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Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib
Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qurashi(Arab. الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب ; March 1 ( 06240301 ) - March 5) - the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, the son of his cousin Ali and daughter Fatima. Fifth caliph (January to July) and second Shiite Imam. Shiites claim that Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan was involved in the death of Hasan, and his wife was the executor.
Biography
During the caliphate of his father, Ali ibn Abu Talib, participated in the Battle of Siffin. After the tragic death of his father in 661, Hassan was proclaimed caliph of the Arab Caliphate, but a few months later, realizing that he did not have sufficient forces and means to counteract Muawiyah I, he transferred power to the latter. After his abdication, he left for Medina with his brother Husayn.
According to the terms of the agreement, after the death of Muawiyah, power in the caliphate was to pass back to Hassan. According to the Shiites, this condition could not suit Muawiya, who wanted to see his son Yazid I as the heir, which was the reason for the alleged poisoning of the imam.
Hadith
The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said, at the moment when Hasan Ibn Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was next to him: “Indeed, this son of mine is a master, and it will happen that Allah will bring two huge groups of Muslims to agreement through him.” .
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Notes
Literature
- Ali-zade, A. A. Hasan ibn Ali: [ October 1, 2011] // Islamic Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M. : Ansar, 2007.
- Bolshakov O. G.. - M .: Eastern Literature, 1998. - V. 3. Between two civil wars (656-696). - S. 90-109.
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An excerpt characterizing Hasan ibn Ali
“Sonya, don’t trust her, darling, don’t. Do you remember how all three of us talked with Nikolenka in the sofa room; remember after dinner? After all, we have decided how it will be. I don’t remember how, but remember how everything was fine and everything is possible. Uncle Shinshin's brother is married to a cousin, and we are second cousins. And Boris said that it is very possible. You know, I told him everything. And he is so smart and so good,” said Natasha ... “You, Sonya, don’t cry, my dear, darling, Sonya. And she kissed her, laughing. - Faith is evil, God be with her! And everything will be fine, and she will not tell her mother; Nikolenka will tell himself, and he did not even think about Julie.And she kissed her on the head. Sonya got up, and the kitten perked up, his eyes sparkled, and he seemed ready to wave his tail, jump on his soft paws and play with the ball again, as it was proper for him.
- You think? Right? By God? she said, quickly straightening her dress and hair.
- Right, by God! - answered Natasha, straightening her friend under a scythe a strand of coarse hair that had fallen out.
And they both laughed.
- Well, let's go sing "Key".
- Let's go to.
- And you know, this fat Pierre, who was sitting opposite me, is so funny! Natasha suddenly said, stopping. - I have a lot of fun!
And Natasha ran down the corridor.
Sonya, brushing off the fluff and hiding the poems in her bosom, to the neck with protruding breast bones, with light, cheerful steps, with a flushed face, ran after Natasha along the corridor to the sofa. At the request of the guests, the young people sang the "Key" quartet, which everyone liked very much; then Nikolai sang the song he had learned again.
On a pleasant night, by moonlight,
Imagine being happy
That there is someone else in the world
Who thinks about you too!
That she, with a beautiful hand,
Walking along the golden harp,
With its passionate harmony
Calling to itself, calling you!
Another day, two, and paradise will come ...
But ah! your friend will not live!
And he had not yet finished singing the last words, when in the hall the youth prepared for dancing and the musicians in the choirs clattered their feet and coughed.
Pierre was sitting in the living room, where Shinshin, as with a visitor from abroad, started a political conversation with him that was boring for Pierre, which was joined by others. When the music started, Natasha entered the living room and, going straight up to Pierre, laughing and blushing, said:
“Mom told me to ask you to dance.
“I’m afraid to confuse the figures,” said Pierre, “but if you want to be my teacher ...
And he gave his thick hand, lowering it low to the thin girl.
While the couples were setting up and the musicians were building, Pierre sat down with his little lady. Natasha was perfectly happy; she danced with a big one who came from abroad. She sat in front of everyone and talked to him like a big one. She had a fan in her hand, which a young lady gave her to hold. And, adopting the most secular pose (God knows where and when she learned this), she, fanning herself with a fan and smiling through the fan, spoke with her gentleman.
Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib(Arabic: الحسن ابن علي ابن أبي طالب , 624-670), commonly known as Hassan or Hassan, was the eldest son of Ali and Muhammad's daughter Fatima, and was the older brother of Husayn. Muslims respect him as the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Among the Shias, Hassan is revered as the second Imam. Hassan claimed the caliphate after his father's death, but abdicated after six or seven months before Muawiyah I, the founder of the Umayyad dynasty, to complete the first Fitna. Al-Hasan was known for sacrificing the poor, for his kindness to the poor and serfs, and for his knowledge, tolerance, and courage. For the rest of his life, Hassan lived in Medina until he died at the age of 45 and was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi cemetery in Medina. His wife, Jada bint Al Ashet, is commonly blamed for poisoning him.
Birth and early life
When Al-Hasan was born in the year 624 CE, Muhammad slaughtered a ram for the poor on the occasion of his birth, and chose the name "Al-Hasan" for it. Fatimah shaved his head and gave the weight of his hair in silver as alms. According to the Shia belief, theirs was the only house that the archangel Gabriel allowed to have a door in the courtyard al-Masjid an-Nabawi(المسجد النبوي , "Mosque of the Prophet"). Both Shia and Sunni Muslims consider Al-Hassan to belong to bayt(Arabic: بيت, "household") of Muhammad, Ahl al-Kisa »(أهل الكساء, "People of the Cloak"), and participants in the Mubahalah Event.
There are many narrations showing Muhammad's respect for his grandchildren, including statements that two of his grandchildren would be " sayyedā sabāb(masters of youth) Paradise" and that they were imams "whether they stand up or crouch down". He also predicted that Hasan reportedly would make peace between two factions of Muslims.
Case with Mubahalah
Ali's rationale for Hasan's succession
According to Donaldson there was no essential difference between the idea of imamate, or divine right, expressed by each imam designating his successor and other ideas of succession in the former. Ali apparently failed to appoint a successor before he died, however, on a number of occasions, he is reported to have expressed the idea that "only the Prophet Bayt had the right to govern the community,” and Hasan, whom he appointed as his heir, must have been the obvious choice, as he would eventually be chosen by the people to be the next caliph.
Sunnis, on the other hand, reject the Imamate based on their interpretation of verse 33:40 of the Qur'an, which says that Muhammad is like Khatam an-Nabiyyin(Arabic: خاتم النبيين, "Seal of the Prophets"), "is not the father of any of your people"; and that is why God allowed the son of Muhammad to die in infancy. This is why Muhammad did not designate a successor, as he wanted to leave the succession to be resolved by "the Muslim community on the basis of the Qur'anic principle of consultation (Shura)". The Madelung question suggests that this is why members of Muhammad's family should not inherit other (other than prophetic) aspects of Muhammad's character, such as hook(Arabic: حكم, Rule), hikma(Arabic: حكمة, wisdom), and Imamate(Arabic: إمامة, leadership). Since the Sunni concept of a "true caliphate" itself defines it as "the succession of the Prophet in every respect except his prophetic", Madelung further asks, "If God really wanted to show that he should not be the successor of any of his family, why didn’t he let his grandchildren and other relatives die like his sons?”
reign
After Ali was killed Al-Hasan became Caliph of the Ummah, thus following the custom established by Abu Bakr. He performed at Al-Masjid Al Mu'azzov Billion-Kufa(Arabic: المسجد المعظم بالكوفة , "Great Mosque in Al-Kufah"), in which he praised the dignity of his family, citing verses from the Qur'an" on this issue: "I am from the family of the Prophet, from whom Allah removed impurities and whom He purified, whose love He made obligatory in His book when He said, “Whoever does a good deed, we must increase the good in him. "Doing a good deed is love for us, the family of the Prophet." Qays ibn Sa'd was the first to be loyal to him. Kais then provided the condition that Baya(Arabic: بيعة, Pledge of Allegiance) must be based on: on the Quran, then sunnah(Arabic: سنة, Deeds, saying, etc.) Muhammad, and on condition jihad(Arabic: جهاد, struggle) against those who declared Halal(Arabic: حلال, Lawful) what was Haram(Arabic: حرام Illegal). Hassan, however, tried to avoid the latter condition by saying that it was implicitly included in the first two, as if he knew, as Jafri put it, from the start, the Iraqis lacked "resolution during the trials, and thus Hasan wanted to" avoid committing to an extreme stand that could lead to total disaster."
Hassan and Muawiyah
As soon as the news of Hasan's choice reached Mu'awiya, who had fought Ali in the Caliphate, he denounced the choice and announced his decision not to recognize it. Letters exchanged between Al-Hasan and Mu'awiyah before their troops clashed with each other were inconclusive. However, these letters, which are recorded in the Madelung and Jafri's books, give useful arguments regarding the right of the caliphate, which will lead to the emergence of Shia(Arabic: شيعة, party) (from "Ali and the house of Muhammad). In one of his long letters to Mu'awiya, in which he invoked his oath of allegiance to him, Hasan used the argument of his father, Ali, whom the latter had put forward against Abu Bakr after Muhammad's death. Ali said, "If the Quraysh could claim leadership over the Ansar on the grounds that the Prophet belonged to the Quraysh, then the members of his family who were closest to him in every way would be better qualified to lead the community."
Muawiyah's answer to this argument is also interesting. To Mu'awiyah, recognizing the superiority of Muhammad's family, further argued that he would willingly follow al-Hasan's request were not his own superior experience in governance: "... You are asking me to resolve this matter peacefully and surrender, but the situation is regarding you and me today as between you [your family] and Abu Bakr after the death of the Prophet ... I have a long reign [probably referring to his governorship] and I am more experienced, better politicians and older in age than you ... If you now enter into obedience to me, you will join the Caliphate after me."
In his book Development Origins and early Shia Islam, Jafri concludes that the majority of Muslims, who came to be known as Sunnis afterwards, "placed religious leadership in the totality of the community (Ahl al-Sunnah wal Jama'ah), represented by the Ulama as the guardian of the religion and the spokesman for the Qur'an and the Sunnah of Muhammad, assuming state power in as a bridge... and a minority of Muslims, on the other hand, cannot find satisfaction in their religious aspirations, except for the charismatic leadership from among the people in the house of the Prophet, Ahl al-bayt, as the only spokesmen for the Qur'an and the prophetic Sunnah, although this minority also had to take state power. This group was named Shiites «.
Facing troops
More appropriate without result, as negotiations stalled, Mu'awiya summoned all the commanders of his forces to Ash-Sham, a region that stretches from Syria and southern Anatolia in the north, to Palestine and Transjordan in the south, and began preparations for war. Soon after he led his army of sixty thousand men, through Mesopotamia to Maskin, on the Tigris frontier of Mosul, to Sawad. At the same time, he tried to negotiate with Al-Hassan by sending the young heir letters asking him to give up his demands. According to Jafri, Mu'awiya hoped to either force Hasan to come to an agreement; or attack the Iraqi forces before they had a chance to fortify their position. However, Jafri says Mu'awiya knew that if Hassan was defeated and killed, he still posed a threat; for, another member of the Hashim clan may simply claim to be his successor. Should he abdicate in favor of Mu'awiya, however, such claims would carry no weight and Mu'awiya's position would be guaranteed. According to Jafri, this policy turned out to be correct, for even ten years after Al-Hasan's death, when "the Iraqis approached their younger brother, Al-Husayn, regarding the uprising, Al-Hussain ordered them to wait until then, and Mu'awiyah was alive thanks to a peaceful Al-Hasan's treaty with him.
As the news of Mu'awiyah's army reached Hasan, he sent some of his local rulers to order them, to get ready to set forth, and then turned to the people of Kufa with a war speech: "God has been ordained Jihad for its creation and called it a heinous duty." There was no response at first, as some of the tribal leaders, paid by Mu'awiyah, were reluctant to move. Hasan's companions scolded them, asking whether they would not answer the prophet's daughter's son? Turning to Hasan, they assured him of their obedience, and immediately went to the prisoner of war camp. Al-Hassan admired them and later joined them at An-Nukhayla, where people gather together in large groups.
Hasan appointed 'Ubayd ibn al-Abbas as the commander of his vanguard of twelve thousand men to go over to the Maskins. There he was told to return to Mu'awiya before Al-Hasan arrived with the main army. He was advised not to fight unless attacked, and that he should consult Qays ibn Sa'ada, who was assigned second in command if he was killed.
Hassan Sermon and its aftermath
While the avant-garde Al-Hassan awaits his arrival at Maskin, Hassan himself faces a major challenge on Shabbat near Al-Mada'in, where he gave a sermon after the morning prayer, in which he announced that he prayed to God to be most sincere to Him creation to His creation; that he had no resentment nor hatred towards any Muslim, and he does not want evil or harm to anyone; and that "everything they hated in society was better than what they loved in schism." He was, he went on, looking after their interests, better than themselves; and told them not to obey "all orders gave them."
Some of the troops, taking this as a sign that Al-Hassan was preparing to give up the fight, rebelled against him, ransacked his tent, even taking the prayer rug from under him. Hassan shouted for a horse and galloped, surrounded by his supporters, who held back those who tried to contact him. While they were passing Shabbat, however, al-Jarrah ibn Sinan, the Kharijites, managed to ambush Hasan and wounded him in the thigh with a dagger, while he was shouting, "Allah the Greatest you have become!" Kafir(Arabic: كافر, Infidel) like a father before you." Abd Allah ibn al-Hisl jumped on him, and others who joined al-Jarra were crushed and he died. Hasan was taken to Al-Mada'in, where he was nursed by its governor, Sa'd ibn Masud al-Thaqafi The news of this attack, being spread by Mu'awiyah, further demoralized Al-Hasan's already discouraged army, and led to widespread desertion from his troops.
Hassan Vanguard in Al Maskina
When Ubayd Allah from Kufa's advance guard arrived al-maskin, where Muawiyah had already reached, the latter sent a messenger to tell them that he had received a letter from Hasan asking for a truce and that he asked the Kufans not to attack until he had finished his negotiations with Hasan. Muawiyyah's claims were probably untrue; but he had good reason to believe that he could make Hasan succumb. The Kufans, however, insulted Mu'awiya's representative and reviled him. Muawiyah then sent an envoy to visit Ubayd Allah in private, and swear to him that Hasan asked Muawiyah for a truce, and that Muawiyah offered UbaydAllah 1,000,000 dirhams, half of which would be paid immediately and the other half in Kufa, provided that he approached to him. Ubaydah Allah took and deserted at night to Mu'awiya's camp. Mu'awiya were very pleased and kept their promise to him.
The next morning, the Kufans were waiting for Ubayd Allah to come out and lead the morning prayer. Then Qays ibn Saad took responsibility and, in his sermon, severely condemned Ubayd Allah, his father and brother. The people shouted: "Praise God that He removed him from us, stand with us against our enemies." Believing that 'Ubayd Allah's desertion had broken the spirit of his opponent, Mu'awiyah sent Busr with a detachment to force them to refuse. Qais attacked and drove him back. The next day Busr attacked with a large force, but was kept again. Muawiya now sent a letter to Qais offering bribes, but Qais replied that he "would never meet him except with a spear between them." As news of the rebellion against Hassan and that he was wounded arrived, however, both sides refrained from fighting to wait for further news.
Agreement with MUAVIM
Mu'awiyah, who had already begun negotiations with Al-Hasan, now sent a high-level envoy, while speaking out in testified letters to appoint Hasan as his successor and give him whatever he wanted. Hasan accepted the offer in principle and sent "Amr ibn Salim al-Hamdan al-Arhabl and his own brother-in-law Muhammad ibn al-Ash"ath back to Mu'awiya as his negotiators along with the latter's envoys. Mu'awiya then wrote a letter stating that he makes peace with Hassan on the grounds that Hassan will inherit the kingdom after him, he swore that he would not seek to harm him, and that he would give him 1,000,000 dirhams from the treasury (Bayt al-mal) annually, along with a tax on land of Fasa and Darabjird that Hasan had to send his own tax agents to collect.The letter was witnessed by four envoys and is dated August 661.
When Hassan read the letter, he remarked, "He is trying to appeal to my greed for a matter which, if I desired it, I would not give myself to him." Then he sent Abdallah ibn al-Harith, whose mother, Hind, was Mu'awiya's sister, to Mu'awiya, instructing him: "Go to your uncle and tell him: If you give safety to the people, I pledge allegiance to you.” Whereupon, Muawiyah gave him a blank sheet of paper with his seal on the bottom, inviting Hasan to write whatever he desired on it.
According to Jafri, historians like Ya'qubi and Al-Masudi do not mention the terms of the peace treaty at all. Other historians, such as Dinawari, Ibn Abd al-Barr and Ibn al-Athir record various accounts, terms, and dates of a black sheet sent by Mu'awiyah to Hasan misleading Tabari's account. The most complete account, which explains the various ambiguous accounts from other sources, according to Jafri, is given by Ibn Asam Al-Kufi, who must have taken it from Al Madaini. Madelung's view is close to that of Jafri when he stipulates that Hassan surrendered kingship over the Muslims to Mu'awiyah on the grounds that "he acted according to the Book of God, the Sunnah of His Prophet and the behavior of the righteous caliphs." Mu'awiyah should not have the right to appoint his successor, but that there should be an electoral council (Shura), the people will be safe wherever they are, in relation to their person, their property and their offspring; Mu'awiyah will not seek any wrong against Hasan secretly or openly, and will not intimidate any of his companions." The letter is evidenced by Abdallah ibn al-Harith, and Amr ibn Salim and handed over by him to Mu'awiyah for him to accept recognition of its content and confirm his agreement. Hasan thus surrendered his control of Iraq in Rabi II 41/August 661 after a reign of seven months.
Abdication and resignation
After a peace treaty with Al-Hasan, Mu'awiya went with an army to Kufa, where, in a public surrender ceremony, Hasan rose and reminded the people that he and Al-Husayn were Muhammad's only grandsons, and that he had surrendered his reign to Mu'awiya in the public interest: “O people, of course, it was God who brought you the first of us, and who spared you the bloodshed of the last of us, I made peace with Muawiyah and I don't know if it's not for trial and that you can enjoy yourself for a while," Hasan said.
In his own speech, Mu'awiya told them that the reason why he fought them was not to force them to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, and give alms, given that they were already doing those, but to be their Amir (commander or leader) and God granted him that against their will. According to some reports, he also said: “I made an agreement with Hassan, is void. He lies trampled underfoot." Then he shouted: “Protection from God dissolved from those who will not come out and the oath of allegiance, of course, I sought to avenge the blood. Uthman, may God kill his killer, and returned the kingship to those to whom it belongs despite the malice of some people. We provide a grace period of three nights. Whoever has not sworn allegiance will then have no protection and no pardon." People rushed from all sides to pledge allegiance.
While still camping outside of Kufa, Mu'awiya faced a Kharijite rebellion. He sent a troop of cavalry against them, but they were repulsed. Muawiya now sent after Hassan, who had already left for Medina, and ordered him to return and fight against the Kharijites. Hasan, who reached al-Qadisiyyah, wrote back: "I gave up fighting you, despite the fact that it was my legal right, for the sake of peace and reconciliation of the community. Do you think I will fight along with you?" "
In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (661 CE) and his death in AH 50 (670 CE), Al-Hasan withdrew to Al-Medina, trying to stay away from participating in political life for or against Muawiya. Although, nevertheless, he was considered the chief household of Muhammad, by Ban Hashim themselves and the supporters of Ali, who pinned their hopes on his eventual succession to Mu'awiyah. Sometimes, the Shias, mostly from Kufa, went to Hasan and Husayn in small groups and asked them to be their leaders, a request to which they refused to answer. Hasan was quoted as commenting "If Mu'awiyah was the rightful successor to the caliphate, he got it. And if I had that right, I passed it on to him too. So it's over."
Madelung cites Al-Baladhur as saying that Hassan, on the basis of his terms of peace with Mu'awiyah, sent the tax collector Fasa and Darabjird. The Caliph was, however, instructed by Abdullah ibn Amir, now again the governor of Al Basra, to incite the Basrans to protest that the money was theirs by right of conquest. And that they pursued the publican Hassan from the two provinces. According to Madelung, however, that Hasan sent publicans from al-Medina to Iran, after having made up the plain, that he would not enter Mu'awiyah in the fight against the Kharijites, is completely unbelievable. In any case, as Mu'awiya became aware that Hasan would not help his government, relations between them became worse. Hassan rarely, if ever, visited Mu'awiya in Damascus, Al-Sham, although he is said to have accepted gifts from him.
Family life
The closeness of Hassan Muhammad was such that, for example, when Muhammad wanted to curse the Najrani Christians, Hasan was with him. [Quran 3:61] Muhammad also said: "Whoever disturbs him, disturbed me," or "Hasan is from me, and I from him."
It is related that Hasan spent most of his youth in "decisions and unmaking marriages", so that "these simple morals have acquired him the title mitlaq , in divorcing spouses, which included "Ali is in a serious feud." According to his grandson, Abdullah ibn Hassan, he usually had four free wives, the limit allowed by law. The story spread on this subject and led to proposals that he had 70 or 90 wives in his lifetime, along with a harem of 300 concubines. According to Madelung, however, these accounts and descriptions are "mostly vague, lacking names, specific features and verifiable details, they seem to have escaped al-Hasan's reputation as mitlaq are now interpreted as habitual and monstrous reasons for divorce, some clearly with slanderous intent." Living in his father's home, "Hassan was unable to enter into any marriages not arranged or approved by him," Madelung says. According to Ebn Saa "d (pp. 27-28), Hasan had 15 sons and 9 daughters from six wives and three named concubines. Many of these children died in the first years of their lives. It is said that most of these marriages had a political intention in interests of his father, because he gave part of his Kunya(Arabic: كنية, Nick), "Abu Muhammad" (Arabic: أبو محمد, "Father of Muhammad"), to the first son by the first freely chosen wife after the death of "Ali, Ḵawla bint Manzur, daughter of Fazāra's chief and ex-wife of Muhammad ibn Talha . He apparently wanted this son to be his main heir. However, after Muhammad died, Al-Hasan chose his second son by Ḵawla, who is called "Hasan", as his heir.
Death and aftermath
Early sources almost agree that Hasan was poisoned by his wife Jada bint Al Ashet, at the instigation of Mu'awiyah, and died in the year 670 CE. Madelung and Donaldson additionally linked other versions of the story, suggesting that Al-Hassan may have been poisoned by another wife, the daughter of Suhail ibn Amr, or perhaps by one of his servants, citing early historians such as Al-Waqidi and Al -Mada "ini. Madelung believes that the well-known early Islamic historian al-Tabari is suppressed by this story due to concern for the faith of ordinary people. Al-Hasan said he refused to name his suspect Al-Husayn, fearing that that person would be killed in retaliation. He was 38 years old when he abdicated to Muawiyah, who was 58 years old at the time. This age difference indicates a major obstacle for Muawiyah, who wanted to appoint his son Yazid as his heir. This was unlikely in due to the terms on which Al-Hasan abdicated in Mu'awiya, and given the great difference in age, Mu'awiya would not have hoped that Al-Hasan would naturally die before him. in murder, which is removed by obstructing the succession of his son Yazid.
He was born in Medina in the 3rd year of the month of Shaban (January-February 625) or on the 15th of the month of Ramadan (March 1). Known despite the fact that his father wanted to name him Harb, The Prophet called an unknown person during the Jahiliyyah (Arabia before the Prophet) by the name of Hassan, gave him a bracelet Abu Muhammad and at the same time recited the azan in the baby's ear; On my 7th birthday, I made a sacrifice of akika (to make a sacrifice in honor of the gratitude of the birth of a child) and ordered that silver equal to the weight of Fatima's hair be distributed to all the poor. The sources say that because he looked like the Prophet, Abu Bakr lovingly called him: " Osimilar to the Messenger and not like Ali and Ali smiled at that.
Hasan (may Allah be pleased with him), like his brother Hussein, did not occupy an active place in important current events during the first caliph. During the succession of Osman, together with his brother Said b. Asom participated in the campaign to Khorasan, still later on his father's side, and again, together with his brother, was instructed to guard against rebels and carry water to Usman's house.
Hasan, after his father became caliph, and Talha b. Ubaidallah and Zubair b. Avvam, along with Ammar b. Yasirom went to Kufa to persuade the Kufis to take the side of his father. He was next to his father in the battle of Jamal and Siffin. After Ali fell as a martyr, Ubaidallah b. Abbas b. Abdalmuttalib called on the Kufis to recognize him as Caliph and, according to one legend, on the same day, according to another, he elected himself in Kufa two days later. Shortly before Ali's death, to Hasan's question on election he answered: " I won't order it, and I won't forbid it"; but the Shiites believe that Ali made him his heir.
Hearing that Ali had fallen as a martyr and Hasan was elevated to the Caliphs of Mu'awiya b. Abu Sufyan began hard work in order to win over his supporters and Kufis to his side. To the command of Abdallah b. Amira prepared an army consisting of the forces of Syria, Palestine and al-Jazeera. And Abdullah b. Amir, on his way to Medina, rebelled before Hasan's army that went out of the city and Muawiya surrounded Anbar, saying that he did not intend to fight with them, and that even Hasan himself said that if the wars go over to him, he will have mercy on their lives. After these words, the majority decided to refrain from war; Hasan, returning to Medina, was forced to inform Abdallah b. Amir conditions for the transfer of the Caliphate to Mu'awiya.
The conditions raised were:
1. Because of revenge, no Iraqis will be captured.
2. Everyone must be protected from the disinterest of the people.
3. All crimes committed will be forgiven.
4. Ahvaz's tax will be paid to him once a year.
5. Brother Hussain will be paid 2 million dirhams.
6. They will also be on a par with the Hashemites and Bani Abd al-Shams.
Abdullah b. The Amir bore the conditions of Hassan to Muawiyah and he, having signed with his own hand, returned to Hasan (25 rabi "al-awwal 41/29 July 661).
Hasan, pleased that all his conditions were accepted, ordered that Qays b. Sa'd handed over all powers to Mu'awiya and returned to Medina. At this time, although some people, such as Hussein and Hujr b. Adis were against the agreement between Hasan and Muawiya, which humiliated all Muslims, Hassan, without deviating from his decision, went from Medina to Kufa with the people and confirmed the agreement with Muawiya who came there.
In the history of Islam, 41 years in honor of this treaty was called "am al-jamaa" (the year of unification). Thus, Hassan, despite the fact that brother Hussein furiously expressed dissatisfaction, having agreed with Muawiyah, as the Prophet (Bukhari, "Sulh", 9; "Fitan", 20) pointed out, prevented the shedding of blood among Muslims and people, albeit for a short time lived in peace and tranquility. After that, Hassan went with his family to Medina and spent the rest of his life there away from politics. Only at the end, judging by the stories, under the pretext of marriage, Yazid b. Muawiyah, having deceived his wives, Hassan was poisoned by Jad bint Ash "as b. Qays and died on Safar 28, 49 (April 7, 669).
Before his death, he asked his brother Hussein to bury him next to the Prophet, if this is not possible, then bury him on Jannat al-Baqi next to his mother, since Marwan b. Hakem opposed the first request, after conducting a funeral prayer by the ruler of Medina, Said b. Asom, was buried next to his mother on Jannat al-Baqi.
Personality
Known by the nicknames of "chosen, cautious, intelligent" and "grandson" Hasan, he was of a kind nature, generous, calm, serious and avoided politics and contention. There are different accounts of the length of his tenure as caliph; some writers say 4 months 3 days, others say 6 months 3 days. By agreement with Muawiyah made on 25 Rabi "al-Awwal 41 (July 29, 661), the second statement is most suitable. Hasan transmitted 13 hadiths directly from the Prophet, mother and father. And his son Hasan was transmitted from Suwayd b. Gafala, Abu- l-Havra al-Saadi, Shaabi, Hubairah b. Yarim, Asbag b. Nubata and Musayyab b. Najab.
Remembered by the nickname " Mitlak"(often divorced) it is said that during his lifetime Hasan married about 100 times; and according to the Shia writer Ibn Shahrashub there were still 250 or 300 concubines. And only on a separate investigation made by Bakir Sharif al-Kurashi, who denies these stories, says that he made only 13 marriages.
The number of children is also debatable; it is told that there were 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22 children, girls, boys. The sources give these names of the children: Zayd, Hasan, Qasim, Abu Bakr, Abdallah, Amr, Abdarrahman, Hussein, Muhammad, Yaqub, Ismail and Tal-ha. Historians believe that the family is continued by children under the names al-Musanna and Zayd. Those who were from the Hassan clan were given the title of "Sharif". Many clans have been formed in history, such as the Idrisites, Rassiites, Saadites, and the Philaliites (Morocco) and Hashemites (Jordan) that still exist today.
The sources say that the Prophet called them " the lords of paradise", it is also said that he loved two grandchildren very much and addressed with prayers:" OAllah! I love them and you love them too", fulfilled all their desires, played with them, rolled them on his back, even during the prayer, if they climbed on his back, did not get up from the sajda until they got off themselves and also in so many stories it is said about his strong love for them .
Hassan, together with his brother Hussein, is one of those who brought the family of the Prophet to our time. The love and generosity that the Messenger felt for Hasan and Hussein continued after his death. For example, during his caliphate, Umar determined for them an income of the same size as for the participants in the battle of Badr. As in the entire Islamic world, among the Turks, in the person of the beloved grandchildren of the Messenger, Hasan and Hussein have always been highly revered, loved and significant, their names have become the most common.
According to some Sunni scholars, Hasan after the death of his father, in the elapsed time before the transfer of the caliphate to Mu'awiya b. Abu Sufyan, accepted as the fifth and last caliph of the "Khulafa al-Rashidin" (Righteous Caliphs) (Shawkani, p. 606). In Shia culture, Hasan was named by Ali himself as the second imam and is the fourth of 14 "masum-i pak" (Char-deh Masum-i Pak) and he himself is credited with many supernatural features. And only some Shia communities stood up against him because of the conclusion of a truce with Muawiyah and criticized him. In today's countries like Iran and Iraq, in the first days (11 days) of the month of Muharram, along with shows of commemoration ceremonies, and on 28 safar religious rites are held both on the occasion of the death of the Prophet and Hassan.
The grandson of the Messenger of Allah, the eldest son of Ali and Fatima, and not wanting to shed the blood of Muslims, Hasan, as a man who renounced the caliphate, created a wide literature. From the sources of Islamic literature and biographical works, we can see other individual works made by him. In the writings of hadiths in various sections of Bukhari and Muslim, there are many legends about how much the Messenger spoke about Hassan and Hussein (Bukhari, "Fadail al-ashab an-Nabi", 18, 22; Muslim, "Fadail al-sahaba", 32, 56 , 58-61, 67). In two works, separate chapters were opened one by one about the special character traits of Hasan and Hussein and the praiseworthy words of the Messenger said about both were preserved. And in Tirmiz, chapters called "Manaqib al-Hasan wa-l-Hussein" and "Manaqib ahl bayt an-Nabi" were opened, and here, along with other parts, more than 20 legends are transmitted.
Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib (may Allah be pleased with both of them), the grandson of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), the son of Ali ibn Abu Talib and Fatima (may Allah be pleased with both of them) is the fifth righteous caliph who renounced power in order to avoid bloodshed and for the sake of ending the turmoil in the Muslim Ummah.
During the caliphate of his father, Ali ibn Abu Talib (may Allah be pleased with him), participated in the battles of Jamal and Siffin. After the tragic death of his father, he was proclaimed caliph. However, a few months later, Hasan entered into negotiations with Muawiyah Ibn Abu Sufyan (may Allah be pleased with both of them) in order to transfer power to him. Hasan realized that if he opposed the forces and means available to him to the ruler of Sham, who concentrated great power in his hands, this would lead to great bloodshed and the destruction of numerous Muslims. After his renunciation, he left with his younger brother for Medina.
Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, describing his short stay at the head of the Caliphate and the transfer of power, in his book As-Sawaiq al-Muhriqa writes:
“He is the last righteous Caliph, as the words of his grandfather the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) testify to this. In agreement with the jamat of Kuffa, he was proclaimed the ruler of the Muslims after his father fell as a martyr at the hands of the Khawarijs. His reign lasted only six months and a few days, but he was a true caliph and a just imam. He fully justified what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) foretold with his words:
الْخلَافَة بعدِي ثَلَاثُونَ سنة
« After me, the caliphate will last thirty years ". (Imam Ahmad)
Indeed, those six months and several days during which Hasan (may Allah be pleased with him) was the caliph of the Muslims, are the final period of the thirty-year righteous rule of the caliphate. Therefore, his being at the head of the caliphate is clearly legal. The whole jamaat of Kuffa agreed with this, and there is no doubt about its authenticity (truth). Muawiya himself (may Allah be pleased with him) recognized this and at first yielded to him. Hassan (may Allah be pleased with him) said:
إِن مُعَاوِيَة نَازَعَنِي حَقًا وَهُوَ لي دونه
« Mu'awiya disputed what was rightfully mine and not his. ».
After six months of his reign, he went out to meet Muawiya with forty thousand troops. When both armies met face to face, Hasan (may Allah be pleased with him) realized that neither side would emerge victorious here until most of the opposing side was exterminated. Therefore, he wrote a letter to Muawiya, in which he promised to transfer power to him and demanded that he renounce all claims against the inhabitants of Medina, Hijaz and Iraq in cases that were during the reign of his father (Ali Ibn Abu Talib (may Allah be pleased with him)) and pay off all his debts. Mu'awiya accepted all but a few of these conditions. Negotiations continued until Muawiya sent a clean piece of parchment to Hasan and told him: "Write on it whatever you want, and we will do it."
Hasan al-Basri (may Allah be pleased with him) reported:
“Hasan Ibn Ali (may Allah be pleased with both of them) met Muawiyah with troops like high mountains. Then Amr ibn al-Ass (may Allah be pleased with him) said to Muawiya: “I see these troops. You will not become a ruler until you meet them with the same troops. ”To this Muawiyah (may Allah be pleased with him) - verily (wallahi) he was the best of these two people, that is, he was better than Amr ibn al-Ass - answered him with the words: “If these kill these, and these kill these, who will take care of the affairs of the Muslims, who will be responsible for their wives, who will be responsible for their death and for these losses”?
Then he sent to Hasan two people from the Quraysh from the Banu Abd ash-shams, Abdurrahman ibn Samurat and Abdurrahman ibn Amir, and said to them: You go to this man, talk to him, listen to what he wants, and convey our demands to him ". They came to Hassan (may Allah be pleased with him) and said everything that they were entrusted with. Then Hasan ibn Ali (may Allah be pleased with both of them) said to them:
إِنَّا بَنو عبد الْمطلب
دمائهاقد أصبْنَا من هَذَا المَال وَإِن هَذِه الْأمة قد عامت فِي
“We are the descendants of Abdulmuttalib. Indeed, we, being in power, received this property (they offered him property). And truly, this Ummah (both armies) shed a lot of blood, and only property can save them (if property is distributed to those who disagree, this can calm them down).
Further, the ambassadors of Muawiyah said: “You are invited (they offered to provide every year with the necessary property, food and clothing for all those whom he mentioned), this and this are also required of you, and you are asked for this and this.” Hasan asked them: “Who will answer me for all this?” They replied: “We will answer you for this.” Whatever Hasan asked, they answered: "We guarantee to fulfill it." And on this they concluded a peace treaty. (Bukhari)
It is possible that Muawiyah first sent ambassadors to Hasan, and Hasan wrote him a letter in response, in which he stated the above requirements.
And after peace was concluded between them, Hassan wrote another letter to Muawiya with the following content:
“In the name of Allah, merciful to everyone in this world and only to those who believe in the next world. This is what concluded a peace treaty between Hasan ibn Ali and Muawiyaibn Abu Sufyan (may Allah be pleased with them all). They agreed that Hasan transfers power over Muslims to him on the condition that he will rule according to the Book of Allah, the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the sire of the righteous caliphs. Muawiya has no right to appoint anyone as his successor, and the ruler after him will be chosen by the Shura (council) of Muslims, after consulting among themselves. They also agreed that in the future all people, wherever they are, in the land of Allah, in Sham, Iraq or in Hijaz, he will leave in safety and show mercy to them. It was also agreed that the companions of Ali ibn Abu Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) and his supporters are provided with guarantees for the safety of themselves, their property, women and children, wherever they are. It was also agreed that Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan undertakes before Allah the obligation not to cause secretly or openly any harm to Hasan, his brother Husayn and none of the Ahl al-bayt - the relatives of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), so that no one feels fear of them anywhere in the world. This is witnessed by such and such, the son of such and such, and Allah is sufficient for this as a witness.
After the peace treaty was concluded, Mu'awiya asked Hasan to speak to the assembled people and announced to them that he had pledged allegiance to Mu'awiya and handed over power to him. Hassan accepted his request, climbed the minbar (pulpit), praised Allah Almighty, then blessed His Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and then said:
“O people, truly, the best insight is piety, and the worst madness is debauchery ...”, and ended his speech with the words: “... you know that Almighty Allah, through my grandfather, led you on the right path, saved you from delusion and ignorance and exalted you after you were humiliated, Allah also through him increased your numbers after you were few. Verily, Mu'awiya disputed what was rightfully mine and not his. But I saw that although you swore allegiance to me, in order to preserve the Ummah and end the turmoil, it would be better to leave alone the one who does not bother me and fight against the one who will fight with me. I thought it would be better if I made peace with Muawiyah and ended the war that was between us. Truly, I swore allegiance to him and I believe that this will be better than bloodshed. And by this I did not want anything but your correction and preservation.
Having stopped the turmoil and concluded a peace treaty, Hasan revealed another mujizat of our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). The event that he foretold in his words took place:
(إِن ابْني هَذَا سيد وسيصلح الله بِهِ بَين فئتين عظيمتين من الْمُسلمين)
« This son of mine is a sayyid (lord), through him Allah will reconcile two large groups of Muslims ". (Bukhari)
Ad-Dulabi also narrates from Hassan Ibn Ali:
إِن كَانَت جماجم الْعَرَب بيَدي يسالمون من سالمت ويحاربون من حَارَبت فتركتها ابْتِغَاء وَجه
الله وحقن دِمَاء الْمُسلمين
« Indeed, in my hands was the power over the Arabs, and they were ready to make peace with those with whom I live peacefully, and fight with those with whom I fight, but at the same time I left it for the sake of Allah and the preservation of Muslims from bloodshed ».
And these events, in which Hasan Ibn Abu Talib (may Allah be pleased with both of them) transferred power to Muawiyah (may Allah be pleased with him), occurred in the forty-first year of the Hijri in the month of Rabi ul-Awwal. There is another opinion that this happened in the month of Jumada ul-Awwal. When he renounced power and concluded a peace treaty, his companions told him: "What a shame for the Muslims!" And he answered this:
- "Al-ar khair min an-nar" - "In any case, shame is better than fire."
It got to the point that one person said to him: "Assalamu alaika - peace be upon you, O one who humiliated the Muslims." To this he replied:
"I am not a person who humiliated Muslims, but I did not want to kill you for the sake of power."
After that, he left the capital of the Caliphate, Kuffa, and settled in Medina. After living in Medina for nine and a half years, the eldest grandson of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) Hasan ibn Ali (may Allah be pleased with both of them) passed into another world. He fell as a martyr, poisoned by poison, at the hands of the enemies of Islam in 51 AH. Janaza-namaz on him was done by Said Ibn Al-Ass, since he was the governor of Muawiyah in Medina. He is buried next to his grandmother Fatimah bint Asad (may Allah be pleased with both of them). He lived in this world for forty-seven years, seven of which he lived with the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), then thirty years with his father Ali ibn Abu Talib (may Allah be pleased with him), then six months he was caliph, and spent the remaining nine and a half years in Radiant Medina, may Allah be pleased with him.
Muhammad Sultanov
