At the end of the 18th century, the Great Revolution took place in France. The years that followed were by no means calm. and his campaigns of conquest, which ultimately ended in defeat after the “Hundred Days,” led to the victorious powers imposing the Bourbon restoration on the country. But even during the reign of Louis XVIII, passions did not subside. The aristocrats who regained influence were thirsty for revenge, they carried out repressions against the Republicans, and this only fueled the protest. The king was too ill to fully deal with even the most pressing problems, and he was unable to move his country forward either economically or politically. But when he died of illness in 1824, he became the last French king not to be overthrown by revolution or coup. Why did the July Revolution (1830), which historians call “Three Glorious Days”, take place after his death?
Prerequisites for the July Revolution of 1830: the role of the bourgeoisie
Which reasons for the July By the 1830s, capitalism in Western Europe had strengthened its position. In England, the industrial revolution was completing, and in France, factory production was also developing rapidly (in this regard, the country was ahead of Belgium and Prussia).
This led to the strengthening of the influence of the industrial bourgeoisie, which was now striving for power, while the government defended the interests exclusively of aristocratic landowners and the highest clergy. This had a negative impact on the economic development of the state. Protest sentiments were fueled by the defiant behavior of emigrants from the aristocratic environment, who threatened the restoration of pre-revolutionary orders.
In addition, the bourgeoisie, and in this environment there were many republicans who supported the revolution, was dissatisfied with the strengthening role of the Jesuits at the royal court, in administrative institutions, and also in schools.
Law on Remuneration of Former Emigrants
In 1825, the country passed a law according to which emigrants from the former aristocracy received compensation in the amount of about a billion francs for the damage caused, that is, for confiscated land. This law was supposed to again strengthen the position of the aristocracy in the country. However, he caused discontent among two classes at once - the peasants and the bourgeoisie. The latter was dissatisfied with the fact that cash payments to the nobility were, in fact, made at the expense of the rentier, since it was assumed that the funds for this would be provided by the conversion of state rent from 5 to 3%, and this directly affected the income of the bourgeoisie.
The “Law on Blasphemy”, adopted at the same time, in which very harsh punishments were adopted for offenses against religion, also fueled the discontent of this class, since this was seen as a return to earlier times.
Industrial crisis as a prerequisite for the July Revolution
The reasons for the July Revolution of 1830 also lay in the fact that in 1826 an industrial crisis occurred in the country. It was a classic crisis of overproduction, but the first cyclical crisis that France faced after England. It gave way to a phase of prolonged depression. The crisis coincided with several years of crop failure, which worsened the situation of the bourgeoisie, workers and peasants. In cities, many were faced with the impossibility of finding work, and in villages - with hunger.
The industrial bourgeoisie blamed the authorities for what happened, reproaching the government for the fact that due to high customs duties on grain, fuel and raw materials, the cost of French goods was rising and their competitiveness in world markets was falling.
The first barricades and changes in government
In 1827, a rehearsal for the revolution took place, so to speak. Then, in connection with the elections to the Chamber of Deputies in Paris, far from peaceful demonstrations took place; barricades were erected in working-class neighborhoods, and the rebels entered into a bloody confrontation with the police.
In the same 1827 elections, liberals gained many votes, demanding an expansion of suffrage, government responsibility to parliament, rights for local self-government, and much more. As a result, King Charles X was forced to dismiss the ultra-royalist government. But the new government led by Count Martignac, which unsuccessfully sought compromises between the bourgeoisie and the nobles, did not suit the king. And he again dismissed the government, formed a new cabinet of ultra-royalists and put at the head his favorite, the Duke of Polignac, a man devoted to him personally.
Meanwhile, tension in the country was increasing, and changes in the government contributed to this.
Ordinances of July 26 and repeal of the Charter of 1814
The king believed that protest sentiments could be dealt with by tightening the regime. And so on July twenty-six, 1830, ordinances were published in the Monitor newspaper, which, in essence, abolished the provisions of the Constitutional Charter of 1814. But it was precisely on these conditions that the states that defeated Napoleon revived the monarchy in France. Citizens of the country perceived these ordinances as an attempt at a coup. Moreover, these acts, depriving France of free state institutions, were just that.
The first ordinance abolished the freedom of the press, the second dissolved the House of Parliament, and the third, in fact, was a new electoral law, according to which the number of deputies and the number of voters was reduced, and the chamber was also deprived of the right to amend adopted bills. The fourth ordinance appointed the opening of the session of the chambers.
The beginning of civil unrest: the situation in the capital
The king was confident in the strength of the government. No measures were planned for possible unrest among the masses, since the Prefect of Police Mangin declared that the Parisians would not move. The Duke of Polignac believed this because he thought that the people as a whole were indifferent to the electoral system. This was true in relation to the lower classes, but the orders affected the interests of the bourgeoisie very seriously.
True, the government believed that the bourgeoisie would not dare to take up arms. Therefore, there were only 14 thousand military personnel in the capital, and no measures were taken to transfer additional forces to Paris. The king went hunting in Rambouillet, from where he planned to go to his residence in Saint-Cloud.
The influence of the ordinances and the manifestation at the Palais Royal
The ordinances did not reach the public immediately. But the reaction to them was strong. Rents on the stock exchange fell sharply. Meanwhile, the journalists, whose meeting was held in the editorial office of the Constitutionalist newspaper, decided to publish a protest against the ordinances, and composed in rather harsh terms.
On the same day, several meetings of deputies took place. However, they were unable to come to any common decision and joined the protesters only when it seemed to them that the uprising could achieve its goal. Interestingly, the judges supported the rebels. At the request of the newspapers Tan, Courier France and others, the commercial court and the court of first instance ordered the printing house to print regular issues with the text of the protest, since the ordinances contradicted the Charter and could not be binding on citizens.
On the evening of July twenty-sixth, demonstrations began in the Palais Royal. Protesters shouted slogans “Down with the ministers!” The Duke of Polignac, who was riding in his carriage along the boulevards, miraculously escaped the crowd.
Events of July 27: barricades
The July Revolution in France of 1830 began on July 27. On this day the printing houses were closed. Their workers took to the streets, dragging other workers and artisans with them. Townspeople discussed the ordinances and the protest published by journalists. At the same time, the Parisians learned that Marmont, who was unpopular with the people, would command the troops in the capital. However, Marmont himself did not approve of the ordinances and restrained the officers, ordering them not to start shooting until the rebels began a firefight themselves, and by firefight he meant at least fifty shots.
On this day, barricades went up on the streets of Paris. By evening, fighting broke out, the instigators of which were mainly students. The barricades on the Rue Saint-Honoré were taken by troops. But the unrest in the city continued, and Polignac declared that Paris was under siege. The king remained in Saint-Cloud, not deviating from his usual schedule and carefully hiding signs of anxiety.
Events of July 28: the riot continues
The uprising that swept Paris involved not only students and journalists, but also the petty bourgeoisie, including merchants. Soldiers and officers went over to the side of the rebels - the latter led the armed struggle. But the big financial bourgeoisie took a wait-and-see attitude.
But already on July twenty-eighth it became clear that the uprising was widespread. It was time to decide who to join.
Events of July 29: Tuileries and Louvre
The next day, the rebels fought and captured the tricolor of the French Revolution. The troops were defeated. They were forced to retreat to the royal residence of Saint-Cloud, but several regiments joined the rebels. Meanwhile, the Parisians exchanged fire with the Swiss Guards massed behind the Louvre colonnade and forced the military to flee.
These events showed the deputies that strength was on the side of the rebels. The bankers also made their decision. They took over the leadership of the victorious uprising, including administrative functions and providing the rebellious city with food.
Events of July 30: actions of the authorities
While those close to him in Saint-Cloud tried to influence Charles X, explaining to him the true state of affairs, a new cabinet of ministers was formed in Paris, headed by the Duke of Mortemart, a supporter of the Charter of 1814. The Bourbon dynasty could no longer be saved.
The July Revolution of 1830, which began as an uprising against restrictions on freedoms and against the Polignac government, turned to slogans about the overthrow of the king. Duke Louis was declared the viceroy of the kingdom, and he had little choice - either rule in accordance with the idea of the rebellious bourgeoisie about the nature of such power, or exile.
On August 1, Charles X was forced to sign the corresponding ordinance. But he himself abdicated the throne in favor of his grandson. However, this no longer mattered. Two weeks later, Charles X emigrated to England with his family, Louis Philippe became king, and a precarious order was restored, which lasted until 1848.
Consequences of the July Revolution of 1830
What are the results of the July Revolution? In fact, large financial circles came to power in France. They prevented the establishment of the republic and the deepening of the revolution, but a more liberal Charter was adopted, which lowered the property qualification for voters and expanded the rights of the Chamber of Deputies. The rights of the Catholic clergy were limited. Local government received more rights, although in the end large taxpayers still received all power in municipal councils. But no one even thought of revising the harsh laws against workers.
July Revolution of 1830 in France accelerated the uprising in neighboring Belgium, where, however, the revolutionaries advocated the formation of an independent state. Revolutionary uprisings began in Saxony and other German states, in Poland there was a rebellion against the Russian Empire, and in England the struggle for parliamentary reform intensified.
Revolution 1789 – 1799
Causes:
The existence of the Old Order in France with its underdevelopment of market relations;
Chaos in the management system, a corrupt system for selling government positions, lack of clear legislation, a “Byzantine” taxation system and an archaic system of class privileges
The existence of a monarchical system.
Results:
The revolution led to the collapse of the Old Order and the establishment of a new, more democratic and progressive society in France. However, speaking about the goals achieved and the victims of the revolution, many historians are inclined to conclude that the same goals could have been achieved without such a huge number of victims.
The revolution led to enormous casualties. It is estimated that from 1789 to 1815. Only from revolutionary terror in France up to 2 million civilians died, and up to 2 million soldiers and officers also died in wars.
Most historians believe that the Great French Revolution had enormous international significance, contributed to the spread of progressive ideas throughout the world, influenced a series of revolutions in Latin America, as a result of which the latter was freed from colonial dependence, and a number of other events in the first half of the 19th century.
Revolution of 1830, 1848
The reason for 1830 was the Conservative policy of King Charles X, whose highest goal was to restore the social order that reigned before the Great French Revolution of 1789.
The reason for 1848 was the adoption of a new constitution that limited the power of the king. The revolution of 1848 was the people's demand for a change of king and the proclamation of France as a republic, not a monarchy.
Results of the revolution of 1830
The July Revolution had an impact throughout Europe. Liberal movements everywhere gained confidence and determination. In some states of the German Confederation, unrest began, resulting in amendments or reissues of existing constitutions. Unrest also began in some Italian states, including the Papal States. However, the July Revolution had its greatest effect on the territory of Poland, divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria, causing the uprising of 1830. Russian troops managed to suppress this uprising only in the fall of 1831. In the long term, the July Revolution strengthened liberal and democratic aspirations throughout Europe. As King Louis Philippe increasingly moved away from his liberal origins and began to join the Holy Alliance, this led in 1848 to a new bourgeois-liberal revolution in France, the so-called February Revolution, as a result of which the Second French Republic was proclaimed. Like the July Revolution, it also led to uprisings and attempted coups throughout Europe.
Results of the revolution of 1848
On February 24, 1848, it resulted in the abdication of the once liberal king Louis Philippe I and the proclamation of the Second Republic. In the further course of the revolution, after the suppression of the social revolutionary uprising in June 1848, Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president of the new state.
Revolution of 1870
Causes: a long crisis of the Bonapartist regime, accelerated by the defeats of French troops in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. The immediate impetus was the news of the surrender of the French army and the surrender of Emperor Napoleon III at Sedan
Results:
The revolution marked the beginning of the Third Republic in France. The lack of experience and organization of the forces of the proletariat allowed the reactionary bourgeoisie to take advantage of the fruits of the workers' victory and usurp power: to form a government dominated by right-wing republicans and Orléanist monarchists; representatives of revolutionary democracy were not included in it.
Until 1848
July Revolution of 1830. “Three Glorious Days.”
Publication on July 26, 1830 in the newspaper “Mo-ni-tor” of or-do-nan-sovs, who actually repealed the Charter of 1814 and introduced s-tav-lyav-shih-in-torture go-su-dar-s-t-ven-no-go per-re-vo-ro-ta, about-from-ve-lo osh-lom-la- impressive in Paris. This act pro-from-la-li-shil-shil-France not only-free state-su-dar-s-t-ven-institutions-reg-de-niy-, but also, by su-s-s-t-vu, for-law di-nas-tiya.
The first or-do-nance up-d-d-nyal svo-bo-du pe-cha-ti and restored the mode of pre-va-ri-tel-re-re-she-she -niy-, which could always be taken back and had to be renewed every three months -tsa. The second one announced pa-la-tu dis-pu-shen-noy. The third one introduced a new bi-ra-tel-law, according to which the number of de-pu-ta-tov was reduced -moose up to 258. The number of selected numbers was changed, the number of bi-ra-te-leys was reduced by 3/4. Pa-la-ta-li-sha-has the right to introduce pop-rav-ki into the za-ko-nop-ro-ek-you. The fourth or-do-nance called from bi-ra-te-ley on September 6 and 13 and called the start of the session on -lat on September 28th.
The government did not take any measures in case of mass demons, relying on the prefect's responsibility according to Man-zhe-na, announcing that Pa-Rizh had not moved. Lin-yak easily believed this, because he believed that the masses were equal in spirit to the bi-ra-tel system -te-me. One bou-zhu-Asia was behind-de-ta or-do-nan-sa-mi in our way, but the right -ha-lo that she won’t dare to take up arms and won’t find allies among the workers. That's why in Pa-ri-zhe and Ver-sa-le there were only 14,000 military personnel and nothing was done rass-rya-same about quick re-re-re-gross-ke in a hundred in case of not-about-ho-di-mos-ti to-pol-ni-tel -th troops. Charles X went hunting in Rambouillet, and from there he went to the palace in Saint-Cloud.
Ordinances reached the publication as soon as possible. On the stock exchange, the rent fell by 6 francs. Zhur-na-lis-you, sob-rav-shi-esya in the editorial office of the newspaper "Kon-s-ti-tu-tsi-on-list", re-shi-li about-on -to do a test against or-do-nan-sov, with Thiers in sharp vy-ra-zhe-yah. On the same day, i.e. July 26, 1830, there were several meetings of de-pu-ta-tov who did not come, one , to no decision. De-pu-ta-thou-t-t-t-pi-li-only then, when the us-infantry of the re-establishment appeared to them un-doubtedly. The judges have shown more citizenship than ever before. According to the newspapers “Tan”, “Journal de Commers”, “Journal de Paris” and “Courier France”, the court of the first in-s -tan-tions and the commercial court obliged the ti-pog-raf-schi-kovs, who had these gas-ze-t-you, nab- army and issue regular numbers, since the or-do-nance of July 25, as a pro-re-chive of the Charter, could not be obligatory neither for the sacred and non-cos-no-veined person, nor for the citizens whose rights he s-s-s-ha-s.
On the evening of the 26th, a ma-ni-fest-ta-tion took place in Pas-le-Royal. Lo-zun-gi popped up all over the place: “Long live the Charter!”, “Down with the mi-nis-t-row!” Po-lin-yak, riding in a car along the boulevards, barely escaped the crowd. The next day, July 27, most of the ti-pog-ra-fiy were closed, and the ti-pog-raf-s-works who, scattering along the streets, took with them the workers of other specialists; pa-ri-zha-not read out loud and excited-but about-judgment-is or-do-nan-sy, pro-test zhur-on-lis-tov and per-re -previous articles published in newspapers. Then the news spread that Mar-mon, the most unpopular from ge-ne-ra-lov. Nevertheless, Mar-mon, from-to-the-tsav-shy or-do-nan-sy, restrained his o-fi-cers, under : “Don’t shoot until they start to cross me. And under the per-re-s-t-rel-coy, I understand that my smaller neck is five ten high-t-re-lovs.”
Meanwhile, the people began to build bar-ri-ka-dy. In the evening, the army took the bar-ri-ka-dy, which was transported on the streets of Saint-Ono-re. There had already been bloodshed, there were cries for vengeance again, once again, there were screams for vengeance, there are barriers near the city's gates, on the boulevards to cut down trees. Po-lin-yak announced the city under siege. But at the same time, he wrote to Charles X in Saint-Cloud: “My duty is to tell the king that on-re-cor-se-yate-lam pa-ni- ki, who are trying to scare him, I convince you, but I ask you to trust only me and my do-no-se-no-yams. These are all exaggerated rumors; in essence, everything comes down to just simple excitement. If my pre-visions are wrong, I will give your head my head for ot-se-tion.” . According to eye-wi-di-tsy, Duke Gon-to-Bi-ron, “the king tried to hide all the prizes for -ki tr-vo-gi; not a single one of the daily schedules was cancelled, everything went according to order - it was -mouth after lunch about a rumble on the ter-ra-se, where the lion's grandchildren were playing, and the par- tia vis-ta behind the table, placed just opposite the big ball-room, from where you could always see -zhar-ry in Pa-ri-zhe and do-no-sil-sya na-bat.”
In the military uprising, workers, crafts, small enterprises took an active part -ni-ma-te-li and traders, students, from-tav-soldiers and officers. Ru-ko-vo-s-t-in-the-arm-w-fight-battle-is-in-the-former-officers, students-are-you- technical schools, journalists. In -zi-tion. July 28th re-insurrection at the mass-so-vy ha-rak-ter. His participation was not only in the French, but also in the presence of other countries: the Italians, the -pan-s-ki, port-tu-gal-s-re-vo-lu-tsi-on-emig-rans, la-ki, Greeks, Germans, English -li-cha-ne, Russians...
On July 29, the head of the Tu-il-Riy palace rose with a warrior and raised the three-colored banner of the revolution over it. lu-tions 1789-1794. Raz-beaten troops from-s-tu-pi-li to the overseas re-zi-den-tion of the kingdom of Saint-Cloud, several regiments at -joined together with the resurrected ones. From the church of Saint-Germain d'Auxeroy pa-ri-zha-not na-cha-li lively per-re-t-rel-ku with the Swiss-king-ts-mi , sat-shi-mi behind the colon-on-dy Louv-ra. they started to run, leading the rest of the troops behind them. -same-but over the Tu-il-riy-palace. In Saint-Cloud, the wives' royals arrived in vain, but tried to explain the truth to him- new state of affairs. The king surrendered only when the Duke of An-gu-lem-s was named in place of Mar-mo-na -kiy-, pro-from-the-view of the os-tat-kam vo-ska in Bu-lon-s-kom le-su, stated that Paris is window-cha-tel-but on-te -Ryan... Charles X had to s-pi-sat from-me-or-to-nan-sov.
After taking Tu-il-ri de-pu-ta-there, there was nothing left to drink from. They gathered at the bank-ki-ra Laf-fi-ta, deciding to take over the ru-ko-vo-s-t-vo of the be-div-shay re-vo-lu- qi-ey. La-fay-etu po-ru-chi-li ko-man-do-va-nie in-oru-zhen-ny-mi si-la-mi; there was a uch-rez-de-on the mu-ni-tsi-pal-naya commission-siya, on which the ad-mi-nis-t-ra-tiv-lived new functions and for the supply of the city eat-t-n-mi with-pa-sa-mi. At the head of the new ka-bi-ne-ta mi-nis-t-row was the Duke of Mor-te-mar, who had the re-pu-ta-tion of the hundred ron-ni-ka of the Charter of 1814. All attempts to save the monarchy of Bur-bo-nov failed. The revolution that broke out under the lo-zun-ga-mi for the defense of the Charter and the overthrow of the mini-nis-ter-s-t-va Po-lin- yaka, po-be-di-la under lo-zun-ga-mi: “Down with Charles X!” Down with Bur-bo-nov!”
The meeting of the de-pu-ta-tov of the dis-pu-shen-noy pa-la-you came to the conclusion that the change of di-nas-tia has become un-from-bez-noy. The choice fell on Duke Louis Fi-lip-pa Or-le-an-s-to-go. Laf-fit wrote to him that there was a choice between the throne and from Mr. In the ma-ni-fest, co-hosted by Thiers and ras-k-le-en-nom on the morning of July 30, it was said: “Charles X can no longer believe -go to Paris; he shed his own blood. The educational institution of the re-pub-li-ki would have caused disastrous times among us and would have saved us from the Euro -sing. The Duke of Or-le-an-s-kiy is pre-dan to the de-lu re-vo-lu-tion. Duke Or-le-an-s-kiy did not fight against us... Duke Or-le-an-s-kiy is a king-citizen-da-nin. Duke Or-le-an-s-kiy no-sil in the battle of the three-c-vet-ko-kar-du. The Duke of Or-le-an-s-ky alone has the right to wear it, we don’t want other colors. The Duke of Or-le-an-s-kiy has not yet risen to the top. He is waiting for the manifestation of our will. Let us announce it, and he will accept the same charter that we always wanted to have. The French people will hand him a co-ro-nation.”
Duke Louis Phillippe Or-le-en-s-ky was pro-carried-g-la-chen to-the-mes-t-no-one by the ko-ro-lion-s-t-va (i.e. time -by my pra-vi-te-lem). At night, Charles X left Saint-Cloud in a pa-ni-ke, and at 2 o'clock in the morning the court went to Tri-anon, and from there he turned into Ram bouillet. Here Charles X 1 August pod-pi-sal Or-do-nans about the naming of the Duke of Or-le-an-s-to-on-the-mes-t-ni -ko-ro-lev-s-t-va and approved the convocation of the pa-lat on 3 August. On August 2, Charles X resigned from the presidency in favor of his grandson, the Duke of Bordos, and on August 16, he they and their seven left France, sailing from Sher-bu-ra to An-g-lia.
On August 9, Louis Philippe, despite the de-revolution of Charles X in favor of the Duke of Bor-dos, was g-la-shen “co-ro-lem french call”, and soon the whole country has completed a turn-over. In France, the July Monarchy was established (1830-1848).
The weakness of the re-pub-li-kan-s-coy party allows large financial circles to seize power and interfere with the corners of the world -le-niu re-vo-lu-tion, us-ta-nov-le-niu re-pub-li-ki. On August 14, 1830, there was a new Charter, more liberal than the Charter of 1814. Rights pa-la-ty de-pu-ta-tov were-ra-shi-re-ny, us-ice-s-t-ven-ness of the title of pe-rov from-me-lya-las, im-es-t-ven -the qualification for bi-ra-te-leys of ne-no-wives, as a result of which their number increased from 100 thousand to 240 thousand Og-ra-ni-chi-va-lis the right -to give the earth your own s-t-ven-nos). Tsen-zu-ra left me for a while; local and regional self-government was introduced, the national guard was restored diya (both on the basis of the imu-s-t-ven-no-go price). No-ro-well-you-os-ta-li-li-tsey-sko-bu-rock-ra-ti-ches-kiy go-su-dar-s-t-ven-ny ap-pa- Rat and stern pro-co-ns against the workers.
Advanced society of England, Germany, Russia, Italy, Belgium, USA and other countries, welcome -t-va-la revolution in France as a serious blow to the re-ac-tsi-on system of the Sacred Socie- yuza. Vo-tor-zhen-but met the re-in-lu-tsi-on-ny per-re-in-mouth in France the great German poet Gen-rich Gay-not and a prominent pub-li-cyst ra-di-kal-no-go na-rav-le-niya Lud-vig Ber-ne. A.S. showed a living in-te-res to July's re-vo-lu-tion. Push-kin - he believed that the former ministers of Charles X should be appointed as state representatives -stupid, and argued about this with P.A. Vya-zem-s-kim. M.Yu. Ler-mont-tov was disgusted with these events, in which he called Charles X ti- early and said “I know you’re free”, under-nya-that’s par-Rizh-with-kim on-the-ro-house. The hot-feeling-with-t-vie met July-s-re-vo-lu-tion at A.I. Her-ts-na and his friends, members of the re-vo-lu-tsi-on circles, existing at the Moscow university -ver-si-te-te.
The revolution of 1830 in France caused an explosion in neighboring Belgium, rising up against the state of Holland and the ob-ra-zo-vav-shey is now a sa-mos-to-yate-noe go-su-dar-s-t-vo. July-s-kaya re-vo-lu-tion gave a push to re-vo-lu-tsi-on-the highest-tup-le-ni-yam in Sak-so-nii, Bra-un-sh -vey-ge, Ges-sen-Kas-se-le and in some other German-man-s-kih go-su-dar-s-t-wah. Re-vo-lu-tion in France is a way to raise re-vo-lu-tsi-on-no-go and na-tsi-onal-no-master -bo-di-tel-no-go-movement against the au-s-t-riy-go-state-under-s-t-va in Italy, re-establishment in Poland -she is against the oppression of tsa-riz-ma. The overthrow of the Bur-bo-nov monarchy in France led to an intensification of the fight for the par-la-men-t-s-re-form in An-g-lii, to the heights of the populace under the slogan of de-mok-ra-ti-za-tion for-li-ti-ches-ko- building in Switzerland. In this ob-s-ta-nov-ke plans of Ni-ko-laya I, the go-to-viv-she-go-me-t-but with the Prussian and Av-s-t-riy by the courtyard of military intervention against France with the aim of restoring the old dynasty and state rule in it s-t-va nobles-s-t-va, turned out to be un-su-s-s-s-t-vi-we-mi.
July Monarchy in France (1830-1848).
The main result of the July revolution was the victory of bourgeois Asia over the nobility. However, from 1830 to 1848, not all of bourgeois Asia was under the state, but only its largest part - so called fi-nan-so-vaya aris-tok-ra-tiya, which includes banks, large stock exchanges businessmen, iron-and-iron co-ro-li, owners of coal mines, ores, forests, large lands -lion-la-del-tsy. Fi-nan-so-vaya aris-to-ra-tiya dik-to-va-la in pa-la-te for-ko-ny, once-da-va-la to-go-places, on -chi-naya with mi-nis-ter-s-kih posts and end-tea with ta-bach-ny-mi lav-ka-mi. Workers, peasants, small pro-mice-linen-ki and merchants were not at all from -tiya in full power.
Financial aris-to-ra-tiya po-lu-chi-la you-so-dol-z-nos-ti in ap-pa-ra-te go-su-dar-s-t-va. She used a huge amount of go-su-dar-s-t-ven-ny sub-si-di-yami, various benefits and with-vi-le-gi-yami, which were pre-delivered by iron-but-to-the-earth and commercial-company-pa-ni- yam. All this has increased the budget de-fi-cit, which became a chronic phenomenon in the years July koi mo-nar-khii. The growth of stock-market speculation is a real fact in the history of those turbulent years. King Louis Philippe, the largest le-sov-la-de-letz and fi-nan-sist in France, was personally for-in-te-re-so-van in the UK -rep-le-nii state-under-s-t-va fi-nan-so-voy aris-to-ra-tii. By 1841, he personally (not counting the wealth belonging to family members) had about 800 million francs. At the end of the 40s, four French bank houses alone had 2.5 billion francs, i.e. that is, only 1 billion francs less than in the entire French treasury.
Budget de-fi-cit and non-uk-lon-noe increase of the state-su-dar-s-t-ven-no-go debt from-ve-cha-li in-te- re-fi-nan-so-voy bur-zhu-Asia: state-su-dar-s-t-ven-loans, for which the government went in order to protect the de-fi-ci-ta, yes-you were at high interest rates and were a faithful source of its enrichment nia. The growth of go-su-dar-s-t-ven-no-go debt usi-li-val po-li-ti-ches-koe influence fi-nan-so-voy aris-to-ra-tii and za-vi-si-most from her pra-vi-tel-s-t-va.
Economic development of France in the 30-40s.
In these years, France was an eco-no-mi-ches-ki on-the-more-developed (after An-g-lia) country of Europe . It was during this period that the industrial revolution began in the country. Towards the end of the first half of the 19th century. factory organization pro-from-water-s-t-va pre-ob-la-da-la in all major industries noah pro-mysh-len-nos-ti. Quickly, the cotton-to-bu-maz-naya in-dus-t-riya, wool-s-th-pro-from-water -s-t-vo (import of wool has grown 4-fold in 15 years), in terms of production, France has come out on top voy place in the world. Various personal objects played a big role in the game.
Serious changes have also occurred in the heavy industry. In place of woody coal came stone: by 1847, coke had already produced two-thirds of chu-gu- on the. Factory-rich-but-for-water-with-coy type pro-from-water-with-t-va ut-ver-dil-xia in ferrous metal-lur-gy, infiltrated into ma-shi-nos-t-ro-enie. The number of steam engines increased 8 times from 1830 to 1848. In general, from 1825 to 1847, the volume of mouse production from water increased by 66%. Are there new developments from the races, first of all, they have developed from the waters? t-in re-zi-ny, kra-sok, spi-chek. In the 30s, the builder of electric power began; in 1828, Paris received a gas system; Since the mid-1930s, it has (for the first time in the world) as-fal-ti-ro-va-nie streets.
The introduction of pa-ro-tyres led to a sub-linear re-vo-lu-tion on the trans-port: sleep-ha-la pa-ro-vaya ma-shi- it was used in the su-do-hod-s-t-ve, and in the 40s the builder began forest roads. However, in this, France is significantly different from An-g-lia, Prussia and the USA.
In the years of July of the Monarchy, France became an ag-rar and mainly a Christian country. Of the 35 million people in the village, 75% lived in villages. A village farmer once lived along the way. In the north, in Pa-Rizh-s-kom bassey-not, the UK-rep-la-elk is a large ka-pi-ta-lis-ti-ches-koe fer-mer-s- some farm that supplies the main mass of grain. But the pre-o-la-da-lo is a cross-yang-with-a farm-st-on on its own or arena-do-van-noy land. In 1825-1847 the volume of agricultural production increased by 38%, but still technically so-ver-shen-s -his movement went slowly. During these years, the production of one-new-re-men-but the concentration of land in the hands of large lands-l-la-del- tsev and bo-ga-tyh kre-t-yang and the process of fractionation (par-tsel-la-tion) of land-own-s-t-ven-nos-ti and land - use; the number of small and smaller farms has increased. As a result of the fragmentation of land ownership, the baptism became more and more impoverished, more and more often it suited him -di-elk to run to the help of the growing-tov-schi-to-go cre-di-ta. For-the-debt of the Ipo-tech-no-mu bank-ku became under-lin-nym scourge of the cross-yang-s-t-va; the rental price for land has increased.
With the development of the mouse-len-nos-ti in France, for-mi-ro-val-xia pro-le-ta-ri-at; the working class was completely different: factory-rich-but-for-water workers, ca-pi-ta workers fox-ti-ches-koy ma-nu-fak-tu-ry, crafts-linen workers. Fab-rich-but-for-water-with-coy about-le-ta-ri-at sos-tav-lyal even less-shin-s-t-vo: by the end of July-s-mo-nar -hii, out of 5-6 million workers of all ka-te-go-ry, the number of workers at large enterprises was 1 million. 300 thousand people. A significant group of so-tav-la-li on-lu-ra-bo-chie-on-onion-res-ty-yane, for-nya-tye-important-t- ven-but on ras-se-yan-noy ma-nu-fak-tu-re. In the pro-mysh-len-nos-ti pro-sh-sh-w-li-the-law of Le Chapelier of 1791 and an-ti-ra-bo-chie articles on-le -onov-s-ko-go Ugo-lov-no-go code-dec-sa 1810
Political struggle in France.
From the first days of the existence of July, the mo-nar-chy in France began to os-t-paradise in li-ti-ches- what a struggle. Ko-ro-lyu had to fight both with le-gi-ti-mis-ta-mi and res-pub-li-kan-tsa-mi. In the eyes of the le-gi-ti-mis-tov, Louis Philippe was a usur-pa-to-rum, a hi-tiv-shim co-ro-nu of the Duke of Bor-dos-sko- go, having the right to the pres-tol blah-da-rya two-from-re-che-niy - Charles X and his son, Duke of An- gu-lem-s-to-go. The side of this not-too-numerous party were before everything before the par-rizh- s-koy aris-to-ra-tii, and in the province - a rural nobility. The spirit-ho-ven-s-t-from-to-ry supported this party. Strongest of all, le-gi-ti-mis-were you in Van-dee, where the mass of kre-t-yan soh-ra-nya-la loyalty to le-gi-tim-noy mo -nar-khii.
Much more dangerous for Louis Phillip were the republicans, which united into two legal groups. The first - bourgeois (or moderate) re-publics - formed around the newspaper "Nas-onal" ", the edition was carried out by A. Mar-rast. They are the highest for the establishment of the re-publication in France and the expansion from the bi-ra-tel-no-go va. You-ra-zha-lying the pre-importance-t-ven-but merchants and pro-mice-len-niks, they demand the same more more active external po-li-ti-ki, oh-ra-ny internal market, dos-tup-nos-ti cre-di-ta, development Tiya same-lez-but-to-rozh-go-builder-with-t-va. A significant part of the re-public-li-kan-tsev from-ri-tsa-la is not-about-ho-di-most of social re-forms.
The second, more ra-di-kal-but us-t-ro-en-naya part of the re-pub-li-kan-tsev, drove-g-lav-lyal some ad-vo-kat A . Ice-ryu-Rol-len, group-pi-ro-va-las around the ga-ze-you “Re-for-ma.” They came up with the demand for everything from the bi-ra-tel-no-government and with the program-ram-my so-ci- al-no-eco-no-mi-ches-kih pre-ob-ra-zo-va-niy-, which has attracted quite a few parties to them. The newspaper "Re-for-ma" was very popular among the workers.
In the 30s of the XIX century. in France, there is no way to re-pub-li-can-s-secret or-ga-ni-za-tions: “Society of friends in -yes”, “Society of human and civil rights”, “Society of the times of the year”, “Mu-ty-elis-tov” "in Li-on, etc. The most ra-di-cal of them was the society "Human and Civil Rights" . After the uprising, in Paris in 1834, the society was closed, many of its members -we were convicted and thrown into prison.
The government of Louis Philip-pa from-no-si-los-to-res-sta-ni-yam 1832 and 1834. with the serious-ez-us opa-se-ni-yami, since the fight-ba res-pub-li-kan-tsev na-ho-di-la hot from-to-lik in na- native masses, non-vi-dev-regime of July-with-koy mo-nar-khiya. In the same years, the re-pub-li-kan-tsy or-ga-ni-zo-va-li carried a lot of ku-she-ny on Louis Philip-pa, after-le Che -th right-vi-tel-s-t-to-sta-lo og-ra-ni-chi-vat free-bo-du pe-cha-ti and re-resh-lo to the mass rep-res -si-yam. The re-pub-li-kan-s-movement was driven underground.
Revolution of 1848 Second Republic in France
First half of the 19th century
In the first half of the 19th century. in many countries in con-ti-n-tal-noy Europe, a transition from ma-nu-fak-tur-no-go about-from-water has begun -t-va to ma-shin-no-mu fa-rich-no-mu. At that time, in almost all countries of Europe, the state still had fe-odal-but-abso-lu-tis-t-s-ki -row-ki, so-tsi-al-noe ug-ne-te-nie re-rep-le-ta-elk with na-tsi-onal. In 1848-1849 Paris, Vienna, Berlin, Rome and many other European capitals have become the prices of re-vo-lu-ci- he's tall. Please, never before did Ev-ro-pa know such a general concept of struggle, in addition -but-the-time-of-the-native high-stupid-lands and the storm-of-the-rise of the-ts-onal-but-mastered-bo-di-tel-movements -niy. Although, in different parts of the conflict, the struggle would not have been the same, in different ways the warehouses were ty and the fate of the risen peoples, one thing was certain: re-in-lu-tsi-on-nye co-occurrences under-nya- whether the general European mass-tab.
The enslaved peoples were exalted for their ossification, bourgeois Asia and the oppressed social strata of large villages -zhav, first of all, the native people (workers, peasants, small traders, craftsmen, etc. .),- against fe-odal-but-abso-lu-tis-t-with-to-the-oppression. At the beginning of the revolution of 1848-1849. us-ko-ri-li-rural-s-ko-ho-zyay-st-ven-nye bad-s-t-viya 1845-1847. (potato-fel-disease and crop failure of grain and other left-wing crops) and developed immediately in 1847 in several countries there is an economic crisis.
Gradually, internal and external July of the monarchy led to the fact that in op-position to this there appeared to be wide layers in the village - workers, peasants, a significant part of bourgeois Asia. Since the mid-1940s, there has been a fast-paced crisis. The opposition against the state-under-s-t-va fi-nan-so-howl aris-to-ra-tii especially grew. Op-po-zi-tion, group-pi-ro-vav-sha-yasya around the newspapers “Nas-onal” and “Re-form”, table-to-nu-shis with ot-ka-z pra-vi-tel-s-t-va go to the us-tup-ki na-ro-du, you-need-to-approach-the-mass. In the summer of 1847, a wide campaign of public banks began in France. Banquet campaign is able to develop the fight for bi-ra-tel-reform in different personalities -th parts of France. In the form of toasts at the ban-ke-tah, there were speeches with tre-bo-va-ni-em in-li-ti-ches-kih and so-ci-al - new reforms.
At the end of December 1847, the french session of the French par-la-men-ta was held. At this session, which took place in an extremely stormy environment, internal and external issues the right-of-vi-tel-s-t-va was under-ver-g-la-os-t-roy kri-ti-ke from the side of the li-ber-ral op-po-zi-tion. One-on-the-tre-bo-va-niya op-po-si-tion was from-to-lo-ne-us, and the next ban-quet of the parties from- bi-ra-tel-noy reform-we, named on February 22, z-re-schen. Evening 21 February-ra-la op-po-zi-tsi-on-nye de-pu-ta-you and zhur-na-lis-you are a prize-whether for the people under-chi-thread -sya power. February 19 at the meeting in the editorial office of the newspaper "Re-form" Led-ru-Rollen with the support of Louis Bla-na high -ka-hall-sya-against-that-to-use-banquet-con-f-lict for organ-ga-ni-za-tion of high-stup-le-tion the masses, believing that the people are not prepared for the fight and do not have weapons. “Re-form” prize-va-la pa-ri-zhan to calm-st-viu, from participation in the re-lu-tsi-on-struggle-be pre-dos-te-re -ga-li and so-tsi-alis-you.
However, on February 22, you pa-ri-zhan, first of all, students and workers from the pre-places came out to the square -di. Fierce skirmishes with the po-li-qi-ey began, the first bar-ri-ka-ds appeared and their number quickly grew up The battalions of the National Guard retreated from the fight against the rebels, and in a number of cases the guardsmen per-re-ho-di-li on a hundred-ro-well after-ice-them.
By the end of the day of February 23, King Louis Phillippe, na-pu-gan-by with-ti-yami, finally decided to sacrifice to be appointed by Prime Minister F. Guizot. The head of the new government was named Count Mo-le, who used the re-pu-ta-tsi-ey be-ral-no-go or-le-anis-ta. In the circles of the li-be-ra-lovs, this was due to the meeting with the vo-torg, the de-li-be-ral op-po-si- tions and officers of the National Guard, would you stop fighting.
However, the workers continued their actions against the monarchy. In the evening of the same day in the center of Pa-ri-zha, on the boulevard of Ka-pu-tsi-nov there is a colony of be-zo-rouge de-mons -s-t-ran-tov, forward-lyav-sha-yasya to the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Re-zi-den-tion of Guy -zo, there was a shooting at the guard of the building under the military. The news of this evil deed instantly spread throughout the city and brought all the hard-working Pa-ri to her feet. -zha. You-s-chi-ra-bo-chih, la-voch-ni-kov, re-mes-len-ni-kov and students for one night pos-t-ro-or about 1500 bar-ri-kad. On February 24th, all the important stra- te-gi-ches-s-pun-to-you hundred-faces ended up in the hands of the rebels. Louis Phillippe was forced to renounce the presidency in favor of his young grandson of the Count of Paris -go, the mother of someone, the Duke of Or-le-an-s-kaya, who-ro-lion-with-that decree was called-by-re- gen-t-shay. After this, the king and his family went to the capital and ran to An-g-liya. The Tu-il-riy palace was seized and restored, the left-hand throne was moved to Bas-ti square lia and tor-zhes-t-ven-but sozh-wives.
The last battle of July's monarchy and its loyal wives was fought by the rebel people in Bourbon's palace, where pa-la-ta de-pu-ta-tov. Mo-nar-hi-ches-ches-pain-s-t-in this pa-la-you on-me-re-va-los-to approve the re-gen-t-s-t-of the her-tso -gi-ni Or-le-an-s-koy-, in order to save the mo-nar-khiya with the help of re-re-me-ny persons. Only a small group of re-pub-li-kan-s-kih de-pu-ta-tov high-tu-pi-la with the pre-position to create Time -noe-government-s-t-vo. However, these plans were restored. They burst into the hall for-se-da-ny pa-la-you de-pu-ta-tov with car-g-la-sa-mi “Down with pa-la-tu!” No re-gen-t-s-t-va, no co-ro-la! Long live the re-public!” Bol-shin-s-t-vo de-pu-ta-tov once-ran-a-moose, os-tav-shi-esya from-b-ra-li Temporary pra-vi-tel-s -t-t. Re-vo-lu-tion po-be-di-la.
The Provisional Government and its policies.
According to its co-ta-vu, the Temporary pra-vi-tel-s-t-vo was ko-ali-tsi-on-nym, according to the har-rak-te-ru - com-p -ro-mis-snym. Before
the elderly Du-pont de l'Eure, a participant in the French revolution of 1789-1794 and the revolution of 1830, but in fact La-martin became its head, and took the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs. An important post of Minister of Internal Affairs. -their deeds were done by Led-ru-Rol-len. -pu-ta-you.
Immediately, the question about the re-publication became very important, revealing the true face of many de-pu-ta - Comrade During those evening and night hours on February 24, La-martin and other mini-t-rys were sophisticated in the co-tav- le-nii uk-lon-chi-vyh forms-mu-li-ro-vok pra-vi-tel-s-t-ven-noy de-la-ra-tions, which would be possible -possibility of immediately avoiding the import of the re-publication and at the same time establishing If only Pa-ri-zha could live, the three-bo-va-shih us-ta-nov-le-niya is the re-pub-li-ki. However, the horn-forms are not satisfactory to the people. Temporary government-with-t-you-needed-to-promote France as a re-public. And a few days later, a decree was issued on the introduction of all-general bi-ra-tel-no-go rights for men, reached the age of 21 (with six months of residence in a given place). One-on-the-right-of-the-s-t-do not touch the go-su-dar-s-t-ven-m-shi-nu, complicated-living-shu-yusya in July -s-coy mo-nar-khii: it o-ra-ni-chi-los only pure-t-coy go-su-dar-s-t-ven-no-go ap-pa-ra-ta from reality -but re-ac-tsi-on-nyh elements.
From the very first days of the re-vo-lu-tion, in a row with the community, issuing something like a prize for the right to work. On February 25, a decree was adopted, according to which work was carried out. the protection of their right to work, the provision of all citizens with work and from the articles of the criminal code, ban-re- We are working to create as-so-ci-ations. In response to the demand for the organization of the Mi-nis-ter-s-t-va of labor and prog-res-sa Temporary government -tel-s-t-vo created the “Governmental Commission for Workers”, which should -would you take measures to improve the quality of work; before her was Louis Blanc, behind her was Al-ber. For the sake of the Luke-sem-bur-g-s-ky palace. Luke-sem-bur-g-s-kaya commission-siya, one-on-a-ko, without any real power or financial means, she All that was left was only a mini-ter-s-t-of good things.
To fight the mass without work among the pa-Rizh-s-workers Temporary government went to the creation of Na-tsi-onal mas-ter-s-kih. By May 1848, over 100 thousand people had joined them: workers who had lost their jobs in re-months. ni-ki, small servants, ra-zo-riv-shi-esya small pre-p-ri-ni-ma-te-li. Creation of Na-tsi-onal mas-ter-s-kih Temporary pra-vi-tel-s-t-of calculation beat, for example, womanhood in the capital, give time to bo-zhu-Asia for po-li-ches-ko-go ma-nev-ra. In the beginning of March, the government went to some s-tumps: were dec-res from about the reduction of the work day in Paris from 11 to 10 o'clock, in the province - from 12 to 11 o'clock, about the reduction changes in bread prices, about the delivery of poor items from scrap bar-ds for the first time, not-about-ho-di-most-ti, etc. In France -s-of-how many slaves from me.
Constituent Assembly.
Temporary government, despite the views of Louis Bla-na and Led-ru-Rol-le-na, pos-pe-shi-lo-named start you-bo-ry in the Uch-re-di-tel-noe meeting on April 9th. Pa-Rizh-s-kaya de-mok-ra-tiya, re-vo-lu-tsi-on-nye clubs and de-mok-ra-ti-ches-kaya press-sa us-ta-iva- la on from-s-roch-ke you-bo-drov for po-li-ches-to-go pro-ve-sh-chen-niya na-ro-yes. One day, the outcome of the struggle around the timing of elections in the Educational Assembly was decided not in the government s-t-ve, and on the streets Pa-ri-zha. On March 17, a 100-thousand-strong de-mon-s-t-ra-tion met, demanding urgent elections to the Uch- re-di-tel-noe meeting. De-mon-s-t-ra-tion was-la or-ga-ni-zo-va-na de-mok-ra-ti-ches-ki-mi club-ba-mi with active participation -tii luk-sem-bur-g-s-kih de-le-ga-tov. It ended with a nez-chi-tel-us-stupid Time-government-s-t-va, sog-la-siv-she-go - from-s-ro-chit you-bo-ry in the Uch-re-di-tel-noe meeting until April 23.
The new mass work of de-mon-s-t-ra-tion was sucked in Pa-ri-zhe on April 16th. The temporary government called several regiments of regular troops to Paris, withdrawn from not after the day of February
revolution.
23 ap-re-la about-is-ho-di-whether you-bo-ry in the Uch-re-di-tel-noe meeting. In the province, the decisive significance of the go-lo-sa cross-t-yan, for the first time prize-van-nyh to from-bi-ra-tel -th ur-us; on their go-lo-sa p-v-li-yalo not-to-free-with-t-vo na-lo-gom in 45 san-ti-mov, us-ta-new-len-res-pub-li -kan-s-kim pr-vi-tel-s-t-vom. In large cities and Pa-ri-de-mok-ra-you still have a lot of people. In general, the bourgeois re-publicans won the victory in the country, receiving 500 of the 880 seats in the University. re-di-tel-nom meeting. In the Assembly there were 33 mo-nar-his-ta from the b-ra-ny, in most-shin-s-t-ve or-le-anis-you. At that time, as the oppressive pain of the res-pub-li-kan-tsev so-tav-la-new people, for the first time from- b-ran-nye de-pu-ta-ta-mi, among the mo-nar-his-tov pre-about-la-da-li former de-pu-ta-you par-la-men- comrade July of the Monarchy, so that many experienced li-de-ry or-le-anis ended up in the Uch-re-di-tel-nom so-ra-nii -t-s-to-go and cle-ri-kal-no-le-gi-ti-mis-t-s-to-go la-ge-rya.
May 4, 1848 The educational meeting began its activities with a solemn de-la-ra-tion that that the re-pub-li-ka, pro-voz-g-la-shen-naya on February 24, “is and is the form of my government in France." An enemy-deb-but us-t-ro-en-ny in relation to de-mok-ra was appointed to the post of military minister - General Louis Eugene Ka-ven-yak, who had a re-pu-ta-tion of the re-pub-li-can-tsa, since he came to get married that somehow God-f-rua Ka-ven-yaku, vid-ne-she-mu res-pub-li-kan-s-to-de-yate-lyu time July-s -koy mo-nar-khii.
On May 15, a 150-thousand-strong de-mon-s-t-ra-tion met in Pa-ri, demanding from the de-pu-ta-tov Uch-re -di-tel-no-go-ra-ra-niya no-medi-len-no-go-go-she-no-she-question-ro-sa about support-to-the-re-insurgents . One-on-ko de-mon-s-t-ra-tion was-la ra-zog-na-na, and li-de-ry de-mok-ra-ti-ches-to-mov-zhe- niya Bar-bes, Al-ber, Ras-pa-il, Blan-ki and other captures, their clubs are closed. Luke-sem-bur-g-s-kaya co-mission-sia would-la official-tsi-al-but lik-vi-di-ro-va-na, and bu-ma-gi her sec-weight-t -ro-va-ny. Ka-ven-yak usi-li-val pa-rizh-s-kiy gar-ni-zon, stya-gi-vaya in a hundred new military forces.
June uprising of Parisian workers.
The whole course of events led to an un-my-well-explosion. Not-possibly-with-t-ve-in-the-house to the re-storation of the post-lu-living, which appeared on June 22nd, the dis-position of Is -full-of-the-tel-commission, accord-but-to-the-ro-mu-tym in the National-ts-onal-mas-ter-s-work-bo- When you are between 18 and 25 years old, you are ready to join the army; the rest of you are either chosen to go out on the street , or from-p-ra-v-sha-work in the province on me-li-or-tiv-tiv-lya-la-work-you in bo-lo-tis -that place is So-lon. Meanwhile, in the National Mas-ter-s-s there were over 117 thousand people. To this direct pro-in-ka-tion, the workers from-ve-ti-re-responsible.
On the morning of June 23, on the streets of Pa-ri-zha there was a builder-with-t-bar-ri-kad and the pros-wu-cha-li of the first high-t-re-ly. The restoration of the oh-va-ti-lo de-mok-ra-ti-ches-kuyu eastern part of the city, about 40 people took part in it 45 thousand people. The next day, the Educational Assembly, declaring Paris under siege, transferred the entire but-tu power ge-ne-ra-lu Ka-ven-yaku. The government had a huge re-weight of forces: against the rebels they stole 150 thousand re-gu-lar - troops, mobile guards, battalions of the Parisian National Guard; to the help of the special ranks of the National Guard from 53 de-par-ta-men-tov. To suppress the re-establishment, art-till-le-ria was used, which swept away entire quar-ta-lys, which became tsen-t-ra-mi sop-ro-tiv-le-niya pov-s-tan-tsev. The rebels held on for four days, without the price of a ru-co-water-s-t-va and society. go plan-na de-st-viy. By the evening of June 26, the re-surrection was long overdue. Us-tu-pi-lo time svi-re-po-go ter-ro-ra against the workers. The prison-we-would-have-been-re-half-not-us, have been shot without trial and after-s-t-viy.
The June uprising was a turning point in the revolution of 1848 in France, it sharply followed a downward line .
Revolution in France, overthrowing the new regime of the Res-tau-ra-tion.
You-have-been-invited to the cry-zi-som in the-no-she-ni-yah of the Ko-ro-Left-government and the-li-beral-no-res-pub-li-kan op- po-zi-tion. The crisis arose in 1824 after the accession of Charles X to the throne, which was based on the former emigrants of Ran-tov-Roy -listov and the highest circles of the ka-to-personal spirit-ho-ven-st-va. After the discovery in August 1829, the head of the ka-bi-not-that J. de Po-lin-ya-ka, which held the region - wrong views, a move has begun on the few preserved political freedoms, about -I'm new to the country, but I'm still here. The political crisis was ruined by the economic de-pres-si-s and the crop failures of 1828-1829.
In March 1830, Pa-la-ta de-pu-ta-tov po-tre-bo-vala from the un-popular ka-bi-not-ta Po-lin- I mean, but on May 16, the par-la-ment was dis-pu-schen by the king. Despite the defeat of the op-po-si-tion at the out-of-the-rare vy-bors in June - July 1830, Po-lin-yak os-tal -sya in her own way. In an effort to distract French society from internal problems, the king began the war of Al-zhi-ra, heading to Se-re-di -not May 1830, military ex-pe-di-tion to his shores. 07/25/1830 Charles X signed 6 or-do-nan-sovs (published on July 26), which became the ro-co-you for all -zhi-ma Res-tav-ra-tion. In accordance with these decree, the elected Pa-la-ta de-pu-ta-tov was declared dis-pu-schen; as of September 1830, you knew that you were on the basis - because of the introduction of more high-quality property prices; the number of de-pu-tat places decreased from 428 to 258; settled down about the choice; Strict prices were introduced for periodic publications.
Were these or-do-nan-sys perceived in the society as a rude po-s-ga-tel-st-in the kon-sti-tu-ci- he Charter of 1814, and in his attempt to implement them, he was prompted by decisive co-operation against -ra-lov. Op-positional jur-na-li-sty de-mon-st-ra-tiv-but from the pi-sa-niya, from-no-siv-shie to the press. On July 27, 1830, in Paris, a revolt of the ra-di-cal-but-on-building students, re-mes-len-niks and work-sneeze. The assault was to take the royal palace of Tu-il-ri and other government buildings. Some of the troops voluntarily left for a hundred, some joined the rebels. Real power passed to the Mu-nitsi-pal-noy commission, formed op-po-zi-tion (ge-ne-ra-ly M. J. La-fayet and M. Lo-bo, banker J. Laf-fit, C. Perrier, etc.).
During the street battles in the capital, approximately 200 soldiers and government officials died. troops and about 800 rebels. Weakness and lack-or-ga-ni-zo-van-ness of the res-pub-li-kan-tsev po-zvo-li-de-ram li-be-ra-lov (Laf-fit, A. Thiers and others) to seize the initiative and take advantage of the fruits of the people's uprising. Having been supported by the popu- lar-no-go in the country of the French revolution of the 18th century, General La Faye -e-ta, Pa-la-you de-pu-ta-tov and Pa-la-you pe-rov, they know-whether “on-me-st-no-one ko-ro-lion” -st-va" of the Duke of Or-le-an-sko-go (July 31). On August 2, Charles X abdicated from the throne; on August 9, the Duke was hailed “by the French call” under the name of Louis Philippe. pa. On August 14, the con-sti-tu-tsi-on-naya Charter of 1830, the su-s-st-ven-but expanded freedom and the circle of bi -ra-te-ley, introducing local and regional self-government, etc. In France, us-ta-no-vil - the regime of the July Monarchy. The July Revolution gave impetus to the Belgian revolution of 1830 and the Polish uprising of 1830-1831, as well as the revolutionary revolution -p-le-ni-yam in Germany and Italy, dealt a significant blow to the Holy Union system.
July Revolution 1830 in France, the bourgeois revolution that ended the Bourbon monarchy. Noble-clerical regime of the Restoration (See Restoration)
slowed down the economic development of the country. The industrial crisis and depression of 1827-30, crop failures of 1828-29, which worsened the already difficult situation of the working people, accelerated the revolutionization of the masses. The dissatisfaction of the liberal bourgeoisie, which sought economic and political transformations in the interests of the capitalist development of the country, also intensified. The immediate reason for I. r. were the orders signed by the king on July 25, published on July 26, 1830, on the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies (in which representatives of the liberal bourgeoisie predominated), on the limitation of suffrage by the zemstvo qualification, on the intensification of repressions against the progressive press. On July 27, a massive armed uprising broke out in Paris under the slogan of defending the constitutional charter of 1814 and removing the Polignac cabinet; The main driving force of the uprising was the workers and artisans, supported by the petty and middle bourgeoisie, the advanced part of the intelligentsia. On July 29, the rebels captured the Tuileries Palace and other government buildings. The royal troops were defeated and left Paris, some regiments went over to the side of the people. Revolutionary protests in provincial cities also ended in the defeat of the defenders of the “old regime”. Power in the capital passed into the hands of the “municipal commission,” headed by influential figures of the moderate liberal wing of the big bourgeoisie (bankers J. Laffitte and C. P. Perrier, General M. J. P. Lafayette, etc.). The weakness of petty-bourgeois democracy and the disorganization of the working class allowed the top of the bourgeoisie to appropriate all the fruits of the people's victory and prevent the deepening of the revolution. Despite protests from republican groups, the Orléanist-dominated Chamber of Deputies decided to transfer the crown to the Duke of Orléans - Louis Philippe ,
closely associated with large bankers. On August 2, 1830, Charles X abdicated the throne; on August 7, Louis Philippe was proclaimed “King of the French.” I.r. led to rather limited political results. The new constitution (“Charter of 1830”) carried out a slight reduction (compared to the “Charter of 1814”) of the property and age qualifications for voters; the state apparatus and army command staff were cleared of extreme reactionaries, local and regional self-government was introduced; The king's power was somewhat curtailed. However, the working masses and small owners did not receive the right to vote; laws against trade unions and workers' strikes, heavy indirect taxes were not repealed. The police-bureaucratic apparatus, which was formed during the Napoleonic Empire, has been preserved; it has only passed into other hands. Despite the incompleteness of the revolutionary revolution, it had great progressive significance: the revolution overthrew the political dominance of the noble aristocracy and put an end to attempts to restore feudal-absolutist orders in one form or another. Power finally passed from the hands of the nobility into the hands of the bourgeoisie, although not all of it, but only one part of it - the financial aristocracy (i.e., the top of the commercial, industrial and banking bourgeoisie). Since 1830, a bourgeois monarchy was established in France. The I.R., which was warmly welcomed by the leading people of different states, dealt a serious blow to the reactionary system of the Holy Alliance (See Holy Alliance). Attempts by the ruling circles of Russia, Austria and Prussia to organize a military intervention against France with the aim of restoring the old dynasty in it were futile due to contradictions among European states and as a result of revolutionary uprisings in many European countries. All European states, although not immediately, recognized the regime of the July Monarchy (See July Monarchy). Lit.: Marx K., Class struggle in France from 1848 to 1850, Marx K. and Engels F., Works, 2nd ed., vol. 7; Lenin V.I., Notes of a publicist, Complete. collection cit., 5th ed., vol. 19; Molok A.I., July days of 1830 in Paris, in the collection: Historical Notes, [vol.] 20, M., 1946; his, The struggle of trends in French historiography on the issues of the Bourbon restoration and the July Revolution of 1830, in the collection: French Yearbook 1959, M., 1961; Orlik O. V., Russia and the French Revolution of 1830, M., 1968. A.I. Milk.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
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Liberty Leading the People, Eugene Delacroix, 1830, Louvre The July Revolution of 1830 (French La révolution de Juillet) an uprising on July 27 against the current monarchy in France, leading to the final overthrow of the senior line of the Bourbon dynasty (?) and ... ... Wikipedia
Revolution in France. She ended the Bourbon monarchy and established the July Monarchy. The July Revolution served as a direct impetus for the Belgian Revolution of 1830 and the Polish Uprising of 1830 31. It dealt a decisive blow to the Holy Alliance. * *… … encyclopedic Dictionary
In France, bourgeois. revolution that ended the Bourbon monarchy. Prom. crisis and depression of the late 20s. The 19th century, as well as crop failures of 1828-29, which sharply worsened the already difficult situation of the working people, accelerated the process of revolutionizing the people. mass... ...
See July Revolution... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Liberty Leading the People, Eugene Delacroix, 1830, Louvre The July Revolution of 1830 (French La révolution de Juillet) an uprising on July 27 against the current monarchy in France, leading to the final overthrow of the senior line of the Bourbon dynasty (?) and ... ... Wikipedia
1830 revolution in France, ending the Bourbon monarchy and establishing the July Monarchy. The July Revolution served as a direct impetus for the Belgian Revolution of 1830 and the Polish Uprising of 1830 31. For more details, see Art. French... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
See July Revolution 1830... Soviet historical encyclopedia
July Revolution: The July Revolution (French: La révolution de Juillet) an uprising on July 27, 1830 against the current monarchy in France. The July Revolution in Egypt is a military coup that took place in Egypt on July 23, 1952. July... ... Wikipedia
