied the demands of the rebels: it confirmed the ban on the seizure of Bashkir lands, replaced the Ufa governor, promised to resolve old land disputes and punish those responsible for abuses in the collection of yasak, etc.
Rebellion 1681-83. The reason was rumors about the forced Christianization of the non-Russian population of the Volga and Urals regions. The uprising was led by the Bashkir feudal lords Seit Saafer (Sadiir), Ish-Mukhammed Devletbaev and others, who declared a “holy war” against the Russians and turned to the Kalmyks for help. The uprising began in the fall of 1681 and initially unfolded in the Zakamsk line area. In 1682 it spread to the Siberian road, especially its Trans-Ural part. Kalmyk detachments arrived in Bashkiria, which, under the guise of helping the rebels, tried to subjugate the Bashkir population, ravaged nomadic camps, captured prisoners, livestock, etc. In 1683 the rebels stopped fighting. The decisive role was played by the disappointment of the broad Bashkir masses in the movement and in the help of the Kalmyks, as well as the statement of the Russian government that it did not give any orders for the forced baptism of the Bashkirs.
Rebellion 1705-11. It was caused by the introduction of new taxes in 1704 and the requirement for the Bashkirs to supply horses for the Russian army, as well as the abuses that accompanied these events.
The uprising was led by large Bashkir feudal lords Aldar Isekeev and Kuchuk (Kusyum) Tyulekeev. Having renounced Russian citizenship, the Bashkir feudal elite made an attempt to create a Bashkir Khanate, bound by vassal relations with Turkey or the Crimean Khanate.
The movement that began in 1705-06 in the southern and northwestern parts of the region was soon suppressed. In 1707-08 it flared up again, covering a significant part of Bashkiria, especially its western regions, from where it spread to the Kazan district. In 1709-11, the center of the uprising moved to the east of the region, to the area of the Siberian and Nogai roads. In the fight against the uprising, the tsarist government used detachments of Kalmyks, who inflicted a serious defeat on the rebels in the summer of 1710. At the same time, the tsarism was forced to make some concessions: the size of quitrent payments was reduced, some lands were exempted from renting, etc.
Rebellion 1735-40. It was a reaction of the Bashkir population to the construction of fortresses by the tsarist government in Bashkiria, which was accompanied by the confiscation of land from the Bashkirs. The impetus for the uprising was the march from Ufa of a detachment of the Orenburg expedition (See Orenburg expedition) to the mouth of the river. Ori to build a city there. The rebels demanded a stop to the construction of fortresses. In 1735-36, the main focus of the uprising was Southwestern and Southern Bashkiria. In 1737-39, the center of movement moved to the eastern part of the region, within the Siberian Road. The uprising was led by large Bashkir feudal lords - Akhun Kilmyak Nurushev, Akay Kusyumov, warriors Yusup Arykov and Tyulkuchura Aldagulov, mullahs Bepenya Trupberdin and Yuldash Syuyarymbetov and others. The rebel detachments fought government troops, attacked fortified points, destroyed the settlements of Russian peasants, and also the non-Russian population who did not join the movement (Mishchars, Tatars, parts of the Bashkirs). The Bashkir feudal elite, counting on the support of the Kazakh Khan Abulkhair, insisted on renouncing Russian citizenship. In 1740 traffic broke out again within the Siberian road. The rebels grouped around the self-proclaimed Khan Karasakal (Minligul Yulaev), after whom the movement was called the Karasakal uprising. It was brutally suppressed. The main leaders were sentenced to death, and ordinary participants were fined. The tsarist government carried out a number of administrative reforms that brought the internal life of the Bashkir communities under the control of the Russian administration.
N. F. Demidova.
Uprising of 1755, Batyrsha's uprising. It was caused by increased feudal oppression, land oppression and forced Christianization carried out by the tsarist administration. A certain role in the preparation of the uprising was played by the appeal of Mullah Abdulla Aleev, nicknamed Batyrsh, who called on the Bashkirs, Tatars, Kazakhs, and Uzbeks to a “holy war.” However, in fact, Batyrsha did not lead the uprising, and the entire movement did not take place under his slogans. The uprising was spontaneous. It began on May 15 in the Burzyansky volost of the Nogai road (Southern Bashkiria) with the murder of the head of the mining party, the destruction of the Sapsal postal station and the cessation of service to the Isetsky tract. Under pressure from government troops, the most active rebels fled to the Kazakh steppes. In August, movement in this area resumed and captured a number of neighboring volosts. Some factories and postal pits (stations) were destroyed, and several local foremen were killed. By the end of August the movement had died down. The 3rd outbreak of uprising occurred in the area of the Osinskaya road (Northern Bashkiria) on August 27-28. The rebels killed the foreman and began to prepare for more active actions. However, local feudal lords opposed them, and the movement stopped. A major role in this was played by the policy of the tsarist government, aimed at splitting the rebels (forgiving all participants in the uprising who voluntarily surrendered, pitting the Tatars and Kazakhs against the Bashkirs and other non-Russian peoples, etc.). After the uprising, the oppression of tsarism in Bashkiria was somewhat weakened.
Lit.: Ustyugov N.V., Bashkir uprising of 1662-1664, in the collection: Historical Notes, vol. 24, M., 1947; his, Bashkir uprising of 1737-1739, M.-L., 1950; Essays on the history of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, vol. 1, part 1, Ufa, 1956; Materials of the scientific session dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the annexation of Bashkiria to the Russian state, Ufa, 1958; From the history of Bashkiria, part 2, Ufa, 1963; Lebedev V.I., Bashkir uprising of 1705-1711, in the collection: Historical Notes, [vol.] 1, M., 1937; Akmanov I.G., Bashkir uprising of 1704-1711, in the book: Collection of scientific works of graduate students of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University, M., 1963; History of the USSR, from ancient times to the present day, vol. 3, M., 1967.
I. A. Bulygin.
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Dictionary of Antiquity
- - adv. uprisings in Iran in 1848-52, directed against feudal building, as well as objectively and against the beginning enslavement of Iran by foreigners. capital...
- - popular uprisings in Gilan against Safavid rule. Gilan khanates of Biye Pas and Biye Pish in the 16th century. were forced to recognize vassal dependence on the Safavid state. Anti-Safavid uprising in Gilan...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- - cross. uprisings in Sweden region Dalarna in the 20-30s. 16th century D.v. were caused by increased tax oppression in the first decade of the reign of Gustav I Vasa, high prices, as well as the machinations of the opposition...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- - anti-tour. and antifeud. Druze uprising in the region Jebel Druz at the end 19 - beginning 20th centuries The general reasons for the uprisings were: on the one hand, the difficult situation of the Druze peasantry, deprived of land by the Druze feud....
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- - popular uprisings in 1848-52 in Iran against the feudal system and, objectively, against the beginning of the enslavement of the country by foreign capital...
- - Uprising 1662-64...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - 1905, 1906, 1907, armed uprisings of sailors, soldiers and workers in Vladivostok during and after the Revolution of 1905-07...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - 1852-53, 1857-58, 1861-1862, anti-feudal and national liberation peasant uprisings in Herzegovina, which was under Turkish rule. Enjoyed the support of Montenegro...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - popular uprisings in the Swedish region. Dalarna: first, second, third...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - 1866-1869, 1896-97, people's liberation uprisings in Crete against Turkish feudal and national oppression...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - popular anti-feudal uprisings in Iran under the leadership of the Babis in 1848-52, objectively also directed against the beginning of the enslavement of Iran by foreign capital...
- - 1146-47 - folk. The destruction of the courtyards of the princely administration by the rebels. The murder of Prince Igor Olgovich, the failure of the Olgovichs’ attempt to gain a foothold in Kyiv...
Large encyclopedic dictionary
- - 1866-69 - 1896-1897, on the island. Crete, anti-Ottoman, under the slogan of reunification with Greece...
Large encyclopedic dictionary
"Bashkir uprisings of the 17th-18th centuries." in books
II. Bashkir steppes
From the book Leo Tolstoy author Shklovsky Viktor BorisovichII. Bashkir steppes Once upon a time, after the Pugachev uprising, the Bashkirs, participants in the battles of Salavat Yulaev, Pugachev’s ally in the war with Catherine, were exiled to Karalyk. The uprising is long over. It remains only in songs. Fifty years ago, Bashkir armed with bows
4. Progress of the uprising
From the book At the Heart of Hell: Notes Found in the Ashes Near the Ovens of Auschwitz author Gradovsky Zalman4. Progress of the uprising According to the new plan, the uprising was supposed to begin at crematoriums IV and V and begin quietly. It was planned to bring weapons to crematoriums II and III in a cart for transporting coke, but even this did not work out - probably due to the betrayal of the Poles or Germans from
During the days of the uprising
From the book Book 3. Between two revolutions author Bely AndreyDuring the days of the uprising, Serafima Pavlovna Remizova was friends with Gippius; from her I heard: Savinkov, the head of the fighting Social Revolutionaries, led Kalyaev’s bomb; his head is assessed, and he lives in St. Petersburg, secretly visiting the Remizovs39 and complaining to them about a hallucination: the shadow of Kalyaev appeared to him; his
Bashkir
From the book Your Dumpling House author Maslyakova Elena VladimirovnaProgress of the uprising
From the book Scrolls from Ashes author Polyan Pavel MarkovichProgress of the uprising According to the new plan, the uprising was supposed to begin at crematoriums IV and V, and begin quietly. It was planned to bring weapons to crematoriums II and III in a cart for transporting coke, but even this did not work out - probably due to the betrayal of the Poles or Germans from
Bashkir colonels of Pugachev - Kinzya Arslanov and Salavat Yulaev
From the book Emelyan Pugachev and his associates author Limonov Yuri AlexandrovichBashkir colonels of Pugacheva - Kinzya Arslanov and Salavat Yulaev During the Peasant War of 1773–1775. The uprising also engulfed many national regions of the Russian Empire, primarily Bashkiria and Tataria. The indigenous population of these areas, who suffered severely from
Two uprisings
From the book Pirates, Corsairs, Raiders author Mozheiko IgorTwo uprisings Kamchatka lay on the edge of Russia. The route there from Yakutsk took months, and at some times of the year it was completely closed. They used it mainly to exile people from whom they had to get rid of forever. As Russia expanded
UPRISING
From the book World History: in 6 volumes. Volume 3: The World in Early Modern Times author Team of authorsUPRISING It is impossible to find a text in which the 17th century. would not be called "rebellious". Indeed, during this period the country was especially often shaken by popular disturbances, the origins of which may lie in the Time of Troubles. It brought, on the one hand, hardship and destruction, on the other -
§ 6. PROGRESS OF THE UPRISING
From the book History of Belarus author Dovnar-Zapolsky Mitrofan Viktorovich§ 6. PROGRESS OF THE UPRISING The course of the uprising of 1863 is of no interest to us. His interest is in the Warsaw ups and downs that preceded the open protests of 63. These are endless disputes and competitions between the “whites” and the “reds” (aristocratic and democratic movements
Two uprisings
From the book Nero by Sizek EugeneTwo uprisings Assimilation was not always welcome. The spirit of resistance in some provinces and the failures of the imperial administration, sometimes impressive, indicate an inability to understand local conditions, which was the cause of major uprisings. Yes, I got up
Kalmyk, Bashkir, Crimean Tatar and other irregular regiments as part of Cossack corps and detachments
From the book Cossacks against Napoleon. From Don to Paris author Venkov Andrey VadimovichKalmyk, Bashkir, Crimean Tatar and other irregular regiments as part of Cossack corps and detachments. Numerous small nations that became part of Russia in the 17th-18th centuries owed military service to their new homeland and, if necessary, fielded irregular
3. Progress of the uprising
From the book A Short Course in the History of Russia from Ancient Times to the Beginning of the 21st Century author Kerov Valery Vsevolodovich3. Progress of the uprising The uprising covered a vast territory: the Orenburg region, the Urals, the Urals, the Lower and Middle Volga regions, and went through several stages: 3.1. First period (September 1773 – March 1774). The uprising began on September 17 with the performance of a small detachment of Cossacks,
Bashkir uprisings of the 17th-18th centuries.
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BA) by the author TSBWe are from the uprising!
From the book Chronicle of Diving Time author Prokhanov Alexander AndreevichWe are from the uprising! September - October 1997, No. 39 Do you remember these faces on the balcony of the House of Soviets among the flags of the Uprising? The barely visible shadows of the barricades in the drizzling rain, baked potatoes in the fire. Women's screams and swings of clubs at the Barrikadnaya, night sitting at
Uprisings
From the book Systems of Power [Conversations on Global Democratic Uprisings and New Challenges to the American Empire] by Noam ChomskyUprisings Cambridge, Massachusetts (January 17, 2012) Mohamed Bouazizi, a young street vendor in a small town in Tunisia, committed self-immolation in despair. This led to a spontaneous uprising in Tunisia, and then in Egypt and other parts of the Arab Middle
