Perpetual motion technology has attracted people at all times. Today, it is considered more pseudo-scientific and impossible than vice versa, but this does not stop people from creating more and more outlandish gizmos and gizmos in the hope of breaking the laws of physics and causing a world revolution. Here are ten historical and extremely entertaining attempts to create something similar to a perpetual motion machine.
Battery Karpen
In the 1950s, the Romanian engineer Nicolae Vasilescu-Carpen invented the battery. Now located (albeit not on display) at the National Technical Museum of Romania, this battery still works, although scientists still disagree on how and why it even continues to work.
The battery in the device remains the same single-volt battery that Karpen installed in the 1950s. For a long time, the car was forgotten until the museum was able to display it well and ensure the safety of such a strange contraption. Recently found that the battery works and still produces a stable voltage - after 60 years.
Having successfully defended his doctorate on the topic of magnetic effects in moving bodies in 1904, Carpen certainly could have created something out of the ordinary. By 1909, he was engaged in the study of high-frequency currents and the transmission of telephone signals over long distances. Built telegraph stations, researched environmental heat and advanced fuel cell technology. However, modern scientists have not yet come to unanimous conclusions about the principles of operation of his strange battery.
Many conjectures have been put forward, from the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy in the process of a cycle, the thermodynamic principle of which we have not yet discovered. The mathematical apparatus of his invention seems incredibly complex, potentially including concepts like the thermosiphon effect and the temperature equations of the scalar field. Although we have not been able to create a perpetual motion machine capable of generating infinite and free energy in huge quantities, nothing prevents us from enjoying a battery that continuously works for 60 years.
Joe Newman Energy Machine
In 1911, the US Patent Office issued a huge decree. They will no longer issue patents for perpetual motion devices, since it seems scientifically impossible to create such a device. For some inventors, this meant that the fight to have their work recognized as legitimate science would now be a little more difficult.
In 1984, Joe Newman got on the CMS Evening News with Dan Rather and showed something incredible. People living during the oil crisis were delighted with the idea of the inventor: he presented a perpetual motion machine that worked and produced more energy than it consumed.
Scientists, however, did not believe a single word of Newman.
The National Bureau of Standards tested the scientist's device, which consisted mostly of batteries charged by a magnet rotating inside a coil of wire. During the tests, all Newman's statements turned out to be empty, although some people continued to believe the scientist. So he decided to take his energy machine and go on tour, demonstrating how it works along the way. Newman claimed that his machine gave out 10 times more energy than it absorbed, that is, it worked with an efficiency of over 100%. When his patent applications were rejected, and the scientific community literally threw his invention into a puddle, his grief knew no bounds.
As an amateur scientist who didn't even finish high school, Newman didn't give up even when no one supported his plan. Convinced that God had sent him a machine that would change humanity for the better, Newman always believed that the true value of his machine was always hidden from those in power.
Water screw by Robert Fludd
Robert Fludd was a kind of symbol that could only appear at a certain time in history. Half scientist, half alchemist, Fludd was describing and inventing things around the turn of the 17th century. He had rather strange ideas: he believed that lightning was the earthly embodiment of the wrath of God, which strikes them if they do not run. At the same time, Fludd believed in a number of principles that we accept today, even if most people in those days did not accept them.
His version of a perpetual motion machine was a waterwheel that could grind grain by constantly spinning under the action of recirculating water. Fludd called it "the water screw". In 1660, the first woodcuts appeared depicting such an idea (the appearance of which is attributed to 1618).
Needless to say, the device did not work. However, Fludd was not only trying to break the laws of physics for his machine. He was also looking for a way to help farmers. At that time, the processing of huge volumes of grain depended on flows. Those who lived far from a suitable source of running water were forced to load their crops, haul them to the mill, and then back to the farm. If this perpetual motion machine could work, it would make life much easier for countless farmers.
Wheel of Bhaskara
One of the earliest references to perpetual motion machines comes from the mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara, from his writings of 1150. His concept was an unbalanced wheel with a series of curved spokes inside filled with mercury. As the wheel turned, the mercury began to move, providing the push needed to keep the wheel spinning.
Over the centuries, variations of this idea have been invented a huge number. It is quite understandable why it should work: a wheel that is in a state of imbalance tries to bring itself to rest and, in theory, will continue to move. Some designers believed so strongly in the possibility of creating such a wheel that they even designed brakes in case the process got out of hand.
With our current understanding of force, friction and work, we know that an unbalanced wheel will not achieve the desired effect, because we cannot get all the energy back, we cannot extract it much or forever. However, the idea itself was and remains intriguing to people unfamiliar with modern physics, especially in the Hindu religious context of reincarnation and the circle of life. The idea became so popular that wheel-shaped perpetual motion machines later entered Islamic and European scriptures.
Cox's watch
When famed London watchmaker James Cox built his perpetual motion clock in 1774, it worked exactly as described in the accompanying documentation explaining why the clock did not need to be re-wound. The six-page document explained how the watch was created based on "mechanical and philosophical principles."
According to Cox, the clock's diamond-powered perpetual motion machine and reduced internal friction to almost no friction ensured that the metals that make up the watch would decay much more slowly than anyone had ever seen. In addition to this grandiose statement, then many presentations of the new technology included mystical elements.
In addition to being a perpetual motion machine, Cox's clock was an ingenious clock. Encased in glass that protected the internal working components from dust while allowing them to be looked at as well, the watch was powered by changes in atmospheric pressure. If the mercury rose or fell inside the hourly barometer, the movement of the mercury turned the inner wheels in the same direction, partially winding the watch. If the watch was continuously wound, the gears would come out of the slots until the chain loosened to a certain point, after which everything fell into place and the watch began to wind itself again.
The first widely accepted example of a perpetual motion clock was shown by Cox himself in the Spring Garden. Later, he was seen at the weekly exhibitions of the Mechanical Museum, and later at the Clerkenville Institute. At that time, the display of these watches was such a miracle that they were captured in countless works of art, and crowds regularly came to Cox who wanted to gawk at his wonderful creation.
Watchmaker Paul Baumann founded the spiritual society Meternitha in the 1950s. In addition to abstaining from alcohol, drugs, and tobacco, members of this religious sect live in a self-sustaining, environmentally conscious environment. To achieve this, they rely on the marvelous perpetual motion machine created by their founder.
A machine called Testatika can take supposedly unused electrical energy and turn it into energy for the community. Due to its secrecy, the Testatic was not fully explored by scientists, although the machine was the subject of a short documentary film in 1999. Not much was shown, but enough to show that the sect almost idolizes this sacred machine.
The plans and features of Thestatica were sent directly to Baumann by God while he was serving a prison sentence for seducing a young girl. According to the official story, he was saddened by the darkness of his cell and the lack of light for reading. Then he was visited by a mysterious mystical vision, which revealed to him the secret of perpetual motion and infinite energy, which can be drawn directly from the air. Members of the sect confirm that the Thestatica was sent to them by God, noting also that several attempts to photograph the car revealed a multi-colored halo around it.
In the 1990s, a Bulgarian physicist infiltrated the sect to ferret out the design of the machine, hoping to reveal the secret of this magical energy device to the world. But he failed to convince the sectarians. After committing suicide in 1997 by jumping out of a window, he left a suicide note: "I did what I could, let those who can do better."
Bessler wheel
Johann Bessler began his perpetual motion research with a simple concept, like the wheel of Bhaskara: apply weight to the wheel on one side and it will be constantly unbalanced and constantly moving. On November 12, 1717, Bessler sealed his invention in a room. The door was closed, the room was guarded. When it was opened two weeks later, the 3.7-meter wheel was still moving. The room was sealed again, the scheme repeated. When they opened the door in early January 1718, the people found that the wheel was still turning.
Although becoming a celebrity after all this, Bessler did not expand on the principles of the wheel, noting only that it relies on weights that keep it unbalanced. Moreover, Bessler was so secretive that when an engineer sneaked in to take a closer look at the engineer's creation, Bessler freaked out and destroyed the wheel. Later, the engineer said that he did not notice anything suspicious. However, he saw only the outer part of the wheel, so he could not understand how it works. Even in those days, the idea of a perpetual motion machine met with some cynicism. Centuries earlier, Leonardo da Vinci himself had scoffed at the idea of such a machine.
Yet the concept of the Bessler wheel has never gone completely out of sight. In 2014, Warwickshire engineer John Collins revealed that he had been studying the design of the Bessler wheel for years and was close to cracking the mystery. Bessler once wrote that he destroyed all evidence, drawings and drawings about the principles of his wheel, but added that anyone who was smart and quick-witted could understand everything for sure.
Otis T. Carr UFO Engine
Included in the Register of Copyright Objects (third series, 1958: July-December) objects seem a little strange. Despite the fact that the US Patent Office long ago ruled that it would not grant any patents for perpetual motion devices because they could not exist, OTC Enterprises Inc. and its founder Otis Carr are listed as the owners of the "free energy system", "peaceful atom energy" and "gravity engine".
In 1959, OTC Enterprises planned to make the first flight of its "fourth-dimensional space transport" powered by a perpetual motion machine. And while at least one person had a brief look at the erratic parts of the heavily guarded project, the device itself was never opened or "lifted off the ground." Carr himself was hospitalized with vague symptoms on the day the device was due to depart on its maiden voyage.
Perhaps his illness was a clever way to get away from the demonstration, but it wasn't enough to put Carr behind bars. By selling options on technology that did not exist, Carr interested investors in the project, as well as people who believed that his apparatus would take them to other planets.
To get around the patent restrictions of his crazy designs, Carr patented everything as an "entertainment device" that simulated trips to outer space. It was US Patent # 2,912,244 (November 10, 1959). Carr claimed that his spacecraft worked because one had already left. The propulsion system was a "circular free energy foil" that provided an infinite supply of energy needed to carry the vehicle into space.
Of course, the strangeness of what is happening has opened the way for conspiracy theories. Some people have suggested that Carr actually assembled his perpetual motion machine and flying machine. But, of course, he was quickly pressed by the American government. Theorists could not agree, either the government does not want to disclose the technology, or it wants to use it on its own.
"Perpetuum Mobile" by Cornelius Drebbel
The strangest thing about Cornelius Drebbel's perpetual motion machine is that although we don't know how or why it worked, you've definitely seen it more often than you think.
Drebbel first demonstrated his car in 1604 and amazed everyone, including the English royal family. The machine was something like a chronometer; it never needed winding and showed the date and the phase of the moon. Driven by changes in temperature or weather, Drebbel's machine also used a thermoscope or barometer, similar to Cox's clock.
No one knows what provided movement and energy to Drebbel's device, since he spoke of harnessing the "fiery spirit of the air" like a real alchemist. At that time, the world was still thinking in terms of the four elements, and Drebbel himself experimented with sulfur and saltpeter.
As stated in a letter dated 1604, the earliest known representation of the device showed a central globe surrounded by a liquid-filled glass tube. Gold arrows and markings tracked the phases of the moon. Other images were more elaborate, showing the car adorned with mythological creatures and ornaments in gold. Drebbel's Perpetuum mobile also appeared in some paintings, notably those by Albrecht and Rubens. In these pictures, the strange toroidal shape of the machine does not at all resemble a sphere.
Drebbel's work attracted the attention of royal courts throughout Europe, and he toured the Continent for some time. And, as is often the case, he died in poverty. As the uneducated son of a farmer, he received the patronage of Buckingham Palace, invented one of the first submarines, became a regular in pubs towards old age, and eventually got involved in several projects that tarnished his reputation.
David Hamel's anti-gravity machine
In his self-proclaimed "incredibly true story of life," David Hamel claims to be an ordinary carpenter with no formal training who was chosen to be the custodian of an eternal energy machine and the spacecraft that is supposed to work with it. After an encounter with aliens from the planet Kladen, Hamel claimed to have received information that should change the world - if only people would believe him.
Although all of this is a little discouraging, Hamel said that his perpetual motion machine uses the same energies as spiders jumping from one web to another. These scalar forces cancel out the pull of gravity and allow us to create a device that will allow us to reunite with our Claden relatives, who provided Khamel with the necessary information.
According to Khamel, he has already built such a device. Unfortunately, it flew away.
After working for 20 years to build his interstellar device and drive using a series of magnets, he finally turned it on and this is what happened. Filled with the glow of colorful ions, his anti-gravity machine rose into the air and flew over the Pacific Ocean. To avoid a repeat of this tragic event, Khamel builds his next car out of heavier materials like granite.
To understand the principles behind this technology, Hamel says you need to look at the pyramids, study some forbidden books, accept the presence of invisible energy, and imagine scalars and the ionosphere almost like milk and cheese.
To begin with, let us present some statistical data on ppt-1 related to the period of interest to us. Naturally, they are fragmentary, but still quite revealing.
According to the British Patent Office, from 1617 (the year patents began) to 1903, more than 600 applications for ppm-1 were filed. But of these, only 25 date back to before 1850; all others were submitted later. A similar pattern was observed in other countries. It turns out that just when science brought complete clarity to the issue of ppt-1, there was an outbreak of interest in ppt-1.
This next perpetual motion paradox is easy to explain. We have already seen what fierce resistance the ideas of Mayer and Joule met in scientific circles. What can we say about engineers and other technical specialists, and even more so about amateurs who are completely far from science?
The process of dissemination, implementation and development of new ideas about energy was quite lengthy. Indeed, even the exact concepts of energy, heat, work, and the quantities associated with them were finally established only by the middle of the 20th century. . Even by this time, the wave of ppt-1 inventions had not yet come to naught (and at the same time a new one arose - the inventions of ppt-2 went; more on that later).
Let us return, however, to the inventors of the ppt in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. . Among them were both honest enthusiasts and rogues who were not inferior to Orfi himself - reus. If we talk about those who quite sincerely believed in the possibility of ppt-1 and worked on it, then most of their creations surprisingly resemble what had already been invented before. But there are also the fruits of new trends, mainly related to electricity.
In all cases, the inventors, like their medieval predecessors, unshakably believed in the success of their inventions. This is evidenced at least by the fact that many of them were provided with brakes so that the engine would not be blown apart at too high speeds.
It makes no sense to describe in detail most of the inventions of ppt-1, repeating already known ideas. Here are just four samples as an example.
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Again, of course, nothing will come of this idea, since a heavy liquid, despite the fact that its level is lower, pushes the balls out with the same Archimedean force with which a light liquid does it. In both knees, the liquid levels will automatically (as if they know the law of conservation of energy) be set so that these forces are equal and the device does not work.
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Rice. 2.7. Perpetuum mobile by K. Kail Fig. 2.8. Capillary-wick perpetual motion machine
The third example (Fig. 2.8) refers to the end of the 19th century; this engine also repeats the old "capillary-wick" idea. The liquid under the action of surface tension forces will rise along the wick, but these same forces will not allow it to drain into the upper reservoir.
Finally, in fig. 2.9 shows a hydraulic (float) engine, which was proposed by the American G. Gotz. A two-legged circular tube is filled with two immiscible liquids of different densities (for example, mercury and water). The tubes are filled with balls whose density is such that they float even in a lighter liquid. According to the author, the balls in the right leg will constantly (under the weight of the three balls that are above the liquid) push into the left leg of the pipe and float up there. The next ball that floats in the left knee must fall onto the wheel, setting it in motion with its weight, and return to the right knee.
In conclusion, an amazing passage follows: “And today, the way out of the planetary impasse is seen in the use of cold nuclear fusion, and in the future - in the direct conversion of matter into energy as an environmentally friendly and safe method of obtaining thermal and electrical energy, which is 1000 times more efficient than a nuclear reactor "one. Like this!
It is quite natural that such a global upheaval should affect not only energy; it will inevitably lead to radical changes in the destinies of mankind. Representatives of the scientific world in such a situation could not stand aside.
Correspondent "BST" Vladimirov quotes the opinion of the professor, doctor of technical sciences, head. Department of MADI L. G. Sapogina. "Potapov's heat generator" (whom he characterizes as "the creator of a unitary quantum theory that determines the energy of the future millennium") is a breakthrough in science and technology. His product in all respects and simplicity of technical solutions has no analogues.
Obviously - the phenomenon of highly efficient conversion of matter into energy. At the same time, the law of reduction is observed (possibly a typo - “the law of conservation” - V. B). And the high effect is reasonably explained by quantum theory. It is essentially a quantum generator.”
Another Doctor of Sciences, Professor V. Nikitsky (Research Center "Energia") stated: We ... believe that now there are no barriers to the installation of fuel heat generators on spacecraft and stations ... I think that the use of Potapov's heat generators and installations in space - the solution to the energy problem.
This whole scenario is surprisingly similar to the story of Keely's inventions described above (with the exception, however, of its romantic part, associated with the participation of the millionaire's widow). Otherwise, the similarities are striking, including the level of professorial "scientific expertise" in the tradition of Keely's supporter, Professor W. Lessles-Scott. How can one not recall Keely's "ethereal force" for the splitting of water! True, in the spirit of the times, it has been replaced by the action of a “quantum generator”, and “implementation” is no longer supposed to be on sea vessels, but in space. Only the verbal shell and names change, but the unsightly creature - illiteracy - remains ...
Last year, the magazine, in the first issue of which readers were greeted A. Einstein, turned 85 years.
The small staff of the Editorial Board continues to publish IR, whose readers you are honored to be. Although it becomes more and more difficult to do this every year. For a long time, at the beginning of the new century, the editors had to leave their native place of residence on Myasnitskaya Street. (Well, actually, this is a place for banks, not for some body of inventors). Helped us though Y. Maslyukov(at that time the chairman of the Committee of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation for Industry) to move to NIIAA near the Kaluzhskaya metro station. Despite the strict observance by the Editorial Board of the terms of the contract and the timely payment of the rent, and the inspiring proclamation of the course for innovation by the President and the Government of the Russian Federation, the new director at NIIAA informed us about the eviction of the Editorial Office "due to operational necessity." This is despite the reduction in the number of employees at NIIAA by almost 8 times and the corresponding release of space, and despite the fact that the area occupied by the editorial office did not amount to one hundredth of a percent of the boundless areas of NIIAA.
We were sheltered by MIREA, where we have been located for the last five years. Move twice to burn once, says the proverb. But the editors hold out and will hold out as long as they can. And can it exist as long as the magazine "Inventor and innovator" read and write.
Trying to cover more interested people with information, we have updated the magazine's website, making it, in our opinion, more informative. We are engaged in the digitization of publications of past years, starting from 1929 year - the time the journal was founded. We are releasing an electronic version. But the main thing is the paper edition IR.
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In connection with the foregoing, the Editorial Board asks you, our readers: support the magazine, of course, if possible. A receipt by which you can transfer money for statutory activities, that is, the publication of a magazine, is published below.
Perpetual motion technology has attracted people at all times. Today, it is considered more pseudo-scientific and impossible than vice versa, but this does not stop people from creating more and more outlandish gizmos and gizmos in the hope of breaking the laws of physics and causing a world revolution. Here are ten historical and extremely entertaining attempts to create something similar to a perpetual motion machine.
In the 1950s, the Romanian engineer Nicolae Vasilescu-Carpen invented the battery. Now located (albeit not on display) at the National Technical Museum of Romania, this battery still works, although scientists still disagree on how and why it even continues to work.
The battery in the device remains the same single-volt battery that Karpen installed in the 1950s. For a long time, the car was forgotten until the museum was able to display it well and ensure the safety of such a strange contraption. Recently found that the battery works and still produces a stable voltage - after 60 years.
Having successfully defended his doctorate on the topic of magnetic effects in moving bodies in 1904, Carpen certainly could have created something out of the ordinary. By 1909, he was engaged in the study of high-frequency currents and the transmission of telephone signals over long distances. Built telegraph stations, researched environmental heat and advanced fuel cell technology. However, modern scientists have not yet come to unanimous conclusions about the principles of operation of his strange battery.
Many conjectures have been put forward, from the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy in the process of a cycle, the thermodynamic principle of which we have not yet discovered. The mathematical apparatus of his invention seems incredibly complex, potentially including concepts like the thermosiphon effect and the temperature equations of the scalar field. Although we have not been able to create a perpetual motion machine capable of generating infinite and free energy in huge quantities, nothing prevents us from enjoying a battery that continuously works for 60 years.
Joe Newman Energy Machine
In 1911, the US Patent Office issued a huge decree. They will no longer issue patents for perpetual motion devices, since it seems scientifically impossible to create such a device. For some inventors, this meant that the fight to have their work recognized as legitimate science would now be a little more difficult.
In 1984, Joe Newman got on the CMS Evening News with Dan Rather and showed something incredible. People living during the oil crisis were delighted with the idea of the inventor: he presented a perpetual motion machine that worked and produced more energy than it consumed.
Scientists, however, did not believe a single word of Newman.
The National Bureau of Standards tested the scientist's device, which consisted mostly of batteries charged by a magnet rotating inside a coil of wire. During the tests, all Newman's statements turned out to be empty, although some people continued to believe the scientist. So he decided to take his energy machine and go on tour, demonstrating how it works along the way. Newman claimed that his machine gave out 10 times more energy than it absorbed, that is, it worked with an efficiency of over 100%. When his patent applications were rejected, and the scientific community literally threw his invention into a puddle, his grief knew no bounds.
As an amateur scientist who didn't even finish high school, Newman didn't give up even when no one supported his plan. Convinced that God had sent him a machine that would change humanity for the better, Newman always believed that the true value of his machine was always hidden from those in power.
Water screw by Robert Fludd
Robert Fludd was a kind of symbol that could only appear at a certain time in history. Half scientist, half alchemist, Fludd was describing and inventing things around the turn of the 17th century. He had rather strange ideas: he believed that lightning was the earthly embodiment of the wrath of God, which strikes them if they do not run. At the same time, Fludd believed in a number of principles that we accept today, even if most people in those days did not accept them.
His version of a perpetual motion machine was a waterwheel that could grind grain by constantly spinning under the action of recirculating water. Fludd called it "the water screw". In 1660, the first woodcuts appeared depicting such an idea (the appearance of which is attributed to 1618).
Needless to say, the device did not work. However, Fludd was not only trying to break the laws of physics for his machine. He was also looking for a way to help farmers. At that time, the processing of huge volumes of grain depended on flows. Those who lived far from a suitable source of running water were forced to load their crops, haul them to the mill, and then back to the farm. If this perpetual motion machine could work, it would make life much easier for countless farmers.
Wheel of Bhaskara
One of the earliest references to perpetual motion machines comes from the mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara, from his writings of 1150. His concept was an unbalanced wheel with a series of curved spokes inside filled with mercury. As the wheel turned, the mercury began to move, providing the push needed to keep the wheel spinning.
Over the centuries, variations of this idea have been invented a huge number. It is quite understandable why it should work: a wheel that is in a state of imbalance tries to bring itself to rest and, in theory, will continue to move. Some designers believed so strongly in the possibility of creating such a wheel that they even designed brakes in case the process got out of hand.
With our current understanding of force, friction and work, we know that an unbalanced wheel will not achieve the desired effect, because we cannot get all the energy back, we cannot extract it much or forever. However, the idea itself was and remains intriguing to people unfamiliar with modern physics, especially in the Hindu religious context of reincarnation and the circle of life. The idea became so popular that wheel-shaped perpetual motion machines later entered Islamic and European scriptures.
Cox's watch
When famed London watchmaker James Cox built his perpetual motion clock in 1774, it worked exactly as described in the accompanying documentation explaining why the clock did not need to be re-wound. The six-page document explained how the watch was created based on "mechanical and philosophical principles."
According to Cox, the clock's diamond-powered perpetual motion machine and reduced internal friction to almost no friction ensured that the metals that make up the watch would decay much more slowly than anyone had ever seen. In addition to this grandiose statement, then many presentations of the new technology included mystical elements.
In addition to being a perpetual motion machine, Cox's clock was an ingenious clock. Encased in glass that protected the internal working components from dust while allowing them to be looked at as well, the watch was powered by changes in atmospheric pressure. If the mercury rose or fell inside the hourly barometer, the movement of the mercury turned the inner wheels in the same direction, partially winding the watch. If the watch was continuously wound, the gears would come out of the slots until the chain loosened to a certain point, after which everything fell into place and the watch began to wind itself again.
The first widely accepted example of a perpetual motion clock was shown by Cox himself in the Spring Garden. Later, he was seen at the weekly exhibitions of the Mechanical Museum, and later at the Clerkenville Institute. At that time, the display of these watches was such a miracle that they were captured in countless works of art, and crowds regularly came to Cox who wanted to gawk at his wonderful creation.
"Testatika" by Paul Baumann
Watchmaker Paul Baumann founded the spiritual society Meternitha in the 1950s. In addition to abstaining from alcohol, drugs, and tobacco, members of this religious sect live in a self-sustaining, environmentally conscious environment. To achieve this, they rely on the marvelous perpetual motion machine created by their founder.
A machine called Testatika can take supposedly unused electrical energy and turn it into energy for the community. Due to its secrecy, the Testatic was not fully explored by scientists, although the machine was the subject of a short documentary film in 1999. Not much was shown, but enough to show that the sect almost idolizes this sacred machine.
The plans and features of Thestatica were sent directly to Baumann by God while he was serving a prison sentence for seducing a young girl. According to the official story, he was saddened by the darkness of his cell and the lack of light for reading. Then he was visited by a mysterious mystical vision, which revealed to him the secret of perpetual motion and infinite energy, which can be drawn directly from the air. Members of the sect confirm that the Thestatica was sent to them by God, noting also that several attempts to photograph the car revealed a multi-colored halo around it.
In the 1990s, a Bulgarian physicist infiltrated the sect to ferret out the design of the machine, hoping to reveal the secret of this magical energy device to the world. But he failed to convince the sectarians. After committing suicide in 1997 by jumping out of a window, he left a suicide note: "I did what I could, let those who can do better."
Bessler wheel
Johann Bessler began his perpetual motion research with a simple concept, like the wheel of Bhaskara: apply weight to the wheel on one side and it will be constantly unbalanced and constantly moving. On November 12, 1717, Bessler sealed his invention in a room. The door was closed, the room was guarded. When it was opened two weeks later, the 3.7-meter wheel was still moving. The room was sealed again, the scheme repeated. When they opened the door in early January 1718, the people found that the wheel was still turning.
Although becoming a celebrity after all this, Bessler did not expand on the principles of the wheel, noting only that it relies on weights that keep it unbalanced. Moreover, Bessler was so secretive that when an engineer sneaked in to take a closer look at the engineer's creation, Bessler freaked out and destroyed the wheel. Later, the engineer said that he did not notice anything suspicious. However, he saw only the outer part of the wheel, so he could not understand how it works. Even in those days, the idea of a perpetual motion machine met with some cynicism. Centuries earlier, Leonardo da Vinci himself had scoffed at the idea of such a machine.
Yet the concept of the Bessler wheel has never gone completely out of sight. In 2014, Warwickshire engineer John Collins revealed that he had been studying the design of the Bessler wheel for years and was close to cracking the mystery. Bessler once wrote that he destroyed all evidence, drawings and drawings about the principles of his wheel, but added that anyone who was smart and quick-witted could understand everything for sure.
Otis T. Carr UFO Engine
Included in the Register of Copyright Objects (third series, 1958: July-December) objects seem a little strange. Despite the fact that the US Patent Office long ago ruled that it would not grant any patents for perpetual motion devices because they could not exist, OTC Enterprises Inc. and its founder Otis Carr are listed as the owners of the "free energy system", "peaceful atom energy" and "gravity engine".
In 1959, OTC Enterprises planned to make the first flight of its "fourth-dimensional space transport" powered by a perpetual motion machine. And while at least one person had a brief look at the erratic parts of the heavily guarded project, the device itself was never opened or "lifted off the ground." Carr himself was hospitalized with vague symptoms on the day the device was due to depart on its maiden voyage.
Perhaps his illness was a clever way to get away from the demonstration, but it wasn't enough to put Carr behind bars. By selling options on technology that did not exist, Carr interested investors in the project, as well as people who believed that his apparatus would take them to other planets.
To get around the patent restrictions of his crazy designs, Carr patented everything as an "entertainment device" that simulated trips to outer space. It was US Patent # 2,912,244 (November 10, 1959). Carr claimed that his spacecraft worked because one had already left. The propulsion system was a "circular free energy foil" that provided an infinite supply of energy needed to carry the vehicle into space.
Of course, the strangeness of what is happening has opened the way for conspiracy theories. Some people have suggested that Carr actually assembled his perpetual motion machine and flying machine. But, of course, he was quickly pressed by the American government. Theorists could not agree, either the government does not want to disclose the technology, or it wants to use it on its own.
"Perpetuum Mobile" by Cornelius Drebbel
The strangest thing about Cornelius Drebbel's perpetual motion machine is that although we don't know how or why it worked, you've definitely seen it more often than you think.
Drebbel first demonstrated his car in 1604 and amazed everyone, including the English royal family. The machine was something like a chronometer; it never needed winding and showed the date and the phase of the moon. Driven by changes in temperature or weather, Drebbel's machine also used a thermoscope or barometer, similar to Cox's clock.
No one knows what provided movement and energy to Drebbel's device, since he spoke of harnessing the "fiery spirit of the air" like a real alchemist. At that time, the world was still thinking in terms of the four elements, and Drebbel himself experimented with sulfur and saltpeter.
As stated in a letter dated 1604, the earliest known representation of the device showed a central globe surrounded by a liquid-filled glass tube. Gold arrows and markings tracked the phases of the moon. Other images were more elaborate, showing the car adorned with mythological creatures and ornaments in gold. Drebbel's Perpetuum mobile also appeared in some paintings, notably those by Albrecht and Rubens. In these pictures, the strange toroidal shape of the machine does not at all resemble a sphere.
In his self-proclaimed "incredibly true story of life," David Hamel claims to be an ordinary carpenter with no formal training who was chosen to be the custodian of an eternal energy machine and the spacecraft that is supposed to work with it. After an encounter with aliens from the planet Kladen, Hamel claimed to have received information that should change the world - if only people would believe him.
Although all of this is a little discouraging, Hamel said that his perpetual motion machine uses the same energies as spiders jumping from one web to another. These scalar forces cancel out the pull of gravity and allow us to create a device that will allow us to reunite with our Claden relatives, who provided Khamel with the necessary information.
According to Khamel, he has already built such a device. Unfortunately, it flew away.
After working for 20 years to build his interstellar device and drive using a series of magnets, he finally turned it on and this is what happened. Filled with the glow of colorful ions, his anti-gravity machine rose into the air and flew over the Pacific Ocean. To avoid a repeat of this tragic event, Khamel builds his next car out of heavier materials like granite.
To understand the principles behind this technology, Hamel says you need to look at the pyramids, study some forbidden books, accept the presence of invisible energy, and imagine scalars and the ionosphere almost like milk and cheese.
This section of the site will be dedicated to perpetual motion machines. It would be more correct to say: Sources of cheap energy. Why cheap and not free? Let me explain: “Free cheese is only in a mousetrap!”. It was a joke, but seriously, let's take a little digression first.
Let's start with what is a "Perpetuum Mobile", and how is it (they) classified?
Modern classification of perpetual motion machines
On any encyclopedic site, such as Wikipedia, you can read what a perpetual motion machine is:
Perpetuum mobile of the first kind- an imaginary device capable of endlessly doing work without consuming fuel or other energy resources. According to the law of conservation of energy, all attempts to create such an engine are doomed to failure. The impossibility of a perpetual motion machine of the first kind is postulated in thermodynamics as the first law of thermodynamics.
Examples of perpetual motion machines using gravity (gravity) are given below:
The principle of operation of the first mechanical Perpetuum mobile (Perpetuum mobile) Indian poet, mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara (about 1150), was based on the difference in the moments of gravity created by a liquid moving in vessels placed on the circumference of a wheel. Bhaskara justifies the rotation of the wheel in a very simple way: "The wheel thus filled with liquid, being mounted on an axis lying on two fixed supports, continuously rotates by itself."
All experiments on the creation of such structures ended in success - the structures were obtained, but, to our regret, they never rotated. If you try to spin such a device by hand, it will stop faster than a simple wheel with the same mass. Now there are a lot of videos on the Internet in which the engine shown in Figure 2 and its modifications in Figure 3 actually rotates. Do you believe in this nonsense? Then close this page, there is no point in reading it further! Watch further videos designed for people with a thick frontal bone! I’m not talking about the fact that you don’t need to look, but about the fact that you don’t have to believe everything that you see! By going to such a site and watching videos, you simply increase site traffic and thereby give the owner the opportunity to earn money. After all, he does not indicate his address and the source of the material presented on the site. Even if you write to him, asking where the material comes from, or why is he deceiving you? He simply will not answer you, at best he will answer like this: “Don't believe me? Then don't look!" And this is his right. When you watch the movie "Avatar", you do not ask: Is this real events, or fantasy? Because you immediately understand everything yourself.
For those who have not seen such videos of the "work" of the perpetual motion machine, you can find it here and now! 😉
Let's continue on the topic:
Perpetuum mobile of the second kind- an imaginary machine that, when set in motion, would convert into work all the heat extracted from the surrounding bodies. The impossibility of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is postulated in thermodynamics as one of the equivalent formulations of the second law of thermodynamics. Both the first and second laws of thermodynamics were introduced as postulates, after repeated experimental confirmation of the impossibility of creating perpetual motion machines. From these beginnings, many physical theories have grown, verified by many experiments and observations, and scientists have no doubt that these postulates are true and the creation of a perpetual motion machine is impossible.
Kelvin's postulate- it is impossible to create a periodically operating machine that performs mechanical work only due to cooling and a thermal reservoir.
Postulate of Clausius- spontaneous transfer of heat from colder bodies to hotter ones is impossible.
The law of conservation and transformation of energy.
Julius Robert Mayer- one of those who, with their research, opened a new, energy era, at the age of ten, designed his first and last perpetuum mobile. The boy built a small "dry" water mill with a water wheel and an Archimedean screw to pump water back to the water wheel blades. Perhaps it was the failure that befell him, like everyone else, that gave the future researcher material for reflection. Mayer succeeded in formulating one of the most important laws of modern physics - the law of conservation of energy, according to which energy in an arbitrary closed system, for any processes occurring in the system, remains a constant value and only changes from one form to another.
Regardless of Mayer, the law of conservation of energy was also established by the English physicist James Prescott Joule. The joule is the mechanical equivalent of heat. It turned out that one unit of heat - kilocalories, defined as the amount of heat required to heat one kilogram of deaerated water at normal atmospheric pressure from 14.5 ° C to 15.5 ° C, corresponds to 4186.8 joules (418.7 kgm) mechanical work.
I will not consider variants of these "apparatuses", if you want, look for yourself on the Internet or in the library. For me personally, they do not arouse interest, because I believe in the Law of Conservation of Energy. I suggest you take a closer look at those "devices" that are aimed at extracting real energy from various kinds of substances and natural phenomena that are in the environment. Substances that, under certain conditions, can be sources of cheap energy.
Substances, phenomena and devices for extracting energy from these substances and phenomena:
1. Permanent magnets and magnetic motors created on their basis;
2. Ordinary water and devices for extracting hydrogen from water as a fuel;
3. Natural physical phenomena from which it is possible to extract energy:
— electromagnetic field of the Earth;
— electrostatic charge of the Earth's atmosphere, ionization;
- sunlight;
- the temperature effect of heating during the day and cooling at night of various bulk materials (there are places on our planet where the daily temperature varies over a wide range).
Someone else would like to add, or ask: And the energy of the infinite aether? If you asked this, I will answer: Close this page, and do not go to this section of the site at all! If you are so ignorant, then read the books of Hans Christian Andersen! Until they learned how to extract energy from the “Ether” invented by the alchemists of the Middle Ages, even putting into it a hundred times greater energy. What then to talk to you about? No one has any idea what "Ether" is? You, as a connoisseur of the incredibly true stories of Andersen, can say: And the experiments of the famous scientist Tesla? He same used energy ether! I will answer: And also, he loved to embroider with a cross! When I was fishing, I killed the fish with a club! And when he slept, the blanket fell off him all the time because he was floating in the air in a dream!
Do not confuse the name of the great scientist with various kinds of fairy tales! Where do you get such confidence that he used the ether, from articles in Runet? So they will not write you yet, if only you came to the site. Perhaps you have seen enough films about Nikola Tesla? Look at health, but they are more biographical and sensational than scientific. Anyone can speculate and express their speculation. Both you and I can assume, and then state your vision on incomprehensible things, but if this is not supported by scientific explanations, or at least concrete practical evidence, then this is called a simple word - fiction. But if they pass off their assumption as the truth, this is already a deception, and those who “wind deceit on their ears” are ignorant people.
Well, now, let's go back and consider substances, phenomena and devices for extracting energy from these substances and phenomena.
Electromagnetic motor-generators
Modern compact and powerful permanent magnets contain significant hidden energy of the magnetic field. Coal during combustion releases 33 J per gram, oil, which in 10-15 years will begin to come to an end in our country, releases 44 J per gram, a gram of uranium gives 43 billion J of energy. A permanent magnet theoretically contains 17 billion joules of energy. Of course, as with conventional energy sources, the efficiency of the magnet will not be one hundred percent, moreover, a ferrite magnet has a lifespan of about 70 years, provided that it is not subject to strong physical, temperature and magnetic loads, however, with such an amount of energy contained in him energy, it's not so important. In addition, there are already mass-produced industrial magnets made of rare metals, which are ten times stronger than ferrite ones and therefore more efficient. The question "whence there is so much energy in a permanent magnet" remains open in science. Many scientists believe that the energy in a permanent magnet continuously comes from the outside from the ether (physical vacuum). And other researchers argue that it simply arises in it due to the magnetized material of the permanent magnet. So far there is no clarity.
There are already many patents and engineering solutions for various designs of magnetic motors in the world - but there are practically no such active magnetic motors in the "perpetual motion" mode in the demonstration yet.
Some famous magnetic motors
— Magneto-mechanical magnetic motors Dudyshev; 
— Magnetic engine Kalinin;
- Electromagnetic motor "Perendev";
— Minato magnetic motor. In the picture on the right.
- Johnson motor - analogue of the electromagnetic motor "Perendev";
- Magnetic motor - Shkondin generator;
- Magnetic Motor-Adams Generator.
Videos with this engine are teeming on the Internet. The video demonstrates its work in an interesting way: The rotor is quickly inserted into the stator, it starts to spin sharply, and when it starts to stop, it is just as quickly removed. That is, at first they give an impetus and that's it, you are in a state of pleasure. And when the energy of the push by the magnetic field ends and the rotor actually stops on its own, then the rotor is pulled out and it really stops before the eyes of astonished observers. Who is deceiving whom? And they say that this engine is the most promising.
Other MDs are also known, but they are approximately the same principles of operation. The simplest one is shown in the pictures below.
Tangible real progress in MD has been outlined for low-cost combined magneto-electromagnetic motors using highly efficient permanent magnets - electromagnetic motors-generators (EMGs) with electromagnets and permanent magnets on the stator or rotor. Moreover, they already really exist, are constantly being improved, and even some of them are already mass-produced. Some of the simplest designs of combined EMDGs have even reached serial production and mass introduction. These are, for example, Shkondin's serial electromagnetic motor-wheels used on electric bicycles.
However, the designs and energy of all known EMDGs are rather inefficient, which does not allow them to operate in the "perpetual motion" mode - without an external source of electricity. And I want to conclude: There are no "Perpetual" magnetic motors, there are magnetic motors with high efficiency (aspiring to 100%).
If I am wrong and you can prove the opposite to me, write to my mailbox, just attach the proof, otherwise I will accept your letter as another fairy tale by Hans Christian, and then simply delete it like garbage.
Much of what I wrote about in this article is available in an infinite number of copies on various sites in Runet. The Runet is so arranged that many people profit from editing videos, articles with implausible information. Moreover, they do not spend any money on it at all. If only their material was sensational. It's easy to find two videos in which a conventional brushed DC motor is fitted with a plastic food cap with several small permanent magnets glued to it. A small digression: a brushed DC motor is capable of operating in generator mode. The motor leads are connected to a light bulb or LED. The engine is fixed on the table with plasticine. And the culmination: Another permanent magnet is approached to the magnets and "Oh MIRACLE!" - the cover began to rotate the engine, and it began to generate electricity - the light bulb lit up. And now I will reveal the secret of eternal energy: under the table, the same engine, powered by a real battery, rotates the same cover, with the same magnets glued to it, only this is not shown to you. If you don’t believe me, ask yourself the question: Why is this structure attached to plasticine not horizontally on the table surface, but at an angle? Didn't guess? Yes, in order to reduce the distance to the magnets under the table. The shorter the distance, the better the fakir manages to focus!
I am not very strong in magnetic fields, and in my work I do not use the rules of the right or left hand, so this topic is not for me. Moreover, if I really saw the "real thing", then I would gnaw at science and experiment at night. But, alas, in the field of magnetic motors, progress is only in the direction of approaching efficiency to 100%, exactly the same as in other types of motors known to you and the whole world. Therefore, this is a topic for specialists in magnetic fields.
I am particularly interested in:
1. Ordinary water and devices for extracting hydrogen from water as a fuel for further combustion.
2. Natural physical phenomena and methods of their use as energy sources.
And I'll start with ways to extract energy from ordinary water by decomposition into hydrogen and oxygen because I think this is the most interesting and promising area of research.
I. are widely used to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen. electrolysis plants. One of them is presented in the Practical device diagrams section entitled: Portable electrolysis plant. The installation is interesting in that it can be used in amateur conditions for small works of various kinds. Since electrolyzers consume a large amount of energy, they can only be used stationary. In addition, the electrolyte in the cell is heated under the action of electric current, so there is a time limit for the continuous use of the cell, or its design is made in such a way as to ensure heat removal to the surrounding space. The disadvantage indicates that the electrolyzers have a low efficiency. The “thing” for a good master is simply wonderful, but it does not claim the title of “Cheap Energy Source”.
II. The notion has recently appeared in the media "fuel cell". At its core, a fuel cell works in the same way as an electrolyser. But there are significant differences. Special catalysts, intermediate layers, gas outlet channels and other improvements and tricks are introduced into the fuel cells. As a result, such gas generating fuel cells require much less applied electrical current than electrolyzers. Such cells have a high efficiency and they could well claim the title of “Cheap Energy Source” if it were not for them. expensive cost, due to the fact that precious and rare earth metals are used in such cells. The cells themselves are not durable, and the cost of their manufacture as a result of operation pays off with great difficulty.
III. Periodically, articles appear on the release of hydrogen from water by "electroosmosis". Let me explain what it is. Electroosmotic installations used in construction, for the fastest hardening of concrete. A metal mesh is installed above the surface filled with concrete, to which a positive high-voltage wire is connected. The negative wire is connected to the reinforcement, filled with concrete, which must be dried. Thus, a high-potential electrostatic field is formed, which allows accelerating the process of water evaporation from the concrete surface, the hardening time of the latter is significantly reduced. Some experts suggest that it is not a simple evaporation of water molecules, but the decomposition of molecules into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Moreover, these specialists still patent their ideas just in case. And what? Suddenly they are right?! The creation of a high-voltage electrostatic field does not require a large current, and the effect can be really significant. If I don't have anything to do, maybe someday I'll do it. But not in "our" time, probably, it will be retired.
IV. There are articles on the internet about prefix Bakaev. They say he puts this prefix somewhere in the area of the carburetor of an internal combustion engine of a car. The prefix creates a huge pressure that compresses the water, when the latter is released, it simply “scatters” into hydrogen and oxygen atoms that enter the engine combustion chamber. They write that the car rides on ordinary water. Bakaev keeps his prefix a secret, and installs it only to those whom he considers worthy for this people. At the same time, for ten years, more than a thousand of his consoles have been running, but for some reason, none of the reputable scientists, engineers still knows how Bakaev's console works. It's strange, this Bakaev would have been stepped on by authoritative people long ago, and they would have told him about mother-motherland and other things useful for a Russian person. I don’t know anything about the behavior of water during compression and rarefaction, therefore I consider Bakaev’s prefix a myth, and as a result, not my hobby.
v. There is also such a video in Runet: Two men are sitting - research workers (with faces who have often seen resourceful drinks), and talk about their research with water. Water was poured into plastic bottles, they drank, said “Oh ya, ya! Real, tasty water!”. After that, diesel fuel was added from the syringe and shaken. They sat down and chatted. Then they opened the bottle, dipped a strip of paper into it, set fire to the strip. And “About a MIRACLE!”, the piece of paper quickly and brightly lit up. Cool, they have hot water! In fact, you can do the same, and your paper will burn too. Instead of water, you can even use your own waste products. After all, while they were sitting and chattering after shaking the bottles, the diesel fuel gathered like a film on the surface of the bottle. When the paper was lowered into the bottle, a wetting effect occurred, during which the diesel fuel, enveloping the paper from all sides, did not give water access to the paper. Of course, a small amount of water got on the paper, because during the burning a crackling and hissing was heard. But they could shoot this video many times until they get something that “it’s not a shame to show”. In addition, you can choose the type of paper, because they all have different absorbency and wetting ability - is it printer paper, or plain toilet paper?
VI. Now we come to the most, in my opinion, interesting. Did you read the article "Water instead of gasoline"? If not, I'll explain: It's about Mayer fuel cell, assembled by this American techie in his garage. It produces a huge amount of hydrogen with a small consumption of electric current. If you want, you can find a lot of material on the Internet about this. Don't confuse this 20th century inventor with Julius Robert Mayer. So, this Mayer Cell interested me very much. At first I thoughtfully studied it for a week, then deciding that this was another deception, I abandoned this hopeless business. But I just thought I gave up. Ideas were still swirling in my head. Now I can say that This Mayer cell has prospects, and its existence is quite real! I will cover this in future articles.
