(coordination numbers are indicated in brackets) Ni 2+ 0.069 nm (4), 0.077 nm (5), 0.083 nm (6).
The average content of nickel in the earth's crust is 8-10 -3% by weight, in the water of the oceans 0.002 mg / l. Known ca. 50 nickel minerals, of which the most important are: pentlandite (Fe, Ni) 9 S 8, millerite NiS, garnierite (Ni, Mg) 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 10. 4H 2 O, revdinskite (non-puit) (Ni, Mg) 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4, nickel NiAs, annabergite Ni 3 (AsO 4) 2 8H 2 O. Nickel is mainly mined from sulfide copper-nickel ores (Canada, Australia, South Africa) and from silicate-oxidized ores (New Caledonia, Cuba, Philippines, Indonesia, etc.). World nickel reserves on land are estimated at 70 million tons.
Properties. Nickel-silver-white metal. Crystalline grating face centered cubic, a = 0.35238 nm, z = 4, spaces. group Pt3t. T. pl. 1455 °C. t. kip. 2900 °С; raft. 8.90 g/cm 3 ; C 0 p 26,l J / (mol. K); DH 0 pl 17.5 kJ / mol, DH 0 isp 370 kJ / mol; S 0 298 29.9 JDmol K); the equation for the temperature dependence of vapor pressure for solid nickel lgp (hPa) \u003d 13.369-23013 / T + 0.520lgT + 0.395T (298-1728K), for liquid lgp (hPa) \u003d 11.742-20830 / T + 0.618 lg T (1728-3170 K); temperature coefficient. linear expansion 13.5 . 10 -6 K -1 (273-373 K); thermal conductivity 94.1 W / (m x x K) at 273 K, 90.9 W / (m. K) at 298 K; g 1.74 N/m (1520°C); r 7.5 10 -8 ohm m, temp. r 6.75. 10 -3 K -1 (298-398 K); ferromagnet, Curie point 631 K. Modulus of elasticity 196-210 GPa; s rast 280-720 MPa; relates. elongation 40-50%; Brinell hardness (annealed) 700-1000 MPa. Pure nickel is a very ductile metal, it is well processed in a cold and hot state, lends itself to rolling, drawing, forging.
H Nickel is chemically inactive, but the fine powder obtained by the reduction of nickel compounds with hydrogen at low temperatures is pyrophoric. The standard electrode potential Ni 0 /Ni 2+ is 0.23 V. At ordinary temperatures, nickel in air is covered with a thin protective film of nickel oxide. Not interaction. with water and air moisture. When loading oxidation of nickel from the surface begins at ~ 800 °C. Nickel reacts very slowly with hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, hydrofluoric acids. Practically, acetic and other org. to-you, especially in the absence of air. Responds well with razb. HNO 3 , conc. HNO 3 is passivated. Solutions and melts of alkalis and alkali metal carbonates, as well as liquid NH 3, do not affect nickel. Water p-ry NH 3 in the presence. air correlate nickel.
H Nickel in the dispersed state has a large catalytic. activity in the districts of hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, oxidation, isomerization, condensation. Either skeletal nickel (Raney nickel) is used, obtained by alloying with Al or Si with the latter. leaching with alkali , or nickel on a carrier .
H Nickel absorbs H 2 and forms solid solutions with it. The hydrides NiH 2 (stable below 0°C) and the more stable NiH were obtained indirectly. Nitrogen is almost not absorbed by nickel up to 1400 ° C, the p-value of N 2 in the metal is 0.07% at 450 ° C. Compact nickel does not react with NH 3, dispersed nickel forms Ni 3 N with it at 300-450 ° C.
Molten nickel dissolves C with the formation of carbide and Ni 3 C, which decomposes during the crystallization of the melt with the release of graphite; Ni 3 C in the form of a gray-black powder (decomposes at ~ 450°C) is obtained by carburizing nickel in a CO atmosphere at 250-400°C. Dispersed nickel with CO gives volatile nickel tetracarbonyl Ni(CO) 4 . When fused with Si, it forms s and l and c and d s; Ni 5 Si 2 , Ni 2 Si and NiSi melt congruently resp. at 1282, 1318 and 992 °C, Ni 3 Si and NiSi 2 - incongruently, respectively. at 1165 and 1125°C, Ni 3 Si 2 decomposes without melting at 845°C. When fused with B, it gives borides: Ni 3 B (mp. 1175 ° C), Ni 2 B (1240 ° C), Ni 3 B 2 (1163 ° C), Ni 4 B 3 (1580 °С), NiB 12 (2320 °С), NiB (decomposes at 1600 °С). With Se vapor, nickel forms selenides: NiSe (mp. 980 °C), Ni 3 Se 2 and NiSe 2 (they decompose at 800 and 850 °C, respectively), Ni 6 Se 5 and Ni 21 Se 20 (exist only in the solid state). When nickel is fused with Te, tellurides are obtained: NiTe and NiTe 2 (apparently, a wide range of solid solutions is formed between them), etc.
Arsenate Ni 3 (AsO 4) 2. 8H 2 O-green crystals; solution in water 0.022%; to-tami decomposes; above 200 °С it dehydrates, at ~ 1000 °С it decomposes; solid soap catalyst.
Silica and t Ni 2 SiO 4 - light green crystals with rhombic. lattice; dense 4.85 g/cm 3 ; decomposes without melting at 1545°C; not soluble in water; miner. to-tami slowly decomposes when heated. Alumina t NiAl 2 O 4 (nickel spinel) - blue crystals with cubic. lattice; m.p. 2110°С; dense 4.50 g/cm 3 ; not sol. in water ; slowly decomposes to-tami; hydrogenation catalyst.
The most important complex Comm. nickel-a m m and n s. Naib. hexaammines and aquatetrammines with cations are characteristic, respectively. 2+ and 2+ . These are blue or purple crystals. in-va, usually sol. in water, in solutions of bright blue color; when boiling solutions and under the action of to-t decompose; are formed in solutions during ammonia processing of nickel and cobalt ores.
In the Ni(III) and Ni(IV) complexes, the coordination the nickel number is 6. Examples are violet K 3 and red K 2 formed by the action of F 2 on a mixture of NiCl 2 and KCl; strong oxidizers. Of the other types, salts of hetero-polyacids are known, for example. (NH4)6H7. 5H 2 O, a large number of chelate Comm. Ni(II). See also Nickel-organic compounds.
Receipt. Ores are processed by pyro- and gidromstal-lurgich. way. For silicate-oxidized ores (not amenable to enrichment) use or restore. melting to obtain ferronickel, which is then subjected to blowing in the converter for the purpose of refining and enrichment, or melting to matte with sulfur-containing additives (FeS 2 or CaSO 4). The resulting matte is blown in a converter to remove Fe, and then crushed and fired, from the formed NiO it will be reduced. metal nickel is obtained by melting. Nickel concentrates obtained during the enrichment of sulfide ores are melted into matte with the last. purge in the converter. From the copper-nickel matte, after its slow cooling by flotation, a Ni 3 S 2 concentrate is isolated, which, similarly to mattes from oxidized ores, is burned and restored.
One of the ways of hydroprocessing of oxidized ores is the reduction of ore with generator gas or a mixture of H 2 and N 2 with the latter. leaching solution of NH 3 and CO 2 with air purge. The solution is purified from Co with ammonium sulfide. During the decomposition of the solution with distillation of NH 3, nickel hydroxo-carbonate precipitates, which is either calcined and reduced from the resulting NiO. melting get Nickel, or re-solv. in the solution of NH 3 and after the distillation of NH 3 from the pulp by the reduction of H 2, nickel is obtained. Dr. way - leaching of oxidized ore with sulfuric acid in an autoclave. From the resulting solution, after its purification and neutralization, nickel is precipitated with hydrogen sulfide under pressure, and the resulting NiS concentrate is processed like mattes.
Hydroprocessing of sulfide nickel materials (concentrates, mattes) is reduced to autoclave oxidizing. leaching with either NH 3 solutions (at a low Co content) or H 2 SO 4 . From ammonia solutions, after separation of CuS, nickel is precipitated with hydrogen under pressure. To separate Ni,Co and Cu from ammonia solutions are also used extract. methods using, first of all, chelating extractants.
Autoclave oxidation leaching to obtain sulfate solutions is used both for enriched materials (mattes) with the transfer of nickel and other metals to solution, and for poor pyrrhotium Fe 7 S 8 concentrates. In the latter case, oxidized preim. pyrrhotite, which makes it possible to isolate elemental S and sulfide concentrate, which is further melted down into nickel matte.
We offer to buy sheets of nickel NP2 on favorable terms:
- Large selection of assortment and size range.
- Possibility of additional metal processing - cutting, bending, galvanizing, perforation
- Sale of pieces and blanks
- Realization of the product, both wholesale and retail.
- Prices without intermediary commissions.
- Various methods and terms of payment.
- Flexible system of discounts for wholesale and regular partners.
- Free professional advice.
- Possibility of preliminary assembly of the order in the warehouse.
- Fast delivery times. Shipment of paid goods within a day in Moscow.
- Delivery to the regions of Russia in 2-3 days. If necessary, we will independently calculate and order the services of a transport company. Delivery to the terminal of the transport company is free.
- Packaging of goods according to customer requirements. It is possible to use several types of packaging: PET polyester circle and PVC polyethylene film.
- The ability to store goods in our warehouse until shipment.
- Return of goods in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Characteristics and sizes of assortment.
Nickel sheet NP2 is a flat rectangular semi-finished product manufactured by hot rolling.
The advantages of nickel sheet include:
- high strength;
- resistance to corrosion destruction;
- resistance to temperature extremes;
- magnetic properties (ferromagnet).
The characteristics of the product are determined by the properties of the nickel grade NP2 - the so-called. semi-finished nickel according to GOST 492-2006. The standard regulates the content of impurities (carbon, copper, iron, magnesium, etc.) in the metal - in total no more than 0.5% by weight. The material has heat resistance (resistance to mechanical stress at high temperatures), resistance to corrosion damage in many aggressive environments, including at elevated temperatures (this property is defined as heat resistance).
Sheet thickness according to GOST varies from 5 to 20 mm, width - 500, 600, 700, 800 mm, length 500-2000 mm. You can buy sheets of nickel measured length, a multiple of 100 mm, and random, fully compliant with state standards.
The quality of the product is controlled at all stages of the production process. The surface of the material meets the standards and has no delaminations, mechanical damage and other defects.
GOSTs, TU and other standards.
Specifications sheet NP2 determined by GOST 6235-91. The high precision of manufacturing and finishing of the product is regulated by GOST 26877-2008. The chemical composition of nickel NP2 corresponds to GOST 492-2006.
Application areas.
Good mechanical, electrical, anti-corrosion properties, led to the widespread use of NP2 sheet. In particular, its use is justified in production, where high demands are placed on the corrosion resistance of the material. Main directions of use:
- shipbuilding;
- mechanical engineering, instrument making;
- electrical parts - cathodes, anodes;
- production of products for the chemical industry - containers, boilers, dishes that interact with aggressive substances.
Sale of nickel sheets from a warehouse in Moscow.
Sale of nickel sheets is carried out from a warehouse in Moscow, located at:
111123, Moscow, sh. Enthusiastov, 56, building 44
You can receive the paid goods by self-delivery or by delivery, which will be carried out by our company. Our own vehicle fleet, consisting of cars of various tonnage, will allow us to deliver the order to your object inexpensively and promptly.
When ordering products from 100 kg. shipping will be free for you.
Shipment and delivery of the paid goods is made within one day.
Nickel sulfate is a crystalline substance of emerald green or turquoise color, soluble in water, weathered in air. It is one of the types of nickel salts.
Nickel sulfate is a highly toxic substance, so when working with it, you must follow the rules for handling hazardous substances.
Chemical formula: NiSO4 7H2O.
Nickel sulfate is used in electroplating for nickel plating of products and metals.
And also - for the manufacture of batteries, catalysts, ferrites in the electronic and electrical industries, in metallurgy for the preparation of alloys. Nickel has found wide application in the perfume, fat and chemical industries as a reagent.
In the production of ceramics, nickel sulfate is used as a dye.
Safety requirements for nickel sulfate (nickel sulfate heptahydrate, nickel vitriol) GOST 4465-74.
7-aqueous sulfate nickel (II) is a crystalline substance. When ingested, it has a carcinogenic and general toxic effect. In case of contact with the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and eyes, the product is irritating and causes hypersensitivity to nickel.
When dissolving 7-aqueous sulfate nickel (II) in water, a hydroaerosol is formed, which, according to the degree of impact on the body, belongs to substances of the 1st hazard class.
The maximum allowable concentration of hydroaerosol of 7-water nickel sulfate in terms of nickel in the air of the working area is 0.005 mg/m³.
The maximum allowable concentration of nickel ion in the water of reservoirs for sanitary use is 0.1 mg/dm³.
Neutralization and destruction of 7-water nickel sulfate is not subject. The spilled product after dry and subsequent wet cleaning is disposed of in technological processes for the production or consumption of nickel sulfate.
Nickel sulphate does not form toxic substances in the air and sewage.
7-water sulfate nickel (II) is non-flammable, fire- and explosion-proof.
All those working with nickel sulphate must be provided with special clothing, special footwear and other protective equipment. To protect the respiratory system, a respirator ShB-1 "Petal" should be used. To avoid contact with the skin of the hands, it is recommended to use protective paste IER-2 and lanolin-castor ointment. If nickel sulphate gets into the eyes, rinse them with plenty of water.
Production and laboratory premises in which work with 7-water nickel sulfate is carried out must be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation, the equipment must be sealed.
DEFINITION
Nickel is the twenty-eighth element of the Periodic Table. Designation - Ni from the Latin "niccolum". Located in the fourth period, VIIIB group. Refers to metals. The nuclear charge is 28.
Like cobalt, nickel occurs in nature mainly in the form of compounds with arsenic or sulfur; such, for example, are the minerals kupfernickel NiAs, the arsenic-nickel luster NiAsS, etc. Nickel is more common than cobalt [about 0.01% (mass.) of the earth's crust].
Metallic nickel has a silvery color with a yellowish tint (Fig. 1), is very hard, polishes well, and is attracted by a magnet. It is characterized by high corrosion resistance - stable in the atmosphere, in water, in alkalis and a number of acids. It actively dissolves in nitric acid. The chemical resistance of nickel is due to its tendency to passivation - to the formation of oxide films on the surface, which have a strong protective effect.
Rice. 1. Nickel. Appearance.
Atomic and molecular weight of nickel
DEFINITION
Relative molecular weight of a substance (M r) is a number showing how many times the mass of a given molecule is greater than 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom, and relative atomic mass of an element (A r)- how many times the average mass of atoms of a chemical element is greater than 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom.
Since nickel exists in the free state in the form of monatomic Ni molecules, the values of its atomic and molecular masses coincide. They are equal to 58.6934.
Nickel isotopes
It is known that nickel can occur in nature in the form of five stable isotopes 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni, and 64Ni. Their mass numbers are 58, 60, 61, 62 and 64, respectively. The nucleus of the nickel isotope 58 Ni contains twenty-eight protons and thirty neutrons, and the remaining isotopes differ from it only in the number of neutrons.
There are artificial unstable nickel isotopes with mass numbers from 48 to 78, as well as eight metastable states, among which the 59 Ni isotope with a half-life of 76 thousand years is the longest-lived.
nickel ions
The electronic formula showing the orbital distribution of nickel electrons is as follows:
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 8 4s 2 .
As a result of chemical interaction, nickel gives up its valence electrons, i.e. is their donor, and turns into a positively charged ion:
Ni 0 -2e → Ni 2+;
Ni 0 -3e → Ni 3+.
Molecule and atom of nickel
In the free state, nickel exists in the form of monatomic Ni molecules. Here are some properties that characterize the nickel atom and molecule:
Nickel alloys
The bulk of nickel is used to produce various alloys with iron, copper, zinc, and other metals. The addition of nickel to steel increases its toughness and resistance to corrosion.
Nickel-based alloys can be divided into heat-resistant (nimonic, inconel, hastella [over 60% nickel, 15-20% chromium and other metals]), magnetic (permalloy) and alloys with special properties (monel metal, nickeline, constantan, invar, platinum).
Examples of problem solving
EXAMPLE 1
| The task | Write the reaction equations that can be used to carry out the following transformations: NiCl 2 → Ni → NiSO 4 → Ni(NO 3) 2 → Ni(OH) 2 → NiCl 2. Draw the equations of reactions occurring in solutions in ionic and abbreviated ionic forms. |
| Answer | By placing a nickel (II) chloride solution that is more active than nickel metal, it is possible to obtain nickel in its free form (substitution reaction): NiCl 2 + Zn → Ni + ZnCl 2 ; Ni 2+ + Zn 0 → Ni 0 + Zn 2+ . Nickel dissolves in dilute sulfuric acid to form nickel(II) sulfate: Ni + H 2 SO 4 (dilute) → NiSO 4 + H 2; Ni 0 + 2H + → Ni 2+ + H 2 . Nickel (II) nitrate can be obtained by the exchange reaction: NiSO 4 + Ba(NO 3) 2 → Ni(NO 3) 2 + BaSO 4 ↓; SO 4 2- + Ba 2+ → BaSO 4 ↓. By acting on nickel (II) nitrate with alkali, nickel (II) hydroxide can be obtained: Ni(NO 3) 2 + 2NaOH → Ni(OH) 2 ↓+ 2NaNO 3 ; Ni 2+ + 2OH - \u003d Ni (OH) 2 ↓. Nickel(II) chloride from nickel(II) hydroxide can be obtained by a neutralization reaction with hydrochloric acid: Ni(OH) 2 + 2HCl → NiCl 2 + 2H 2 O; OH - + H + \u003d H 2 O. |
EXAMPLE 2
| The task | What mass of nickel (II) chloride can be obtained by heating 17.7 g of nickel and 12 liters of chlorine (n.o.)? What volume of 0.06 M solution can be prepared from this mass of salt? |
| Solution | Let's write the reaction equation: Ni + Cl 2 \u003d NiCl 2. Let's find the number of moles of nickel (molar mass - 59 g / mol) and chlorine that have reacted using the data indicated in the condition of the problem: n (Ni) = m (Ni) / M (Ni); n (Ni) \u003d 17.7 / 59 \u003d 0.3 mol. n (Cl 2) \u003d V (Cl 2) / V m; n (Cl 2) \u003d 12 / 22.4 \u003d 0.54 mol. According to the equation of the problem n (Ni): n (Cl 2) = 1:1. This means that chlorine is in excess and all further calculations should be made using nickel. Let's find the amount of substance and the mass of the resulting nickel (II) chloride (molar mass 130 g / mol): n (Ni): n (NiCl 2) = 1:1; n (Ni) \u003d n (NiCl 2) \u003d 0.3 mol. m (NiCl 2)= n (NiCl 2)×M (NiCl 2); m (NiCl 2) \u003d 0.3 × 130 \u003d 39 g. Calculate the volume of a 0.06M solution that can be obtained from 39 g of nickel (II) chloride: V (NiCl 2) \u003d n (NiCl 2) / c (NiCl 2); V (NiCl 2) \u003d 0.3 / 0.06 \u003d 0.5 l. |
| Answer | The mass of nickel (II) chloride is 39 g, the volume of a 0.06M solution is 0.5 l (500 ml). |
Section 1. Characteristics.
Section 2. Being in nature.
Section 3. Receipt.
Section 4. Application.
- Subsection 1. Alloys.
- Subsection 2. Nickel plating.
Section 5. Coinage.
Ni- this is an element of a side subgroup of the eighth group, the fourth period of the periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev, with atomic number 28.
Characteristics nickel
Ni- it is silvery white, does not tarnish in the air. It has a face-centered cubic lattice with period a = 0.35238 HM, space group Fm3m. In its pure form, it can be processed by pressure. It is a ferromagnet with a Curie point of 358 C.
Specific electrical resistance 0.0684 μ Ohm∙m.
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α=13.5∙10-6 K-1 at 0 C
Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient β=38—39∙10-6 K-1
Modulus of elasticity 196-210 GPa.
Nickel atoms have an external electronic configuration of 3d84s2. The most stable oxidation state for nickel is nickel(II).
Ni forms compounds with oxidation states +2 and +3. At the same time, Ni with an oxidation state of +3 is only in the form of complex salts. For nickel +2 compounds, a large number of ordinary and complex compounds are known. Nickel oxide Ni2O3 is a strong oxidizing agent.
Ni is characterized by high corrosion resistance - it is stable in air, in water, in alkalis, and in a number of acids. Chemical resistance is due to its tendency to passivation - the formation of a dense oxide film on its surface, which has a protective effect. Ni actively dissolves in nitric acid.
With carbon monoxide CO Ni easily forms volatile and highly toxic nickel carbonite (CO)4.
Finely dispersed nickel powder is pyrophoric (self-ignites in air).
Ni burns only in powder form. It forms two nickelO and Ni2O3 oxides and, respectively, two nickel(OH)2 and nickel(OH)3 hydroxides. The most important soluble nickel salts are acetate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate.
Solutions are usually colored green, while anhydrous salts are yellow or brown-yellow. Insoluble salts include oxalate and phosphate (green), three sulfides:
nickelS (black)
Ni3S2 (yellowish bronze)
Ni3S4 (silver white).
Ni also forms numerous coordination and complex compounds.
Aqueous solutions of nickel(II) salts contain the hexaaquanickel(II) ion nickel(H2O)62+. When an ammonia solution is added to a solution containing these ions, nickel (II) hydroxide, a green gelatinous substance, precipitates. This precipitate dissolves when an excess amount of ammonia is added due to the formation of hexamminenickel (II) nickel(NH3)62+ ions.
Ni forms complexes with tetrahedral and planar square structures. For example, the tetrachloronickelate (II) NiCl42– complex has a tetrahedral structure, while the nickel(CN)42– tetracyanonickelate (II) complex has a planar square structure.
The qualitative and quantitative analysis uses an alkaline solution of butanedionedioxime, also known as dimethylglyoxime, to detect nickel(II) ions. When it interacts with nickel (II) ions, a red coordination compound bis (butanedionedioxymato) Ni (II) is formed. It is a chelate and the butanedionedioxymato ligand is bidentate.
Natural Ni consists of 5 stable isotopes, 58 nickel, 60 nickel, 61 nickel, 62 nickel being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance).
Being in nature
Ni is quite common in nature - its content in the earth's crust is about 0.01% (wt.). It occurs in the earth's crust only in bound form; iron meteorites contain native Ni (up to 8%). Its content in ultrabasic rocks is approximately 200 times higher than in acidic ones (1.2 kg/t and 8 g/t). In ultramafic rocks, the predominant amount of nickel is associated with olivines containing 0.13–0.41% nickel. It also replaces magnesium isomorphically.
A small part of nickel is present in the form of sulfides. Ni exhibits siderophilic and chalcophilic properties. With an increased content of sulfur in the magma, nickel sulfides appear along with copper, cobalt, iron and platinoids. In a hydrothermal process, together with cobalt, arsenic and gray and occasionally with bismuth, uranium, and silver, Ni forms elevated concentrations as nickel arsenides and sulfides. Ni is commonly found in sulfide and arsenic-bearing copper-nickel ores.
Nickelin (red nickel pyrite, kupfernickel) nickel As.
Chloantite (white nickel pyrite) (nickel, Co, Fe)As2
Garnierite (Mg, nickel)6(Si4O11)(OH)6 with H2O and other silicates.
Magnetic pyrite (Fe, nickel, Cu)S
Arsenic-nickel luster (gersdorfite) nickel As S,
Pentlandite (Fe, Nickel) 9S8
Much is known about nickel in organisms. It has been established, for example, that its content in human blood changes with age, that in animals the amount of nickel in the body is increased, and finally, that there are some plants and microorganisms - "concentrators" of nickel, containing thousands and even hundreds of thousands of times more nickel than Environment.
Receipt
The total reserves of nickel in ores at the beginning of 1998 are estimated at 135 million tons, including reliable ones - 49 million tons. The main nickel ores are nickeline (kupfernickel) nickel As, millerite nickel S, pentlandite (Fe nickel)9S8 - also contain arsenic, iron And sulfur; Inclusions of pentlandite also occur in igneous pyrrhotite. Other ores from which nickel is also mined contain impurities of Co, Cu, Fe and Mg. Sometimes Ni is the main commodity process refining, but more often it is obtained as a by-product product in technologies of other metals. Of the reliable reserves, according to various sources, from 40 to 66% of nickel is in oxidized nickel ores (ONR),
33% in sulfide. As of 1997, the share of nickel produced by the processing of OHP was about 40% of the world's production. In industrial conditions, OHP is divided into two types: magnesian and ferruginous.
Refractory magnesian ores, as a rule, are subjected to electric smelting for ferronickel (5-50% nickel + Co, depending on the composition of the raw material and technological features).
The most ferruginous - lateritic ores are processed by hydrometallurgical methods using ammonia-carbonate leaching or sulfuric acid autoclave leaching. Depending on the composition of the raw materials and the applied technological schemes, the final products of these technologies are: nickel oxide (76-90% nickel), sinter (89% nickel), sulfide concentrates of various compositions, as well as metallic Ni electrolytic, nickel powders and cobalt.
Less ferruginous - nontronite ores are melted into matte. At enterprises operating on a full cycle, the further processing scheme includes converting, matte roasting, electrosmelting of nickel oxide to obtain metallic nickel. Along the way, the extracted cobalt is produced in the form of metal and/or salts. Another source of nickel: in the ashes of the coals of South Wales in Britain - up to 78 kg of nickel per ton. The increased content of nickel in some coals, oil, shales indicates the possibility of nickel concentration by fossil organic matter. The reasons for this phenomenon have not yet been elucidated.
“Ni could not be obtained for a long time in a plastic form due to the fact that it always has a small admixture of sulfur in the form of nickel sulfide, located in thin, brittle layers at the boundaries metal. The addition of a small amount of magnesium to the molten nickel converts sulfur into the form of a compound with magnesium, which precipitates in the form of grains without violating plasticity. metal».
The bulk of nickel is obtained from garnierite and magnetic pyrites.
Silicate ore is reduced with coal dust in rotary tube furnaces to iron-nickel pellets (5-8% nickel), which are then purified from sulfur, calcined and treated with an ammonia solution. After the solution is acidified, a metal is obtained electrolytically from it.
Carbonyl method (Mond method). First, copper-nickel matte is obtained from sulfide ore, over which cobalt is passed under high pressure. Easily volatile tetracarbonyl nickel nickel(CO)4 is formed, and an especially pure metal is isolated by thermal decomposition.
Aluminothermic method of nickel recovery from oxide ore: 3NiO + 2Al = 3Ni + Al2O.
Application
Alloys
Ni is the basis of most superalloys, high-temperature materials used in the aerospace industry for power plant parts.
monel metal (65 - 67% nickel + 30 - 32% Cu+ 1% Mn), heat resistant up to 500°C, very corrosion resistant;
white (585 contains 58.5% gold and an alloy (ligature) of silver and nickel (or palladium));
Nichrome, resistance alloy (60% Nickel + 40% Cr);
Permalloy (76% nickel + 17% Fe + 5% Cu + 2% Cr), has a high magnetic susceptibility with very low hysteresis losses;
Invar (65% Fe + 35% Nickel), almost does not elongate when heated;
In addition, nickel alloys include nickel and chromium-nickel steels, nickel silver, and various resistance alloys such as constantan, nickeline, and manganin.
Nickel pipes are used for the manufacture of capacitors in the production of hydrogen, for pumping alkalis in the chemical industry. Nickel chemical resistant tools are widely used in medicine and research work. Ni is used for radar, television, remote control processes in nuclear technology.
Pure nickel is used to make chemical utensils, various apparatuses, devices, boilers with high corrosion resistance and constancy of physical properties, and from nickel materials - reservoirs and tanks for storing food products, chemicals, essential oils, for transporting alkalis, for melting caustic alkalis.
On the basis of pure nickel powders, porous filters are made for filtering gases, fuels and other products in the chemical industry. industry. Powdered Ni is also consumed in the production of nickel alloys and as a binder in the manufacture of hard and superhard materials.
The biological role of nickel refers to the number of trace elements necessary for the normal development of living organisms. However, little is known about its role in living organisms. Ni is known to take part in enzymatic reactions in animals and plants. In animals, it accumulates in keratinized tissues, especially in feathers. The increased content of nickel in soils leads to endemic diseases - ugly forms appear in plants, and eye diseases in animals associated with the accumulation of nickel in the cornea. Toxic dose (for rats) - 50 mg. Particularly harmful are volatile compounds of nickel, in particular, its tetracarbonyl nickel(CO)4. MPC of nickel compounds in air ranges from 0.0002 to 0.001 mg/m3 (for various compounds).
Ni is the main cause of allergy (contact dermatitis) to metals in contact with the skin (jewelry, watches, denim studs).
In the European Union, the nickel content in products that come into contact with human skin is limited.
Nickel carbonite Nickel(CO) is highly toxic. The maximum permissible concentration of its vapors in the air of industrial premises is 0.0005 mg/m3.
In the 20th century, it was found that the pancreas is very rich in nickel. When administered after insulin, nickel prolongs the action of insulin and thereby increases hypoglycemic activity. Ni affects enzymatic processes, oxidation of ascorbic acid, accelerates the transition of sulfhydryl groups to disulfide ones. Ni can inhibit the action of adrenaline and lower blood pressure. Excess intake of nickel in the body causes vitiligo. Ni is deposited in the pancreas and parathyroid glands.
nickel plating
Nickel plating is the creation of a nickel coating on the surface of another metal in order to protect it from corrosion. It is carried out in a galvanic way using electrolytes containing nickel(II) sulfate, sodium chloride, boron hydroxide, surfactants and glossy substances, and soluble nickel anodes. The thickness of the resulting nickel layer is 12–36 µm. Surface gloss stability can be ensured by subsequent chromium plating (chromium layer thickness 0.3 µm).
Nickel plating without current is carried out in a solution of a mixture of nickel(II) chloride and a hypophosphite mixture of sodium in the presence of sodium citrate:
NiCl2 + NaH2PO2 + H2O = Nickel + NaH2PO3 + 2HCl
the process is carried out at pH 4 - 6 and 95 ° C
The most common are electrolytic and chemical nickel plating. More often nickel plating (so-called matte) is produced by electrolytic method. The most studied and stable in work sulfate electrolytes. When added to the electrolyte, the shine of the formers is carried out by the so-called bright nickel plating. Electrolytic coatings have some porosity, which depends on the thoroughness of the preparation of the substrate surface and on the thickness of the coating. To protect against corrosion, the complete absence of pores is necessary, therefore, a multilayer coating is applied, which, with an equal thickness, is more reliable than a single layer (for example, steel trade item often coated according to the scheme Cu - Nickel - Cr).
The disadvantages of electrolytic nickel plating are the uneven deposition of nickel on a relief surface and the impossibility of coating narrow and deep holes, cavities, etc. Chemical nickel plating is somewhat more expensive than electrolytic nickel plating, but it provides the possibility of applying a coating of uniform thickness and quality on any parts of the relief surface, provided that a solution is available to them. The process is based on the reduction reaction of nickel ions from its salts using a hypophosphite mixture of sodium (or other reducing agents) in aqueous solutions.
Nickel plating is used, for example, for coating parts of chemical equipment, cars, bicycles, medical instruments, devices.
Ni is also used for winding musical instrument strings.
coinage
Ni is widely used in the production of coins in many countries. In the United States, the 5 cent coin is colloquially called "Ni".
Ni has been a component of coins since the mid-19th century. In the United States, the term "Ni" or "Nick" was originally applied to cupro-nickel coins (flying eagle), which replaced cuprum with 12% nickel in 1857-58.
Still later in 1865, the term assigned to the three percent nickel increased by 25%. In 1866 five percent nickel (25% nickel, 75% cuprum). Along with proportion alloy, the term was currently used in the United States. Near-pure nickel coins were first used in 1881 in Switzerland, and in particular, over 99.9% of Ni from five cent coins were minted in Canada (the largest nickel producer in the world at the time).
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Sources
Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, WikiPedia
hyperon-perm.ru - Production of Hyperon
cniga.com.ua - Book Portal
chem100.ru - Chemist's Handbook
bse.sci-lib.com - The meaning of words in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
chemistry.narod.ru - World of Chemistry
dic.academic.ru - Dictionaries and encyclopedias
Encyclopedia of the investor. 2013 .
Synonyms:- Nicaragua
See what "Nickel" is in other dictionaries:
NICKEL- (symbol Ni), a metal with an atomic weight of 58.69, serial number 28, belongs, together with cobalt and iron, to group VIII and the 4th row of the periodic system of Mendeleev. Oud. in. 8.8, melting point 1452°. In their usual connections, N. ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia
NICKEL- (symbol Ni), silvery white metal, TRANSITION ELEMENT, discovered in 1751. Its main ores are sulfide nickel-iron ores (pentlandite) and nickel arsenide (nickel). Nickel has a complex purification process, including differentiated decomposition ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
NICKEL- (German Nickel). The metal is silvery white in color and is not found in its pure form. Recently, it has been used for dressing tableware and kitchen utensils. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. NICKEL German. Nickel… Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Nickel- is a relatively hard grayish-white metal with a melting point of 1453 degrees. C. It is a ferromagnetic, malleable, ductile, strong, and resistant to corrosion and oxidation. Nickel is mostly... ... Official terminology
nickel- me, m. nickel m. , German Nickel. 1. Silvery white refractory metal. BAS 1. Nickel, a harmful companion of silver ores, got its name from the name of an evil dwarf who allegedly lived in the Saxon mines. Fersman Zanim. geochemistry. 2. The top layer of ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
NICKEL- (lat. Niccolum) Ni, a chemical element of group VIII of the periodic system, atomic number 28, atomic mass 58.69. The name is from the German Nickel, the name of an evil spirit that supposedly interfered with the miners. Silvery white metal; density 8.90 g/cm³, mp 1455… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
NICKEL- NICKEL, nickel, husband. (German Nickel). Silvery white refractory metal, upr. for the manufacture of tools, utensils, etc. (After the name of the mountain deity in Scandinavian mythology.) Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
