Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov- Slavic philologist, paleographer, poet, translator - born March 16, 1781 in Ahrensburg Ezel Island). Being the natural son of a baron H.N. Osten-Sacken, from the age of four he was brought up in Reval, in a strange family, spoke German and Estonian and bore the surname Ostenek(translated into Russian - East). At the age of eight he entered the gymnasium land cadet corps , where he practically could not study, because, as testified N.I. Greek, it became clear that "... a smart, understanding, well-behaved boy is obsessed with an ailment that hinders his mental development: he stuttered to the highest degree. The tongue-tied tongue, which he suffered all his life, was so strong that he could utter one or two, three words with great difficulty in a row...". In 1794 the young man went to Academy of Arts, where he studied first in the painting, then in the architectural class. Having not shown any special abilities in the fine arts, Vostok decided to go to the library after completing his studies. Academy of Sciences assistant librarian.
Thanks to friends, pupils of the gymnasium of the Academy of Sciences, Vostokov became interested in ancient languages, and then in Russian poetry, and he began to write poetry himself. In 1805-1806. get him out"Experiments lyrical and other small works in verse", where, in addition to the literary texts themselves, philological comments were also contained. Since 1801 Vostokov - memberFree Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts, among his acquaintances -Radishchev, Izmailov, Born, Popugaev, Pnin and etc.
The first philological work of Vostokov was comments on the book by I.M. Born"A Brief Guide to Russian Literature". In 1812 In the magazine"St. Petersburg Bulletin" his work came out "Experience about Russian versification"dedicated to the substantiation of the system of Russian versification, organic to the Russian language. Among other things, the author defined epic verse as a tonic system based on the number of stresses. This work mentionedPushkin v "Journey from Moscow to Petersburg":"A lot was said about real Russian verse. A.Kh. Vostokov defined it with great learning and sharpness".
In 1825-1827. in the almanac"Northern Flowers"Vostokov published his translations of Serbian songs, the size of which was widely used by Pushkin.
In 1820 v "Proceedings of the Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian Literature"the work of Vostokov came out"Discourse on the Slavic language, which serves as an introduction to the grammar of this language, compiled according to the most ancient written monuments thereof". In it, for the first time, a comparative-historical method for studying the Slavic languages was proposed. The author presented his periodization of the history of the Slavic languages (ancient period - IX-XIII centuries, middle - XIV-XV centuries, new - from the XVI century. ) and established phonetic correspondences between them. The work raised the question of the origin of the Old Church Slavonic language from Old Bulgarian, it was suggested that Church Slavonic is an independent language, and not a style of the "Slavic language" (contrary to the positionA.S. Shishkova).
The largest contribution of Vostokov to the scientific and educational linguistics of the early XIX century. became his works"Abbreviated Russian grammar for use in the lower educational institutions" and "Russian grammar according to the outline of an abbreviated grammar, more fully stated"published in 1831. These works are a continuation"Russian Grammar" Lomonosovand were of great importance for the further development of Russian morphology and syntax: Vostokov was the first to single out nounssingularia pluralia and tantum, as well as common nouns, expressed new ideas about two-part sentences and compound predicate. As a material for study, the author used a living colloquial.
In 1843 scientist carried out the first scientific publication"Ostromir Gospel" , on the basis of which was later compiled"Dictionary of Church Slavonic"(1858-1861) and "Grammar of Church Slavonic"(1863). In addition, under the editorship of Vostokov, a four-volume"Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian"(1847) and "Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary" (1852).
Stuttering did not allow the scientist to actively conduct discussions. His wives helped him communicate with the world (Vostokov was married twice: from 1815 toA.I. Galberg, and after her death, since 1855. - on theHER. Pomo), as well as studentsP.I. Price and I.I. Sreznevsky.
V 1864At the age of 83 Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov died. A year after his death, the scattered articles of the scientist were published by I.I. Sreznevsky under the name"Philological Observations".
Bibliography.
Russian philologists of the 19th century: Bio-bibliographic dictionary-reference book. M.E. Babicheva [i dr.]. - M.: Coincidence, 2006. - 432 p.
The emergence of comparative historical linguistics in Russia is associated with the name of Alexander Khristorovich Vostokov (1781-1864). He is known as a lyric poet, the author of one of the first scientific studies of Russian tonic versification, a researcher of Russian songs and proverbs, a collector of material for Slavic etymological material, the author of two grammars of the Russian language, a grammar and a dictionary of the Church Slavonic language, and a publisher of a number of ancient monuments.
Vostokov dealt only with the Slavic languages, and above all with the Old Church Slavonic language, whose place had to be determined in the circle of Slavic languages. Comparing the roots and grammatical forms of the living Slavic languages with the data of the Old Slavonic language, Vostokov managed to unravel many incomprehensible facts of Old Slavonic written monuments before him. So, Vostokov is credited with unraveling the "mystery of the yuses", i.e. letters zh and a, which he defined as denoting nasal vowels, based on the comparison that in living Polish q denotes a nasal vowel sound [x], k - [e].
Vostokov was the first to point out the need to compare the data contained in the monuments of dead languages with the facts of living languages and dialects, which later became a prerequisite for the work of linguists in a comparative historical sense. This was a new word in the formation and development of the comparative historical method.
OH. Vostokov owns the preparation of the theoretical and material base for subsequent research in the field of historical word formation, lexicology, etymology, and even morphonology. Another founder of the domestic comparative historical method was Fyodor Ivanovich Buslaev (1818-1897), the author of many works on Slavic-Russian linguistics, Old Russian literature, oral folk art and the history of Russian visual arts. His concept was formed under the strong influence of J. Grimm. He compares the facts of modern Russian, Old Slavonic and other Indo-European languages, attracts monuments of ancient Russian writing and folk dialects. F.I. Buslaev seeks to establish a connection between the history of the language and the history of the people, their customs, traditions, and beliefs. Historical and comparative approaches are distinguished by them as temporal and spatial approaches.
All these works of the recognized founders of comparative studies are positively characterized by the quality that they strive to do away with the bare theorizing that was so characteristic of previous eras, and in particular of the 18th century. They are attracted to scientific research huge and varied material. But their main merit lies in the fact that, following the example of other sciences, they introduce into linguistics a comparative and historical approach to the study of linguistic facts, and at the same time develop new specific methods of scientific research. Comparative - historical study of languages, which is carried out in the listed works on different material(by A. Kh. Vostokov on the material of the Slavic languages, by J. Grimm - Germanic languages) and with different breadth of coverage (most widely by F. Bopp), was closely connected with the formation of the idea of the genetic relationships of the Indo-European languages. The application of new methods of scientific research was also accompanied by specific discoveries in the field of the structure and forms of development of the Indo-European languages; some of them (for example, the law of German movement of consonants formulated by J. Grimm or the method proposed by A. Kh. Vostokov for determining the sound meaning of yus and tracing the fate in the Slavic languages of the ancient combinations tj, dj and kt in the position before e, i) have a general methodological significance and thereby go beyond the study of these specific languages.
It should be noted that not all said works had the same influence on the further development of the science of language. Written in languages that are not well known outside their countries, the works of A. Kh. Vostokov and R. Rask did not receive the scientific resonance they had the right to count on, while the works of F. Bopp and J. Grimm served as the starting point for further development of the comparative - historical study of the Indo-European languages.
From the end of 1815 to July 1828 he was assistant curator of manuscripts A. I. Ermolaeva(about him, see pp. 23, 29), and then, after his death, he served in his place until 1844. Everything that was done in the library by Vostokov was done with diligence. I. I. Sreznevsky(about him, see also pp. 26, 29, 51-52) spoke about this as follows: „ It can hardly be disputed that Vostok belonged to those few of the curators of the Imperial Public Library who cared about it as an institution important for the spread of education and the support of scientific aspirations..“ (cf. Sreznevsky 1865, 52).
From May 1824 to May 1844, Vostokov also worked in Rumyantsev Museum. First as a private Rumyantsev librarian, and then as senior and chief librarian of the entire museum (he was appointed to this position by the government).
In 1829 Vostokov became a member Russian Academy and was its member until the last day of its existence (note: in October 1841, a merger with Academy of Sciences) and after that he was accepted as a member Departments of the Russian language and literature at Academy of Sciences.
In 1839-1845. Vostokov also served as a member and chief editor of the Archaeological Commission. He was instructed to issue acts on foreign languages, and therefore, in 1841-1842, he published two volumes „ Acts of historical relating to Russia, extracted from foreign archives and libraries“ .
We must also not forget about Vostokov's correspondence. To many of the letters he received, he responded with letters that contained accurate data, various comments, and extracts from manuscripts. In this way he wrote letters, for example, Rev. Evgeny(pp. 26, 29), Count N. P. Rumyantsev(pp. 23, 26, 29), A. F. Kalaidovich(page 27), Y. Dobrovsky(pp. 10, 22, 25, 37), further P. I. Kepenna(pp. 27, 29, 38); note: in brackets are the pages on which the above representatives have given necessary information. Vostokov kept in touch through correspondence, for example, with P. J. Shafarji com 39 (1795-1861) and other significant personalities. However, many of these letters have not survived.
7. CONTRIBUTION OF LINGUISTIC WORKS OF A. Kh. VOSTOKOV
IN LINGUISTICS
To summarize everything that was done by Vostokov in the course of almost 60 years, it must be emphasized that during this time he was very active. Only illnesses could make him stop working, nothing else: „ He was so accustomed to work that he easily got bored, that he always read when decency permitted, in front of and at a party, and made written notes even when, due to weakening of his eyesight, he could not follow what was written.“(cf. Sreznevsky 1865, 54 - 55).
There are merit in his work. One of them is familiarization with a large number of monuments of Old Slavonic and Russian writing. The correct dating of the monuments to a certain time is connected with this. Vostokov can also be considered the founder of Slavic paleography. His greatest merit lies in his discoveries. He made many conclusions that significantly changed until that time existing concepts about the Slavic language. Vostokov gave detailed description Old Slavonic language common language all Slavs. Vostokov's contribution turned out to be so fundamental that he can be considered the founder of philology as an independent branch of philological research.
It should be added that Vostokov, in his research, never allowed himself any conjectures. All his works, which he made public, could (and can still) be referred to as real sources. According to Vostokov, a philologist cannot but be an archaeologist. And in this direction, he also explored the monuments.
The name of Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov is associated in Russia with the formation of Slavic studies as a science. He undoubtedly belonged to the most outstanding linguists of the 19th century, and his merits were recognized both in Russia and abroad. Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov died February 8, 1864 and was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg.
8 . LINGUISTIC HERITAGE OF A. H. VOSTOKOV
Alexander Christopho Rovich Vostokov was one of the largest Russian linguists, whose interests included Slavic and Russian antiquities, lexicography and modern Russian.
Wide fame Vostokov brought him „ Reasoning about the Slavic language“ (see pages 25, 31). This work was the first in Russia to use an exact comparative study of the Slavic languages. Still currently being evaluated important discoveries Vostokov concerning the Old Church Slavonic language. A. Kh. Vostokov defined, for example, the Old Slavonic letters of nasal sounds as nasal O and e, which until that time it was customary to think that they denote sounds at and a (I am).
It is also important to note the different views J. Dobrovsky(about him see also pages 10, 22, 25, 34) and A. Kh. Vostokova on the meaning of Old Church Slavonic letters b and b(Y. Dobrovsky studied the Old Slavonic language at the same time as Vostokovych, they kept in touch with each other). According to the Czech linguist J. Dobrovsky, these letters did not denote any sounds, he considered them only signs that in writing showed the hardness or softness of consonants. Other Slavists of that time also agreed with this. Vostokov was the first to express a different opinion. He pointed out that these letters of the ancient language in certain cases stand in the place of vowels; compare:
- Old Church Slavonic bjdr and door→ Russian cheerful and Door.
The correctness of Vostokov's opinion was later confirmed by further research.
Vostokov was also evaluated as an outstanding paleographer. His main work in the field of paleography is considered „ Description of Russian and Slovenian Manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum “ (see also pp. 18, 28), published in 1842. It took Vostokov 10 years to compile this work. It describes over 470 manuscripts and all of them are supplemented with the necessary illustrations. „ Description nie“ Vostokov laid a solid foundation for future work and research.
The first Slavic monument written in Latin was the so-called. „ Frey zine gene Russian articles“ (see also page 27). Vostokov investigated them and in 1827 published in the collection P. I. Koeppen(See also pp. 27, 29, 34 about him). Put them in the head „ Grammati logical explanations for three articles of the Franzingen manuscript“ .
Vostokov's works concerning Slavic antiquities ended with the publication of the book „ Grammar of the Church Slavonic language, expounded on the basis of its most ancient written monuments“ (1863).
Another broad area of Vostokov's research was lexicography. Vostokov was very early interested in the etymology of words. Vostokov's first work on this problem was „ Root and primitive words of the Slavic language“ (see also p. 21) published in early XIX v. However, in this initial work of his, incorrect rapprochements of words appeared.
In 1807, Vostokov was already working on a large work - on „ Etymological word schedule“ (see also page 21). Here are Russian, Polish, German, English, Greek, Latin and Celtic words. In this work there are already reliable convergences of words.
Example: widow - in Polish wdowa
in German wittwe
in English widow
in latin vidua etc.
However, in this work, erroneous interpretations can be found.
At the end of 1809, Vostokov made „
A note on the etymological dictionary“
, which gives evidence that Vostokov wanted to create a large etymological dictionary, but at this time it was unrealistic for him because of the meager sources that he had at his disposal. He had to postpone his work until a later time.
The next work of Vostokov, on which he spent almost 30 years (1812-1841), was „ Slavo-Russian etymological dictionary“ . In the manuscript, it numbered over 700 sheets in volume. This dictionary contains Old Slavonic and Russian words and their grammatical characteristics. This work of Vostokov remained unfinished, but one can see in it a significant influence on the four-volume „ Church Dictionary Vyansky and Russian th language“ , which was published in 1847 (see also p. 31). Vostokov joined the editorial board „ Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian ka “ , with the second volume being completely edited by himself. This dictionary began a new stage in the history of Russian lexicography. Before its publication was the most famous „ Dictionary of the Russian Academy“ . However, this dictionary was compiled according to Lomonosov's doctrine of three styles“literary language and this determined the range of words included in it. But the compilers „ Dictionary ecclesiastical Slavic and Russian“ combined into it the modern Russian language, Old Russian and Church Slavonic, as components of a living language. In the preface, this was explained by the fact that the dictionary should not be choice, but a complete systematic collection of words, which are preserved both in written monuments and in the mouths of the people. Each word given in this dictionary has its interpretation, a note, to which style it belongs - that is, either Church Slavonic, or modern Russian, or Old Russian. The number of words collected in „ Church Slavonic and Russian Dictionary“ , reached 114,749, while in „ Dictionary of the Russian Academy“ there were only 43,257 of them. It should be added that the compilers of the dictionary characterized the words on the basis of „ Russian grammar“ A. Kh. Vostokov, who was the author of the preface to the dictionary.
Vostokov's lexicographic work ended with a two-volume work „ Church Slavonic Dictionary “ (1858-1861). Vostokov studied numerous manuscripts for about 40 years, wrote out words from the oldest monuments of the Church Slavonic language, worked on „ Slavo-Russian etymological dictionary“ and all this knowledge entered into his „ Church Slavonic Dictionary“ . „ Dictionary“ consisted of about 16,000 words.
What Vostokov's dictionary entry looks like is shown by the following words: „ Given tthe exact grammatical characteristic of the head word, then its meaning is determined, illustrated by examples. Each example is accompanied by a link to where it was taken from. In addition, after determining the meaning of the word, the Greek word is given, which corresponds to the ecclesiastical Slavic word in the monument from which it was chosen. In many cases for example, illustrating the use of a gospel word, the corresponding Greek text is given if it is translated.“ (cf. Lvov 1956, 99).
This dictionary is the only work of this famous lexicographer of his time.
Vostokov was also engaged in the theoretical development of the modern Russian language and his first studies were published in the textbook I. Borna 40 (1778-1851) „ A Brief Guide to Russian Literature“ (1808). In the Vostokov textbook, for example, he shows that participles cannot have superlatives and that such forms as living, loving etc. should be considered not as a comparative degree of participles, but as adjectives. Vostokov also belongs to other sections in this manual, whose attention is drawn, for example, to sounds b, b, or to the use of pronouns what and which the etc.
At the end of the 30s. Vostokov was commissioned by the Ministry of Public Education to compile a textbook on the Russian language (see pp. 32, 43-50). Vostokov worked on this work for three years. In 1831 he came out „ Abbreviated grammar for use in lower educational institutions“ and at the same time „ Russian grammar in the form of an abbreviated grammar, more fully stated “ (the so-called complete grammar). These textbooks were taught in educational institutions, so they were reprinted many times. Both Vostokov's grammars were compiled on the material of a language that was alive at that time. Even V. G. Belinsky 41 (1811-1848) considered Vostokov's grammar to be the best of all published so far. Before the publication of Vostokov's grammar, grammar was used primarily N. I. Grecha 42 (1787-1867), compiled on the basis of French and German textbooks. Grech's grammar contains the properties of not a living Russian language, but literary speech, which he developed in his works N. M. Karamzin(on him, see pages 17, 23, 29).
Vostokov's complete grammar was reprinted twelve times (the last edition in 1874) and became the largest contribution to Russian linguistics.
„Grammar“
Vostokov (first edition in 1831) consists of four parts: part one - word production, second - word composition, third - spelling, fourth - syllable stress. Each part consists of several chapters. For example, in the first part there are eight chapters, the title of which „
About the name of being
stve
solid“
, „
About the adjective“
, „
About the pronoun“
, „
About the verb“
and others. Before the individual parts, there is another introduction, from which we give an example:
1. Grammar is a guide to the correct use of words.
in conversation and writing.
concepts and feelings.
2. Grammar is general and particular. General Grammar
shows the basics of speech common to all languages. Private Grammar
shows the special use of any language verbal
and written.
Thus, Russian Grammar teaches you to speak and write correctly
The merits of this grammar were exceptional for its time. spoke about her V. V. Vinogradov 43 (1895-1969) in the following words: „ The Russian grammar of A. Kh. Vostokov continues and deepens the Lomonosov tradition of grammatical study of the Russian language system. Unusual conciseness and depth of penetration into the essence of the linguistic phenomenon, the accuracy and simplicity of grammatical generalizations, the ability to separate the main thing in grammar category from random admixtures, the coverage of vast material and the ability to select the most essential for presentation - all these features of a linguistic genius with amazing force make themselves felt and in the Russian grammar East wah, especially in its morphological section....“(cf. Vinogradov 1946, 49-50).
„Grammar“ Vostokova had a strong influence on subsequent grammars and their compilers. For instance, A. A. Shakhmatov 44 (1864-1920) in it he found the main support in compiling his „ Essay on the modern Russian literary language“ (1911-1912).
„Russian grammar “ A. Kh. Vostokova undoubtedly entered the golden fund of Russian linguistics.
9. A SHORT DIVE IN THE SYNTAX OF A. Kh. VOSTOKOV
(brief own analysis of the second part of his complete
„Russian grammar“ )
The name of A. Kh. Vostokov is associated not only with outstanding discoveries in the field of historical grammar of the Slavic languages, but also with notable successes in the development of Russian - at that time modern - grammatical science. „ Russian grammar ka“ (see pp. 32, 40 - 42) Vostokova was undoubtedly a continuation „ Russia gram tics“ M. V. Lomonosov(about him, see page 13). What a huge value „ Russian grammar“ had on the Russian literary language, has already been mentioned above (see pp. 40 - 42). However, Vostokov's syntactic concept seemed to remain in the background. Almost all subsequent compilers of Russian grammarians were silent about his concept. In this regard, in Russian pre-revolutionary linguistics, the opinion was strengthened that " Vostokov brings nothing new into syntactic theory itself.“(cf. Grunsky 1910, 79). But such an assessment is unfair. The section below shows some of Vostok's views on syntax.
As already said, „ Russian grammar“ A. Kh. Vostokova, first published in 1831, consists of four parts (see p. 41). In the second part of his grammar, provisions concerning syntax are given. Vostokov himself called this part „ About collocation“ . He defined the lone term phrase in the following words: „ A word composition is a part of grammar that shows the rules by which words in speech should be combined..“ (cf. Vostokov 1874, 116). In the next paragraph, he adds that: Speech is a combination of words craving thoughts in general. But when speech is limited to the expression of one thought, then it is called a sentence.“(cf. Vostokov 1874, 116).
Namely, the sentence is the focus of the syntax; it is basic language unit. An indispensable feature of the proposal, according to Vostokov, was the presence of a verb. This means that all sentences in the Russian language are verbal. The offer includes or private, or impersonal verb, and:
1. „A sentence with a personal verb consists of two parts, called the subject and the predicate..“
etc.: Science is useful.
2. „A sentence with an impersonal verb does not have an explicit subject, and consists of one predicate.“
etc.: blooms.
Gotta work. (cf. Vostokov 1874, 116).
When analyzing the sentence of the East, much attention was paid to the verb - if it lonely, or composite(the fourth chapter of the first part of the grammar is devoted to the verb). He emphasized the following: if the verb is compound, then it can consist of an auxiliary verb ( there is, was, will etc.), attached to a noun or adjective;
Personal suggestions: eg: The student was diligent.
The teacher will be pleased.
Impersonal sentences: eg: Will need to work.
If the auxiliary verb is in the form present time (there is) with adjectives and nouns, then it is omitted in the predicate, but should imply it.
etc.: Sciences (essence) useful.
Need (have) to work.
All of the above is stated in administered the second part - „
About collocation“
. Vostokov divided this part into three chapters and addition(in the appendix there are rules about the placement of words).
The three main sections of the Vostok phrase are as follows:
I. Word agreement
II. The use of cases, or the management of words
III. On the compilation of periods and punctuation marks
The most detailed and carefully developed chapter about word management, but also the section word agreement was understood very broadly by Vostokov - he also included in the "theory" of coordination those types of communication that were later A. A. Potebney 45 and A. M. Peshkov skim 46 (and it is currently customary to define a subordinating relationship in this way) are allocated to the category adjoining. This type of phrase did not distinguish between the Orients.
1a) Briefly from the discussion about the agreement of words
„Agreement is the use of decent endings in the words that make up a sentence..“ (cf. Vostokov 1874, 121). Thus, A. Kh. Vostokov defined the term word agreement. This formulation is basically the same as the formulations of the present tense:
„Matching (shoda, kongruence) - the dependent component is likened in form to the main one in the grammatical categories common to these components.“ (cf. Flídrová-Žaža 2005, 20).
eg: yours I am junior and I sisters a
yours her junior her sisters s
yours and junior ie sisters s
Agreement in gender, number and case;
Vostokov at the head „ About the agreement of words“ for each type of sentence (simple, complex, subordinate) gave special, and as precise as possible, the rules of agreement. However, the second section is more interesting - „ About word management“ .
1b) About word management
What is word management? A. Kh. Vostokov answered: „ The control of words is the use of a known case required by a word in another word depending on it“(cf. Vostokov 1874, 129) and continued by dividing cases into straight and indirect. Direct I named only the nominative and vocative cases of the Vostoks, since they show the original ending of words. All other cases - indirect. Oriental usage seemed interesting nominative and creative cases of a noun in a compound predicate.
In his opinion:
1. link with the nominative case of a noun in the past tense was used when saying about the natural state of the object, and not about random, depending on any of his cases (see example):
etc.: Adam was the first man.
2. But when denoted state random, acquired by some deeds, then a bundle was
combined with a noun, which has the instrumental form (see example):
etc.: Cain was the murderer of his brother.
3. With the future tense and imperative mood noun is placed in nominative case when verbs are used suppose effectively(see example):
etc.: I will be the wolf, you will be the sheep. (in Game)
If I am not an honest man, if I do not.
4. But when forms I will, will be, be and others are used in positive form, then the noun is placed in instrumental(see example):
etc.: He will be rich.
Be an honest person.
The following are detailed descriptions of individual cases. However, for each case Vostokov left a few remarks about the prepositions that may be associated with this case. Namely, these conclusions about prepositions are an important part of the section „ About word management“ , since he paid great attention to prepositions in his grammar. Some of his conclusions are given below.
Vostokov divided prepositions into three main groups:
1. Propulsion , showing where something comes from or where it starts.
2. Installation, showing the place where it goes, or where something ends.
3.
Vengeful
showing the place where
happens or where something starts.(cf. Vostokov 1874, 141-142).
At present, it is customary to divide prepositions according to two points of view: either according to origin, or by composition, and by origin prepositions are divided into primitive (primordial) and derivatives, and in composition simple, complex and composite(cf. Dolezelová 2002, 143). It follows from this that Vostokovskaya terminology is outdated, but it must be borne in mind that for a long time it represented an important approach to the problems of the syntax of prepositional phrases.
1c) Preposition BETWEEN in the understanding of Vostokov:
Pretext between, or abbreviated between, shows:
a) to a question where? - a gap separating two objects, and this preposition can be combined with either genitive, or with creative case.
Etc: Water passed between the boards.
Path leading between gardens.
Tver lies between Moscow and Petersburg.
In a figurative sense, notes Vostokov, it is said about abstract subjects.
Etc.: To be between fear and hope.
The difference between good and evil.
When it comes to many things, the preposition between shows being in the midst or among them.
Etc.: Between people there are good and evil.
b) to the question when? (about the time) - between used in expressions like the following: between this and then
between time and etc.
Vostokov attached great importance to research spheres use different types prepositional phrases. This also manifested itself in the case of the preposition between. He added the following note to this: Between, and abbreviated between, means the same as between and between, but is used only in common parlance.“ (cf. Vostokov 1874, 154).
Suggestion at present between belongs together with other five 47
to such prepositions that are combined with two cases. On the double case control of the preposition between was already expressed by Vostokov, and, a few years later, one can only add that the preposition between in combination with the genitive case is very rare.
However, if you correctly understand the difference between the use of genitive and instrumental cases, you can give the following example:
a) stand between the windows/ windows= mezi okny
b) stand between the windows/ windows= mezi okna (cf. Žaža 2003, 142).
A. Kh. Vostokov in the Imperial Public Library
All the works listed above, despite their importance for the scientific biography of A. Kh. Vostokov, could not be decisive for him until he began to study the Old Slavonic language directly from manuscripts. But handwritten originals for a long time remained difficult for Vostokov. The first direct source from which Vostokov could draw information about the ancient Slavic language was a notebook with the list of the Izbornik of 1076 presented to him in 1803 by his friend at the Academy of Arts A.I. , where he diligently takes up the study of the Ostromir Gospel, comparing its text with the Gospel of the Kiev press. Probably, A. Kh. Vostokov's own handwritten extracts from the annals with summing up discrepancies belong to this time.
The year 1815, when Vostok was appointed to the Imperial Public Library as an assistant curator of manuscripts, can be considered a turning point in the scientist's life. Favorite occupations have merged with office work - a wide scope has opened up for his scientific activity. Subsequently, in a letter to the famous teacher and publicist, rector of Moscow University A. A. Prokopovich-Antonsky, he characterized his work on the study of the evolution of language in connection with the study of monuments: “While my sources were limited to printed books and hearsay of a living language, I was zealously engaged in my lexicography, carried away by the temptation of this unintelligible, but abundant discovery of work .... But when the case led me to see Slovenian manuscripts, as well as some early printed books, and in them spelling, word endings and turns, in many respects different from those used in the later language, then I was convinced of the need to deal with grammar first, i.e. research and demonstration of the properties of the language and its various forms with the changes that these forms have undergone over the centuries in Russia and other Slovenian lands".
The first fruit of the painstaking work of A. Kh. Vostokov on manuscripts was his famous “Discourse on the Slavic language, which serves as an introduction to the grammar of this language, compiled according to the most ancient written monuments of Onago” - a work that is the cornerstone of Slavic philology. Here, Vostokov substantiated a number of provisions that changed the concepts of the Slavic language that had hitherto prevailed in Western European science. The thoroughness of Vostokov's work on linguistic material is evidenced by his manuscripts.
Being at the origins of the organizational formation and formation of the funds of the First Public Library of Russia, Alexander Khristoforovich was engaged in the acquisition, description and cataloging of manuscripts.
The thoroughness of the work on the acquisition of funds is evidenced by internal documentation, for example, the OR RNB. F. 542. Unit. ridge 1031."))"> A. Kh. Vostokov's memo to A. N. Olenin regarding the acquisition of the manuscript with the latter's resolution.
The task of describing handwritten collections required the solution of many fundamental theoretical problems. First of all, it is the systematization of the arrangement and encryption of books. A. Kh. Vostokov's approaches to solving fundamental issues of storage organization are reflected in his voluminous Report for submission to the library director.
Of great interest to the history of library science is the OR of the National Library of Russia compiled by A. Kh. Vostokov. F. XVIII. 12. Fragment"))"> manuscript inventory, consisting of six main and several additional departments. A. Kh. Vostokov sequentially registers the main data about each manuscript, on the wide margins left for notes, often notes the name of the previous owner of the manuscript.
The paleographic interests of A. Kh. Vostokov are reflected in his extracts from manuscripts. A drawing of the “seal of the wise King Solomon” copied by his hand with a decoding of the inscription and comments on the cryptography (“gibberish alphabet”) has been preserved.
The Depot of the Manuscripts in the time of Vostokov was a repository not only of manuscripts, but also of various rarities. Obviously, the duties of A. Kh. Vostokov included an inventory of these sections of the fund. Curious what he did "Painting on coins and medals stored in the Imperial Public Library". This collection, which included antique, Anglo-Saxon, Russian, Oriental coins - gold, silver, copper and even leather - in the 1850s. was transferred to the Hermitage.
Until now, the Department of Manuscripts has a unique collection of antique vases, in Lately attracting the attention of experts. The first inventory of these items was made by A. Kh. Vostokov.
Extracts of A. Kh. Vostokov from the annals.
OR RNB. F. 542. Unit. ridge 489. Fragments.
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Ostromir Gospel of 1056-1057. Edition of A. Kh. Vostokov.
SPb., 1843. Title page and individual pages of the book
Editions short grammar A. Kh. Vostokov, published in 1831, 1848 and 1874.
Title pages and table of contents
Vostokov A.Kh. Report to the curator of the manuscripts of the Public Library from his assistant for presentation to the director of the library. Oct 1 1819
OR RNB. F. 542. Unit. ridge 490. Fragment
Vostokov A.Kh. Extracts from handwritten collections with comments.
OR RNB. F. 1000. Unit. ridge 478.
Vostokov A.Kh. Painting of coins and medals stored in the Imperial Public Library.
OR RNB. F. 1000. Unit. ridge 482.
Vostokov A.Kh. Register of Etruscan vases stored in the Department of Manuscripts.
OR RNB. F. 1000. Unit. ridge 481.
Draft of Vostokov's work. Notes on the vocabulary of the Russian language.
OR RNB.
The famous philologist in Ahrensburg, on the island of Ezele, March 16, 1781 in the German Ostenek family. His original spoken language was German; but for seven years already, having been brought up in Reval by Major Treiblut, he knew Russian and listened to the tales of the garrison sergeant Saveliy.
Around 1788, the boy was sent to the St. Petersburg land gentry corps, here he became completely Russified and had been writing poetry for 13 years. He showed great abilities, but he was hampered by a natural flaw - stuttering. In view of this, the authorities transferred him in 1794 to the Academy of Arts, where he learned French. At the age of 21, Vostokov completed the course and was left for three years as a boarder. But he was not at all attracted to art; he indulged in literature and in 1801 is an active member of the Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts, founded by several young people. The first literary and scientific works appear in the journals of this society. Vostokova. His poems were collected by him and published under the title: "Lyrical Experiences" (St. Petersburg, 1805-06, 2 hours). They do not represent anything remarkable: they are artistically very weak, although they are not devoid of thought and sometimes animation, as, for example,; the unsuccessful, of course, attempt of Vostokov to write with those meters that were used in classical poetry is curious. Of little importance are Vostokov's critical articles, which he wrote as the "censor" of the Society and which were extracted by E. Petukhov; parsing concerns only the correctness or incorrectness of any expression.
In 1803 he was appointed assistant librarian at the Academy of Arts; in 1804 he moved as an interpreter to the commission for drafting laws; in 1811, remaining in the same place, he was appointed translator to the heraldry, and in 1815 assistant curator to the Imperial Public Library; in 1818 - senior assistant secretary to the director of the department of spiritual affairs. During this time, Vostokov's vocation, as a philologist, has already been determined. Back in 1808, he added a few notes to I. Born's Brief Guide to Russian Grammar. Then, in the "St. Petersburg Bulletin" of 1812, he placed "Experience on Russian versification", which was subsequently published separately (St. Petersburg, 1817). This work is interesting because here for the first time Vostokov correctly determined the size, i.e., the stress in folk verse.
In 1820, the work of the East appeared, which gave him European fame: “Discourse on the Slavic language, which serves as an introduction to the grammar of this language” (in “Proceedings of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature at Moscow University”, vol. XVII). Here Vostokov indicated the chronological place of the monuments of the Church Slavonic language, determined its difference from Old Russian, indicated the meaning of nasal and voiceless vowels, the use of hard vowels after guttural ones, the presence of yus in Polish, explained the formation of endings in adjectives and found the absence of gerunds in the Church Slavonic language and finding the attainable mood. The significance of Vostokov's work will be clear if we say that all the conclusions were complete news not only for Russian, but also for European scientists; only the attaining inclination was noted earlier by Dobrovsky under the name supina. This scientist, who at that time was publishing Institutiones linguae Slavicae dialecti veteris, having become acquainted with Vostokov's work, wanted to destroy the beginning of his work and did not do this, yielding to Kopitar's convictions.
The Russian Academy has elected Vostokova member. After her, he and other learned societies were elected; by the way, the University of Tübingen elevated him to the PhD (1825), and the Academy of Sciences to the rank of correspondent (1826).
In 1821, Vostokov again published his poems in 3 parts. Then he was engaged in the description of the manuscripts of the Kiev Metropolitan Eugene, the description of the Lavrentiev copy of the Nestor Chronicle and participated in the "Bibliographic Sheets" of Koeppen, where he placed, among other things, an article about the Suprasl manuscript.
By 1827, his article “Grammatical explanations for three articles of the Freisingen manuscript” (in the “Collection of Slovene monuments located outside Russia”) dates back, important both for the impeccable edition of the text and for the remarks that are still correct. Great importance had an edition of Vostokov's legend: “The murder of St. Vyacheslav, Prince of Czech "(" Moscow Bulletin ", 1827, No. 17).
Freed in 1824 from service in various institutions, Vostokov entered into relations with Count N. P. Rumyantsev and began to describe the manuscripts of his collection. After the death of Count Rumyantsev, his collection entered the treasury, and in 1828 Vostokov was appointed to manage it. After spending some time as a keeper of manuscripts in the Imperial Public Library, Vostokov in 1831 was appointed senior librarian of the Rumyantsev Museum. In the same year, he published two grammars: “Abridged Russian Grammar” and “Russian Grammar, Fuller Presented According to the Design of the Abridged Grammar”. These are remarkable textbooks for their time, in which, however, the pliable nature of Vostokov, who was afraid to go too boldly against the established philological traditions, had an effect.
In 1841-42. published under his editorship: "Historical Acts Relating to Russia, Extracted from Foreign Archives and Libraries" (2 volumes).
In 1842, the "Description of Russian and Slavic Manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum" was published, which had a huge price; only after this work did it become possible to study ancient Russian literature and Russian antiquities.
In 1843, an equally important work was published: “The Ostromir Gospel with the Appendix of the Greek Text of the Gospels and with Grammar Explanations” (St. Petersburg), which has now lost its significance due to the new phototype edition. Of the articles during this time, we note the analysis of the Reims Gospel. Of the rest of the works, dictionary works stand out the most. As early as 1835, he was appointed "a member of the committee for the publication of a dictionary in alphabetical order"; but he especially took up dictionaries when, in 1841, he was appointed an ordinary academician. In 1847, under his editorship, the second volume of the "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language" was published; in 1852 - "The experience of the regional Great Russian language" ("Addition" to it - St. Petersburg, 1858). Responsibility for these works is largely removed from Vostokov because the 2nd Division of the Academy of Sciences laid its hand on them.
Vostokov's constant occupation for many years was the "Slavic-Russian Etymological Dictionary", which remained unpublished. Instead, he published an extensive "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic language" (St. Petersburg, 1858-61, 2 volumes). Together with the "Grammar of the Church Slavonic Language" (in "Scientific Notes", 1863, VII), this work is a major acquisition of Russian science. These works were the last. On February 8, 1864, Vostokov died and was buried in St. Petersburg. at the Wolf Cemetery.
Merits Vostokova were recognized both in Russia and abroad. In addition to the aforementioned societies, he was a member of the Russian branch of the Copenhagen Society of Northern Antiquarians (since 1843), a doctor of the University of Prague (1848), an honorary member of the Society for South Slavic History and Antiquities (1851), a member of the Society of Serbian Literature (1855), an honorary member of universities: Moscow (1855) and Kharkov (1856).
Special philological works were collected by I. Sreznevsky in the book “Philological Observations of A. Kh. Vostokov” (St. Petersburg, 1865), where in the preface he also made an assessment of a talented linguist. Vostokov's scholarly correspondence was also published by Sreznevsky ("Collection of the II Department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences", vol. V, issue 2, St. Petersburg, 1873).
In Vostokov's personality, a remarkable feature is his love for the Russian language, which made him even change his native surname Ostenek to the pseudonym Vostokov.
