1. MOSCOW - ORIGIN OF THE NAME.
Etymologically, Moscow is translated from ancient Slavic as - a semblance of a bridge. Most likely, on the river where the city is now located, during Semirechye there was a crossing either in the form of a pontoon bridge, or, more likely, in the form of a ferry. In connection with this, this place was called “Moscow”, i.e. something similar to a bridge, but simply a crossing. Subsequently, the village that arose near the crossing and served it, and then the entire river, began to be called by this name. The fact that the river was named after the village speaks of its important economic significance as a crossroads of land and water transport arteries. As trade turnover grew, the village grew, so rich and prosperous it was in 1147, when Prince Dolgoruky began to use it for informal meetings. His further history is well known.
If we take into account the absence of the sound “qua” in the Greek language, then the root basis of the word Moscow should be sought in the early Etruscan language, the speakers of which are currently Sanskrit, Latin and English, therefore it is necessary to consider the semantic content of the sounds “mos” and “qua” in these languages.
Mosa - robber, robbery, robbery /Sanskrit/
Moss - swamp /English/
Most - a lot /English/
Kva - where? When? /Sanskrit/
Qua - quality /English/
The semantic analysis of the given words allows us to form the meaning of the word “Moscow” as a place where robbery and robbery are common. The time of formation of the word was earlier than 2000 BC, that is, before the exodus of the Aryans from Semirechye from the Central Russian Upland.
2. REASONS AND PURPOSE OF THE BATTLE OF KULIKOVO.
3. TIMUR’S OBEAN STANDING.
In 1395, the Great Ruler of the Golden Horde Timur (Tamerlane, Timurleng, Timur-Khromets, Iron Khromets) on the Terek defeated Takhtomysh, who intended to pursue an independent policy in the Volga Horde, sacked his strongholds on the Volga, including the capital Sarai, and walked along the Dnieper region , returned to the Don and reached the borders of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. He defeated the Ryazan land, took Yelets and went to the banks of the Oka.
The rumor about the approach of Timur, the “conqueror of the universe,” came to Moscow in August 1395, when he was already on the banks of the Oka. The son of the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy) Vasily I gathered an army and moved to the Oka. At the request of Vasily Dmitrievich, Metropolitan Cyprian sent messengers to Vladimir for the national shrine - Our Lady of Vladimir. This icon was revered as the intercessor of the entire Russian land. The Muscovites met Vladimirskaya far beyond the settlement, on Kuchkovo Pole. A few days later, dusty messengers arrived at the Kremlin from the banks of the Oka with incredible news. Timur's countless army, having stood motionless on the Oka for two weeks, left the Russian borders and hastily went east.
In order to understand this inexplicable episode in history, one must travel to the shores of Japan, far from Moscow, where in 1281 an event occurred that is the key to solving one of Moscow’s mysteries. The conqueror of Korea, Vietnam and China, the invincible Kublakhan, mobilized the entire Chinese fleet and approached the shores of the island of Kyushu on four and a half thousand ships. On board his ships there were 150,000 warriors who had never known defeat. It seemed that Japan's fate was sealed. With great difficulty, the Japanese managed to repel the first attack of the Mongols, who withdrew their troops to a neighboring island overnight to begin a new assault in the morning. All night in the temples of Japan they prayed to God to bring down his wrath on the enemy. All the Japanese, young and old, did not sleep a wink, repeating the great prayer with many lips: to defeat the conqueror.
The next morning, Kublakhan's fleet approached the Japanese coast and yesterday's assault was resumed with even greater fury. When the Mongols were already on the crest of the protective wall, and some of them were already fighting from its inner side, a destructive hurricane of unprecedented force swept over the island. Within a few minutes, the “divine” wind, almost without affecting the Japanese buildings, smashed the ships against the shore, against each other and against the bottom. Those who attacked on land were thrown by the wind against the walls with furious force, turning people into pieces of meat. In one moment, Kulahan lost about 4,000 ships and 100,000 of his best warriors. After this, the Mongols never again attempted to conquer the land of the “rising sun.”
Timur undoubtedly knew about this mystical defeat of the Mongols, and when intelligence informed him that the Muscovites had performed a public prayer service in defense against his attacks, he did not tempt fate and turned his troops back. The wisdom of the great commander did not fail him. The Mongols experienced the miraculous power of Russian icons back in 1273. That year they besieged Kostroma and Prince Vasily of Kostroma (perhaps the coincidence of the names of both princes influenced Timur’s decision) decided to make a desperate foray and unite with the main army. Hoping for God's protection in this crazy undertaking, he took with him the icon of the Theodore Mother of God. When a handful of brave men crashed into the ranks of the attackers, their death was inevitable; suddenly an unusually bright flash flashed, blinding the Mongols and not causing any harm to the Russians. Taking advantage of the enemy's confusion, the prince and his retinue managed to escape unharmed, and many Mongol wars remained blind for life.
A complete analysis of the events associated with Timur’s Ob stint speaks of the highest level of both Russian and Tatar intelligence services. Vasily I was informed about Timur’s personal qualities, his enlightenment and penchant for mysticism, that oracles and predictors were of great importance in his retinue, and Vasily took advantage of this by holding a crowded public prayer service. On the other hand, he was well aware that in Moscow, and in other places of his principality, Tatar residents were actively working, reporting to the Horde everything that was happening in Rus', so Timur immediately learned about the prayer service, and after consulting with his oracles, he decided not to go to Moscow lands.
4. STANDING ON THE EEL
85 years later, within Russian borders, the episode of confrontation between the warring parties was repeated. The last Horde khan, who intended to restore the power of the Horde over the Great Moscow Principality, gathered a huge army and moved into its borders. Having learned about the offensive of the Horde troops, Prince Vasily III set up Russian barrage regiments along the Oka. The Horde Khan Akhmet passes along the Oka without coming into contact with Russian troops from the Don in a westerly direction to the Ugra River. At the end of September, the Horde army stood on the banks of the Ugra. Incomprehensibly, Akhmet did not take any action for a month. Vasily III also adopted a wait-and-see policy. On November 10, Vasily withdraws his troops from Ugra, opening all crossings on it to Akhmet. But instead of crossing the river, on November 11, Akhmet turns his troops around and leaves the Ugra, without giving battle to the Russian troops. He turned the full force of his blow on his former ally, the Principality of Lithuania, which obviously did not fulfill its obligation to him and did not bring its troops to the Ugra.
The Moscow prince's revenge for the centuries-old humiliation of Rus' nevertheless reached the last Horde khan who tried to impose his will on Rus'. Vasily III, for good promises, set Khan Ivak of Tyamen against Akhmet, who caught Akhmet during the winter at the mouth of the Seversky Donets and cut off his head on January 6, 1481. Thus ended the 243-year Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus'.
5. ECHO 1812
On June 24 (new style), 1812, Napoleonic troops crossed the Russian border and the inglorious retreat of Russian troops to Moscow began.
On September 6, a general battle between Russian and French troops took place near the village of Borodino near Moscow. There were huge losses on both sides.
On September 12, the Russians leave Moscow and on the 14th the French enter.
The main goal of Napoleon and his entire eastern campaign has been achieved - the capital of Russia lies at his feet. But this did not bring him joy. After 35 days, on October 19, without any pressure from the Russian troops, Napoleon leaves Moscow and the avalanche-like retreat of the invincible French army begins.
Exactly 133 years later, history will repeat itself almost to the day. On June 21, 1941, Nazi troops crossed the borders of the Soviet Union. And in November - December, the unstoppable German offensive on Moscow, which has already approached it to almost 20 kilometers, will be stopped. After which the Germans begin to disperse their troops across the vast Russian expanses, instead of concentrating them in one direction. Subsequently, during the entire Second World War, they would no longer be able to fully realize any of their breakthroughs in other directions, although they would reach the banks of the great Russian rivers Don, Volga, and Neva.
But let's go back to 1812. On January 6, 1813, Alexander I, while in Vilna in connection with the expulsion of the French from Russian soil on January 4, published a manifesto that said:
“In commemoration of Our gratitude to the providence of God, which saved Russia from the destruction that threatened it, We intended to create a church in the name of the Savior Christ in Our Mother See of Moscow.”
Immediately after the release of the manifesto, Archbishop Augustine of Moscow, without waiting for any decisions, ordered the demolition of the oldest church of St. Nicholas of Gustunsky on Borovitsky Hill for future construction. But the government decided to build a new church on Sparrow Hills. The foundation of the new temple was laid on the fifth anniversary of Napoleon's flight from Moscow, October 12, 1817, and exactly 100 years later, on October 25, 1917, the bloody dictatorship of the Bolsheviks came to power.
Work on the temple-monument on the Sparrow Hills continued until 1826, after which Nicholas I stopped work and sent the chief architect Vitberg and his family into exile. For this entire failed project, the treasury spent 16,627,531 rubles, of which the donation was only 42,260 rubles, and buried several thousand serf souls in the soil of the Sparrow Hills.
The temple was founded for the second time on September 10, 1839 on the site of the Alekseevsky Convent, demolished especially for this purpose, in the interfluve of the Sivka River and the Chertory Stream on the banks of the Moscow River. The abbess of the monastery cursed this construction and predicted that nothing would stand in this place for a long time. Her curse is still in effect to this day.
The consecration of the temple took place only during the reign of the third emperor from the beginning of construction, Alexander III, on May 26, 1883.
Just 48 years later, on December 5, 1931, the temple was destroyed by a series of several explosions. In its place, the Bolsheviks planned to erect a majestic building of the House of Soviets, which was to be crowned with the cyclopean figure of Lenin. But all attempts to build a foundation for this “Cyclops” ended in complete fiasco, and after the war, the largest open-air swimming pool in the country was built on this site. Less than 50 years have passed since the pool was destroyed and in its place the Church of Christ the Savior was re-erected. It is to be expected that it will suffer the same fate as its predecessors: the monastery, the church and the pool.
6. ABOUT RANDOM COINCIDENCES
The life expectancy of the two most odious figures in Russian history, Vladimir Kievsky-Drevlyansky (960 - 1015) and Vladimir Ulyanov (1870 - 1924), is interesting. Both were opponents of previous religions, both were the founders of reforms that radically changed the fate of Russia, both had brain dysfunction at the end of their lives.
Two other Russian tyrants, Ivan the Terrible (1532 - 1585) and Peter I (1672 - 1725), also suffered from brain dysfunction and both died at the age of 53. Both were involved in the death of their sons.
Almost all the rulers of the Soviet Empire who spent quite a long time in the Kremlin suffered from brain dysfunction. This was characteristic of Lenin, Stalin, partially Khrushchev in recent years, Brezhnev after 1970.
The end of some historical eras presented Russia with political paralytics. The last in the Rurik dynasty was Fedr Ioannovich, a weak-willed and colorless person. The Romanov dynasty was completed by Nicholas II, a man of the same type. The Soviet empire collapsed under Gorbachev, who also showed the world an example of political paralysis.
Probably this inexplicable seal that lay on the Kremlin rulers after Vasily III forced most Russian tsars to avoid the Kremlin.
So Ivan the Terrible has practically not lived in the Kremlin since 1564, and is toying with the idea of moving the capital. Peter I, as soon as he matured, no longer lived in the Kremlin and moved the capital to the banks of the Neva. When he goes on campaigns, he leaves his family not in the Kremlin, but in the Izmailovsky residence. When visiting Moscow, Catherine preferred suburban estates to the Kremlin. Stalin, having become a tyrant, spent most of his time at the Kuntsevo dacha, trying to be in the Kremlin only when necessary.
This secret of the Kremlin has never been discussed in historical science, and has never really been studied, and to this day remains a secret behind seven seals.
Reviews
When a person gets confused in small things, then the same thing happens in other things.
From the first chapter, you write:
"Mosa - robber, robbery, robbery /Sanskrit/
Mos - disposition, custom, habit, self-will, character, behavior, property, law, rule, prescription, madly, madly /Latin/
Moss - swamp /English/
Most - a lot /English/
Kva - where? When? /Sanskrit/
Qua - where, where, how /Latin/
Qua - quality /English/
Quash - suppress, crush /English/
The semantic analysis of the given words allows us to form the meaning of the word “Moscow” as a place where robbery and robbery are common. The time of formation of the word was earlier than 2000 BC, that is, before the exodus of the Aryans from Semirechye from the Central Russian Upland."
You missed it, the English language is an artificial formation and is by no means so ancient, it was formed only towards the end of the first millennium.
I don’t even want to talk about the remaining chapters; this is not even an alternative history, but the writings of a person who is not knowledgeable in history even to the extent of a school course.
English itself is indeed a young language, but it did not appear out of nowhere, like any other language. And just like any other language, it carries the semantics of its predecessor. Comparing it with other languages allows us to identify archaic morphemes in it. The fact that you personally do not know and do not use this method does not mean that it is flawed.
Such an attitude towards the historical process, when subsequent historical layers are artificially torn away from their predecessors, leads to the fact that the historical connection of times and generations is forcibly broken and, as a consequence, for example, Rus' was formed only in the 9th century and never had written language before. This is your historical mentality. He suits you and you should live with him. This position has never satisfied me, and regardless of your opinion and others like you, I will look for the lost pages of the history of my Motherland.
You named the mentality of the German Miller and Schlözer, who imposed the Norman theory to show the failure of the Slavs.
I didn’t write that I support this theory, that’s the first thing.
And secondly, you made so much stuff that you yourself didn’t understand what you wrote.
If you read more carefully, you would probably notice that it is preceded by the word “for example.” I do not claim that you adhere to the German version of the origin of Rus', I only emphasize with this example that you treat history the same way, denying historical continuity, presenting the English language as having arisen from scratch.
The fact that you personally did not understand the logic of the presentation of the material does not mean at all that the author does not understand what he is writing. Once again I would like to draw your attention to the fact that there can be many views on the same issue, sometimes completely opposite ones, and before labeling it would be a good idea to understand the reasons for these inconsistencies. Please note that I did not claim that my point of view is the ultimate truth. Why are you so sure that you have the exclusive right to it? I will not give examples, because you are interpreting them incorrectly.
It is impossible to understand the logic if you were referring to Latin, Greek, I don’t know, the language of Atlantis, let’s say, this can at least somehow be “sticked” to your text, but referring to a language that was formed after the formation of the city, well, that’s at least stupid. Don't you find it?
Or is this not important for your text, the main thing is the writing process itself, and logic can be neglected as it does not fit into your calculations?
>Don't you think so?
I can't find it. You read the discussion material very inattentively.
I view the English language not as artificially grown in a test tube, but as a natural extension of its proto-languages.
For some reason, it didn’t bother you that out of all the modern European languages, for some reason I chose only English. But there is also French, German, Italian, Spanish and others and others. But their proto-languages have less in common with Proto-Slavic, and therefore they have significantly fewer common archaic morphemes. English in this sense turned out to be closest to the Slavic languages in its archaism, which is why I used it in this study.
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Winston Churchill said: “Russia is a puzzle wrapped in a mystery wrapped in an enigma.” We couldn't agree more. Russian history is full of mysteries. We selected 24 key ones.1.
Yes, we still don’t know for sure where the word “Rus” came from. According to one version, from the toponym “Ros” (the name of the river), according to another - from the words Ruotsi, Roots, Rotsi (as the Finnish tribes called the Swedes). Lomonosov believed that the Rus were descendants of the Sarmatians, who called themselves Roksolans or Rosomans (these words allegedly changed to the word “Rus”).
The Byzantines also called the tribes that raided Constantinople “Russians” (red, red-haired). Ibn Fadlan, who met the Varangians in 922, spoke of them: “They are like palm trees, ruddy, red.” There are many opinions, but there is no order in them.
2.
Historians also do not have a common opinion about who Rurik was. Some correlate him with Rorik of Jutland, a Danish king from the Skjoldung dynasty. Other historians believe that Rurik is the Swedish king Eirik Emundarson. There is also a version that Rurik was the leader of the Obodrite Slavs (Polabian Slavs), and a version that Rurik came from the Baltic island of Ruyan, which today is called Rugen.
There is an opinion that there was no Rurik at all. Until the 15th century, none of the Russian princes called themselves “Rurikovich,” and the dispute about the identity of Rurik began in the 18th century. It never ended.
3.
Here we can start with the fact that there never were any Mongol-Tatars. This is an artificial term coined in the 18th century. The definition of “yoke” appeared in the 15th century. It first appears in the Kiev synopsis, as the Polish historian Jan Dlugosz translated the Latin term jugum. Only after this they began to talk about standing on the Ugra as liberation from the yoke. Later this term was “mastered” by Karamzin.
Historians have still not come to a consensus about the yoke. Lev Gumilev considered the relationship between Rus' and the Horde to be a mutually beneficial alliance. The role of the Horde in the rise of Moscow is undoubted, as even Karamzin noted. Nosovsky and Fomenko in their research even go so far as to say that Rus' and the Horde are one and the same. They correlate Batu with Yaroslav the Wise, Tokhtamysh with Dmitry Donskoy... Let's leave it on their conscience.
4.
How did the double-headed eagle “fly” into Russia? It first appeared on the state seal during the reign of Ivan III, so it is believed that Sophia Paleologus “brought” it to Russia. However, it is unclear why it became a state symbol only 20 years after the wedding of Ivan III to the Byzantine. In addition, the double-headed eagle was not used by the Byzantines on state seals.
But it was used by the Habsburgs, half a century before the appearance of the Russian seal, and was also on some coins of the Golden Horde, and was also one of the alchemical symbols. At the court of Ivan III there was no shortage of visiting expatriate alchemists.
5.
One question that is unlikely to ever be cleared up is who the Cossacks are. The homeland of the Cossacks is found in the North Caucasus, in the Azov region, and in Western Turkestan. The ancestry of the Cossacks is traced back to the Scythians, to the Alans, to the Circassians, to the Khazars, to the Goths, to the Brodniks. Supporters of all versions have their own arguments.
Today, the Cossacks are a multi-ethnic community, which includes representatives of several dozen nationalities, among which there are some completely unexpected ones: Moldovans, Turks, Estonians, Tajiks. The question of who the first Cossacks were still remains unresolved.
6.
Did Grozny kill his son? The question is open. In 1963, when the tombs of Ivan the Terrible and his son were opened, the content of poison in the remains of the prince was incompatible with life.
Long before this examination, Konstantin Pobedonostsev called what was depicted in Repin’s painting fantasy. The version of the murder was based on the stories of the papal legate Antonio Possevino, who can hardly be called a disinterested person.
7.
In 1575, Ivan the Terrible abdicated the throne and placed the serving Tatar khan Simeon Bekbulatovich on the throne. Contemporaries did not understand the meaning of the monarch’s undertaking. They said that the tsar was afraid of the predictions of the magi that the Moscow tsar would die this year.
Modern historians do not understand the meaning of this act. There is a version that Grozny feared an uprising in the former Kazan Khanate, where, by the way, he was still king. For almost a year, Ivan the Terrible conducted his experiment.
8.
We have already accepted that False Dmitry I is the fugitive monk Grishka Otrepiev. But this whole story looks very surreal. At first, Dmitry (with the prefix “false”) was recognized by his own mother, princes, and boyars in front of all the honest people, and after some time, everyone suddenly saw the light.
The pathological nature of the situation is added by the fact that the prince himself was completely convinced of his naturalness, as his contemporaries wrote about. Either this is schizophrenia, or he had reasons. By the way, the idea that “it was easier to save than to fake Dimitri” was expressed by Nikolai Kostomarov. But it is unlikely that we will ever know the truth.
9.
When the Zemsky Sobor of 1613 elected Mikhail Romanov to the throne, he was 16 years old. Moreover, he was not even in Moscow during the heated debates that flared up there. The main argument was that supposedly the late Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, before his death, wanted to transfer the throne to his relative Fyodor Romanov (Patriarch Filaret).
And since he was in Polish captivity, the crown passed to his only son, Mikhail. As the historian Klyuchevsky later wrote, “they wanted to choose not the most capable, but the most convenient.”
10.
The split of the Russian Church was one of the most difficult turning points in Russian history. Alexey Mikhailovich, a Greekophile, wanted to change church rituals “so that it would be like the Greeks,” and not just anyone.” This “upgrade” led to the largest spiritual confrontation in Russian history.
Scientists are still arguing about the reasons for the split. Not the last place here, apparently, was played by the ambitions of the Russian Tsar for the Byzantine throne. In 1649, Patriarch Paisiy, at a reception with the king, directly expressed his wish that Alexei Mikhailovich become king in Constantinople: “may there be a New Moses, and free us from captivity.”
11. Why did Peter I Europeanize Russia?
During the years of his reign, Peter the Great changed Russia beyond recognition. After returning from the Great Embassy, the tsar changed so much that people began to say that he had been replaced. According to one version, Peter was “put into the wall,” and instead of him, an impostor with a similar face was sent to Rus'.
According to another, “the Germans put the Tsar in a barrel and sent it to sea.” Adding fuel to the fire was the fact that Peter, who returned from Europe, began a large-scale destruction of “ancient Russian antiquity.” Why? There is no clear answer.
12. Was Paul the son of Peter III?
One of the main mysteries of Russian history is whether Paul was the son of Peter III? Was the Romanov dynasty interrupted? Catherine and Peter III did not have children for a long time; the Empress herself wrote that her husband suffered from phimosis. The empress also mentioned in her diaries that she was fascinated by Sergei Saltykov, the alleged father of Paul the First: “I did not give in all spring and part of the summer...”.
There is also a folk legend about the birth of Paul I: according to it, Catherine gave birth to a dead child from Peter, and he was replaced by a certain “Chukhon” boy.
13. Was Fyodor Kuzmich Alexander I?
Paul I's son, Alexander, also left historians with a complex mystery. There is a legend that he left the royal throne, faking his own death, and went to wander around Rus' under the name of Fyodor Kuzmich. There are several indirect confirmations of this legend. Thus, witnesses concluded that on his deathbed Alexander was categorically unlike himself.
In addition, for unclear reasons, Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna, the Tsar's wife, did not participate in the funeral ceremony. The famous Russian lawyer Anatoly Koni conducted a thorough comparative study of the handwriting of the emperor and Fyodor Kuzmich and came to the conclusion that “the letters of the emperor and the notes of the wanderer were written by the hand of the same person.”
14. Where did the money from the sale of Alaska go?
It is still unknown where the money from the sale of Alaska went. Gold bars were transported from London on the barque Orkney, but it sank. Whether there was actually gold there is unknown.
But there is a known document that says that most of the money was spent abroad on equipment for the railways: Kursk-Kyiv, Ryazan-Kozlov, Moscow-Ryazan, etc. We are unlikely to ever find out whether this is true.
15. Why was the royal family shot?
Historians still do not have a common opinion about who exactly authorized the execution of the royal family and the Romanovs near Alapaevsk. The names of Sverdlov and Lenin are mentioned, but investigator Vladimir Solovyov, who has been involved in the case of the execution of the Romanovs since 1993, has repeatedly asserted that neither Lenin gave the sanction for the execution. nor Sverdlov.
According to the recollections of another investigator, Nikolai Sokolov, to whom Admiral Kolchak entrusted the investigation, the Yekaterinburg and Alapaevsk murders are “the product of the will of some individuals.” The only question remains is whose will it was.
16. Where did “Kolchak’s gold” disappear?
The fate of "Kolchak's gold", most of the gold reserves of Tsarist Russia, is still unknown. This was approximately 490 tons of pure gold in bullion and coins valued at 650 million. According to one version, it was stolen by the Czechoslovak corps, according to another, it was hidden on the orders of Kolchak himself.
Proposed burial places: Maryina Griva lock in the Ob-Yenisei Canal, Sikhote-Alin Mountains, Baikal, Irtysh. Gold was never found anywhere. There is also a version that the gold “settled” in European banks.
17. What was the Tunguska meteorite?
Whether the Tunguska meteorite was a meteorite is still unclear. Search expeditions did not find any meteorite fragments at the supposed site of the fall, and there was no crater there.
There are many versions of what happened: the explosion of a nuclear reactor of an interplanetary spacecraft, an icy comet, a collision of the Earth with antimatter, Nikola Tesla’s wave experiment. There are more than a dozen versions, but none has yet been scientifically recognized.
18. Why did the Bolsheviks take power so easily?
Back in February 1917, there were 5,000 people in the Bolshevik Party, in October of the same year there were already 350,000. How did it happen that the Bolsheviks, who until the last moment were not considered a serious force, came to power?
This can be explained by a sum of logical factors, from German money to propaganda, but it cannot be denied that the revolution of 1917 was an unprecedented phenomenon in world history. And the irrational factor was no less important than calculation.
19. Why did Stalin decide on repression?
Historians do not have a unanimous opinion about the reasons for Stalin’s repressions. According to one version, Stalin fought against regional party bodies that were preventing elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
According to another, repression was a means of “social engineering”, a continuation of collectivization and dispossession. Finally, there is a version that Stalin was preparing the USSR for war and eliminating the “fifth column” in the country.
20. Why did Stalin return services to churches?
Historians cannot explain the sharp change in Stalin’s attitude towards the church after the start of the war unambiguously. Some say that this was a pragmatic move by the leader, who needed “braces” for mobilization.
According to another version, Stalin was secretly religious, his bodyguard Yuri Solovyov recalled that Stalin prayed and even confessed, and Artem Sergeev recalled in an interview that Stalin never said anything bad about the church at home, and even scolded his son Vasily for his disrespectful attitude towards to those praying.
21. Why did Khrushchev condemn Stalin’s personality cult?
Nikita Khrushchev's speech at the 20th Party Congress, where he condemned Stalin's personality cult, became a sensation. Why did he decide to do this? According to some, Khrushchev was thereby “whitewashing” himself for participating in the repressions; according to others, he was preparing a reorganization of the state apparatus. There is even a version that this is how he “revenged” Stalin for the death of his son.
Given the long-term consequences of this step, some historians even see the “hand of the West” here. The decline in the prestige of the USSR after the 20th Congress was enormous. Also interesting is the active participation in the preparation of the report by Otto Kuusinen, who, according to some sources, collaborated with British and American intelligence services.
22. Where did Raoul Wallenberg disappear to?
The mystery of the disappearance of diplomat Raoul Wallenberg in the USSR has not yet been solved. He, who saved tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews, was last seen on January 18, 1945. Later evidence appeared that he was seen in Lefortovo prison. According to the version described in the memoirs of KGB General Sudoplatov, Wallenberg was arrested on the personal order of Bulganin, and in 1947 he was killed on the orders of Molotov.
There is also a version that Wallenberg remained alive. He was seen by former Ozerlag prisoners, Poles Tsikhotsky and Kowalski, at one of the transit points. According to other evidence, he was also seen in other camps and the Vladimir Central. The Poles also claimed that he was alive in October 1959.
23. Was there “party gold”?
There is a version that the hypothetical gold and foreign exchange funds of the Communist Party of the USSR “went” to European and American banks in the early years of the 1990s. Many public and political figures were looking for the “party gold”.
According to journalist Evgeny Dodolev, writer Yullian Semenov was eliminated because he was able to “reveal the withdrawal schemes of the party’s millions.” However, there is also an assumption that the notorious “gold of the party” is nothing more than a myth.
24. Did Gorbachev know about the conspiracy?
On August 20, 1991, Gorbachev scheduled the signing of the Union Treaty, which was to outline the new position of the Soviet republics. But the event was disrupted by the putsch. Did Gorbachev know about the conspiracy? There is still no clear answer to this question, but the fact that the State Emergency Committee and the putsch are a project of Gorbachev himself is a fairly common version.
Back in March 1991, he gave the task to future members of the State Emergency Committee to develop a draft law “On the introduction of a state of emergency.” Former member of the Russian Government Mikhail Poltoranin also claims that “the 1991 putsch was staged by Boris Yeltsin together with Mikhail Gorbachev.” The official version is this: Gorbachev knew nothing. 
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Gleb Vladimirovich Nosovsky, Anatoly Timofeevich Fomenko
The mystery of Russian history
Preface
This publication is published in a new edition made by A.T. Fomenko. It is noticeably different from the previous ones. Before you is the second book of the 4th volume of the seven-volume set “Chronology” (the seven-volume set is divided into 14 books).
NUMBERS AGAINST LIES. – A.T. Fomenko.
Book 1: ANTIQUE IS THE MIDDLE AGES. -A.T. Fomenko.
Book 2: CHANGE THE DATES – EVERYTHING CHANGES. -A.T. Fomenko.
Book 1: THE STARS WITNESS. – V.V. Kalashnikov, G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko.
Book 2: HEAVENLY CALENDAR OF THE ANCIENTS – G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko, T.N. Fomenko.
Book 1: NEW CHRONOLOGY OF Rus'. – G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko.
Book 2: THE MYSTERY OF RUSSIAN HISTORY. -G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko.
Book 1: EMPIRE. – G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko.
Book 2: THE FLOWING OF A KINGDOM. – G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko.
Book 1: BIBLICAL Rus'. – G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko.
Book 2: CONSUMPTION OF AMERICA BY RUSSIA-HORDE. – G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko.
Book 3: SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD. – G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko.
Book 1: WESTERN MYTH. – G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko.
Book 2: RUSSIAN ROOTS OF “ANCIENT” LATIN. -G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko, T.N. Fomenko.
Chapter 1 Bilingualism in Rus': Russian and Turkic. They also wrote in Russian, but in letters considered today to be Arabic
1. Arabic inscriptions on Russian weapons
1.1. Why did the Russian master Nikita Davydov place Arabic sayings on the royal helmet?Today, medieval weapons covered with Arabic inscriptions are considered UNCONDITIONALLY EASTERN. That is, made in the East, in Turkey or Persia. Where Islam triumphed. It is believed, apparently, that since a master gunsmith placed a saying from the Koran on the damask blade he made, it means he is a Muslim. And not just a Muslim, but definitely a resident of the Muslim East, where there was a deep tradition of Arabic writing and Arabic culture. But the Russian incompetent and uneducated gunsmiths could not even think of writing anything in Arabic on the weapons they made. Indeed, according to the very spirit of the Scaligerian-Romanov version of Russian history, in the 16th century there was a long-standing and deep enmity between Orthodox Russia and Muslim Turkey and Persia. Cultural and religious traditions are supposedly fundamentally different and even hostile to each other.
But, according to our reconstruction, until the very end of the 16th century, Rus', Ottomania and Persia were part of a single Great = “Mongol” Empire. Therefore, in all these countries there must have been a significant commonality of cultural traditions. In particular, the same techniques for making and decorating weapons. Despite the religious split between Orthodoxy and Islam that emerged in the 15th century, the state and military traditions of the 16th–17th centuries were still very close.
Is there any evidence for this? There are, and they are very bright. Despite all the Romanov purges of Russian history. It turns out, for example, that until the very middle of the 17th century, that is, already in the era of the Romanovs, RUSSIAN MASTERS were still decorating weapons - even royal ones! – IN ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS. It was only in the second half of the 17th century that they were apparently told that they could no longer do this. After this, Russian weapons with Arabic inscriptions disappeared. Some could have been destroyed. However, the Russian TSAR weapons with Arabic inscriptions, covered with gold, diamonds and other jewelry, made by the best craftsmen of the Armory Chamber, were preserved. Due to its great material value. At the same time, they decided to transfer most of the “Russian-Arab” weapons to storerooms, see Appendix 5 in the book “Seven Wonders of the World.” And today, when all this has been forgotten, some of the “dangerous weapons” are put on display in museums and photographs have been published. Although, in order to notice ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS ON RUSSIAN WEAPONS today, one must be especially careful. After all, explanatory signs usually say nothing about such “incorrect” inscriptions. And the exhibits are often displayed in such a way that the Arabic inscriptions are poorly visible.
Let's use the fundamental publication "State Armory Chamber", which contains photographs and descriptions of precious items stored in the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin.
Here, for example, is the ceremonial damask helmet of the Moscow kings, called the “Jericho hat,” that is, the Jericho hat, p. 162. See fig. 1.1. In the book “Biblical Rus'”, ch. 5, we tell in detail where the biblical name for this Russian helmet came from. Let's now take a closer look at the helmet itself.
“The steel surface of the helmet is smoothly polished and covered with the finest gold notching. In addition, the helmet is decorated with precious stones - diamonds, rubies and emeralds”, p. 173. It is known that the Jericho hat was covered with gold notches and jewelry in 1621, that is, already under the Romanovs, by RUSSIAN MASTER Nikita Davydov from the city of Murom - CHIEF MASTER of the Moscow Armory Chamber, p. 163.
Rice. 1.1. Ceremonial damask Russian military helmet, the so-called “Cap of Jericho”, which belonged to the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Kept in the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. Made by Russian craftsman Nikita Davydov, a native of the city of Murom, p. 163. Steel, gold, precious stones, pearls, forging, embossing, carving, notching, enamel. Nikita Davydov painted ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS around the tip of the helmet. It turns out that in Orthodox Rus' UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY they liked to decorate weapons with Arabic script.
Therefore, it is wrong to think that Arabic inscriptions on medieval weapons necessarily mean their eastern, non-Russian origin. Most likely, such weapons were forged in Rus' in a large number of cases. Taken from, p. 162
On the surface of the helmet, the image of a royal crown with an eight-pointed Orthodox cross, applied with a gold notch, is clearly visible. On the nose arrow of the helmet there is an enamel image of the Archangel Michael. And around the tip of the helmet there is an ARABESQUE BELT, fig. 1.2. That is, ARAB sayings, enclosed in frames. On the arabesque, which is visible in the photograph, “Wa bashshir al-muminin” is written in canonical Arabic script, that is, “And give joy to the believers,” translated by T.G. Chernienko. This is a frequently encountered expression from the Koran. Thus, with the same GOLDEN NOTCH NIKITA DAVYDOV APPLIED BOTH ORTHODOX SYMBOLS ON THE JERICHO HAT - THE ROYAL CROWN WITH AN EIGHT-POINTED RUSSIAN CROSS, AND ARABIC EXPRESSIONS FROM THE QURAN! Moreover, there are no RUSSIAN inscriptions on this RUSSIAN helmet at all. RUSSIAN master Nikita Davydov wrote on it ONLY IN ARABIC.
Rice. 1.2. Fragment of the “Cap of Jericho”. The same gold notch depicts both the royal crown with the ORTHODOX eight-pointed cross and the ARABIC inscription: “And give joy to the believers.” See top of helmet. Taken from, p. 162
It should be noted that the photograph of the Jericho cap in the luxurious album was made “very competently.” Much of the arabesque seemed to have been accidentally struck by a glare of light, making it difficult to read. The next arabesque is already in the shadow and therefore not visible at all. So ARAB inscriptions on a RUSSIAN helmet are very difficult to notice. AND THERE IS NOT A WORD ABOUT THEM in the explanatory text. However, if you pay attention to them, then reading the inscriptions is not difficult. The inscription in the arabesque was read, see above, at our request, by Arabic language specialist T.G. Chernienko. We do not know what is written on the other arabesques that run like a belt around the entire helmet.
Another example from the Armory Chamber is the knife of Prince Andrei Staritsky, son of Ivan III, fig. 1.3. Work of Russian masters of the early 16th century, p. 150–151. In this case, the knife is signed. There is a RUSSIAN inscription on it: “Prince Ondrej Ivanovich, summer 7021”, that is, 1513.
Rice. 1.3. The damask knife of Prince Andrei Staritsky, son of Ivan III. The work of Russian masters of the early 16th century. All covered with ARABIC inscriptions.
There is also a RUSSIAN inscription on it: “Prince Ondrej Ivanovich, summer 7021”, that is, 1513. Taken from, p. 150–151
But along the blade of the knife of Prince Andrei Staritsky there is also an ARABIC INSCRIPTION, made in the same canonical Arabic handwriting that decorated all “oriental” weapons, fig. 1.4. In this case, read the Arabic inscription by T.G. Chernienko was unsuccessful, since the inscription lacks dots and dashes on the letters. Without such explanatory symbols, each Arabic letter can mean several different sounds at once. Therefore, it is possible to read an Arabic text written in this way only if its content is approximately known. Otherwise, there are too many reading options that need to be sorted out.
However, judging by the arrangement of the letters and the use of their various forms (the shape of a letter in Arabic writing changes depending on its position at the beginning, middle or end of a word), a COMPLETELY MEANINGFUL TEXT is written here. And not just a beautiful pattern of Arabic letters, “imitating an oriental inscription,” as it is presented to us in the explanatory text of the publication, p. 151. The authors of the explanatory commentary clearly did not want the reader to think that RUSSIAN gunsmiths of the 16th century made a knife with an ARAB inscription for the son of the RUSSIAN Tsar Ivan III. This technique of historians to declare medieval inscriptions that are “inconvenient” for them “unreadable” is well known to us. It often hides a simple reluctance to read the inscription, which contradicts the Scaligerian-Romanov version of history. We talk about this in detail in the book “Empire”.
By the way, until the inscription on Andrei Staritsky’s knife is read, one cannot be sure that it was written in Arabic. The fact is that the script considered today to be Arabic was also used for other languages. For example, for Turkish and Persian. Maybe for Russians in the era of the XIV-XVI centuries?
Rice. 1.4. A fragment of an ARAB inscription on the blade of a knife of RUSSIAN Prince Andrei Staritsky. Taken from, p. 150–151
So, it turns out that weapons with Arabic inscriptions were forged not only, and maybe not so much, in Turkey. As we see, in Orthodox Rus' UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY they also loved to decorate weapons with Arabic script. ARABIC sayings are decorated, for example, with the saber of Prince Mstislavsky, governor of Ivan the Terrible, p. 207. One of the sayings says: “There will be strong defense in battle,” p. 207. By the way, on the saber there is also a RUSSIAN inscription identifying the owner, p. 207.
What is striking in the album is a photograph of mirror armor made for Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1670 by the RUSSIAN master Grigory Vyatkin, “one of the best gunsmiths of the second half of the century,” p. 173. See fig. 1.5. The armor also includes a helmet. They were clearly
ONE royal outfit. Although the explanatory inscription does not say anything separately about the helmet. The inscriptions on it are amazing. THESE ARE ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS. AND THERE ARE MANY, AND THEY ALL ARE EXPLICIT QUOTES FROM THE QURAN. On the nose arrow of the helmet it is written: “There is no God but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.” At the bottom of the helmet there is a whole verse from the Koran, the second sura, 256 (255). All these inscriptions were translated for us by T. G. Chernienko. They are written in canonical Arabic handwriting and are easy to read.
Rice. 1.5. Mirror armor made for Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1670 by Russian master Grigory Vyatkin. Covered with ARABIC inscriptions. Taken from, p. 173
“Eastern” - that is, apparently Russian, but equipped with Arabic inscriptions - sabers were worn by famous heroes of Russian history Minin and Pozharsky, p. 151. At the same time, as we ourselves saw when visiting the Armory Chamber in June 1998, on Minin’s saber the inscription was not EVEN IN ARABIC LETTERS, BUT SOME STRANGE ICONS. The explanatory tablet declares this saber to be of “Egyptian origin.” In fact, both sabers are most likely of Russian origin. A visit to the Armory showed that there are quite a lot of such “Russian-Arab” weapons on display there. It’s interesting to find out what is stored in the storage rooms? One gets the feeling that a very significant part of medieval Russian weapons is covered with “Arabic” or “unreadable” inscriptions. This idea is confirmed by unique materials given in Appendix 5 in the book “Seven Wonders of the World”.
Why is it that today Russian weapons with Arabic inscriptions are always attributed to non-Russian, usually Turkish or Persian, origin? And in those cases where Russian work is completely obvious, it is believed that inexperienced and ignorant Russian masters apprenticedly copied wonderful Eastern and Western European designs. They say, not understanding the meaning of the Arabic inscriptions, they mechanically transferred them, supposedly as just “beautiful pictures,” onto the luxurious weapons of the Russian tsars and generals. And they proudly and ostentatiously wore Arabic sayings they did not understand. Under the restrained skeptical smiles of enlightened Arabs and even more enlightened Western Europeans.
Most likely this is not true. In the era of the 16th and even 17th centuries, a large number of such Russian-Horde weapons with Arabic inscriptions were apparently made in Rus'-Horde. Which in the 15th–16th centuries formed a single whole with Osmania = Atamania. Then a significant part of Moscow, Tula, Ural and Russian weapons in general were slyly declared “Damascus”, “Eastern” or “Western”. As a result, they formed the belief that Russians in that era mainly carried foreign weapons. There were very, very few of our own, they say. And bad. Although it is obvious that any strong military power FIGHTED WITH ITS OWN WEAPONS. At the same time, they forgot that medieval Damascus is most likely T-Moscow, that is, the name of Moscow with the definite respectful article T.
In Rus' they made weapons with LATIN inscriptions. At least they used Latin letters. Such, for example, is a precious damask saber made in 1618 by the RUSSIAN master Ilya Prosvit, p. 156–157. Along the entire blade there is an inscription in which LATIN letters are used. Unfortunately, we were not able to read it, since the photograph is not large enough to make out all the letters, fig. 1.6 and fig. 1.7.
Usually we are told that all these “eastern” and “western” weapons were presented to the Russian tsars by eastern and western rulers. We see that this is not the case. At least in the cases that we described. As for the rest, then, of course, something could have been donated. Let us note, however, that on things that were obviously donated or brought from the east, according to the inventory of the Armory Chamber, as a rule, there are no inscriptions at all, see Appendix 5 in the book “Seven Wonders of the World”.
Rice. 1.6. Precious damask saber, Taken from, pp. 156 157, made in 1618 by the Russian master Ilya Prosvit. Along the entire blade there is an inscription in which LATIN letters are used. Left side of the image. Taken from, pp. 156–157
Rice. 1.7. Russian damask saber from 1618. ARABIC inscriptions are clearly visible. Right side of the image.
Or the inscriptions are Slavic or Greek. Such are, for example, precious saadak, rice. 1.8, brought in 1656 for Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich by merchants from Istanbul, p. 216. Or royal barmas, fig. 1.9, made for Alexei Mikhailovich in Istanbul in the 50s of the 17th century, p. 350–351. Or a precious bird, fig. 1.10, presented by Sultan Murad to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in 1630, p. 215. In all these cases there are either no inscriptions at all, or they are written in Greek.
Today, historians convince us that ARABIC inscriptions are present on old RUSSIAN weapons solely because these weapons were presented to the Russian tsars and Russian soldiers by foreigners who wrote in Arabic. As we now understand,
Rice. 1.8. Precious saadak, brought in 1656 for Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich by merchants from Istanbul. Taken from, p. 216 the explanation is incorrect.
Rice. 1.9. Royal barmas made for Alexei Mikhailovich in Istanbul in the 50s of the 17th century. Taken from, p. 350–351
Moreover, it turns out that the RUSSIAN TSARS THEMSELVES GAVE FOREIGNERS WEAPONS COVERED WITH ARABIC INSTRUCTIONS. Here is one such striking example. Alexander Tereshchenko in 1853 reported at a meeting of the Imperial Academy of Sciences about the results of excavations in Sarai, “with an outline of the traces of the Desht-Kipchak Kingdom.” And this is what he said. “In a special room called the armory, quite rare and wonderful Asian weapons are placed, between them GIFT SABERS FROM OUR ROYAL PERSONS. Among the weapons that have the inscriptions of the Tatar, Persian, Arab and Kufic, the blade was preserved from the checker, which was complained by one of the ancestors of Dzhanger, Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich, with the next gold inscription in the Arabic: Birameti Ilyaga Taaly was naked Melik Khan Vemy Emir Kubir Mikhail Feodorovich mamalik kul velayata Urus, i.e.: “We, by God’s Almighty grace, are the Supreme Sovereign, Tsar and Ruler Great Mikhail Feodorovich, owner of the entire Russian state,” p. 99-100. Please note that in Arabic the title of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov contains the word KHAN.
Thus, the Russian tsars, including even the first Romanovs, gave foreigners, or their subjects, rich weapons, on which they demanded to put ARABIC INSTRUCTIONS IN GOLD.
Rice. 1.10. Precious bird given by Sultan Murad to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in 1630.
Taken from, p. 215
Everything said above about Arabic inscriptions on Russian weapons applies not only to the Kremlin Armory. Let's give another example. In the museum of Alexandrovskaya Sloboda, the modern city of Alexandrov, in the Crucifixion Church-bell tower, fig. 1.11, the weapons of the RUSSIAN warrior are displayed. We visited this museum in July 1998. Chain mail, shield, helmet, figure are on display. 1.12–1.18. An explanatory museum plaque states that these are RUSSIAN weapons. In fact, the entire helmet is covered with images of strange animals, horsemen, birds, made in the Russian style, reminiscent of the well-known carvings on the walls of the white stone cathedrals of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. The nasal arrow of the helmet ends with an extension from above, turning into a four-pointed cross. The dome of a church topped with a cross is depicted. All this clearly indicates the Russian origin of the helmet. At the same time, around the entire helmet there is a very clear ARABIC INSTRUCTION in a wide stripe. The explanatory plaque is gloomily silent about this. And of course, it does not provide any translation of it. There is a shield hanging next to the helmet. And again, along the edge of the shield there is an ARABIC INSCRIPTION in a wide stripe. The rest of the surface is covered with patterns. Before us is a medieval Russian shield! We specifically presented here several photographs of this shield that we took in order to present as many fragments of the Arabic inscription on it as possible.
Rice. 1.11. Crucifixion church-bell tower of the 16th century in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda (modern city of Alexandrov). It housed a museum
Rice. 1.12. RUSSIAN weapons: chain mail, helmet, shield. THE HELMET AND SHIELD ARE DENSILY COVERED WITH ARABIC INSTRUCTIONS. Museum of the Crucifixion Church-bell tower of the 16th century in Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda. Photo taken by T.N. Fomenko in 1998
Rice. 1.13. Russian helmet. At the top right is an Amazon - a horsewoman with a curved saber. Museum of the Crucifixion Church-Bell Tower in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda.
Apparently, the Russian-Horde Cossack women were called Amazons. Photo from 1998
Rice. 1.14. RUSSIAN helmet. A fragment of an ARAB inscription on it. Museum of the Crucifixion Church-Bell Tower in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda
Rice. 1.15. RUSSIAN helmet, covered with drawings and ARABIC inscriptions. Museum of the Crucifixion Church-Bell Tower in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda
Rice. 1.16. RUSSIAN shield with ARABIC inscriptions.
Museum of the Crucifixion Church-Bell Tower in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda
Moreover, here it is impossible to say that these are MUSLIM weapons, in the modern sense of the word. The fact is that in Muslim art, starting, apparently, from the 18th century, images of people and animals are strictly prohibited. And on this Russian helmet, covered with Arabic inscriptions, there are images of animals, people, and horsemen. Moreover, looking closely at Fig. 1.12, you can see a clear image of the AMAZON - a woman on a horse, waving a curved saber. See to the right of the helmet arrow, at the top.
Rice. 1.17. RUSSIAN shield with ARABIC inscriptions. Museum of the Crucifixion Church-Bell Tower in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda
Why don't the museum staff show medieval RUSSIAN helmets with PURE RUSSIAN inscriptions in the museum exhibition? Perhaps there are few such items among the bulk of the “Arab-Russian” ones? What if we are really shown TYPICAL RUSSIAN weapons, MOST OF which, as we see, are covered with “Arabic” or so-called “unreadable” inscriptions? If so, the situation becomes even more interesting.
The same thing is in the Moscow Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve. In the exhibition halls of the Front Gate, where we visited on June 23, 2001, two old Russian military helmets are on display, fig. 1.19, fig. 1.20, fig. 1.21. ON BOTH – ARABIC AND ONLY ARABIC INSTRUCTIONS! There are no Russian helmets with Russian inscriptions on display here. Both museum plaques dryly explain to us that these helmets were copied by Russian craftsmen “from eastern models.” They say that in Rus' they loved oriental designs so much that they copied and copied and copied...
Rice. 1.18. RUSSIAN shield with ARABIC inscriptions. Museum of the Crucifixion Church-Bell Tower in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda
So, for some reason, inscriptions that are considered Arabic today predominated on Russian medieval weapons. Once you pay attention to this, you will immediately begin to come across such examples literally at every step. This amazing fact does not fit into the usual version of the Scaligerian-Romanov story. It alone is enough to understand that the history of Rus' in the pre-Romanov era was completely different from what it is presented to us today.
Rice. 1.19. One of two helmets exhibited at the Kolomenskoye Museum in Moscow.
The museum plaque states that this is a Russian-made helmet. But he is silent about the fact that there are inscriptions on it in Arabic letters. They are clearly visible in the photograph. They go in a wide stripe around the bottom of the helmet. Photo taken by the authors in June 2001
Rice. 1.20. Ancient weapons of a Russian warrior in the Kolomenskoye Museum in Moscow.
Chainmail, berdysh, helmet, etc. Photo taken by the authors in June 2001
Rice. 1.21. The second Russian helmet in the Kolomenskoye Museum. On the helmet there are inscriptions made in Arabic or, possibly, some non-Cyrillic letters.
The image of a swastika is clearly visible on the left. Photo taken by the authors in June 2001
