View full version. Consequences of IVF for a woman Does a nodule in the thyroid gland prevent IVF

Quote from an article reproduced many times online. Since a year and a half ago, with the light hand of a gynecologist-endocrinologist from the Center for Pregnancy and Rehabilitation in Sevastopol, I was diagnosed with “hypothyroidism”, then it was confirmed at the Center, but after a year and a half I also went to a regular endocrinologist - not a gynecologist, and has not yet confirmed the diagnosis again (already officially) and they didn’t choose a dose of L-thyraxine for me, then this question is extremely relevant for me now.

Normal thyroid function is especially important in ART programs, since a high frequency of AT-thyroid carriage has been noted in women with unsuccessful IVF attempts. Recent studies on this issue have shown that TSH levels were significantly higher in women with poor oocyte quality and failed ART programs.

This suggests that the TSH level is one of the indicators for predicting the effectiveness of ART programs and indicates the important role of thyroid hormones in the physiology of oocytes. Thyroid function results in early pregnancy after IVF demonstrated marked increase in TSH concentration and decrease in free T4 concentration in women with AT-TPO compared to women without them, which indicates a decrease in the compensatory capabilities of the thyroid gland against the background of induced pregnancy in women with AT-thyroid gland (thyroid antibodies).

As is known, stimulation of superovulation carried out in IVF programs in order to obtain a large number of oocytes, is accompanied by high levels of estrogen in the blood. Hyperestrogenism due to a number of adaptive mechanisms (increased levels of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in the liver, binding of additional amounts of free thyroid hormones and, as a consequence, a decrease in the level of the latter) leads to an increase in TSH levels. This promotes increased stimulation of the thyroid gland, which is forced to use its reserve capabilities. Therefore, women with AT-thyroid gland, even without an initial disorder of thyroid function, have a risk of developing hypothyroxinemia in the early stages of induced pregnancy.

Thus, both stimulation of superovulation and carriage of AT-thyroid glands are factors that reduce the normal functional response of the thyroid gland, necessary for the adequate development of induced pregnancy. AT-TG may be an early marker of the risk of poor pregnancy prognosis after IVF.

It should be remembered that autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland (autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves' disease) can be combined with autoimmune damage to other organs, including the reproductive system (endometriosis, ovarian wasting syndrome). It was noted that most often high levels of AT-thyroid gland are detected in women with infertility and endometriosis. In addition, it was found that almost a third (27%) of women with premature ovarian failure have an autoimmune pathology of the thyroid gland.

Currently, there is no single point of view on the role of AT-thyroid gland in the pathogenesis of infertility and miscarriage. The following hypotheses are discussed in the literature.
The first hypothesis suggests that women with elevated AT-thyroid levels develop subclinical hypothyroidism, which contributes to decreased fertility or leads to spontaneous miscarriage in early pregnancy.
The second hypothesis considers AT-TG as markers of predisposition to autoimmune diseases, and not the direct cause of miscarriage.
As a third hypothesis, it is suggested that AT-TG serve as peripheral markers of dysfunction of T-lymphocytes.
The fourth hypothesis is that autoimmune thyropathies for one reason or another lead to the fact that in women with AT-thyroid gland pregnancy occurs at an older age, which in itself increases the risk of miscarriage.

Despite the large number of hypotheses about the relationship between AT-thyroid carriage, fertility disorders and miscarriage, reliable data on this problem currently does not exist.
Nevertheless, women with AT-TG should be under special supervision by obstetricians and gynecologists.

Treatment. All women with detected thyroid dysfunction and/or increased thyroid volume should be referred to a consultation with an endocrinologist, who, if necessary, conducts further examination and determines the amount of therapy required.

For hypothyroidism, replacement therapy with thyroid hormone preparations is indicated, mainly levothyroxine in an individually selected dose (based on the concentration of TSH in the blood serum). For manifest hypothyroidism, levothyroxine (L-thyroxine, euthyrox) is prescribed at the rate of 1.6-1.8 mcg per 1 kg of body weight. The goal of replacement therapy for primary hypothyroidism is to maintain TSH levels within 0.5-1.5 mIU/L. The goal of replacement therapy for central (secondary) hypothyroidism is to maintain blood thyroxine concentrations at a level corresponding to the upper third of the normal values ​​for this indicator.

The question of the advisability of treating subclinical hypothyroidism remains unresolved to date. If during pregnancy the approaches to the treatment of manifest and subclinical hypothyroidism do not differ, then outside of pregnancy the decision is made individually in each specific case. Nevertheless, the need for treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism is not questioned in a situation where a woman is planning a pregnancy, as well as in patients with infertility or miscarriage, especially with a high level of AT-thyroid gland and an increase in the volume of the thyroid gland.

During pregnancy, the need for thyroid hormones increases by approximately 50%, so the dose of L-thyroxine should be increased immediately (usually by 50 mcg/day) as soon as pregnancy is detected in women with compensated hypothyroidism.
For hypothyroidism first detected during pregnancy, a full replacement dose of levothyroxine is immediately prescribed at the rate of 2.3 mcg per 1 kg of body weight. Adequate replacement therapy corresponds to maintaining a low-normal (less than 2 mIU/L) TSH level and a high-normal free T4 level.

Therapy for diffuse euthyroid goiter is selected taking into account the patient’s age and an assessment of the effectiveness of previous therapy. Iodine preparations (iodine, iodomarin), levothyroxine (L-thyroxine, eutirox) or combination drugs (iodothyrox) are used.

Treatment methods for Graves' disease include: prescription of thyreostatic drugs (thiamazole, propylthiouracil); surgical treatment (extreme subtotal resection of the thyroid gland followed by levothyroxine replacement therapy); therapy with radioactive iodine-131.

During pregnancy, conservative treatment is carried out with thyreostatic drugs (propylthiouracil), the principles of which are quite well reflected in the literature.

All women living in the region of iodine deficiency at the stage of pregnancy planning are prescribed individual iodine prophylaxis (potassium iodide preparations at a dose of 200 mcg/day of iodine: iodide-200, iodomarin-200, vitamin and mineral complexes for pregnant women with iodine, for example Vitrum-prenatal forte). It is important to emphasize that for individual iodine prophylaxis it is necessary to avoid the use of iodine-containing dietary supplements. Individual iodine prophylaxis is carried out throughout pregnancy and the period of breastfeeding.

Carriage of AT-TG is not considered a contraindication to individual iodine prophylaxis, however, when it is carried out in such patients, dynamic monitoring of thyroid function throughout pregnancy is necessary. Thus, the thyroid gland plays an important role in the physiology of reproduction. Diseases of the thyroid gland, accompanied by thyroid dysfunction, can cause menstrual irregularities, lead to decreased fertility, miscarriage and pathology of fetal development. A detailed assessment of thyroid function should become a mandatory element of the algorithm for diagnosing reproductive disorders. Correction of reproductive dysfunction in women with identified thyroid pathology should begin with treatment of the underlying disease. This will increase the efficiency of restoration of reproductive function and reduce the time of examination and treatment.

Journal "Problems of Reproduction"

Artificial conception is becoming generally available, and the number of children conceived in this way is increasing every year. When deciding on IVF, it is important to understand that this is a complex procedure. Consequences can occur both in the mother and in the unborn fetus. Therefore, it is important to consult a doctor who has extensive experience and knowledge in this field.

In addition, the recommendations should be strictly followed. For each patient, an individual program of preparation for bearing a child is drawn up. There are many myths surrounding IVF that have nothing to do with the practice. Their spread is associated with a psychological factor, namely fear.

A specialist speaks in detail about the features of fertilized egg transfer:

In real life, the consequences of IVF are divided into two groups:

• Affecting the child;
• Affecting the mother's body.

You can avoid such factors if you strictly follow the doctor’s instructions, give up bad habits and follow your daily routine.

The procedure is absolutely safe if you trust professionals. The IVF clinic on Petrovka has been dealing with pregnancy issues for more than 15 years. All work is carried out using new medical equipment, thanks to which it is possible to achieve the most accurate analyzes and carry out successful fertilization in 60% of cases the first time.

In Vitro Fertilization

The essence of IVF is the fertilization of an egg with sperm outside the body. This happens in laboratory conditions. Fertilized cells are placed in an incubator where they are kept for 5-6 days. Only then are they placed in the uterus. There are several subtypes of the program. They are selected individually according to the cause of infertility. The basic fertilization program can be supplemented with assistive technologies.

The consequences can be different and occur at any stage of the procedure. The risks of IVF are numerous, depending on the woman’s body and lifestyle. The most common are the following:

• Ovarian hyperstimulation;
• Ectopic or multiple pregnancy;
• Slow child development;
• Complications after surgery, such as bladder damage;
• Disorder of the thyroid gland, problems of the vascular system, etc.
• Diarrhea, nausea;
• Impaired functioning of the liver, kidneys;
• Increased blood viscosity, etc.

The most common myth associated with IVF is a reduction in a woman’s life expectancy. Artificially induced pregnancy does not in any way affect the rate of aging of the body, susceptibility to diseases, etc. This concerns rumors of the development of oncology. The development of a cancerous tumor is possible only with a genetic predisposition. Having children does not affect the incidence of the disease.

Consequences of in vitro fertilization

Consequences after IVF occur at any stage of fertilization. It all depends on the correctness of compliance with the doctor’s instructions, as well as the genetic characteristics of the parents. They are early and late. The first manifest themselves in the form of negative situations and complications. Late – during the period of stimulation or transfer of a fertilized egg.

Early pathologies arise due to the use of medications and the characteristics of the female body. Among them:

1. Formation of tinnitus;
2. Impaired visual acuity;
3. Manifestation of allergies;
4. Bleeding similar to menstruation;
5. Increased or worsened appetite;
6. Lethargy, depression, mood swings;
7. Enlargement of the mammary glands.

Many women are worried about having a child with mental disabilities - Down syndrome or Patau syndrome. This risk exists with natural conception. After artificial insemination, doctors select healthy eggs. If pathologies are detected, the woman’s eggs are not implanted. Thus, the risk of having a sick baby is practically absent.

Among the later consequences, women more often complain of:

1. Development of thyroid pathologies;
2. Early onset of menopause;
3. The formation of one of the heart diseases.

Women who are predisposed to rapid weight gain may suddenly gain extra pounds due to increased hormone levels. It is important to monitor your diet and not eat too much.

Risks at the stage of preparation for IVF

During the early stages of fertilization, women may experience enlarged ovaries. This pathology is formed due to hyperstimulation with the help of hormonal drugs. Changes are determined by the following criteria:

• Weakness;
• Frequent need to urinate;
• Swelling;
• Nausea and vomiting;
• Dyspnea;
• Chest pain;
• Feeling of enlargement in the lower abdomen.

In extreme cases, benign formations and cysts occur. All symptoms and pathologies subside on their own over time.

Hyperstimulation is associated with the simultaneous maturation of several eggs, which are subsequently fertilized in the laboratory.

Side effects of hormone therapy

Ovarian stimulation is carried out only with hormonal drugs. This measure is accompanied by complications and adverse reactions. Their degree depends on the characteristics of the woman’s body. The course of hubbub is prescribed depending on the cause of infertility. Accepted in long and short courses. Hormonal changes in the body are accompanied by the following symptoms:

• Frequent headaches;
• Decreased libido, vaginal dryness;
• Increased blood pressure, tachycardia;
• Decreased appetite, frequent nausea;
• Enlargement of the mammary glands, increased sensitivity, pain;
• Mood swings are common and nervous breakdowns are possible.

Such symptoms during hormonal stimulation of IVF consequences do not appear in all women, and when confirmed, they occur in periods and not all at once.

Menopause with IVF

Artificial insemination causes suppression of the natural menstrual cycle. In rare cases, there is a lack of menstruation for several years. With the help of hormones, menopause is also induced with the aim of further adjusting ovulation, namely detection at a certain, desired period. The whole process may be accompanied by a number of symptoms, namely:

• Feeling of ebb and flow;
• Periodic severe headaches;
• Nausea and vomiting;
• Instability of emotional state, mood swings.

Each organism is individual, symptoms may appear and disappear. They appear sequentially or all at once. Some women do not feel symptoms, others feel all the manifestations of menopause.

Ovarian stimulation during IVF

You need to be prepared for the consequences after stimulation. The consequences for the body during this period are the most severe. This is due to the drugs disrupting the natural functioning of the body. It is impossible to refuse the procedure, but knowledge about the upcoming consequences will help you cope with a difficult period. A woman may complain about:

1. The presence of severe pain in the lower abdomen;
2. The appearance of intestinal bloating;
3. Frequent nausea and vomiting;
4. Tendency to gain weight;
5. Rapid loss of strength, disturbances in emotional state.

Characteristic disturbances appear at the time of taking the drugs, during the period of movement of the embryo into the uterine region.

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

OHSS is a condition of the body caused by the action of hormonal drugs. It is used to mature several eggs for future fertilization. As a result, the ovaries become overactive, enlarged, and painful. Cysts may form. Blood thickening occurs.

During this period, women feel severe swelling, and the kidneys have difficulty removing fluid from the body. Ascites and hydrothorax develop, which disrupts the functioning of the digestive system.

Ovarian hyperstimulation during IVF manifests itself in different forms. Depending on the state of the body, doctors adjust the dose of hubbub, but do not cancel it.

Light form

In a mild form, the patient practically does not feel symptoms. Pulling pain in the lower abdomen is rare. In all respects, they resemble menstruation. The pain may be accompanied by dyspeptic disorder, which manifests itself in the form of vomiting and nausea.

The woman complains of fatigue, drowsiness and mood swings.

In approximately 30% of cases, women manage with a mild form of OHSS. If it is confirmed, the IVF procedure is not interrupted and drug treatment is not required. Doctors recommend bed rest and regular monitoring.

Moderate form

In this case, the symptoms appear more pronounced. Along with abdominal pain and nausea, enlarged ovaries and regular discomfort in the abdominal cavity occur. The woman's general well-being worsens. Body temperature may rise and pain in the lumbar region may occur.

With a moderate form of manifestation, hospitalization is prescribed for examination and control. OHSS syndrome may progress.

Severe form

It is very difficult to endure a severe form. Hospitalization is required. Without proper help, a woman’s health condition deteriorates significantly. Fever and respiratory failure occur due to fluid accumulation in the chest.

It is difficult for the kidneys to remove fluid from the body, resulting in kidney failure.

There is an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which is called ascites. The fluid puts pressure on the internal organs, which interferes with their functioning, normal blood circulation and breathing.

There are frequent cases of hemorrhage in the ovarian area, epididymal volvulus and other pathologies. It is recommended to be constantly monitored by a doctor; treatment is carried out in a hospital setting.

How to avoid the risks and consequences of IVF is explained in the following video:

Ovarian torsion

Strong stimulation by hormones causes the ovaries to enlarge. Pathology provokes their activity. Frequent cases of twisting of the ovary on the ligaments. As a result, blood circulation in them suddenly stops. It is important to diagnose the pathology in time. Otherwise, ovarian necrosis develops. The disorder is corrected surgically. Timely medical measures can protect a woman from unnecessary health problems.

Ovarian cyst rupture

Hormone therapy causes the formation of a large number of cysts on the ovaries. When they are opened, profuse bleeding occurs. Pathologies can be detected by severe weakness, dizziness, and decreased blood pressure. The skin becomes paler, and midges “float” over the eyes. Women complain of rapid heartbeat. If your health suddenly deteriorates, it is important to consult a doctor promptly.

Consequences of transvaginal puncture

Used to obtain eggs for future fertilization. It is considered the final stage in preparation for IVF. During the procedure, there is a high risk of the following violations:

• Injury to blood vessels causes hematomas on the walls of the vagina and pelvis. Damage may occur to ovarian tissue.
• Infection. Any surgical intervention carries the risk of inflammation. It is important that the procedure is carried out by an experienced specialist.
• Bladder injury. In this case, all responsibility lies with the doctor, how experienced he is in performing TVP.
• Risk associated with anesthesia. The procedure is painful and can only be done under general anesthesia.

Most often, women face the problem of an allergic reaction to the drugs used. Otherwise, IVF is performed safely.

Complications after embryo transfer

Embryo transfer is performed without anesthesia. Accompanied by mild discomfort. Lasts no more than 10-15 minutes. The following pathologies rarely occur after embryo transfer:

• Infection;
• Ectopic pregnancy. With it, the embryo is attached not to the uterus, but to another place. Most often to the fallopian tubes.

Types of complications during IVF pregnancy

During the procedure, various pathologies may occur. It is important to see a doctor and pay attention to all symptoms that arise. There is a risk of developing the following pathologies:

• In a rare case of pathology in the development of a child. Mainly diagnosed during the process of egg fertilization;
• Development of ectopic pregnancy;
• Miscarriage;
• Multiple pregnancy. Recently, artificial insemination has been improved and the healthiest embryo is transferred. As a result, multiple pregnancies are extremely rare.

Multiple pregnancy

Often occurs during natural conception. This triples the load on a woman’s body. The consumption of vitamins and microelements increases. Exacerbation of chronic diseases is possible; there is a large load on the spine.

Multiple pregnancies end with delivery via cesarean section.

Children may develop unevenly and grow slowly. Serious violations develop.

To make pregnancy easier, doctors suggest reduction, that is, reducing the number of fetuses. Surgery reduces the risk of complications. When diagnosing 4-5 embryos, the procedure is mandatory to increase the chances of survival for future children.

Consequences of multiple pregnancy

Common consequences of multiple pregnancy include the following:

1. Heavy stress on the body due to bearing several fruits;
2. Women suffer from excessive stress on the spine;
3. High risk of premature birth. Maximum gestation period is 38 weeks;
4. Children develop slowly and have many pathologies. Are born premature;
5. Insufficient placenta.

Ectopic pregnancy

With artificial insemination, ectopic pregnancy is a common occurrence. There is a particularly high risk of developing pathology after removal of the fallopian tubes and the formation of a stump. Often this is the only way to attach the embryo. According to statistics, approximately 10% of IVF results in an ectopic pregnancy.

An ectopic pregnancy is detected only when there is pain in the right or left side, as well as in the lower abdomen. It manifests itself in different ways: in the form of a mild manifestation, intense pain. When conducting an ultrasound examination of the uterine cavity, it is difficult to detect the fertilized egg. It is rare to notice an enlarged tube.

The doctor prescribes human chorionic gonadotropin. In the analysis, this level is lower than in normal pregnancy. Growth does not correspond to gestational norms. This is the only way to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy.

When the tubes rupture, heavy bleeding occurs in the abdominal area with severe pain. Urgent hospitalization and surgical intervention are required.

The reason for this result is:

• Defects or injury to the fallopian tubes that caused IVF;
• Displacement of the tubes due to a sharp enlargement of the ovaries;
• Within three days after the embryos are implanted, the egg can move and exit the uterine cavity. Excessive activity is not recommended;
• Doctors’ mistakes made during examination before embryo insertion;
• The presence of inflammatory processes causing adhesions. Such pathologies must be diagnosed in time and treated in advance. Adhesions can cause an egg to become implanted in the abdominal cavity or fallopian tubes.

Heterotopic pregnancy with IVF

Heterotopic pregnancy is associated with in vitro fertilization. It is characterized by the development of the fetus inside the uterus and outside it simultaneously.

Heterotopic arrangement of fruits is a rare phenomenon. The likelihood of development occurs in the presence of chronic inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs. Also in case of adhesions, complete or partial obstruction of pipes. A previous ectopic pregnancy also increases the risk.

To solve the problem, surgical intervention is required, in which the ectopic development of the fetus is interrupted. It is carried out in order to maintain the normal progression of intrauterine pregnancy.

Fetal malformations

Children conceived artificially are more prone to developing defects than those conceived naturally. Problems with vision, urinary and cardiovascular systems are often observed. Abnormalities of the lip, palate and other abnormalities may occur at birth.

A completely different situation occurs with chromosome abnormalities. Genetic disorders are determined almost immediately during preimplantation diagnostics. If pathology is detected, the embryo is not implanted. An examination is carried out in the presence of genetic diseases and syndromes. In such cases, the likelihood of having a child with chromosomal pathologies is higher. As a result, IVF becomes an additional analysis for the presence of genetic abnormalities.

IVF is a serious and complex medical procedure associated with a high risk for the mother and fetus. It is important that it is carried out by an experienced fertility specialist.

Complications during childbirth with IVF

After IVF, many women choose to have a caesarean section. Doctors prescribe this procedure without fail only if indicators are detected. Reasons for this: gynecological diseases, chronic diseases in the body, multiple pregnancy. Natural childbirth with IVF is similar to natural childbirth. There are no complications.

In rare cases, complications arise in the form of placenta previa, premature detachment, and weak labor. If such violations are suspected, doctors prescribe a caesarean section for the safety of the woman and child. Otherwise, the birth process proceeds as during normal childbearing.

Early menopause

The procedure of artificial insemination leads to a strong hormonal shake-up in the woman’s body. The menstrual cycle, which has been functioning for many years, is completely restructured. As a result of IVF, hormonal therapy, cesarean section and auxiliary effects on the body, women experience early menopause. On average, menopause occurs at 34-36 years of age. The entire IVF procedure is a difficult test for the female body. However, women agree to conduct it in order to get what they want.

Discharge after embryo transfer

For the female body, regular vaginal discharge is normal. In the process of embryo transfer, this phenomenon is inevitable. The main thing is to be able to distinguish the normal state of the body from pathologies that require urgent medical attention.

Normally, embryo transfer is accompanied by discharge, namely:

• Colorless, almost transparent;
• Homogeneous;
• Without smell;
• A small amount, that is, no more than a teaspoon per day;
• Without any unpleasant sensation, such as itching, burning, etc.

It is normal for a woman's vagina to have a small amount of discharge. They are designed to maintain a certain microflora, acid level, and protect the genitals from drying out. The presence of small pinkish, creamy discharge is associated with hormonal changes in the body. Their duration necessarily coincides with the date of taking the medications.

It’s another matter when, on the day of transplantation, traces of blood are observed, which are accompanied by nagging pain in the lower abdomen and nausea. If the pathology lasts more than one day, then medical assistance is required. The alarm should be sounded in the following cases:

• Cloudy discharge, green-yellow mucus. They may appear in the form of copious mucus with an unpleasant odor and itching. This indicates an infection in the body. In this case, there is a high risk of fetal infection, fading or miscarriage. It is important to quickly seek help from a gynecologist;
• Thick, cheesy discharge. Signal the development of candidiasis. Pathology develops due to a decrease in acidity levels. As a result, candida fungus develops. Many potential mothers turn to doctors with this problem during the period of preparation for IVF;
• Bloody, brown discharge. Indicate an ectopic pregnancy, lack of embryo viability. In this case, urgent medical attention is required. Unfortunately, it is possible to diagnose the pathology only after the transplant. Most often, pathology indicates the need to terminate the pregnancy. Therefore, it is important to follow all doctor’s instructions.

Thyroid problems

A sharp increase in hormones leads to disruption of the functioning of the endocrine system. Hypothyroidism is the most common condition. However, there is no need to cause panic. Before IVF, an examination by an endocrinologist is required to prepare the body for such a test. As a result, all pathologies that may arise in the body are carefully calculated and eliminated with medication.

Cardiomyopathy

During IVF, a high level of progesterone is prescribed. This surge of hormones leads to disorders of the vascular system and an increase in the size of the heart muscle. As a result, cardiomyopathy develops. Women complain of heart rhythm disturbances and patency worsens. It is important to identify such pathologies in the early stages for quick correction.

Life expectancy of a woman after IVF

There are many myths about life expectancy after IVF. The main myth is that life expectancy is reduced to 11 years. This statement has no connection with reality. Many women continue to lead an active lifestyle after IVF.

Health is significantly affected by an increase in hormone levels, the presence of concomitant diseases, as well as the administration of anesthesia. However, after the IVF procedure, the body is almost completely restored. The main thing is to tune in to a positive wave.

Early aging

IVF is a relatively new procedure. The relationship with the rapid aging of the female body has not yet been identified. Of course, artificial insemination significantly affects the female body, leading to rapid wear and tear of the reproductive system. However, cases of rapid aging have not been fully studied.

There are different periods of menopause and the appearance of obvious signs of aging. Genetic predisposition plays a big role here. In order for the procedure to be as harmless to the body as possible, you must be regularly examined by a doctor and follow all instructions.

Oncological diseases

After public figures contracted cancer and underwent IVF, many women began to fear the procedure due to fear of developing cancer. Scientists cannot give an exact answer whether there is a relationship. Many of them find common features, others, on the contrary, do not see the connection.

The development of a malignant tumor often depends on a person’s hormonal background. A sharp surge in them can affect the development of cancer. However, it is possible to track such a process only after childbirth.

If cancer is confirmed, treatment is required. The issue of childbearing is temporarily closed. At the end of cancer treatment, a woman can conceive a baby again. IVF has no restrictions in the form of cancer. Healthy women undergo the entire course of artificial conception again.

Scientists conducted a series of studies and found that after several artificial conceptions, primary cancerous tumors did not develop. However, this does not mean that you should not closely monitor your health. Experts recommend donating blood for tumor markers between pregnancies. This measure can detect cancer in the early stages.

Psychological side – depression

The decision to undergo IVF is quite complex. The whole process is very labor-intensive and emotionally draining. Against the backdrop of the current situation, many fears and doubts arise about the result. Most often, women suffer from psychological stress, since the entire load falls on their body.

The secrets of IVF success are revealed by the doctor at the IVF clinic on Petrovka:

A sharp surge in hormones, constant therapy, and medication leaves a significant mark on the emotional state. Moreover, the process is delayed by constant symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, etc.

There are many reasons that cause panic. They are all individual. Common ones include the following:

1. Fear of a negative outcome;
2. Birth of a sick child;
3. Lack of self-confidence, feelings of inferiority;
4. The presence of social difficulties such as condemnation, lack of support, which causes irritation, depression, fear;
5. Great difficulties arise with IVF involving donation. People around you are not always ready to support such a radical procedure.

Consequences of IVF for children

There are many myths regarding the future of children conceived in a test tube. Carrying out in vitro fertilization does not in any way affect the development of the child, moreover, its subsequent reproductive function. Common myths include the following:

1. Chromosome disorder.
2. Deterioration in the functioning of the organs of vision and hearing.
3. Difficulties in the functioning of the cardiovascular system.
4. Neuralgia problems.
5. Intrauterine growth retardation, etc.

Such myths are associated with the fear of carrying out the procedure, lack of strength and means to carry out IVF.

All emerging pathologies are associated with genetic predisposition. As a percentage, approximately 20% out of 100 is due to genetics. In approximately 50% of cases, the cause is an incorrect lifestyle. Sometimes full development is impossible due to a medical error or insufficient support. Such situations account for about 10% of cases.

You should also take into account the area in which the parents live and the child will live. An important role is played by constant gas pollution, the area causing severe viral and infectious diseases.

In all other cases, children conceived artificially are no different from an ordinary baby. Mental, physical, and psychological development is easy for them.

Children after IVF do not feel the effects on the body. The healthier the parents were before conception, the more active and full-fledged the baby will be.

Consequences after IVF after 40-50 years

After 40 years, women not only experience a decrease in their ability to conceive, but also a number of concomitant pathologies. Therefore, IVF after 40-50 years is associated with some consequences that can have a negative impact on the female body, namely:

• Hormonal imbalance. With IVF, it is necessary to obtain several healthy eggs that are capable of conception. For this purpose, strong medications are prescribed. Such drugs also lead to disruption of the endocrine system and other pathologies. All disorders are experienced differently by women.
• Probability of multiple pregnancy. With IVF there is a high probability of having multiple children. However, after 40 years, the likelihood decreases slightly. It is difficult for a woman to bear and give birth to 2-3 children at once. There is a high risk of complications.
• Risk of premature infant. With age, the likelihood of not carrying the baby to term and having premature birth is higher than for younger mothers. Doctors constantly monitor the condition of the woman and the fetus.
• There is a high probability of developing genetic diseases. During this period, intrauterine developmental defects occur. To prevent the possibility of developing pathology, a pre-implantation examination is carried out.
• Placental insufficiency. The condition of the uterus deteriorates by Balzac's age. The development of many gynecological diseases is observed. A common pathology is an improperly attached placenta or placental insufficiency. Such pathologies impair blood circulation and nutrition of the embryo, increasing the risk of insufficient development.
• Many women suffer from chronic somatic pathology, which significantly worsens the course of pregnancy. Known cases of exacerbation and progression of diseases during pregnancy. All pathologies adversely affect the mother's body.

Thanks to a full medical examination, it is possible to reduce the risk of developing any disorders. The qualifications of the doctor who performs IVF play an important role. It is important to regularly monitor your health and follow all specified instructions. This is the only way age will not become an obstacle to childbearing, and with IVF after 40 years the consequences will not have an impact on the female body and fetus.

Should I be afraid of the consequences of IVF?

Many women refuse motherhood, fearing that the negative consequences of IVF will become key in the defective development of the child. The issue of childbearing must be taken seriously.

The main thing is to choose the right specialist who will supervise the patient from the beginning until the birth.

In addition, before the conception procedure, a complete diagnosis of the mother’s body is required. Diseases are eliminated, careful preparation is carried out before taking hormonal drugs.

You can get complete recommendations regarding artificial insemination at the K+31 clinic. Specialists conduct examinations in accordance with the latest medical data. The new equipment is used to examine the mother and fertilize the egg. Measures for proper storage of biological material must be observed until it is transplanted to the mother.

During the IVF process, doctors at the IVF clinic on Petrovka maintain close contact with patients. They pay attention to all complaints and requests and eliminate fears and risks.

As a result, women who give birth receive healthy children and give birth without complications or pathologies.

Statistics of IVF successes the first time in 2018

Every woman dreams of children. Modern medical technologies make it possible to get what you want. Artificial conception is available at the K+31 clinic. IVF is carried out individually for each woman. The statistics for IVF success the first time is 60%. In all other cases, the result is achieved after the second or third attempt in accordance with the characteristics of the body and the cause of infertility.

For a successful result, the biological product is taken into account. Only healthy men without bad habits, health problems, or genetic diseases become donors. Sperm is carefully tested before it is used for conception. This also applies to female eggs.

If donors are not required, both parents undergo testing before conception. IVF is a complex procedure that requires psychological assistance, support and assistance from an experienced psychologist.

The result of the procedure depends 50% on the parents, the remaining 50% on the qualifications of the doctors. At IVF in Petrovka, doctors work with the latest European equipment, which allows insemination and storage of eggs with maximum precision. Thanks to the extensive experience of doctors, it is possible to minimize all risks, identify pathologies and eliminate them. The woman is under regular supervision and supervision, as a result she manages to quickly become pregnant and safely carry the fetus to term.

How difficult is thyroid adenoma and treatment of this tumor? To understand this issue you need to study the disease itself.

What is a thyroid adenoma?

The thyroid gland performs many functions in the body: regulates brain and nervous activity, is responsible for the rate of hematopoiesis and heart contractions, etc. In turn, the activity of the thyroid gland is regulated by the work of the pituitary gland. If, in the opinion of the pituitary gland, the gland is producing too many hormones, it gives the appropriate command.

An adenoma is an overgrown gland tissue that produces too many hormones. It reacts incorrectly to the “orders” of the pituitary gland. As a result, the activity of the whole organism is disrupted. Thyroid tumors are benign tumors that are fairly easy to treat. But if the disease is neglected, the formation can become malignant, and this is already dangerous.

There are several types of thyroid adenoma, depending on which tissue of the organ is growing. The thyroid gland consists of three types of cells, which are called A-B- and C-type cells. A cells surround follicles (cavities) filled with hormones. B cells produce substances that affect the functioning of the body (these are Hürthle cells). C-type cells regulate calcium levels in the body.

In accordance with the type of excessively overgrown cells, the type of adenoma is determined:

• Follicular adenoma. The most common type of tumor. This is a soft and mobile node made up of enlarged follicles - overgrown A-type cells.
• Papillary adenoma is a cyst surrounded by cells, inside of which there is a nipple-shaped formation and fluid.
• Hürthle cell adenoma. This tumor consists of a nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm.
• Toxic thyroid adenoma, called Plummer's disease. Occurs if there is a hormonal imbalance.

Causes of tumor

The thyroid gland is controlled by the pituitary gland. The hormones it produces regulate the production of thyroid hormones. But sometimes various failures occur:

• The thyroid gland does not respond adequately to pituitary hormones.
• Incorrect functioning of the autonomic system.
• General imbalance of hormones in the body.
• Exposure to environmental toxins or radiation.
• Heredity.

Toxic adenoma is a special type of adenoma into which a follicular tumor can develop. Sometimes toxic adenoma occurs with a narrow goiter.

Most often, adenoma occurs in women over 40 years of age; in men, this disease occurs 3-4 times less often. This may be due to natural hormonal imbalances during menopause.

The appearance of adenoma is stimulated by working in hazardous industries and living in unfavorable environmental conditions. Bad habits also contribute to the disease.

Symptoms of thyroid adenoma

All types of thyroid adenoma, except toxic ones, are mild at the initial stage. Its symptoms can be mistaken for signs of some other disease or even for manifestations of a bad character. So, the symptoms of adenoma at the initial stage:

• irritability, anxiety;
• weight loss without human effort and in the absence of other diseases;
• deterioration of health in hot weather;
• sweating;
• cardiopalmus;
• fast fatiguability.

Since all these symptoms, as a rule, do not attract the attention of the patient and his environment, the tumor at the initial stage is often discovered by chance, when visiting a doctor for another reason or during a medical examination. Therefore, it often comes down to symptoms of late stage adenoma:

• modification of the shape of the neck;
• discomfort in the neck and sometimes shoulders;
• cough;
• difficulty breathing and swallowing;
• voice change.

Toxic thyroid adenoma, in addition to the signs characteristic of adenoma at the initial stage, has additional:

• trembling of hands and body;
• dry eyes;
• bulging eyes;
• frequent bowel movements;
• muscle weakness;
• possible infertility.

Diagnosis and treatment of tumor

Fatigue or rapid heartbeat can be symptoms of a variety of diseases; you should not ignore them. If your therapist refers you to an endocrinologist, you need to go to him. The endocrinologist will conduct an examination and may immediately tell you what type of tumor you have. Sometimes simple palpation can determine the size and shape of the tumor.

However, most often the doctor considers it necessary to conduct additional research:

1. Cytological examination of puncture material. A tissue sample will be examined under a microscope to determine whether the tumor has become cancerous.
2. Blood tests to determine the amount of hormones produced by the thyroid gland. To obtain an accurate result, the patient will need to temporarily stop taking hormonal and iodine-containing medications.
3. If ultrasound does not give accurate results, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography is prescribed.

Treatment of thyroid adenoma is impossible with folk remedies. Typically, adenoma is treated with the following methods:

1. Surgical removal of the tumor. Only some types of adenomas, caused by hormonal imbalances, can be cured with medications in the initial stages. However, surgical removal of the adenoma most often allows saving the organ entirely or at least partially. Thyroid surgery usually removes only the tumor itself, although sometimes part of the gland itself must be removed.
2. There is a method of treatment using injections of ethyl alcohol into the body of the tumor itself. Such a targeted effect destroys the tumor, leaving the thyroid tissue intact.
3. Another method of acupressure is radioactive iodine. The thyroid gland actively absorbs this element. This way the tumor is exposed to radiation and is also destroyed.

Surgical intervention for a benign tumor, even at a late stage, provides a cure in 100% of cases. However, operations on malignant tumors are successful only in 80% of cases. And even these 80% of successful operations allow us to talk only about extending life by 2-3 years.

For benign tumors, in addition to surgery, additional hormone therapy is prescribed to balance the amount of hormones in the body.

After tumor removal, you should not calm down. Although relapses are rare, they do occur. Therefore, it is recommended that after surgery you regularly, at least once a year, visit an endocrinologist and take hormone tests. It is recommended to avoid the sun and not visit solariums: ultraviolet radiation has a bad effect on the thyroid gland.

Follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland. Clinic AGADA Pyatigorsk.

Thyroid nodules: diagnosis, puncture (biopsy), types, consequences

To prevent thyroid diseases, it is recommended to lead a healthy lifestyle and live in an environmentally friendly place. It is advisable to avoid hazardous industries. It is useful to take iodine supplements and eat seafood. It is especially important to follow all these recommendations for those who already have thyroid tumors in their family.

Hormones of a functioning thyroid gland influence the regulation of homeostasis and maintenance of human body temperature. Failures in hormonal balance lead to pathologies in women. Basic test kits provide specified information for assessing the morphological structure of the gland and its functional activity.

Important! To determine the norm, there is a special table with recommended indicators of TSH, T3, T4 and Ab-TPO, TG.

• Types and characteristics
• Thyrotropin and threats of deviations
• Triiodothyronine content: free and total
• Functions of thyroxine and its diagnosis
• Antibodies to TPO
• When is testing necessary?
• What can be understood from the analysis transcript?
• Who deciphers the results?
• Reminder!

Types and characteristics

The main hormones of a healthy thyroid gland are involved in tissue oxygen consumption, energy production and neutralization of free radicals. Analysis of individual components allows us to determine the deviation in women of interrelated components:

Thyrotropin and threats of deviations

TSH is a thyroid-stimulating hormone of the female thyroid gland, synthesized by the pituitary gland to stabilize the amount of T4 and T3 in the vessels. They actively accelerate the growth of gland cells.

A decrease in the norm of T4 and T3 is possible with injuries to the pituitary gland. Excess TSH is inevitable in hypothyroidism, poor adrenal function, tumor formation and mental disorders.

TSH, normal
Age, years
Pregnancy

Triiodothyronine content: free and total

Normal thyroid hormones are created by 3 iodine atoms. When they enter the blood, they combine with proteins that transport the element through the vessels to the tissues of women. A small amount of non-protein-bound components forms “free” T3, which contributes to the biological activity of the substances.

Total T3 = protein bound T3 + free T3

Important! TSH testing is performed when checking for hyperthyroidism, using L-thyroxine, and treating goiter in women.

Hormones from an enlarged thyroid gland cause disruptions during pregnancy or pathologies:

As a consequence: choriocarcinoma, nephrotic syndrome, liver disease.

Lack of T3 in women indicates low metabolism, hypothyroidism, renal failure, weight loss and physical activity. Elevated hormones of a diseased thyroid gland are typical for patients with toxic goiter, gland dysfunction (after childbirth, genetically, etc.).

Functions of thyroxine and its diagnosis

Gland cells capture amino acids and iodine, forming thyroglobulin, which is necessary for storage in the tissues of the body of women. If it is necessary to produce T4, thyroglobulin is cut into small fragments and enters the blood - in the form of the finished hormone T4.

Excessive hormones of the inflamed thyroid gland are observed with theriotoxicosis (high levels of T4 and TSH), diffuse goiter and acute inflammation of the gland. Low content – ​​in case of hypothyroidism, metabolic disorders.

T4 general, normal
Age, years
20 - 39 male
20 - 39 female
40 or more, male
40 or more, female
Pregnancy: First 13 weeks
13-24 weeks
25 – 38…40 weeks
T4 - free hormones of the active thyroid gland, normal
Adults:
male
female
Pregnancy: First 13 weeks
13-24 weeks
25 – 38…40 weeks

Antibodies to TPO

The blood test serves as an auxiliary test in the diagnosis of goiter, liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis and cancer treatment.

Attention! Increased hormones of the affected thyroid gland (thyroglobulins) are characteristic of autoimmune thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism and malignant tumors of the gland.

The analysis takes into account the following indicators:

• Autoantibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG), a protein involved in the production of T4 and T3.
• Autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase (AT-TP), a specific enzyme found only in glandular tissue.

When is testing necessary?

What can be understood from the analysis transcript?

Gland disorders detected through tests allow us to determine the presence (or absence) of a problem. A number of works are carried out in the laboratory:

Diagnostics additionally helps to find out:

• Level of functionality (active or delayed hormone release).
• Predisposition to disease.
• Presence of iodine deficiency.

Who deciphers the results?

The appointment and interpretation of the results is carried out by an endocrinologist. The doctor is authorized to prescribe treatment or prevention. During testing, the following is taken into account:

• Normal hormones.
• Age and gender of the person.
• Properties of the organism
• Consumption of drugs (glucocorticoids, antipsychotics).

Reminder!

1. Before donating blood (from a vein), it is not recommended to eat food in the evening.
2. It is recommended to conduct testing from 8.00 to 11.00
3. Prevention or prolongation of therapy is allowed (Eutirox, L-thyroxine, Iodomarin).
4. It is important to exclude any kind of load.

Constant monitoring and testing of the thyroid gland allows you to eradicate the cause of the disease in a timely manner. Its development into a chronic condition lasts 15 years.

Symptoms and treatment of thyroid nodules

The nature of the formation of thyroid nodules

The thyroid gland is an important organ of the endocrine system that regulates metabolism. The structural units of its tissue - thyrocytes - consist of follicles with walls formed by epithelial cells. Inside they are filled with colloid - a liquid containing the protein thyroglobulin, from which the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine are synthesized.

The blood supply to the organ is carried out by a developed circulatory system, which replenishes the lack of iodine if necessary. The gland is covered on top with connective tissue, dividing it into right and left lobes by its processes. In the case of proliferation of connective tissue cells, blood vessels or thyrocytes, neoplasms appear.

The node inside may consist of thyrocytes (gland cells) or be filled with colloidal fluid. It is separated from the surrounding tissue by a capsule. In most cases, nodules that form in the thyroid gland are benign and do not cause discomfort.

They are dangerous for humans if the overgrown tissue begins to secrete an increased amount of hormones and they are accompanied by the appearance of symptoms of thyrotoxicosis: weight loss, increased sweating, fatigue, nervousness, protrusion of the eyeball. Large nodules put pressure on the organs of the neck, making swallowing difficult.

Symptoms

Organ dysfunction can be expressed by increased, weakened or normal hormonal function, which affects the symptoms of the disease.

These data help to establish the nature of thyroid tumors.

Decreased hormone levels

If, despite an increase in the number of thyrocyte cells, the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, the body reacts with symptoms of hypothyroidism:

1. 1. Reduced metabolic rate. When the body lacks hormones, metabolism slows down, body temperature decreases, and sudden weight gain occurs.
2. 2. Unstable functioning of the excretory system. Water retention in the body's cells to maintain water-salt balance causes swelling to slowly subside in the morning.
3. 3. Sexual problems. The reproductive system does not work fully: libido levels are reduced. Women cannot get pregnant, the menstrual cycle is unstable. Men suffer from impotence, and sperm motility is reduced.
4. 4. The digestive tract functions unstable. There is an alternation of diarrhea and constipation or one type of digestive disorder predominates.
5. 5. Pathology of the nervous system. Drowsiness, depressed mood, depression, decreased mental activity and intelligence are observed, memory and attention deteriorate.
6. 6. Weakening of connective and integumentary tissues. The skin becomes dry, the nail plates and bones become brittle, and baldness occurs.
7. 7. Problems of the cardiovascular system. The heart rate becomes rare (bradycardia), blood pressure decreases.

Increased hormones

Increased synthesis of hormones (hyperthyroidism) puts the body into a state of thyrotoxicosis, manifested by the following symptoms:

1. 1. Accelerated metabolism. Weight loss with good appetite. Periodic increase in temperature for no apparent reason.
2. 2. Excitability of the nervous system. There is an increase in psychomotor activity, and the heart rate increases. Irritability and insomnia appear.
3. 3. Exophthalmos - protruding eyeballs.
4. 4. Trembling of hands, fingers and head.
5. 5. Disruptions in cardiovascular activity. Blood pressure and heart rate increase even when you refuse physical activity.
6. 6. Digestive tract disorders. Abdominal pain for no apparent reason, diarrhea and constipation.
7. 7. Increased secretion of sweat and sebaceous glands.

Normal hormone levels

Situations are possible when the production of thyroid hormones is normal, but there are formations. In this case, symptoms are observed:

• bursting or pressing sensations in the cervical region;
• pain is absent or insignificant;
• cough for no reason;
• shortness of breath, attacks of suffocation;
• sore throat;
• change in voice, loss of voice;
• difficulty swallowing;
• cosmetic defect.

Diagnosis of thyroid nodules

When conducting an examination by an endocrinologist who has performed palpation of the cervical region, the following cases require further research:

• solid seal;
• enlarged cervical lymph nodes;
• fusion of the node with muscles, trachea;
• impaired swallowing, voice, breathing;
• the size of the node is more than 1 cm.

Scintigraphy

The nature of the tumor can be determined using scintigraphy - the use of isotopes of an iodine-containing drug. The gamma camera determines the location after the substance is absorbed by the gland.

An increased concentration localized in one area indicates that the node absorbs iodine and produces hormones. It is considered hot. This type includes nodular toxic goiter and adenoma.

A reduced concentration of the isotope at the site of localization indicates a cold state that does not produce hormones. This is a cyst, colloid nodular goiter, malignant tumor, thyroiditis.

Ultrasound examination

An ultrasound examination of the organ is prescribed to all patients who are found to have a change in the size of the thyroid gland or a tumor in it. The procedure allows you to clarify the condition of the gland, the number of nodes, and their volume.

Using ultrasound, the following types are determined:

• adenoma - a fibrin capsule with a dense structure;
• cyst - a small, fluid-filled, leathery sac;
• colloid node - a follicle consisting of thyrocytes;
• A tumor is a single fast-growing formation.

If a malignant tumor is suspected, additional research is necessary.

Fine needle biopsy with biopsy microscopy

Biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue using a syringe for microscopic examination. A sample is taken from the tumor using an ultrasound machine.

A biopsy is used to examine all nodes larger than 1 cm or smaller in the following situations:

• signs of cancer on ultrasound;
• thyroid cancer in the family;
• undergoing radiation therapy.

Microscopic examination may reveal blood, pus, colloid, follicular epithelium, and atypical cells. As a result, the doctor makes a cytological conclusion:

• non-informative material – the diagnosis has not been established;
• inflammatory focus – signs of an inflammatory process;
• benign node – the cells are not changed;
• follicular neoplasia – follicular cancer is likely;
• thyroid oncology – cells with malignant changes were detected.

The conclusion of the biopsy determines the direction of treatment.

Treatment methods for nodes

Nodules that are colloidal in nature are harmless. They do not grow and do not degenerate into malignant tumors. Monitoring the condition and regular examination by a doctor are necessary. The following situations require treatment:

1. 1. If the presence of a node is accompanied by symptoms of hypothyroidism or thyrotoxicosis, a detailed study of the condition of the formation, its size and analyzes of thyroid hormone levels are needed. Based on the results of the examination, it is determined which method is more effective in treating the disease.
2. 2. The knot has reached a size that significantly spoils the appearance.

Treatment methods are divided into 3 groups:

• conservative;
• minimally invasive destruction;
• surgical intervention.

Conservative therapy

The conservative treatment method consists of choosing one of 2 groups of drugs:

1. 1. Synthetic thyroid hormones. Normalization of hormonal levels is achieved by long-term use of thyroid drugs. The course of treatment is about a year. Its effectiveness is low, and side effects can cause conditions similar to manifestations of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
2. 2. Iodine-containing preparations. You can use products containing active iodine only if you have established hypofunction caused by a lack of the element in the body.

Minimally invasive destruction

In the early stages, you can get rid of the compaction using destruction.

Sclerotherapy. The procedure involves the injection of ethyl alcohol into the affected thyroid tissue under the control of an ultrasound machine. The action of ethanol leads to the resorption of the node for some time.

Laser destruction. The destruction of the tumor occurs using a powerful LED device.

Radiofrequency ablation. The radiation apparatus affects a seal no larger than 4 cm in size, leading to the destruction of its tissue. This method is used after a tumor biopsy.

Surgical treatment

Surgical treatment is used in extreme cases, if there are absolute indications:

• malignant neoplasms;
• tumors of unknown origin;
• nodes grow quickly;
• a large number of seals;
• thyroid cysts;
• the size of the nodes is more than 3 cm;
• atypical (for example, retrosternal) location of structures.

Surgery is performed in one of 2 ways:

• excision of tissue nodules and their complete removal;
• complete or partial elimination of the thyroid gland.

The operation is performed under general anesthesia. The cysts are removed along with the membranes. Large nodes are excised simultaneously with the thyroid lobe to preserve the natural production of hormones. The organ is removed completely only in case of a malignant neoplasm. Such an operation provokes complex consequences for the body. In some cases, lymph nodes and surrounding tissue are removed to avoid metastases.

Nutrition for thyroid nodules

The diet for thyroid nodules should enrich the body with iodine, zinc, copper and cobalt.

• sea ​​fish - halibut, cod, tuna, herring;
• fruits and berries - strawberries, raspberries, chokeberries, blueberries, gooseberries;
• seaweed – fucus, kelp, cytozera;
• vegetables - zucchini, pumpkin, eggplant, green peas, beets, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower, leeks, parsnips, black radish;
• seafood - shrimp, mussels, crabs, squid;
• dried fruits (except smoked);
• porridge, muesli (with water);
• bread (up to 100 g per day);
• sprouted grains - wheat, oats, barley;
• eggs (twice a week);
• oil - sunflower, olive, corn, sesame, butter (up to 20 g per day);
• herbal teas containing wormwood, yarrow, ginseng, radiola rosea, hops, eleutherococcus;
• honey (up to 2 tbsp per day).

If toxic nodular goiter or thyroid adenoma is present, it is necessary to remove foods high in iodine from the diet - seafood, fish, algae.

You should also limit:

• meat, sausages, smoked products;
• combined fats and margarine;
• fried foods;
• all types of canned food;
• dairy products (except kefir);
• seasonings, mustard, ketchup, mayonnaise, adjika;
• salted and pickled vegetables;
• confectionery, sugar;
• salt.

These products affect the endocrine glands, causing the appearance of malignant cells in neoplasms.

Folk remedies

Folk remedies based on collections of medicinal plants act on the cells of the thyroid gland and help eliminate the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis due to their sedative, calming effect.

Cardiotropic types normalize heart rhythm and reduce pain in the heart area:

• blood red hawthorn;
• motherwort;
• breaker;
• field mint.

Reduce thyroid function and blood pressure, protect the heart:

• common horehound;
• biting midge;
• Baikal skullcap;
• European zyuznik.

Therapy using “Monastic tea” is recommended by Elena Malysheva as a means of improving the regeneration of body cells, normalizing hormonal levels, and increasing performance. The drink promotes health.

Cases where a thyroid nodule has completely resolved are extremely rare. Colloidal formations that have not reached 1 cm have such a prognosis. They are rarely detected due to their minimal effect on the body, so there are no studies on their appearance and disappearance.

Other types require observation and the use of a therapy method characteristic of this stage of the disease. In some cases, tumor growth does not occur over time, but if the size of the node or their number increases, it is necessary to respond as soon as possible in order to manage conservative treatment without surgery.

Symptoms and consequences of the formation of nodules in the thyroid gland in women

The dimensions of the thyroid gland range from 20×15×10 mm, in many people it is even smaller, but with a weight of 50 g, this gland regulates metabolism, reproductive function, growth and development of the entire organism and individual organs in the human body, many others are very important processes.

The main task of this gland is to produce hormones: triiodothyronine, thyroxine and calcitonin. The parenchyma (the working part of the gland) consists of large vesicles - follicles. Inside them there is a liquid (colloid). This fluid is surrounded by a ring of cells that produce hormones, and the fluid serves as a reservoir. In order for thyroid hormones to reach the right parts of the body on time, the thyroid gland is equipped with a large number of blood vessels.

Externally, the thyroid gland resembles a butterfly and has right and left lobes and a connecting isthmus. It is attached to the trachea and esophagus. On top, the parenchyma is covered with denser connective tissue.

Types of nodes and causes of their occurrence

Nodule in the thyroid gland - what does it mean? When the thyroid gland malfunctions, nodes appear in it - foci of compaction that have a capsule. If there is a cavity filled with fluid inside the node, this formation is called a cyst.

Mechanism of node development:

• If for some reason the follicle begins to fill with more colloid than necessary, then such a follicle enlarges and forms a node. About 95% of all nodes have this structure. They very rarely develop into tumors.
• If the functioning of the vessels is disrupted, they thrombose or die - they also form nodes, and later cysts - cavities filled with pus or colloid, with a dense capsule.
• If follicle cells begin to divide uncontrollably, they also form a node - the initial focus of tumor development. There are two options here:

1. With a benign tumor, the node will have a dense capsule, grow slowly and will not metastasize.
2. With a malignant neoplasm, there will be no capsule or it will be loose, growth will be rapid, and metastases will occur.

   Dimensions

   Depending on the size, thyroid nodules can be:

   • small, up to 6 mm. They are discovered accidentally during medical examinations or examination of the thyroid gland on ultrasound;
   • medium, up to 10 mm - they can be detected by palpation, but not always;
   • large, up to 40 mm - they are clearly distinguishable when palpated and visually noticeable.

   Causes

   There is an opinion among scientists that nodules in the thyroid gland are a natural process of aging of the body. According to some data, at the age of 18–20 years, thyroid nodules are detected in 3–4% of cases. In women aged 60 years - 70%; in men, nodular formations are observed approximately 3 times less often. However, they do not cause any inconvenience and have no symptoms.

   Important. 15–20% of all nodes degenerate into benign tumors, and only 5–7% into thyroid cancer.

   Among the causes of nodes are also called:

   • living in areas poor in iodine;
   • living in a radioactive zone;
   • severe intoxication of the body;
   • infectious diseases;
   • autoimmune diseases;
   • neck and spine injuries;
   • diseases of the spine (in particular osteochondrosis);
   • hereditary predisposition.
   • smoking, drinking alcohol and drugs.

   The thyroid gland regulates the functioning of the entire body, and disruption of the functioning of any organ or system can lead to malfunctions of the thyroid gland (formation of nodes).

   Symptoms

   Small nodules in the thyroid gland do not affect its functioning in any way and do not have any symptoms.

   Large lesions in the thyroid gland must be differentiated and identified. When making a diagnosis, it is also important to pay attention to functional manifestations. There are two possible symptoms:

   1. With a large node that does not produce hormones, the functioning of the thyroid gland is disrupted; it will synthesize T3 and T4 in smaller quantities. The result of this is hypothyroidism, it manifests itself:
   • weight gain;
   • swelling in the morning and evening;
   • general weakness, memory loss;
   • decreased libido;
   • gastrointestinal disorders (diarrhea, constipation);
   • hair loss, splitting of nails;
   • bradycardia, low blood pressure.
   1. With increased production of hormones (hyperthyroidism), i.e. with nodes that produce hormones, the following symptoms occur:
   • sudden weight loss and fever;
   • irritability, insomnia;
   • protrusion of the eyes;
   • trembling of fingers and hands;
   • attacks of tachycardia and high blood pressure;
   • gastrointestinal disorders, abdominal pain;
   • greasiness of skin and hair.
   1. Common signs (manifested in any type of hormonal disorder) will be those associated with an enlarged node:
   • sore throat and hoarseness of voice;
   • cough, shortness of breath (especially at night);
   • difficulty swallowing food.

   The occurrence of the symptoms described above will be associated with an already formed tumor or nodular goiter. A large nodule in the thyroid gland will require specific treatment and additional examination.

   Colloid goiter

   This is the most common disease arising from thyroid nodules; it does not pose a threat to the patient’s life. There are three types of disease:

   • Diffuse is a type of goiter in which the follicles are enlarged evenly throughout the thyroid gland (the amount of colloidal substance in them is increased).
   • Nodular colloid type - with this form, only one follicle or several enlarge. If there are several, they talk about multinodular colloid goiter.

   Note. Thyroid nodules in women can be a cause or consequence of uterine fibroids. If the nodes are inflamed, they became the cause. If not, it is a consequence of uterine pathology.

   • Cystic nodular - with this form of goiter, colloidal masses accumulate in the cavity of the cyst and are surrounded by a dense membrane.

   Such a thyroid nodule with normal hormones, if it does not compress the trachea, does not require treatment. He is being monitored.

   If the goiter grows too quickly, you may need hormone therapy or radioactive iodine treatment.

   Important! If a nodule is detected in the thyroid gland, the necessary studies should be carried out to determine its nature. Establishing a diagnosis is important for the timely detection of thyroid cancer, which poses a threat to the patient’s health and life.

   Benign tumors

   Nodules on the thyroid gland can form as a result of abnormal cell proliferation. Benign thyroid tumors grow slowly, but their main danger is that they can develop into malignant ones.

   There are several types of benign thyroid tumors, which are called adenomas. The most common are:

   • Papillary - the most common, responds well to treatment, very rarely relapses and degenerates into cancer.
   • Follicular - also has a high recovery rate, but more often degenerates.
   • Hürthle cell adenoma.
   • Clear cell adenoma. Very difficult to detect during histological examination.
   • Plummer's disease - a tumor that produces hormones and consists of cells almost devoid of colloid.
   • Some others.

   Malignant tumors

   The most dangerous are malignant foci of the thyroid gland; what it is can only be recognized under a microscope during examination of the contents of the node.

   These nodes are the initial stage of a malignant tumor (carcinoma); in the first stages they do not manifest themselves in any way and do not cause symptoms.

   Important. Some types of cancer, already in the initial stages, can metastasize to the organs of the neck and lymph nodes or distant organs through the blood. These tumors do not have a capsule and grow very quickly.

   The most common types of carcinomas are:

   • papillary;
   • follicular;
   • medullary;
   • anaplastic, etc.

   These nodes in the thyroid gland are very dangerous; the symptoms and consequences of their occurrence in some cases lead to death. When metastases are detected, treatment becomes even more complicated, and survival prognoses are significantly reduced.

   Risk	Ultrasonic characteristics	Malignancy risk assessment, %	Recommendations for performing FNA depending on the section size (largest size)
   High risk	A solid hypoechoic nodule or a solid hypoechoic component in a partially cystic nodule with one or more of the following: irregular margins (particularly defined as infiltrative, microlobulated), microcalcifications. height greater than width, calcified edges with a small displacing hypoechoic soft tissue component, signs of extrathyroidal spread	> 70-901	FNA is recommended for nodules >1 cm
   Intermediate risk	hypoechoic solid nodule with smooth, even edges without microcalcifications. extrathyroidal extension or height greater than width	10-20	FNA is recommended for nodules >1 cm
   Low risk	an isoechoic or hyperechoic solid nodule or a partially cystic nodule with eccentric, homogeneous solid areas without microcalcifications. irregular edges, extrathyroidal extension, or height greater than width	5-10	FNA is recommended for nodule size >1.5 cm
   Very low risk	Spongy or partially cystic nodules without any ultrasound features described for low, intermediate, or high risk of malignancy		Consider FNA if nodules are >2 cm in size, or observation without FNA is possible
   Benign formation	pure cystic nodules (no solid component)		TAB is not performed2
   1 Assessment is made from large volume areas, the overall risk of malignancy may be lower given interobserver variability in V3 diagnosis.
   2 TAB of the cyst can be performed for symptomatic or cosmetic drainage.

   Principles for determining the benignity of nodes depending on their ultrasonic characteristics.

   Diagnostic methods

   Small nodular formations up to 6 mm in diameter cannot be diagnosed by palpation. With some structural features of the neck (short and thick, heavy weight of the patient), it is also impossible to detect nodules up to 10 mm. It is possible to detect for sure only nodes that have dimensions of 30 mm or more.

   Ultrasound

   Most often, small areas of compaction are detected during ultrasound examination of the neck. But it will be difficult to say what this node is.

   Ultrasound will be able to indicate the presence of a lesion in the thyroid gland, which is diagnosed as an isoechoic formation. The node has the usual echogenicity, like gland tissue, but it is surrounded by a rim. This indicates the presence of increased blood flow around it.

   This happens at the initial stage of capsule formation, then the follicles around the nodule die and a dense capsule is formed.

   Important. An isoechoic thyroid nodule is clearly visible on an ultrasound, but what it is: a tumor, just a nodule or a cyst cannot be determined using ultrasound.

   TAB

   To differentiate the tumor, a fine-needle aspiration biopsy is performed if the node is small, or simply a biopsy if it is large. This allows you to examine a piece of the contents of the node under a microscope and determine whether the tumor is benign or carcinoma.

   In some cases, this can only be said for sure during surgery on the thyroid gland.

   Hormone tests

   One of the most important methods for studying thyroid pathology is blood tests for the level of thyroid hormones. They will allow you to determine whether the node affects the production of hormones.

   Other studies

   Instrumental types of research include radiography and scintigraphy, CT, MRI, bronchoscopy and others. They are usually prescribed after an accurate diagnosis has been established, to detail damage to internal organs.

   Principles of treatment

   Small nodules that do not affect the functioning of the thyroid gland do not require treatment. Only observation is carried out here.

   If large nodules or thyroid dysfunction are detected, treatment will be required.

   Therapy

   Treatment of thyroid nodules without surgery is only possible if they are small and benign. So, today the following methods are used to treat nodular goiter:

   • Ethanol sclerotherapy. 95% ethyl alcohol is injected into the node and the goiter cells are destroyed. Since it has a dense capsule, the surrounding tissues are not injured.
   • Laser-induced thermotherapy. Here, using a laser, the node is heated and destroyed by exposure to high temperatures; the capsule also serves as protection for the surrounding tissues.
   • Radiofrequency thermal destruction. The mechanism of influence on the node is the same as in the previous method, but the node is heated by exposure to radio waves.

   If a patient develops hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, hormonal levels are corrected using synthetic drugs. In some cases, for example, after removal of the thyroid gland, hormone replacement therapy is used for life.

   Surgery

   Important. The extent of the operation depends largely on the type and size of the thyroid nodules and their symptoms. The need for surgical intervention is also determined by the presence or possibility of metastases.

   When tumors are identified, endocrinologists see only one treatment option - tumor removal. If the neoplasm has a dense capsule, then it is peeled together with the capsule. In some cases, a lobe of the gland, the entire organ, or the cervical lymph nodes are removed. It depends on what stage of development the tumor is at and what type it is.

   For carcinomas, additional treatment is required:

   • Treatment with radioactive iodine. It is used for follicular and papillary carcinomas.
   • Chemotherapy. Used in the presence of metastases.
   • Radioactive irradiation of the neck is used when metastases are detected or suspected.

   Do not forget that 95% of small nodules in the thyroid gland have no clinical symptoms, are hormonally inactive and do not affect the functioning of the gland, and therefore do not require treatment.

There are several thyroid diseases that may not have any special symptoms, but at the same time prevent a woman from becoming pregnant. As a rule, these are several factors at once, and it is not always possible to determine which of them is primary and which is secondary. Therefore, treating the thyroid gland without taking into account problems with other organs does not greatly increase the chances of successful conception.

In order to figure out how much the thyroid gland is “to blame” for the problem, the doctor prescribes a series of tests:

• Ultrasound. Thanks to this procedure, nodular formations of the gland can be detected.
• Research using radioisotopes – scintigraphy.
• Hormone analysis. It is carried out to identify dysfunction of the gland that affects infertility.

Hypothyroidism

It has long been established that if the level of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is increased and the level of thyroxine is decreased, there is a clear manifestation of hypothyroidism.

These two hormones build a reciprocal relationship; So, if there is an excess of thyroxine in the thyroid gland, produced by the pituitary gland, then the TSH level is below normal. And if the production of thyroxine, on the contrary, decreases, then the TSH level begins to significantly exceed the upper limit.

Sometimes hypothyroidism manifests itself without obvious symptoms: when the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone is elevated, but some of the thyroxine is normal, and provided that the woman is not pregnant. During pregnancy, thyroid-stimulating hormone should be within the TSD (trimester-specific range) - less than normal.

If the TSH level goes beyond the upper norm with normal thyroxine levels, then this condition is called subclinical hypothyroidism.

In order for the hormonal level to be normal, a pregnant woman should start taking thyroxine even before conception; thus, before conception, the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone should not be more than 2.4-2.5 mU/l.

Experts note that TSH, as a hormone, is characterized by its “slowness”, and it is quite difficult to normalize it in the short term. When prescribing special medications, TSH levels should be checked no earlier than 5-6 weeks after starting their use.

In fact, hypothyroidism is not a contraindication for IVF, but it requires careful monitoring, because it can interfere with the fertilization process, and even provoke a miscarriage.

Thyroiditis

Sometimes this disease is called autoimmune thyroiditis, or Hashimoto’s disease, which was first described at the beginning of the twentieth century by the Japanese scientist and doctor Hakaru Hashimoto.

Thyroiditis is a condition when the body's own cells damage the thyroid gland. It is this disease that can cause hypothyroidism.

When planning a pregnancy, a woman may be a carrier of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase or thyroglobulin, while the woman’s TSH is within normal limits, but may be higher. In this case, it is impossible to make a clear diagnosis.

Thus, the presence of antibodies to TPO and TG is the cause of the risk of developing hypothyroidism during pregnancy. This also applies to preparation for in vitro fertilization - during the program, the TSH level should not fall below 2.5 mU/l.

Thyrotoxicosis

When there are too many thyroid hormones and TSH is low, this indicates thyrotoxicosis.

The cause of the failure is determined by analyzing fractions T3, T4; scintigraphy, and analysis for antibodies to thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors. Carrying out these procedures is necessary to determine whether a woman has Graves' disease.

Antibodies can freely pass through the placenta and stimulate the thyroid gland of the unborn child, which, in turn, can lead to disruption of its function and cause delayed development of the fetus, its swelling, etc.

Thyrotoxicosis is, of course, a contraindication to an in vitro fertilization program: the risk of complications is very high - from miscarriage to preeclampsia and premature birth.

In view of this, this disease requires correction: a dose of thyroxine replacement or radiotherapy. As a last resort, surgery is performed. A year later, after the above measures, it is possible to conduct an IVF program. In this case, the TSH level should be no more than 2.5 mU/l.

Another type of therapy is the use of thyreostatics, drugs based on propylthiouracil or based on thiamazole. The treatment period can last up to two years, after which the drugs are stopped and the functioning of the thyroid gland should return to normal, but when planning IVF, it is better not to resort to this method of treatment.