This article highlights the main points that you need to know for the construction of brickwork.
Standard brick sizes
The brick is made in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with the following dimensions:
The brick has 6 surfaces: 2 pokes, 2 spoons and 2 beds.
Designation of brickwork elements
To make this article more informative for you, you need to understand the simple terms inherent in brickwork, the definition of which is presented below.
Brick laying is done in horizontal rows. The bricks are laid on the mortar with a wide edge - a bed (there are methods of laying on a spoon).
Horizontal seam– a seam between adjacent horizontal rows.
Vertical seam- a seam separating the side edges of adjacent bricks. There are transverse and longitudinal.
Inner mile- a row of brickwork that extends to the inner surface.
Front or outer mile- a row of masonry that faces the outer (facade) side.
Zabutka- rows located between the inner and outer versts.
Spoon row- a row of bricks that are laid with spoons to the surface of the wall, i.e. long edges.
Bond row- a row of bricks that are laid with butts to the surface of the wall, i.e. short edges.
Suture ligation system- a certain order of alternating spoon and butt rows.
Spoon masonry- masonry in which the brick is laid with a spoon outward in relation to the front surface of the wall.
Bonded masonry- masonry in which the brick is laid with the butt facing outwards in relation to the front side of the wall.
The width of the brickwork must be a multiple of an odd or even number of halves (1/2) of bricks.
Brick thickness
Depending on climatic conditions, purpose of the building and design loads, brickwork can be of the following thickness:
The thickness of the masonry = the total thickness of the bricks in the masonry + the thickness of the mortar between the bricks. Example of laying 2 bricks: 250 mm+10mm+250mm=510mm
When planning dimensions, the width of a vertical joint in brickwork is usually considered to be 10 mm, but in practice this number varies from 8 to 12 mm.
Quarter brick masonry (1/4) – 65 mm
Half-brick masonry (1/2) – 120 mm
Single brick laying – 250mm
Laying one and a half bricks (1.5) – 380mm (250+10+120mm)
Laying two bricks – 510 mm (250+10+250mm)
Laying two and a half bricks (2.5) – 640 mm (250+10+250+10+120mm)
Most often used in construction:
- single (ordinary, standard) brick, which has a height of 65 mm;
- thickened brick with a height of 88 mm.
When planning the size of a building, the height of a horizontal joint in brickwork is generally considered to be 12 mm, but in practice this number varies from 10 to 15 mm.
When electrically heating brickwork or reinforcing it, electrodes or a metal mesh are placed in the horizontal seams, respectively. In this case, the seam size should not be less than 12 mm.
Knowing what kind of brick (single or thickened) the structure is planned to be built from, you can easily calculate the height of the future structure:
| Number of masonry rows | Structure height, mm | |
| single brick | made of thickened brick | |
| 1 row (height of 1 brick + height of 1 horizontal seam) |
77 (65+12) | 100 (88+12) |
| 2 rows (height 2 bricks + height of 2 horizontal seams) |
154 (65+12+65+12) | 200 (88+12+88+12) |
| 3 rows (height 3 bricks + height of 3 horizontal seams) |
231 (65+12+65+12+65+12) | 300 (88+12+88+12+88+12) |
| 4 rows (height 4 bricks + height 4 horizontal seams) |
308 | 400 |
| 5 rows (height 5 bricks + height 5 horizontal seams) |
385 | 500 |
| 6 rows (height 6 bricks + height 6 horizontal seams) |
462 and further through 77 mm | 600 and then every 100 mm |
Height of 10 rows of thickened brick = Height of 13 rows of single brick = 1000 mm
In order not to calculate and reduce the sketch dimensions to the constructive ones each time, the designer uses a table of brickwork dimensions. © www.gvozdem.ru
Dressing systems
In order to combine rows of brickwork into a single strong monolithic structure, seam dressing systems are used. For theory, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the basic rules of bricklaying.
The following vertical seams are ligated:
- transverse,
- longitudinal.
The strength and reliability of brickwork largely depends on the quality of the ligation of vertical longitudinal and transverse seams.
The ligation of vertical longitudinal seams is carried out by laying bonded rows and helps to avoid longitudinal destruction of the masonry.
Ligament of vertical transverse seams is performed by alternating spoon and butt rows, and in adjacent rows it is necessary to move the bricks by a quarter or half. This dressing ensures: uniform distribution of the load on the nearest sections of the masonry and the longitudinal relationship of adjacent bricks, which in turn gives the brickwork solidity and strength under uneven temperature deformations and precipitation.
Suture dressing systems
The following suture dressing systems are most often used in construction:
- single-row or chain;
- multi-row;
- three-row.
Single row system (chain)
Single-row ligation of sutures is performed by sequential alternation of stitch and spoon rows in compliance with the following rules:
- The first (lower) and last (upper) rows are laid with pokes.
- Longitudinal seams in adjacent rows are shifted by 1/2 (half a brick) relative to each other, transverse seams by 1/4 (a quarter of a brick).
- The bricks of the overlying row must overlap the vertical joints of the underlying row.
With a single-row ligation during the laying process, a large number of incomplete bricks will be needed (most often 3/4), the cutting of which will entail not only labor costs, but also serious losses of bricks, which will ultimately lead to significant financial investments.
It must be remembered that the chain ligation system is the most labor-intensive, but despite this, it is also more durable and reliable.
Multi-row system
Multi-row dressing of seams is a brickwork laid out in spoon rows, which are tied in height every 5-6 rows with one butted row. With this dressing system, the following rules must be observed:
- The first, also known as the bottom row, is placed with pokes.
- Second row - spoons.
- The third, fourth, fifth and sixth - with spoons with ligation of the seams in 1/2 (half a brick). This is done regardless of the thickness of the wall.
- Along the width of the wall, the vertical longitudinal seams of the masonry of five rows do not need to be bandaged.
- The pokes of the seventh row overlap the seams of the sixth row of spoons by 1/4 (a quarter of a brick).
Advantages of a multi-row dressing system:
- there is no need for a large number of incomplete bricks;
- most productive;
- allows the use of brick halves for laying backfills;
- improves the thermal characteristics of the masonry (this occurs due to increased thermal resistance, located along the path of the heat flow, untied longitudinal seams of five rows).
Flaws:
- the third rule for cutting brickwork is not fully observed;
- strength is less than with single-row dressing;
- cannot be used when laying brick pillars due to incomplete bandaging of the longitudinal seams.
Three-row system
The three-row seam dressing system is used for bricklaying narrow walls and pillars, the width of which does not exceed 1 m.
Main types of suture dressing
Laying 1 brick (cross) - option 1
| View from the facade
|
Dressing sutures
|
|
|
Laying 1 brick (cross) – option 2
| View from the facade
|
Dressing sutures
|
| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
1-brick multi-row masonry
Laying 1.5 bricks option 1
View from the facade  |
Dressing sutures
|
View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry  |
Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Masonry of 1.5 bricks. Option 2
| View from the facade
|
Dressing sutures
|
| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Laying 2 bricks
| View from the facade
|
Dressing sutures
|
| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Laying 2.5 bricks
| View from the facade
|
Dressing sutures
|
| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Masonry methods
Internal and external versts are laid in the following ways:
- end to end,
- end-to-end with cutting the mortar,
- press it.
The zabutka is placed in a half-stuffed position.
The choice of a specific method depends on:
- season,
- requirements for the cleanliness of the outer surface of the masonry,
- the state of the brick itself (wet or dry),
- plasticity of the solution.
Masonry technology
Before starting brickwork on the plinth, it is necessary to insulate it. To do this, a layer of roofing felt or other insulating material is laid around the perimeter of the masonry under the brick.
Using a level, several rows of bricks are laid in the corners of the plinth. The orders are attached to the corners using staples. The distance between the divisions in the order is 77 mm (65 mm height of a single brick + 12 mm height of the mortar). According to established procedures, mooring cords are pulled, which help maintain the straightness and horizontality of the erected rows of brickwork. It is advisable to place the cord every 5 m to prevent it from sagging (if the mooring is stretched by 10 m, then after 5 m a beacon is made in the form of bricks to tension the cord). The mooring cord for external walls is fastened in order, and for internal walls using staples.
Using a trowel, a mortar is placed on the brick, the thickness is 30 mm and the distance from the outer part of the wall is 20 mm. The first row of brickwork is bonded. The brick is laid using the “press” or “butt” method.
Butt method
Using the “end-to-end” method, the brick is laid on a plastic mortar (cone draft 12-13 cm).
The sequence of actions when laying bricks “back to back”:
- At first:
- take the brick in your hands and tilt it a little,
- rake a little of the spread mortar onto the brick with the edge (with a spoon - for the butt row, with a poke - for the spoon row),
- move the brick with the raked mortar towards the brick that was laid earlier.
- Then the brick is laid on the mortar.
Press method
Using the “press” method, the brick is laid on a hard mortar (cone draft 7...9 cm) with mandatory jointing and full filling of the seams.
The sequence of actions when laying bricks “pressed”:
- A portion of the mortar is raked and pressed against the vertical edge of the previously laid brick with a trowel.
- Then they lay a new brick, making sure to press it against the trowel.
- With a sharp upward movement, remove the trowel.
- They lay down the brick.
Detailed instructions for laying bricks from marking the foundation to laying the wall are on our website www.gvozdem.ru in the article “Do-it-yourself bricklaying.”
Joining seams
To obtain sufficient compaction of the mortar in the seams, as well as to give the brickwork a clear pattern on the outside, jointing is used. In this case, brick laying is carried out with cutting the mortar. When stitching, the seams are given the following shapes:
- triangular,
- concave,
- convex,
- rectangular,
- rounded.
For example, to obtain convex seams, concave joints are used.
To obtain better quality seams and reduce labor costs, the seams of the brickwork are unstitched until the mortar sets, following the following sequence:
- use a brush or rag to wipe the surface of the brickwork from mortar splashes adhering to it;
- embroider vertical seams (3-4 spoons or 6-8 stitches);
- unstitch the horizontal seams.
If in the future you plan to plaster the walls, then the bricklaying must be done empty, i.e. Do not bring the solution 10-15 mm to the wall surface. This method will allow the plaster to firmly adhere to the wall surface. © www.gvozdem.ru
Undercut  |
Vpushoshovku  |
Convex seam  |
Concave seam  |
Single cut seam  |
Double cut seam  |
Masonry reinforcement
Partitions can be interior or apartment partitions. Inter-apartment partitions must be at least 20 cm thick and have good sound insulation. Interior partitions can be 10 cm thick, but they must also absorb sound well to create comfortable living conditions. The sound permeability of a partition depends primarily on the mass of 1 m 2 of the material from which it is made. The larger it is, the higher the degree of sound permeability. To prevent sound from penetrating through the partition, it is necessary to place insulation on its path made of elastic and soft, porous or fibrous materials that can dampen sound waves. Studies have shown that sound is more intensely damped not in single-layer, but in multi-layer structures (Figure). Layers of dense materials are separated by spacers made of loose or elastic materials or air gaps with a thickness of 40 - 60 mm, which is equivalent to an increase in the mass of a single-layer partition by 100 kg/m g.
When installing partitions, you should adhere to the rule that each living room must have at least one window. Therefore, all living rooms, at least on one side, must be limited by an outer wall. In addition, the layout of the apartment should be such that the room intended for sleeping is not a passageway.
When installing new partitions, one should not forget about fire safety rules. If the partition is constructed from flammable materials, then the distance from it to heating stoves and chimneys must be at least 400 mm. If this condition cannot be met, then the material from which the partition is constructed must be non-flammable.
There are partitions: simple - brick, concrete; double - structurally made of two re-
town, between which insulation is laid or there is an air gap (Figure). Depending on the method of construction, partitions are divided into those built using masonry from bricks, blocks or various slabs and completely monolithic, made locally from lightweight concrete or gypsum.
In terms of cost, labor intensity and material consumption, partitions are in fourth place after walls, ceilings and floors. Their area is approximately twice the floor area. Consequently, to reduce the thickness and weight of structures (while maintaining the necessary sound insulation), to simplicity and ease of installation, low cost when developing
The variety of finishes is what you should pay attention to when choosing the type of partitions.
When installing partitions, it is advisable to provide for the possibility of moving them when remodeling the apartment. Partitions in sanitary facilities and kitchens must be moisture-resistant and hygienic.
Partitions, brick
They are usually made 1/2 brick thick. In individual rooms (baths, toilets, pantries), partitions can be 1/4 brick (Figure). They are constructed from baked brick - solid, with longitudinal or transverse voids, from slag concrete blocks or Heraclite slabs made from magnesium fiberboard. For those whose experience in bricklaying is limited, we can recommend a simple device that allows you to perform even laying. To do this, select two wooden blocks, the length of which is equal to the height of the room. The bars are fixed strictly vertically along a line parallel to the axis of the future partition. A horizontal board is attached to the bars,
which will serve as a guide for the brickwork of the partition. To make the solution stick less to the board, its surface is planed. Such partition designs are easy to manufacture, have good fire-fighting and sound-proofing properties, high moisture resistance, and do not require the use of a lifting mechanism during installation. They can have any shape, which is very important in the interior of a modern apartment. Floor slabs used in residential buildings are usually designed for a load of 300 - 400 kg/m2, which makes it possible to lay brick partitions up to 120 mm thick on them. To improve the quality of partitions, a number of design conditions are required: partitions are laid on pre-constructed foundations, and in houses with reinforced concrete floors - directly on the floor, preventing the construction of brick partitions on wooden floors. Failure to comply with these conditions can lead to the formation of cracks and even destruction of partition structures. The laying of partitions is carried out mainly on a lime-cement mortar containing 110 kg of lime and 50 kg of cement per 1 m e of sand.
Brick partitions have good sound insulation, high fire resistance, hygiene and moisture resistance. Their installation requires a reliable foundation in the form of a foundation or reinforced concrete floor.
The masonry of partitions is often reinforced with strip iron or wire with a diameter of 3 - 5 mm (Figure). To protect against corrosion, the reinforcement is coated with cement laitance or bitumen before installation. At the junctions of the partitions with the main walls, they are secured with pins or ruffs, to which the ends of the reinforcement are attached. For an experienced mason, erecting a partition does not present any particular difficulties. Horizontal planes are controlled with a spirit level and a mooring cord, and vertical planes are controlled with a plumb line.
The laying of the last two rows is carried out simultaneously. Each brick of the last row is wedged against the ceiling with small stones or broken bricks in cement mortar. You should not use wooden wedges for this, since the brick may become loose over time and the partition may collapse.
Brick partitions half a brick thick are erected using spoon masonry using a complex mortar. If doorways are planned in the partition, then the amount of cement in the solution is increased. Base for partitions
half bricks must be reinforced, since their weight is twice as much as the weight of 1/4 brick partitions. On the first floors of a building, under which there is no basement, the foundation for a quarter-brick partition is deepened to the border of stable soil (Figure). On a reinforced concrete base, a concrete screed 8-10 cm thick is constructed under the partitions. For greater reliability, it is better to lay several reinforcing bars in the concrete screed. If the partition is located on the same axis with the load-bearing reinforced concrete beam, then an additional base for the partition need not be made.
Well masonry with walls of 1/4 brick (Fig. 61, a) is used for the construction of one-story and two-story individual houses with walls 33 cm thick. The brick in the masonry of the outer walls is installed on an edge, the dressing in the masonry is performed by alternating two schemes for laying out the bricks (Fig. 61, a, b, c).
The connection between the longitudinal walls is carried out by pins placed between the tray bricks of the inner and outer walls. The pins form wells 100 mm wide, which are filled with heat-insulating backfill material (slag, expanded clay) 4 . For better thermal insulation of walls, the gap 3 Between the 74 adjacent butts and the longitudinal walls, the solution is left unfilled. It is difficult to fill vertical masonry joints with mortar to a height of 120mm. They can be filled with plastic mortar by pouring it into the seams, temporarily covered with removable formwork made of bars 7 (Fig. 61, c).
For the walls of the described well masonry, it is advisable to use semi-dry pressed bricks that have smooth bed edges, which form the front surface of the walls. An expressive wall surface is also formed by combining different types of bricks in masonry, for example, semi-dry and plastic molding. Masonry is economical in terms of brick consumption, but extremely labor-intensive.
Rice. 61. Lightweight well masonry with brick walls 1/4 brick thick:
a, b - bandaging of masonry along rows I and II, c - device for filling vertical joints of masonry with mortar;
1, 2 - rows of masonry, 3 - air gap 10...12 mm, 4 - backfill (expanded clay, slag), 5 - partial bricks, 6 - steel spring bracket made of wire 5...6 mm, 7 - wooden blocks 4x4 cm
Brick is a durable, strong material with high fire resistance. Brick is the most common building material with dimensions of 250x120x65 mm, excluding tolerances of 3-5 mm.
The bricks are laid with the long side (25 cm) along the facade (along the wall) and are called spoons, or the short side is laid across the wall and are called pokes. The spaces between bricks filled with mortar are called seams.
The normal thickness of a horizontal seam (between rows) is 2 mm, a vertical seam (between bricks) is 10 mm. The use of significantly thicker seams is extremely undesirable, because this reduces the heat-insulating qualities and strength of the wall and disrupts the modularity of dimensions.
In construction, solid bricks are used: ordinary or clay red, fired, with a volumetric weight of 1700-1900 kg/m3 and less expensive silicate or white bricks (volume weight - 1800-2000 kg/m3). For ease of use, the weight of one (solid) brick is from 3.2 to 4 kg. The thickness of homogeneous (solid) brick walls is always a multiple of half a brick and is built in 1/2; 1; 1 1/2; 2; 2 1/2 bricks, etc. Taking into account the thickness of the vertical joints of 10 mm, brick walls have a thickness of 120, 250, 380, 510, 640 mm or more.
|
|
|
|
 2.
|
||
|
3. |
||
|
4.
|
5. |
6.
|
|
Types of bricks: 1 – ordinary solid brick; 2 – hollow brick; 3 - facing brick; 4 – silicate brick; 5 – refractory brick (fireclay); 6 – clinker brick |
||
1.
In terms of its heat-protective qualities, brick is inferior to many materials, for example, at a design outside temperature of 30°C (central part of Russia), external walls made of solid brick of solid masonry should have a thickness of 640 mm (2 1/2 bricks), which is 2.5 -3 times more wooden ones.
The domestic industry produces mainly six types of bricks.
Ordinary solid brick, usually red, has frost resistance, porosity from 6-8% to 20%.
The porosity of a brick determines the strength of its adhesion to the masonry mortar, the thermal conductivity of the walls and the absorption of moisture when the weather changes.
Typically, ordinary brick has an unattractive, rough surface, as a result of which internal and external walls built from it must subsequently be plastered.
Hollow brick - for the construction of external walls with increased heat-insulating ability. Color: pale red, dark red, brown, yellow.
Hollow brick is used to reduce the thickness of walls. The presence of voids in brick reduces the need for raw materials, transport costs, facilitates firing, and increases frost resistance. In order to reduce brick consumption, reduce the weight of walls and the load on the foundation, external walls can sometimes be completely laid out from hollow bricks.
Hollow bricks are made with through and non-through round, slot-like, oval or square voids. Due to the fact that the diameter of the through voids does not exceed 16 mm and the width of the gap is 12 mm, during the masonry process the mortar slightly fills the voids, and the masonry has a reduced thermal conductivity. The brick can be plastic or semi-dry pressing: with plastic pressing, the brick is made with through voids, and with semi-dry pressing, with non-through voids (it is also called five-walled and is laid with voids down).
Facing bricks - for almost all types of exterior work. The color, depending on the raw material, ranges from light yellow to dark red. Withstands exposure to water and frost.
Some types of facing bricks used for exterior decoration of stoves and fireplaces have beautiful patterns printed on the outer surface, giving them an additional decorative effect.
With the use of facing bricks, the cost of the walls increases, but the difference is approximately equal to the cost of plastering the facade.
Light-colored facing bricks, yellow and cream, are made from light-burning clays; the color of already fired bricks is largely influenced by the content of various compounds in the clay, and primarily iron oxide.
A unique aesthetic effect is achieved by using profile facing bricks. In the old days, profile bricks were obtained by cutting ordinary bricks or in special forms.
Figured brick - mainly for exterior decoration. The color is red-brown, has high frost and moisture resistance.
.
Glazed brick - for cladding internal and external walls. Color - different range of colors.
Glazed brick refers to facing bricks and is intended mainly for original cladding. Glazed brick is obtained by adding various chemical solutions to the clay mass, which form a colored glassy layer during the firing of the raw material. Moreover, the decorative layer has good adhesion to the main mass and has increased frost resistance.
In terms of its basic properties, glazed brick is similar to clinker ceramics, however, compared to other types of facing bricks, it is the most fragile, which significantly limits its scope of application. It is interesting to use it for various kinds of panels and mosaic paintings both on the facades of houses and indoors.
Ceramic clinker modular bricks are used for cladding external walls. Color: white, gray, light black, red, has low moisture absorption, heat-resistant, frost-resistant.
The features of ceramic clinker bricks are their frost resistance (withstands at least 50 heating-cooling cycles), heat resistance, and low level of moisture absorption (0.2%). This is achieved both by the choice of source materials and by a special firing technology (at a temperature of 1800°).
The brick has smooth end walls, like ceramic tiles, and a non-standard size - larger than that of ordinary facing bricks (for this reason it is called “modular”). Therefore, due to the smaller number of bricks required in the wall being built, the laying time can be reduced.
To reduce brick consumption, reduce the weight of walls and the load on the foundation, external walls are laid out of hollow or solid bricks, but with the formation of voids, wells, the use of insulation, warm solutions, etc.
Examples of design solutions for external walls
| Type of brick |
Characteristics of the design of external walls |
Wall thickness in mm |
Calculated t 0 of outside air |
| Clay ordinary solid and silicate | |||
|
5 0 C |
|||
|
10 0 C |
|||
|
20 0 C |
|||
|
30 0 C |
|||
|
Masonry with an air gap |
20 0 С(-30 0 С) |
||
|
30 0 С(-40 0 С) |
|||
|
40 0 С(-50 0 С) |
|||
|
Well masonry with internal plaster and mineral backfill with a volumetric mass of 1400 kg/m 3 |
10 0 С(-20 0 С) |
||
|
25 0 С(-35 0 С) |
|||
|
35 0 С(-50 0 С) |
|||
|
Solid masonry with internal insulation with 10 cm thick thermal insulation boards |
20 0 С(-30 0 С) |
||
|
30 0 С(-35 0 С) |
|||
|
40 0 С(-50 0 С) |
|||
|
Solid masonry with internal plaster and external hollow slab insulation 5 cm thick |
20 0 С(-25 0 С) |
||
|
30 0 С(-40 0 С) |
|||
|
40 0 С(-50 0 С) |
|||
| Hollow clay |
Solid masonry with internal plaster |
10 0 C |
|
|
20 0 C |
|||
|
35 0 C |
|||
|
35 0 C |
|||
|
Masonry with an air gap (5 cm) and external and internal plaster |
15 0 C (-25 0 C) |
||
|
25 0 С(-35 0 С) |
|||
|
40 0 С(-50 0 С) |
Continuous masonry made from solid brick is the most irrational; masonry with the formation of closed air layers 5-7 cm wide is more economical. In this case, brick consumption is reduced by 15-20%, but external plaster is required. The air gaps are filled with mineral felt and foam. The use of warm masonry mortars based on aggregates made of slag, expanded clay, tuff, etc. is also effective.
The most common economical design of external brick walls of well masonry, in which the wallp style=»text-align: center;»p style=»text-align: center;»span style=»color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt;" in fact, they are laid out from two independent walls half a brick thick, connected to each other by p style=»text-align: center;»p style=»text-align: center;»vertical and horizontal brick bridges /pi with the formation of closed wells. The wells along the course of the masonry are filled with slag, expanded clay or lightweight concrete. This solution protects the insulation well from external influences, although it somewhat weakens the structural strength of the wall.
With continuous masonry, it is economical to install brick walls with external or internal insulation. In this case, the thickness of the brick wall can be minimal, based only on strength requirements, that is, be equal to 25 cm in all climatic regions, and thermal protection is provided by the thickness and quality of the insulation. When the insulating layer is located on the inside, it is protected from water vapor by a vapor barrier; when located on the outside, it is protected from atmospheric influences by a screen or plaster.
Brick walls have great thermal inertia: they warm up slowly and also cool down slowly. Moreover, this inertia is greater, the thicker the wall and the greater its mass. In brick houses, the temperature inside the premises has slight daily fluctuations, and this is an advantage of brick walls. At the same time, in houses of periodic residence (dachas, garden houses), such a feature of brick walls is not always desirable in the cold season.
A large mass of cooled walls requires significant fuel consumption each time to warm them up, and sudden changes in temperature inside the premises lead to moisture condensation on the internal surfaces of brick walls. In such houses, it is better to sheathe the walls from the inside with boards.
Internal load-bearing walls are usually made of solid (clay or silicate) bricks. The minimum thickness of the internal load-bearing walls is 25 cm, the cross-section of the pillars is at least 38×38 cm, the piers are at least 25×51 cm. For heavy loads, the load-bearing pillars and piers are reinforced with a metal mesh made of wire with a diameter of 3-6 mm in three to five rows in height.
The partitions are laid out with a thickness of 12 cm (half a brick) and 6.5 cm (brick “on edge”). When the length of partitions laid out “on edge” is more than 1.5 m, they are also reinforced with wire every two or three rows in height.
It is best to clad facades with facing ceramic bricks. In appearance, texture and permissible deviations in size, it is of the highest quality.
Brick walls are usually laid on cement-sand, cement-lime or cement-clay mortar. Cement-sand mortar, regardless of the brand of cement, turns out to be too strong and hard, so it is better if you add lime or clay dough to it. The mortar from such an additive will become plastic and workable, and cement consumption will decrease by 1.5-2 times.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Well masonry: a – fragment of masonry; b – serial layout when laying a right corner of the wall; c – corner of the wall of the well masonry; 1 – insulation; 2 – diaphragm made of interlocking bricks; 3 - jumpers |
|
Lime paste, used as an additive to cement-sand mortar, is prepared from slaked lime. If there is quicklime in the form of separate pieces (boiling) or powder (fluff), it must be quenched with water in a creative pit lined with boards and kept in this state for at least two weeks. The longer the aging period, the better. The homogeneity of the composition and strength of the lime paste increases with prolonged exposure.
It is also advisable to prepare clay dough for masonry mortars in advance. Pieces of clay are soaked in water and kept in this form until completely soaked for three to five days. Then water is added, mixed, filtered, after settling, the excess water is drained and used. The shelf life of clay dough is unlimited.
The mortar for brickwork is prepared immediately before starting work and used within 1.5-2 hours.
The thickness of vertical seams is on average 10 mm. When using a solution with plasticizing additives (lime or clay), horizontal joints are also laid with a thickness of 10 mm, without additives - 12 mm. The maximum thickness of seams is 15 mm, the minimum is 8 mm.
The strength of the wall is ensured by bandaging the seams.
There are two suture dressing systems:
- single-row chain;
- multi-row.
Multi-row mixed dressing is also possible.
When knitting in a single row, the bonded rows also alternate. Two-, three-, and six-row masonry dressing systems are more common.
The strength of brickwork made with ligation of vertical seams in each row or after three to six rows is almost the same.
It increases significantly if, regardless of the masonry system, a reinforcing mesh with cells 6-12 cm wide from wire with a diameter of 3-6 mm is laid in horizontal joints through three to five rows.
Masonry with three-row diaphragms and, of course, mixed masonry have become quite widely used in individual construction.
Facade cladding, as already mentioned, is done with ceramic brick (stone), but this can also be successfully done with thickened brick with voids and, finally, concrete stone.
|
|
|
|
Two-, three- and six-row masonry systems: a - two-row masonry system; 1 – splice row; 2 – spoon row; 3 – displacement of vertical seams; b - three-row masonry system; 1 – splice row; 2 – spoon rows; 3 – coincidence of three vertical seams; c - six-row masonry system; 1 – splice row; 2 – spoon rows; 3 – displacement of vertical joints by a quarter of a brick; 4 – the same, half a brick |
Masonry made of ceramic stones (a), thickened brick with voids (b), concrete stones (c) |
Lightweight masonry with horizontal diaphragms is of undoubted interest.
This type of masonry consists of two parallel walls 1/2 brick thick, connected every five rows of masonry by horizontal bonded rows. The latter are sometimes replaced with reinforcement bars 6 mm thick, which are laid every 50 cm of the wall length. The ends of the rods are bent at a straight angle. The total length of the rods should be such that they are at a depth of 8-10 cm in the masonry.
When erecting such walls, first lay out two walls to a height of five rows. Then the space between them is filled with dry aggregates or filled with “warm” concrete (adobe) in layers 15 cm thick and everything is thoroughly compacted. The last layer is leveled at the level of the masonry.
If the diaphragms are brick, then whole bricks are placed on the mortar from the bottom and top sides, ensuring their strong connection. In order to protect the rods used from rusting, in the backfill opposite the places where they are laid, a trowel is used to select furrows 3-4 cm deep and wide. A furrow of the same width and 5-6 cm long is chosen near the walls.
|
|
|
|
Lightweight masonry with horizontal diaphragms: a – brick; b – from “warm concrete and reinforced steel |
Brick-concrete anchor masonry: a – fragment of masonry; b – serial layout of bricks when laying a right angle; c – wall corner; 1 – outer mile; 2 – insulation (lightweight concrete); 3 – anchor pins; 4 – inner mile |
Both of them are filled with mortar (preferably cement, composition 1:4 or 1:5) to such a height that the reinforcement being laid is recessed in it either by half its thickness or completely. After removing the first row, the rods are covered on top with a layer of mortar of the same thickness. Then five more rows are laid, filler is poured or mortar is poured, rods are laid, etc. As the laying proceeds, every two rows the voids are filled with “warm” concrete using lightweight aggregates. The released brick pokes are also firmly bound with concrete. This type of masonry reduces the cost of walls by 25-30% and reduces the need for bricks. Lightweight masonry is permissible when constructing houses no higher than two floors.
Anchor masonry consists of two parallel brick walls, in the space between which lightweight concrete is laid. The interlocking bricks protrude into the concrete into the masonry and are a kind of anchors that connect the concrete and brick into a single structure. Blind parts of the walls can be connected every 2-3 m with continuous vertical diaphragms 1/2 brick thick.
The consumption of materials per 1 m 2 of brick wall for solid and lightweight (well) masonry can be calculated using the tables provided.
Brick consumption per 1 m 3 of solid brick wall
| Brick |
Material |
Unit |
Wall thickness in bricks and cm |
||||
| 1/212 | 125 | 1.538 | 25 | 2.564 | |||
| Ordinary brick 250x120x65 | Brick | PC |
420 | 400 | 395 | 394 | 392 |
| Solution | m 3 | 0.189 | 0.221 | 0.234 | 0.24 | 0.245 | |
| Modulated brick 250x120x88 | Brick |
PC |
322 | 308 | 296 | 294 | 292 |
| Solution | m 3 | 0.160 | 0.20 | 0.216 | 0.222 | 0.227 | |
Material consumption per 1 m 2 of lightweight (well) brick wall
|
Type of brick |
Material |
Unit |
Type of filler |
|||||
|
without openings |
cinder concrete |
without openings |
slag |
|||||
|
Ordinary brick 250x120x65 |
PC |
FROM |
||||||
|
Solution |
m 3 |
|||||||
|
Cinder concrete |
m 3 |
0.207 |
0.201 |
0.19 |
||||
|
Slag |
m 3 |
0.129 |
0.125 |
0.12 |
||||
|
Modulated brick 250x120x88 |
Clay or sand-lime brick |
PC |
||||||
|
Solution |
m 3 |
0.055 |
0.057 |
0.059 |
0.034 |
0.035 |
0.036 |
|
|
Cinder concrete |
m 3 |
0.207 |
0.201 |
0.19 |
||||
|
Slag |
m 3 |
0.129 |
0.125 |
0.12 |
||||
The list of types of masonry should be supplemented with the most durable - English - dressing, in which spoon and bonded rows alternate through the row. That is, the bricks of two adjacent rows in height lie crosswise in relation to each other.
With Flemish ligation, spoon and butt bricks alternate in one row
Methods and sequence of masonry. The choice of masonry method depends on the plasticity of the mortar, the time of year and the requirements for the cleanliness of the face of the masonry.
There are three methods: pressing, butting and butting with cutting of the solution, and backfills - in a half-butting.
Using the pressing method, brick walls are laid on a rigid mortar (cone draft - 7-9 cm) with full filling and jointing. This method is used to lay both spoon and butt versts. In this case, the solution is spread with a distance of 10-15 mm from the face of the wall. Level the mortar with the back of the trowel, moving it away from the laid brick and arranging a mortar bed for three spoon or five butt bricks at the same time.
 |
| Masonry using the pressing method: a – spoon row; b – butt row |
 |
| Masonry using the end-to-end method with cutting the mortar: a – spoon row; b – butt row |
 |
| Masonry using the pressing method: a – spoon row; b – tychkovy row of the outer mile; 1-4 sequence of actions |
The masonry is strong, with the joints completely filled with mortar, dense and clean. However, this method requires more movements than others and is therefore considered the most labor-intensive.
Using the back-to-back method, masonry is carried out using plastic mortars (cone draft - 12-13 cm) with incomplete filling of the joints with mortar along the face of the wall, i.e. empty space.
The mortar is spread in a bed with a distance of 20-30 mm from the outer vertical surface of the wall, so that when laying the mortar is not squeezed onto the front surface of the masonry. When constructing masonry in seismic areas, laying bricks in verst rows using the end-to-end method is not allowed.
The butt joint method with mortar cutting is used when constructing walls with complete filling of horizontal and vertical joints and with jointing of joints. In this case, the mortar is spread in the same way as when laying pressed, i.e. with a distance of 10-15 mm from the face of the wall, and the brick is laid on the bed in the same way as when laying end-to-end. The excess mortar, squeezed out of the seam onto the face of the wall, is trimmed with a trowel, as if pressed when laying.
The mortar used for masonry is more rigid than for masonry without trimming, with a mobility of 10-12 cm. If the mortar is too plastic, the mason will not have time to cut it when squeezing it out of the masonry seams.
The backfill is laid out in a half-squat manner. To do this, first spread a solution between the inner and outer versts. Then they level it, after which the brick is laid in the backfill.
Laying the backfill using the half-butt method: a – with pokes; b – spoons; 1-2 – sequence of actions
The seams are unstitched before the mortar sets, since in this case the process is less labor-intensive and the quality of the seams is better. In this case, first wipe the surface of the masonry with a rag or brush to remove the splashed solution, then unstitch the vertical seams (6-8 pokes or 3-4 spoons), and then the horizontal ones.
Sequence of masonry. Laying rows of bricks should begin from the outer mile. The laying of any structures and their elements (walls, pillars, edges, laps), as well as the laying of bricks under the supporting parts of the structures, regardless of the dressing system, begins and ends with a butt row. Masonry can be carried out in rows, steps and mixed ways. The sequence of masonry is shown in numbers in the figure.
The row method, on the one hand, is very simple, on the other hand, it is labor-intensive, since the laying of each subsequent row can only begin after laying versts and backfilling the previous one.
Types of seams. Depending on the method of laying and subsequent finishing, three types of seams are distinguished.
If the wall is to be plastered, then for better connection of the plaster layer, the seams on the side of the front surface of the wall to a depth of 10-15 mm are not filled with mortar; this type of masonry is called “empty space”. If the mortar in the seams reaches the front surface, then the masonry is done “undercut”. The excess mortar is squeezed out with a brick onto the face of the wall and trimmed with a trowel or smoothed out with a “joint”. Depending on the type of jointing, a distinction is made between concave and convex seams.
This method is used mainly when laying using a single-row dressing system. However, to make the work easier, the following order is recommended: after laying the interlocking bricks of the outer verst, lay the 2nd row of the outer verst, then the inner versts and backfill of the wall. By observing this sequence, you less often have to switch from external to internal miles than when laying first the entirety of one row, and then another.
The stepwise method consists of first laying out the stud verst of the 1st row and on it the outer stud versts from the 2nd to the 6th row. Then they put the inner butt verst of the row and about five rows of the inner verst and backfill. The maximum step height for this sequence is six rows. This method is recommended for multi-row dressing of masonry.
The masonry seam is characterized by the shape of its meniscus (the outer surface of the seam). When the meniscus is formed by indentation (jointing), the outer part of the seam is compacted, which increases its strength characteristics, thereby increasing the resistance of the seam to precipitation. Recommended seam thickness is 8 mm, maximum 10...12 mm. It must be remembered that as the thickness of the seam increases, the thermal conductivity of the masonry also increases (by approximately +1.5...2% for every 4 mm), which reduces the thermal characteristics of the facade.
In order to avoid the appearance of white deposits on the brickwork, in order to preserve the appearance and ensure the durability of the facade, it is necessary to follow the basic rules for masonry:
Use cement mortar without any additives based on cement grade PC 400–500.
It is advisable to use cement made in summer.
Use sand and water that do not contain water-soluble salts (do not use river water).
Use a “hard” solution, avoiding excessive dilution with water (the mobility of the solution should not exceed 7 cm). When applying the solution, do not fill voids.
Do not add antifreeze additives to the solution.
Use only freshly prepared mortar for masonry.
Do not use recessed seams for the sake of aesthetics. The maximum seam depth is up to the depth of the chamfer (up to 3 mm in depth). We recommend making such seams using special joints.
The walls are laid using a mixed method with multi-row dressing. The first seven to ten rows of masonry are laid out in a row. With a masonry height of 0.6-0.8 m, starting from 8-10 rows, it is recommended to use a stepped masonry method, since it becomes difficult to continue masonry in a row, especially when the walls are two bricks thick or more.
In this case, when laying out the upper rows of external versts, you can rely on the lower steps of the masonry, which greatly facilitates the work.
Brick laying sequence: a – single-row ligation system; b – multi-row dressing system; c, d - multi-row mixed dressing system
Laying walls and corners. General rules for laying walls. Brickwork begins with fixing the corner and intermediate orders. They are installed along the perimeter of the walls and verified by plumb line and level or level so that the notches for each row in all orders are in the same horizontal plane. Orders are placed at corners, at intersections and junctions of walls, as well as on straight sections of walls at a distance of 10-15 m from each other. After fixing and verifying the orders, beacons (safety fines) are laid out on them, placing them at the corners and on the border of the site being built. Then mooring lines are moored to the formations.
When laying external versts, a mooring cord is installed for each row, pulling it at the level of the top of the laid row with an indentation of 3-4 mm from the vertical plane of the masonry. The mooring cord for lighthouses can also be strengthened with the help of a mooring bracket, the sharp end of which is inserted into the masonry seam, and the mooring is tied to the blunt, longer end, resting on the lighthouse brick. The free part of the cord is wound around the handle of the staple. By turning the staple to a new position, a line of tension for the mooring cord is obtained for the next row. To prevent the mooring cord from sagging between the beacons, a wooden lighthouse wedge is placed under the cord, the thickness of which is equal to the height of the row of masonry, and a brick is placed on top of it, with which the cord is pressed.
Installation of the mooring cord: a – mooring bracket; b – rearrangement of the bracket; c – prevention of cord sagging
Lighthouse wedges are laid every 4-5 m with a projection beyond the vertical plane of the wall by 3-4 mm. The mooring cord can also be strengthened by tying it to nails secured in the joints of the masonry. After the orders are established, the beacons are laid out and the mooring cords are pulled, the masonry process at each workplace is carried out in the following sequence: lay out the bricks on the wall, spread the mortar under the outer mile and lay the outer mile. The further process of masonry construction depends on the accepted masonry order: row, stepped or mixed. During the laying process, the following general requirements and rules must be observed. Walls and piers should be made using a single suture dressing system - multi-row or single-row (chain).
For laying pillars, as well as narrow partitions (up to 1 m wide) inside buildings or hidden by finishing, a three-row seam dressing system should be used. The bonded rows in the masonry must be laid from whole bricks. Regardless of the adopted system for tying seams, laying bonded rows is mandatory in the lower (first) and upper (last) rows of erected structures, at the level of the edges of walls and pillars, in protruding rows of masonry (cornices, belts, etc.).
When multi-row dressing of seams, laying bonded rows under the supporting parts of beams, purlins, floor slabs, balconies and other prefabricated structures is mandatory. With single-row (chain) ligation of seams, it is allowed to support prefabricated structures on spoon rows of masonry. The use of brick halves is allowed only in the laying of backfill rows and lightly loaded stone structures (sections of walls under windows, etc.). Horizontal and transverse vertical seams of brickwork walls, as well as all seams (horizontal, transverse and longitudinal vertical) in lintels, piers and pillars must be filled with mortar, with the exception of hollow masonry. When using three-quarter bricks and other incomplete bricks, it is necessary to lay them with the broken side inside the masonry, and the whole side outside.
When erecting straight walls using a single-row (chain) ligation, having an odd number of half-bricks in thickness, for example, one and a half, the first outer mile of the 1st row is laid with butt bricks, and the second with spoon bricks. When laying walls that have an even number of half-bricks in thickness, for example, two, the 1st row begins with laying dowels along the entire width, the walls in the 2nd row are laid with spoons, and backfill with dowels. When laying walls of greater thickness in verst rows, spoons are placed above the pokes in the 2nd row, and pokes are placed above the spoons.
Zabutka in all rows is performed with pokes. Vertical limitation (an even edge of the wall along a vertical plane) when laying with a single-row ligation system is obtained by laying three-quarter walls at the beginning. When building a half-brick wall, halves are placed at the beginning of the wall, one row at a time. To lay the vertical limit of a wall into one brick, two three-quarter blocks are placed in the longitudinal direction at the beginning of the stretcher row, and, as usual, a whole brick in the butt row. In the butt row, at the beginning of the wall, three-quarters are placed in the corners in the transverse direction, in the spoon row, three three-quarters are placed in the longitudinal direction of the wall.
Laying wall corners is the most important job, which requires sufficient experience. The first butt row of one of the walls forming a right angle begins from the outer surface of the second wall in three-quarters; The 1st row of the second wall is attached to the 1st row of the first wall. In the second row, the masonry proceeds in the reverse order, i.e., the masonry of the 2nd row of the second wall begins from the outer surface of the first wall in three-quarters. As a result, the spoon rows of one wall poke out onto the front surface of the other wall. A wall that extends to the front surface of another wall must end with three-quarters arranged longitudinally. The outer spoon rows are skipped, the outer butt rows are adjacent. With this brick layout scheme, the corners are laid out without quarters, but with a significantly larger number of three-quarters.
The junction of walls with a single-row dressing system is performed as follows. In the 1st row, the masonry of the adjacent wall is passed through the main wall to its front surface and finished with pokes and three-quarters, if three-quarters and fours are used to maintain the dressing, or the skipped masonry is finished with only three-quarters. In the second row, a row of adjacent wall joins the main wall spoons. The intersection of walls with a chain ligation system is performed alternately, passing rows of masonry of one wall through another.
With a multi-row dressing, the 1st row is laid out in the same way as with a single-row dressing, with pokes. If the thickness of the wall is a multiple of a whole brick, in the 2nd row the outer and inner versts are laid out with spoons, and the backfill with pokes. If the thickness of the wall is a multiple of an odd number of bricks, the 1st row is laid out with spoons on the facade, and with spoons inside the room: the 2nd row, on the contrary, with spoons on the facade, and with spoons inward. The subsequent 3rd to 6th rows are laid out only in spoons with ligation of the vertical transverse seams into half or a quarter of the brick. When laying lightly loaded walls in areas under windows when filling frame walls, it is allowed to use halves and broken bricks in backfill.
The vertical limitation of the wall is obtained by laying out the first two rows using three-quarters at the beginning of the 1st and 2nd rows. In the remaining rows of spoons, incomplete bricks at the restrictions are alternated with whole ones, the brick is laid out so that the spoons overlap each other by half a brick. Right angles are laid out using three-quarters and quarters. They begin laying the corner with two three-quarters, each of which is placed with a spoon in the outer mile of the corresponding mating wall. The gap formed between three-quarters and interlocking bricks is filled with quarters. In the 2nd row, versts are done with spoons, and backfilling is done with pokes.
The next rows of spoons are laid with ligation of the vertical seams. The junction of internal walls with external ones, if they are not erected at the same time, can be made in the form of a vertical multi-row or single-row fine. In these cases, three steel rods with a diameter of 8 mm are placed in the outer walls to strengthen the masonry, which are placed at least 2 m apart along the height of the masonry, as well as at the level of each floor. They must have a length of at least 1 m from the junction angle and end with an anchor. Often the masonry of the outer wall is made of 65 mm thick ceramic bricks or 138 mm thick bricks (stones), and the masonry of the internal walls is made of thickened bricks 88 mm thick. In this case, the junction of the internal walls with the external ones is tied every three rows of bricks with a thickness of 88 mm. Thin, half-brick or one-brick walls inside buildings are laid after the external main ones. To attach them to the main wall, a groove is made into which a thin wall is inserted.
There is another method of coupling, when the groove is not left, but reinforcement bars are placed in the seams of the main wall during the masonry process to connect with the adjacent walls.
Laying a wall corner in two bricks with a double-row dressing
Laying wall projections (pilasters). This masonry is carried out using a single-row or multi-row ligation system, if the pilaster width is four bricks or more, and if the pilaster width is up to 3 1/2 bricks - using a three-row ligation system, like masonry of pillars. At the same time, to connect the ledge with the main wall, depending on the size of the pilaster, partial or whole bricks are used, using the brick laying techniques recommended for tying the junctions (intersections) of walls.
Laying walls with niches. The laying of walls with niches (for example, for placing heating devices) is carried out using the same dressing systems as for solid sections. In this case, niches are constructed, interrupting the internal mileage in appropriate places, and in the corners of the niches, partial and interlocking bricks are laid to connect them with the wall.
Laying walls with channels. When laying walls, you have to simultaneously install gas ducts, ventilation and other channels in them. They are placed, as a rule, in the internal walls of the building: in walls 38 cm thick - in one row, and in walls 64 cm thick - in two rows. The cross-section of the channels is usually 140×140 mm (1/4×1/4 brick), and the smoke channels of large stoves and stoves are 270×140 mm (1×1/2 brick) or 270×270 mm (1×1 brick) . Gas and ventilation ducts in walls made of brick, solid and hollow concrete stones are laid out from ceramic solid bricks with appropriate ligation of the channel masonry with the wall masonry. The thickness of the channel walls must be at least half a brick; the thickness of the partitions (cuts) between them is also at least a quarter of a brick. The channels are made vertical.
Channel bends are allowed at a distance of no more than 1 m and at an angle of at least 60° to the horizontal. The cross-section of the channel in the withdrawal section, measured perpendicular to the channel axis, must be the same as the cross-section of the vertical channel. The laying of inclined sections is made from bricks hewn at a certain angle, the remaining sections are made from whole bricks.
Channels in walls 2 bricks thick
Smoke and ventilation ducts are laid out on the same solutions as the internal walls of the building. In low-rise buildings, chimneys are laid on a clay-sand mortar, the composition of which is determined depending on the fat content of the clay. In all places where wooden parts come close to smoke ducts (chimneys), cut fireproof materials (brick, asbestos) and increase the thickness of the duct walls. The same cutting is done in places where the structures are close to the ventilation ducts running next to the smoke ducts. The separation between the wooden structures of the building (floor beams) and the smoke duct, i.e., the inner surface of the flue, must be at least 38 cm if the structures are not protected from fire, and at least 25 cm if they are protected.
Sections of brick walls with channels are laid out, having previously marked them on the wall according to a template - a board with cutouts corresponding to the location and size of the channels on the wall. The same template is used to periodically check the correct placement of channels. When erecting walls, inventory buoys are inserted into the channels in the form of hollow boxes made of boards or other material. The cross-section of the buoy is equal to the dimensions of the channel, and its height is 8-10 rows of masonry.
The use of buoys ensures the correct shape of the channels and protects them from clogging, while the seams are better filled. When erecting walls, the buoys are rearranged every 6-7 rows of masonry. The seams of the canals must be well filled with mortar. As the masonry is erected, the seam is rubbed down using a mop. This is done when rearranging the buoys. Wetting the surfaces of the channels with water, rub the sagging of the solution with a mop and smooth out the seams. As a result, there are fewer rough spots on the masonry surface where soot can settle. After finishing the laying, the channels are checked by passing a ball with a diameter of 80-100 mm, tied on a cord, through them. The location of the channel blockage is determined by the length of the cord with the ball lowered into it.
Laying walls when filling frames. Such walls are laid using the same dressing systems and labor techniques as when laying conventional walls. The masonry is attached to the frame in accordance with the project. Typically, this is done by placing reinforcement bars in the joints of the masonry and attaching them to the embedded parts of the frame.
Laying columns under the logs. When installing plank floors on the first floors, an underground is made between the ground and the floor, protecting the floor from ground dampness. The floor boards are laid on joists laid on brick columns with a cross-section of one brick. The use of sand-lime bricks and artificial stones, the strength of which decreases when moistened, is not allowed. The posts are installed on dense soil or on a concrete base. They cannot be placed on bulk soil, since due to possible settlement of at least one or two columns, the floor will sag and be unsteady. Columns erected on the ground must be 2 rows of masonry above the ground level in the underground.
Before the masonry begins, the installation locations of the columns are marked, and the outer rows of the posts along which the logs will be laid along the walls are installed close to them, and the outermost posts of each row are indented by half a brick. It is better to lay the posts with a single-row dressing by two people. One person prepares the place, lays out the bricks and supplies the mortar, the other carries out the laying. The top of the columns should be located at the same level, corresponding to the given mark. The masonry is checked with a two-meter lath and level, which are applied to the posts in all directions.
Laying pillars and piers. A multi-row ligation system when laying pillars is prohibited because it does not ensure the solidity and required strength of the pillars. A single-row ligation system with a shift of alternating rows by a quarter of a brick, which is achieved by laying three-quarter bricks to bandage vertical seams in all rows, is unprofitable for laying pillars, since with this method of laying it is necessary to use a large number of three-quarter bricks. This type of masonry is made from a whole brick with the addition of only a certain number of halves. With this masonry system, the external vertical joints in three rows of masonry may coincide in height. The splice row is placed through 3 spoon rows. For such masonry, the least amount of incomplete brick is required.
For example, when laying pillars with a section of 2 × 2 bricks, the dressing is done only with whole bricks, and when laying pillars with a section of 1 1/4 or 2 x 2 1/4 bricks, only two halves are laid in every 4 rows of masonry. Partitions up to 1 m wide are laid out using a three-row ligation system, and more than four bricks wide can be laid out using a multi-row system. In a three-row dressing, to form quarters in the walls, quarters are placed in the first tying row, and halves are placed in the spoon rows. Due to the fact that pillars and piers are usually loaded more than other structures, laying them empty is not allowed. Incomplete filling of only vertical seams to a depth of 10 mm from the front surface is allowed. Pillars and piers with a width of 2 1/4 bricks or less are laid only from selected whole bricks. If thin walls are adjacent to the pillars, they are connected by a groove released from the pillar or by steel rods placed in the pillars.
Laying walls of lightweight structures. When constructing external walls, in order to save bricks and reduce the weight of the building, along with masonry made of lightweight hollow and hollow, effective bricks, ceramic and lightweight concrete hollow stones, foam silicate stones, lightweight masonry is used, in which some of the stones are replaced with lightweight concrete, backfill or air layers. Masonry is also used in warm mortars prepared on porous sand.
The walls of lightweight construction are laid with jointing on the front side. In the window sill areas of the outer walls, in areas near the edge of the base, to protect them from moisture, the top 2 rows are laid out with solid brickwork. Lightweight brick and concrete masonry consists of two quarter-brick thick walls and lightweight concrete placed between them. The walls are connected with bonded rows, extending three bricks into the concrete and placed every 3 or 5 lateral rows of masonry.
The butt rows (diaphragms) can be placed in one plane or staggered, depending on the accepted wall thickness, which can be from 380 to 680 mm. Instead of continuous butted rows, the connection between the longitudinal walls can be made with separate bricks laid in the longitudinal walls with butts at least through 2 rows in height and at least through two bricks laid in spoons along the length of the longitudinal walls.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lightweight brick and concrete masonry: 1 – bonded rows; 2 – spoon rows; 3 – lightweight concrete |
|
Brick and concrete masonry used in the construction of buildings up to four floors high. The composition of lightweight concrete is selected depending on the number of storeys of the building under construction, the quality of the aggregates and the brand of cement. The walls are erected with belts, the height of which is determined by the transverse ligation of the masonry in bonded rows. If the bonded rows are arranged staggered, then first lay out the outer bonded verst and the inner spoon row, then 2 outer and 2 inner spoon rows, after which the space between the laid out rows is filled with concrete. Having finished laying the concrete in this belt, 3 rows of masonry are again laid out, first the outer spoon verst, and then the inner one, in which the tie row is laid first, and then 2 spoon versts. Then the laying process is repeated.
Lightweight well masonry consists of two longitudinal walls, each a quarter of a brick thick, located at a distance of 140-340 mm from each other and connected to each other through 650-1200 mm in length by transverse walls a quarter of a brick thick. The masonry of the transverse walls is tied with the longitudinal walls through one row. The resulting wells between the longitudinal and transverse walls are filled with light backfill mineral heat-insulating materials (crushed stone and sand of light rocks, expanded clay, slag) and lightweight concrete liners in the form of stones. The backfill is laid in layers 110-150 mm thick, compacted by layer-by-layer compaction and watered with solution every 100-500 mm in height.
The brickwork, lined with thermal insulation boards, has a thickness of 1 1/4 and 1 1/2 bricks. The wall from the inside is insulated with foam silicate and other tile heat-insulating materials, which are installed either close to the tiles or at a distance of 30 mm from it, creating an air gap between the masonry and slabs. Methods of attaching tile insulation to brickwork depend on the material of the slabs and their sizes. Masonry with widened joints is used when constructing walls made of brick or lightweight concrete stones. The widened seam is located closer to the outer surface of the wall. It is filled with inorganic heat-insulating materials or mortar (if the masonry is carried out using light mortars prepared with porous aggregates).
Laying lintels and arches. The part of the wall that covers a window or doorway is called a lintel. If the load from the floors is transferred to the wall directly above the opening, load-bearing precast reinforced concrete lintels are used. In the absence of such a load, to cover openings less than 2 m wide, reinforced concrete non-load-bearing or ordinary brick lintels are used in the form of masonry on high-strength mortars with reinforcing bars to support the bricks of the lower row. Instead of ordinary ones, wedge lintels are sometimes made, which at the same time serve as architectural details of the facade.
For the same purpose, arched lintels are often erected for spans up to 3.5-4 m. Arched masonry is also used to construct floors in buildings; such ceilings are called vaulted (vaults). When laying lintels, all longitudinal and transverse seams must be completely filled with mortar, since such masonry works not only for compression, but also for bending. When the vertical joints are weakly filled with mortar, under the influence of loads, individual bricks first shift, and then the masonry collapses.
Ordinary jumpers. Ordinary lintels are laid from selected whole bricks, observing the horizontality of the rows and the rules for tying ordinary masonry. The height of an ordinary lintel is 4-6 rows of masonry, and the length is 50 cm greater than the width of the opening. For laying lintels, a mortar of grade no lower than 25 is used. Under the bottom row of bricks in the lintel, in a layer of mortar 2-3 cm thick, at least three reinforcing bars made of round steel with a diameter of at least 6 mm are laid, usually at the rate of one rod with a cross-section of 0.2 cm 2 for every half-brick of wall thickness, unless the design requires stronger reinforcement. The reinforcement absorbs the tensile forces arising in the masonry. The ends of the round rods are passed beyond the edges of the opening by 25 cm and bent around the brick.
|
|
|
|
Row lintel: 1 – 4 cm layer of mortar; 2 – reinforcement bars; 3 – laying a regular lintel; 4 - formwork |
Wedge lintel: 1 – corner of wedge-shaped masonry; 2 – castle brick |
|
|
Laying ordinary lintels (continued): b – section; c – masonry on plank formwork; d – masonry on inventory circles; 1 – reinforcing bars; 2 – boards; 3 – wooden circles; 4 – tubular circles |
A
Ordinary lintels are made using temporary formwork from boards 40-50 mm thick. A solution is spread over it, into which reinforcing bars are then embedded. The ends of the formwork rest on bricks released from the masonry; After the formwork is removed, they are cut down. Sometimes the ends of the formwork are inserted into the grooves on the slopes of the openings, which are laid after the formwork is removed. If the opening width is more than 1.5 m, then a stand is placed under the formwork in the middle or the formwork is supported on wooden circles (boards placed on edge). Inventory tubular supports-circles are used.
They are made from two pieces of pipe with a diameter of 48 mm, inserted into a third piece of pipe with a diameter of 60 mm. When laying circles, the pipes are moved apart so that the ends of a smaller diameter go inside the grooves left in the masonry. Two circles are placed on each opening; they can also be installed when the opening already has window and door blocks. With other types of circles, the opening can be filled with blocks only after removing the lintel formwork.
Wedge and beam lintels. Wedge and beam lintels are laid out of ordinary ceramic bricks by forming wedge-shaped seams, the thickness of which at the bottom of the lintel is at least 5 mm, at the top - no more than 25 mm. The masonry is laid in transverse rows along the formwork, held in place by circles. Before laying the lintel, the wall is erected to the level of the lintel, simultaneously laying out its supporting part (heel) from hewn brick (the direction of the supporting plane is determined by the template, i.e. the angle of its deviation from the vertical). Then the rows of masonry are marked on the formwork so that their number is odd, taking into account the thickness of the seam.
|
|
|
|
Beam masonry of the lintel: 1 – wedge-shaped masonry; 2 – laying of beam lintel |
Onion arched lintel: 1 – “lock”; 2 – curve of the arch of the lintel; 3 – heel; 4 – wedge-shaped seams; 5 - cord; 6 – point of intersection of the lines of the supporting parts of the masonry; 7 – opening width |
In this case, the rows of masonry are counted horizontally rather than vertically. The central odd row of bricks is called the castle row. It should be in the center of the jumper in a vertical position. The laying of wedge and beam lintels is carried out evenly on both sides from the heel to the castle so that it is wedged in the castle by the central odd brick. The correct direction of the seams is checked with a cord secured at the point of intersection of the mating lines of the supporting parts (heels). For spans of more than 2 m, the laying of wedge lintels is not allowed.
Arched lintels and vaults. Arched lintels, as well as arches and vaults, are laid out in the same sequence as wedge lintels. The seams between the rows should be perpendicular to the curved line forming the lower surface of the arch and the outer surface of the masonry. The masonry joints are given a wedge shape with widening at the top and narrowing at the bottom. This arrangement of the rows of masonry and the beds separating them corresponds to the first rule of cutting masonry, since in arches and vaults the force from the load changes its direction, acting tangentially to the curved arch. The beds of the rows turn out to be perpendicular to the direction of pressure. The laying of arched lintels is carried out on formwork of the appropriate shape in the same sequence as the laying of wedge lintels. The direction of the radial seams and the correct placement of each row are checked using a cord secured in the center of the arch. Using a cord and a square template, one of the sides of which has a shape corresponding to the curvature of the arch, the position of each row of masonry is determined and checked.
The design of the formwork for laying vaults and arches must be such that it can ensure uniform lowering during stripping. To do this, wedges are placed under the circles, and when they are gradually loosened, the formwork is lowered. The holding time for arched and wedge lintels on the formwork, depending on the outside temperature in summer conditions and the type of mortar, can be from 5 to 20 days, and for ordinary lintels - from 5 to 24 days. 
One of the bricklaying methods described in this article - 2-brick masonry - is, if properly executed, the most relevant for most buildings. To ensure the durability and strength of the structure, the appropriate qualifications of the performer are required - or scrupulous adherence to step-by-step instructions.
The choice of brick is of great importance for the characteristics of the structure - the choice depends, first of all, on the functional purpose of the building, on the climatic conditions in which it will be used. As a rule, preference is given to standard size products (65 mm high); Thickened bricks are less commonly used (height 88 mm).
Solution
A few words about the solution. The mixture necessarily includes cement as a necessary component. Sand, lime, and clay are used as additional components. Each of the mixtures has its own positive and negative characteristics.
The most popular type of mortar is cement. Exceptionally durable and highly rigid. It is made in a certain proportion from a mixture of sand and cement (usually 1:3).
Cement-clay mortar has slightly lower strength characteristics, but they are still sufficient for the construction of low-rise structures. Clay is introduced in equal proportions with cement.
Cement-lime. They are used in the construction of objects when it is necessary to ensure plasticity and adhesion during work (excellent adhesion to the brick surface is noted).
The low strength of lime mortars takes them beyond the scope of domestic and professional construction due to their low strength, even fragility. A noteworthy advantage is low thermal conductivity.
In recent years, the industry has been producing a large number of types of ready-made mixtures. Their use is justified only for a relatively small amount of work - in all other cases their use is undesirable.
In relation to masonry with two bricks, only cement-sand mortar will be considered - as the most optimal and popular option, although the use of other types of mortar is not excluded.
Longitudinal ligation of vertical seams is carried out by laying bonded rows, which is an effective way to protect the structure from external influences and can significantly increase the strength of the structure. Laying bricks in two bricks, carried out using the method of longitudinal ligation of seams, guarantees the structure from premature destruction.
Bricklaying
Piece building material is placed on the prepared mortar with a bed or spoon. In this case, the thickness of the masonry should correspond to an odd or even multiple of half of one brick. The structure is secured using one of the following types of dressing:
- Single row (chain). It is performed by the method of sequential alternation of spoon and butt rows. It is used mainly in cases where further finishing with facing bricks is not planned;
- Three-row. It is used in the construction of partitions, columns, pillars - with their thickness not exceeding 100 cm. Convenient for the construction of columnar supports under floor joists - the strength and stability here are very high;
- Multi-row. The spoon row is ligated with a splint row. Repeat every six rows. The outer verst of each subsequent row - starting from the second and ending with the sixth - is laid out with spoon rows, and dressing is done in the seventh row using a verst of pokes.
