Pointless dreams. Senseless dreams (Tolstoy) Lately voices have been heard

[POINTLESS DREAMS]

On January 17 this year, 1895, Russian representatives of the nobility and zemstvos of all 70-something provinces and regions of Russia gathered in St. Petersburg to congratulate the new, young Russian emperor, who had taken the place of his deceased father.

A few months before the departure of representatives in all the provinces of Russia, for several months intensive preparations for this congratulation went on: emergency meetings were held, they proposed, elected, intrigued; they came up with the form of loyal addresses, argued, invented gifts for offerings, argued again, collected money, ordered, chose the lucky ones who were supposed to go and have the happiness to personally deliver addresses and gifts; and, finally, people sometimes traveled several thousand miles from all over Russia with gifts, new uniforms, prepared speeches and joyful expectations to see the king, queen and talk to them.

And so everyone arrived, gathered, reported, appeared to the ministers to both, underwent all the ordeals through which they were led, finally waited for the solemn day and came to the palace with their gifts. Various couriers, chamberlains, furiers, masters of ceremonies, lackeys, adjutants, etc. captured them, led them, saw them off, set them up, and, finally, a solemn moment came, and all these hundreds, mostly old, family, gray-haired, revered in their midst, people froze in anticipation.

And then the door opened, a small, young man in a uniform came in and began to talk, looking into the cap, which he held in front of him and in which he had written the speech he wanted to say. The speech was as follows.

[“I am glad to see representatives of all classes who have come together to declare loyal feelings. I believe in the sincerity of these feelings, inherent in every Russian from time immemorial. But I know that recently in some zemstvo meetings the voices of people carried away by senseless dreams about the participation of representatives of the zemstvos in matters of internal administration have been heard. Let everyone know that, devoting all my strength to the good of the people, I will guard the beginning of autocracy as firmly and unswervingly as my unforgettable late father guarded it.

When the young king reached the point in his speech in which he wanted to express the idea that he wanted to do everything his own way and did not want anyone to not only guide him, but even give advice, probably feeling in the depths soul, that this thought is bad and that the form in which it is expressed is indecent, he became confused and, in order to hide his embarrassment, began to shout in a shrill, embittered voice.

What was it? Why insult all these good-natured people?

And it happened that in several provinces: Tver, mainly Tver, Tula, Ufa, and some other Zemstvo in their addresses, full of all sorts of senseless lies and flattery, hinted in the darkest and vague words that it would be good for the Zemstvo to be the one what it should be in its meaning and for what it was established, that is, in order to have the right to bring to the attention of the king about his needs. To these hints from old, intelligent, experienced people who wanted to make it possible for the tsar to manage the state in some reasonable way, because without knowing how people live, what they need, it is impossible to control people - to these words the young tsar , who did not understand anything either in management or in life, replied that these were meaningless dreams.

When the speech ended, there was silence. But the courtiers interrupted him with shouts of "hurrah", and almost all those present shouted "hurrah" too.

After that, all the representatives went to the cathedral and a thanksgiving service was served there. Some of those who have been here say they didn't cheer and go to the cathedral; but if there were any, then they were few, and those who did not shout "Hurrah" and did not go to the cathedral did not declare this publicly; so it is not unfair to say that all or the vast majority of the representatives joyfully greeted the tsar’s abusive speech and went to the cathedral to serve a prayer of thanksgiving because the tsar honored them with their congratulations and gifts to call stupid boys.

4 months passed, and neither the king found it necessary to recant his words, nor the society expressed its condemnation of his act (except for one anonymous letters). And as if everyone decided that it should be so. And the deputations continue to travel and be mean, and the tsar also takes their meanness for granted.

Not only did everything return to its former position, everything entered into a situation much worse than before. The thoughtless, daring, boyish act of the young king became a fait accompli; society, the whole of Russian society, swallowed the insult, and the offender got the right to think (if he doesn’t think, then he feels) that society is worth it, that this is how it should be treated, and now he can try even the highest measure of insolence and insult and humiliation of society.

The episode of January 17th was one of those moments when two sides, entering into a struggle among themselves, try on each other, and a new relationship is established between them.

A strong working man meets a weak boy, a barchuk, at the door. Everyone has the same right to go first, but then an impudent boy, a barchuk, pushes an incoming worker into his chest and shouts insolently: “Get out of the way, such rubbish!”

This moment is decisive: will the worker calmly take the boy’s hand away, walk in front of him and quietly say: “It’s not good to do this, dear, I’m older than you, and don’t do it ahead of you.” Or he will submit, give way and take off his hat and apologize.

The further relations of these people and their moral state of mind depend on this moment. In the first case, the boy will come to his senses, become smarter and kinder, and the worker freer and more courageous; in the second case, the impudent boy will become even more impudent and the worker even more submissive.

The same collision took place between Russian society and the tsar, and thanks to his thoughtlessness, the young tsar made a move that turned out to be very beneficial for him and disadvantageous for Russian society. Russian society swallowed the insult, and the clash was resolved in favor of the tsar. Now he must become even bolder and will be absolutely right if he despise Russian society even more; Russian society, having taken this step, will inevitably take further steps in the same direction and become even more submissive and base. And so it did. 4 months have passed, and not only has there been no protest, but everyone is preparing with great zeal for the reception of the tsar in Moscow, for the coronation and new gifts of icons and all sorts of nonsense, and in the newspapers they praised the courage of the tsar, who defended the shrine of the Russian people - autocracy. There was even a writer who reproaches the tsar for responding too softly to the unheard-of audacity of people who dared to hint that in order to control people, one must know how they live and what they need; and what had to be said: not “meaningless dreams”, but it was necessary to burst out like thunder against those who dared to encroach on the autocracy - the shrine of the Russian people.

In foreign newspapers (Times, Daily News, etc.) there were articles stating that for any other people, except for the Russian, such a speech by the sovereign would be offensive, but we, the British, cannot judge this from our own point of view : Russians love it and they need it.

4 months passed, and in the well-known, so-called higher circles of Russian society, the opinion was established that the young tsar did excellently, as he should have done. "Well done Nicky," his countless cousins say of him, "well done Nicky, that's how they should be."

And the course of life and management went not only in the old way, but worse than the old way: the same senseless cruel persecution of Jews, sectarians; the same links without trial; the same taking of children from their parents; the same gallows, hard labor, executions; the same censorship, ridiculous to the point of comicality, forbidding everything that the censor or his boss wants; the same stupidity and corruption of the people.

The state of affairs is this: there is a huge state with a population of over 100 million people, and this state is controlled by one person. And this person is appointed randomly, not only from the best and most experienced people, the most experienced and able to govern, but the one who was previously born from the person who previously ruled the state is appointed. And since the one who previously ruled the state was also appointed randomly by birthright, just like his predecessor, and only the ancestor of them all was the ruler, because he achieved power either by election, or by outstanding talents, or, as it used to be, for the most part, by the fact that he did not stop at any deceptions and atrocities, it turns out that it is not a person who is capable of this who becomes the ruler of a 100 million people, but the grandson and descendant of that person who, by outstanding abilities or atrocities, or both others, together, as most often happened, reached power - even if this descendant did not have the slightest ability to manage, but would be the most stupid and trashy person. This situation, if you look at it directly, seems really a meaningless dream.

No reasonable person will sit in a carriage if he does not know that the driver knows how to drive, and in a railway train if the driver does not know how to drive, but only the son of a coachman or driver, who once, according to some, knew how to drive; and still not go to sea on a steamer with a captain whose right to steer the ship consists only in the fact that he is the great-nephew of the man who once steered the ship. Not a single reasonable person would entrust himself and his family into the hands of such coachmen, machinists, captains, and we all live in a state that is governed, and unlimitedly, by such sons and great-nephews, not only not good rulers, but in practice have shown their inability to management of people. This position is really completely meaningless and can only be justified by the fact that there was a time when people believed that these rulers are some kind of special, supernatural, or anointed beings chosen by God, who cannot be disobeyed. But in our time—when no one believes in the supernatural calling of these people to power, no one believes in the holiness of anointing and heredity, when history has already shown people how these anointed ones were overthrown, driven out, and executed—this position has no justification. , moreover, that if we assume that the supreme power is necessary, then the heredity of such power saves the state from intrigues, turmoil, even civil strife, which are inevitable with a different kind of election of the supreme ruler, and that turmoil and intrigue will cost the people more and harder than inability, the depravity and cruelty of rulers by inheritance, if their inability is made up for by the participation of representatives of the people, and their depravity and cruelty will be kept within the limits set by their power.

And to the desires of these very desires - inseparable from the heredity of power - participation in the affairs of the government and the restriction of power (although these desires were hidden under a thick layer of the coarsest flattery), the young tsar answered these desires with determination and insolence: “ I don't want it, I won't let it. I myself."

The episode of January 17 is reminiscent of what often happens to children. The child begins to do some unbearable thing for him. The elders want to help him, to do for him what he is unable to do, but the child is capricious, shouts in a shrill voice: “I myself, myself” - and begins to do; and then, if no one helps him, then very soon the child comes to his senses, because either he burns himself, or falls into the water, or breaks his nose and begins to cry. And such a provision of the child to do for himself what he wants to do is, if not dangerous, then instructive for him. But the trouble is that with such a child there are always flattering nannies, servants who lead the child's hands and do for him what he wants to do himself, and he rejoices, imagining what he has done himself - and he himself does not learn other things. often does harm.

It is believed and assumed that the king rules the affairs of the state; but after all, this is only considered and assumed: one king cannot manage the affairs of the state, because these affairs are too complicated, he can only do whatever he pleases in relation to those affairs that reach him, and can appoint to himself assistants those who whom he pleases; and he cannot manage affairs because it is absolutely impossible for one person. They really rule: ministers, members of various councils, directors and all kinds of bosses. People get into these ministers and chiefs not by merit, but by intrigues, intrigues, mostly female, by connections, kinship, obsequiousness and chance. Flatterers and liars who write articles about the shrine of autocracy, about the fact that this form (the most ancient form that was among all peoples) is a special sacred property of the Russian people, and that the tsar should rule the people unlimitedly, but, unfortunately, none of them explains how the autocracy should operate, how exactly the tsar himself, alone his people, should and can rule. In the old days, when the Slavophils preached autocracy, they preached it inseparably from the Zemsky Sobor, and then, no matter how naive were the dreams of the Slavophils (who had done a lot of evil), it was clear how the autocratic tsar was supposed to rule, who learned from the councils the needs and will of the people . But how can a king govern now without councils? Like a kokan khan? Yes, this is impossible, because in the Kokan Khanate all cases could be considered in one morning, and in Russia in our time, in order to govern the state, ten thousand daily decisions are needed. Who supplies these solutions? Officials. Who are these officials? These are people who, in order to achieve their personal goals, crawl into power and are guided only by the fact that they receive more money. Recently, these people in Russia have fallen to such a degree in moral and intellectual significance that if they do not directly steal, as those who were exposed and driven away, they do not even know how to pretend that they are pursuing some kind of common state interests, they only try as long as possible to receive their salaries, housing, travel. So it is not autocratic power that governs the state, - some special, sacred person, wise, incorruptible, revered by the people - but in reality a pack of greedy, sly, immoral officials who have attached themselves to a young boy who does not understand anything and is unable to understand who was told that he can manage perfectly alone. And he boldly rejects any participation in the management of representatives of the people and says: "No, I myself."

So it turns out that we are not only ruled by the will of the people, not only by an autocratic tsar who stands above all intrigues and personal desires, as real Slavophiles want to present the tsar to us, but we are ruled by several dozen of the most immoral, cunning, mercenary people, not only having for themselves neither, as before, noble birth, nor even education and intelligence, as various Durnovos, Krivosheins, Delyanovs, etc., testify to this, but are controlled by those who are gifted with those abilities of mediocrity and baseness, in which only, as it is true defined Beaumarchais, one can reach the highest places of power: Mediocre et rampant, et on parvient, à tout. It is possible to obey and obey one person, placed in a special position by his birth, but it is insulting and humiliating to obey and obey people, our peers, who, before our eyes, climbed to the highest places with various meanness and nasty things and seized power. It was possible to reluctantly obey Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Third, but to obey and fulfill the will of Malyuta Skuratov and the German corporals, favorites of Peter III, is a shame.

But even this could be endured if it were only a question of one's own humiliation. But, unfortunately, this is not the only thing. It is impossible to reign and govern the people without corrupting, fooling the people and not corrupting and fooling them the more, the more imperfect the form of government, the less the rulers express the will of the people. And since our government is the most senseless and far from expressing the will of the people, our government requires the greatest effort of activity to stupefy and corrupt the people. And this stupefaction and corruption of the people, taking place on such an enormous scale in Russia, should not be endured by people who see the means of this stupefaction and corruption and its consequences.

Notes

HISTORY OF SCRIPTURE AND PRINTING

The speech of Nicholas II before the zemstvo representatives on January 17, 1895 made a sharply negative impression on Tolstoy, which is clear from his entry in the Diary on January 29 of this year: “An important event, which, I’m afraid, will not remain without consequences for me, this is the sovereign’s impudent speech” (vol. 53, p. 4).

Tolstoy, who lived in Moscow during the winter of 1894-95, showed big interest to the events that took place in connection with the speech of the king. So, on January 19, 1895, in the diary of S. A. Tolstoy, it is written that at Tolstoy’s “Russian Thought” editor V. A. Goltsev “reads the Tver address and the petition submitted to the new sovereign” (“Diaries of S. A. Tolstoy. 1891— 1897", M. 1929, p. 102); and January 26: “Now it's past one in the morning. Lyovochka left for some meeting, assembled by Prince. Dmitry Shakhovsky, I don’t know about what” (ibid., p. 103).

Tolstoy was at a meeting convened on the initiative of D. I. Shakhovsky and consisting of representatives of the Moscow liberal intelligentsia, where Tolstoy was asked to speak in the foreign press on behalf of the Russian intelligentsia with a protest against the speech of Nicholas II. Tolstoy, although he did not refuse to comply with the request of the meeting, “said that his speech would not have the desired effect, because his protest would be associated with the anarchist position that is attributed to him, therefore his voice cannot receive the significance of the protest of wide public circles. ”(D. I. Shakhovskoy, “Tolstoy and the Russian Liberation Movement” - “Past Years” 1908, September, p. 316).

On January 29, he wrote in his Diary: “We were at a meeting of Shakhovsky. They were right. Everything is stupid and it is obvious that the organization only paralyzes the forces of private people” (vol. 53, p. 4).

However, the event of January 17 deeply affected Tolstoy. On March 12, he informed D. A. Khilkov: “Recently, I really wanted to write a letter to Nikolai on the occasion of his speech to the Zemstvos, but I felt that it was not a good feeling that guided me, but, on the one hand, irritation, and, on the other, a desire to arouse and left it for persecution.... Maybe it’s not necessary, but maybe the case and time will come when it’s needed” (v. 68).

Nothing came of organizing a public protest. The only protest of Russian society against the "indecent behavior of the young tsar" was an anonymous open letter to him, published on a hectograph in St. Petersburg and widely distributed in Moscow and other cities of Russia. After that it was reprinted abroad. A certain Karl Grunsky (a German journalist), having read this letter in German newspapers, wrote to Tolstoy on March 8, asking him if he was the author of this letter. Tolstoy answered him on March 12, 1895:

“The letter to Nicholas II was not written by me. The letter is very good. It was reported very faithfully in the German newspapers. I do not know the author of the letter. I am not the author of it, because I always sign what I write” (vol. 68).

On March 27, 1895, Tolstoy leaves an entry in his Diary indicating his intention to write an article on the relationship between Russian society and the Tsar. This entry contains thoughts that were then developed in detail in his article on the event of January 17:

“The heredity of kings proves that we do not need their dignity .... The madness of the heredity of rulers is like handing over the management of a ship to the son or great-nephew of a good captain” (vol. 53, pp. 17-18). And in the entry of the Diary on April 10, Tolstoy already expresses a strong desire to write his proposed article: “It is terribly bullying me to write about the attitude of society towards the tsar, explaining this with a lie before the old [tsar], but Sonya’s illness and weakness delays” (vol. 53, p. 21).

Tolstoy noted the beginning of work on the article in his diary entry on May 7: “During these two days it was the same .... I began to write about January 17. But without entrain, it did not go any further” (vol. 53, p. 30).

The entire autograph has been preserved - the first, draft, edition of the article (see description of handbook No. 1). The autograph was written in several stages. In the course of his work, Tolstoy excluded from the article, undoubtedly for censorship reasons, an excerpt about the upbringing of Nicholas II (see option No. 2). On the third manuscript, Tolstoy interrupted his work on the article and did not return to its continuation.

Tolstoy's article remained unfinished and did not appear in print during his lifetime. It was first published by V. G. Chertkov in 1917 in the newspaper "Morning of Russia" in the issues "No. 134 and 136 of June 1 and 3 under the title "Senseless Dreams".

In the same year, under the same title, it was published as a separate pamphlet (reprinted from Morning of Russia): Leo Tolstoy, Senseless Dreams, ed. "Nabat", M. 1917. At the same time it was printed as a separate brochure by the publishing house "Volya", without indicating the year.

In the first printed text, two conjectures were introduced without an editorial clause: 1) the speech of Nicholas II was entered according to Tolstoy's mark in the last manuscript: "Enter the speech"; 2) after the speech of Nicholas II, the following passage was placed in a footnote:

“The official report in the message of the Russian Telegraph Agency says:

“The words of the Sovereign Emperor were covered with enthusiastic“ cheers ”of those present, who for a long time announced the halls ...

At the end of the offering of congratulations, Their Majesties departed for the inner chambers at the fifth hour. The provincial marshals of the nobility, district marshals and nobles who were part of the deputations left the palace for the Kazan Cathedral, where they served a prayer of thanksgiving on the occasion of the significant words of His Majesty, expressed during the congratulations of the deputations. L.T.

This passage is not found in the manuscripts. Under it are the initials "L. T." can be explained solely by the negligence of the editors of the newspaper "Utro Rossii". The publishing house "Nabat", releasing the article as a brochure, printed this passage without the initials "L. T.".

In the first printed text, in a footnote, was placed the text from the draft (handbook No. 1) about the upbringing of Nicholas II (from the words: “Who is this young man”, ending with: “almost 0.9 of all sovereigns” (see var. No. 2) In this edition, this passage is not included in the final text, as well as other passages taken by V. G. Chertkov from drafts, marked by Tolstoy with the word “omitted”.

In this edition, the article is printed according to the last manuscript (No. 3) with the title given to the article by V. G. Chertkov.

The first conjecture of the first edition, according to the will of Tolstoy, is introduced into the text, but the supplemented text of the speech of Nicholas II is enclosed in straight brackets. The second conjecture of the first edition, as not justified by the manuscripts, is not accepted.

DESCRIPTION OF MANUSCRIPTS

1. Autograph. 11 pp. 4° and 1 l. postal format, scribbled, except l. 7, on both sides. Draft version of the article without title and without date. Start: January 17 this. End:"no opposition".

Options ## 1 and 2 are retrieved.

2. Autographed copy by M. L. Tolstoy with major corrections by the author. There is no title. The original manuscript contained 21 pp. 4°. After processing, most of the sheets were transferred to the next manuscript. There are 3 pp. left in this manuscript. 4° and 2 segments. Start:"This position is really completely meaningless." End: <«и таковы мы все»>.

3. Manuscript, composed of transcribed sheets from the hands. No. 2 and copies from the sheets remaining in it. Full text of the entire article with corrections by Tolstoy's hand. 23 pp. 4° (of which 2 sheets with stickers) and 1 piece.

74. Strikethrough: loitering cousins and second cousins

75. [Be mediocre and servile and you will achieve everything.]

76. In the manuscript: not violating

“I am glad to see representatives of all classes who have come together to declare loyal feelings. I believe in the sincerity of these feelings, inherent in every Russian from time immemorial. But I know that recently in some zemstvo meetings the voices of people carried away by senseless dreams about the participation of representatives of the zemstvos in matters of internal administration have been heard. Let everyone know that, devoting all my strength to the good of the people, I will guard the beginning of autocracy as firmly and unswervingly as my unforgettable late parent guarded it.

What was it? Why insult all these good-natured people?

And it happened that in several provinces: Tver, mainly Tver, Tula, Ufa, and some other Zemstvo in their addresses, full of all sorts of senseless lies and flattery, hinted in the darkest and vague words that it would be good for the Zemstvo to be the one what it should be in its meaning and for what it was established, that is, in order to have the right to bring to the attention of the king about his needs. To these hints of old, intelligent, experienced people who wanted to make it possible for the tsar to govern the state in some way, because without knowing how people live, what they need, it is impossible to control people - to these words the young tsar, not understanding anything either in management or in life, replied that these were meaningless dreams.

When the speech ended, there was silence. But the courtiers interrupted him with shouts of "hurrah", and almost all those present shouted "hurrah" too.

After that, all the representatives went to the cathedral and a thanksgiving service was served there. Some of those who have been here say they didn't cheer and go to the cathedral; but if there were any, they were few, and those who did not shout "Hurray" and did not go to the cathedral did not publicly declare this; so it is not unfair to say that all or the vast majority of the representatives joyfully greeted the tsar’s abusive speech and went to the cathedral to serve a prayer of thanksgiving because the tsar honored them with their congratulations and gifts to call stupid boys.

4 months passed, and neither the tsar found it necessary to recant his words, nor the society expressed its condemnation of his act (except for one anonymous letter). And as if everyone decided that it should be so. And the deputations continue to travel and be mean, and the tsar also takes their meanness for granted. Not only did everything return to its former position, everything entered into a situation much worse than before. The thoughtless, daring, boyish act of the young king became a fait accompli; society, the whole of Russian society, has swallowed the insult, and the offender has the right to think (if he does not think, then he feels) that society is worth it, that this is how it should be treated, and now he can try even the highest measure of insolence and insult and humiliation of society.

The episode of January 17th was one of those moments when two sides entering into a struggle between themselves try on each other and a new relationship is established between them.

This moment is decisive: will the worker calmly take the boy’s hand away, walk ahead of him and quietly say: “It’s not good to do this, dear, I’m older than you, and don’t do it ahead of you.” Or he will submit, give way and take off his hat and apologize.

The same collision took place between Russian society and the tsar, and thanks to his thoughtlessness, the young tsar made a move that turned out to be very beneficial for him and disadvantageous for Russian society. Russian society swallowed the insult, and the clash was resolved in favor of the tsar. Now he must become even bolder and will be absolutely right if he despise Russian society even more; Russian society, having taken this step, will inevitably take further steps in the same direction and become even more submissive and base. And so it did. 4 months have passed, and not only has there been no protest, but everyone is preparing with great zeal for the reception of the tsar in Moscow, for the coronation and new gifts of icons and all sorts of nonsense, and in the newspapers they praised the courage of the tsar who defended the shrine of the Russian people - autocracy. There was even a writer who reproaches the tsar for responding too softly to the unheard-of audacity of people who dared to hint that in order to control people, one must know how they live and what they need; and what should have been said: not “meaningless dreams”, but it was necessary to burst out like thunder against those who dared to encroach on the autocracy - the shrine of the Russian people.

4 months passed, and in the well-known, so-called higher circles of Russian society, the opinion was established that the young tsar did excellently, as he should have done. “Well done Nicky,” his countless cousins say about him, “well done Nicky, that’s how they should be.”

And the course of life and management went not only in the old way, but worse than the old way: the same senseless cruel persecution of Jews, sectarians; the same links without trial; the same taking of children from their parents; the same gallows, hard labor, executions; the same censorship, absurd to the point of comicality, forbidding everything that the censor or his superiors want; the same stupidity and corruption of the people.

The state of affairs is this: there is a huge state with a population of over 100 million people, and this state is controlled by one person. And this person is appointed randomly, not only from the best and most experienced people, the most experienced and able to govern, but the one who was previously born from the person who previously ruled the state is appointed. And since the one who previously ruled the state was also appointed randomly by birthright, just like his predecessor, and only the ancestor of them all was the ruler, because he achieved power either by election or by outstanding talents; or, as happened for the most part, by the fact that he did not stop at any deceit and atrocity, it turns out that it is not a person who is capable of this who becomes the ruler of a 100 million people, but the grandson and descendant of that person who, by outstanding abilities or atrocities or both together, as most often happened, reached power - even if this descendant did not have the slightest ability to manage, but would be the most stupid and trashy person. This situation, if you look at it directly, seems really a meaningless dream.

No reasonable person will sit in a carriage if he does not know that the driver knows how to drive, and in a railway train if the driver does not know how to drive, but only the son of a coachman or driver, who once, according to some, knew how to drive; and still not go to sea on a steamboat with a captain whose right to steer the ship consists only in the fact that he is the great-nephew of the man who once steered the ship. Not a single reasonable person would entrust himself and his family into the hands of such coachmen, machinists, captains, and we all live in a state that is governed, and unlimitedly, by such sons and great-nephews, not only not good rulers, but in practice have shown their inability to management of people. This position is really completely meaningless and can only be justified by the fact that there was a time when people believed that these rulers are some kind of special, supernatural, or anointed beings chosen by God, who cannot be disobeyed. But in our time - when no one believes in the supernatural calling of these people to power, no one believes in the holiness of anointing and heredity, when history has already shown people how these anointed ones were overthrown, driven out, executed - this situation has no justification. , moreover, that if we assume that the supreme power is necessary, then the heredity of such power saves the state from intrigues, turmoil, even civil strife, which are inevitable with a different kind of election of the supreme ruler, and that turmoil and intrigue will cost the people more and harder than inability, the depravity and cruelty of rulers by inheritance, if their inability is made up for by the participation of representatives of the people, and their depravity and cruelty will be kept within the limits set by their power.

And to the desires of these same - inseparable from the heredity of power - participation in the affairs of the government and limiting power (although these desires were hidden under a thick layer of the most rude flattery), the young tsar answered these desires with determination and insolence: “ I don't want it, I won't let it. I myself." The episode of January 17 is reminiscent of what often happens to children. The child begins to do some unbearable thing for him. The elders want to help him, to do for him what he is unable to do, but the child is capricious, shouts in a shrill voice: “I myself, myself,” and begins to do; and then, if no one helps him, then very soon the child comes to his senses, because either he burns himself, or falls into the water, or breaks his nose and begins to cry. And such a provision of the child to do for himself what he wants to do is, if not dangerous, then instructive for him. But the trouble is that with such a child there are always flattering nannies, servants who move the child's hands and do for him what he wants to do himself, and he rejoices, imagining what he did himself - and he himself does not learn, and often harms others.

The same happens with rulers. If they really ruled by themselves, then their rule would not last long, they would immediately do such obvious stupid things that they would destroy others and themselves, and their kingdom would immediately end [would], which would be very useful for everyone. But the trouble is that, just as capricious children have nannies who do for them what they imagine themselves doing, so kings always have such nannies - ministers, bosses, who value their places and power, and know that they use them. only as long as the king is considered unlimited. It is believed and assumed that the king rules the affairs of the state; but after all, this is only considered and assumed: one king cannot manage the affairs of the state, because these affairs are too complicated, he can only do whatever he pleases in relation to those affairs that reach him, and can appoint to himself assistants those who whom he pleases; and he cannot manage affairs because it is absolutely impossible for one person. They really rule: ministers, members of various councils, directors and all kinds of bosses. People get into these ministers and chiefs not by merit, but by intrigues, intrigues, mostly female, by connections, kinship, obsequiousness and chance. Flatterers and liars who write articles about the shrine of autocracy, that this form (the most ancient form, which was among all peoples) is a special sacred property of the Russian people and that the tsar should rule the people indefinitely, but, unfortunately, none of them explains how the autocracy should act, how exactly the tsar himself, alone his people, should rule. In the old days, when the Slavophils preached autocracy, they preached it inseparably from the Zemsky Sobor, and then, no matter how naive were the dreams of the Slavophils (who had done a lot of evil), it was clear how the autocratic tsar was supposed to rule, who learned from the councils the needs and will of the people . But how can a king govern now without councils? Like a kokan khan? Yes, this is impossible, because in the Kokan Khanate all cases could be considered in one morning, and in Russia in our time, in order to govern the state, ten thousand daily decisions are needed. Who supplies these solutions? Officials. Who are these officials? These are people who, in order to achieve their personal goals, crawl into power and are guided only by the fact that they receive more money. Recently, these people in Russia have fallen to such a degree in moral and intellectual significance that if they do not directly steal, as those who were exposed and driven away did, they do not even know how to pretend that they are pursuing some kind of common state interests. , they only try to receive their salaries, apartment, travel as long as possible. So what governs the state is not an autocratic power - some special, sacred person, wise, incorruptible, revered by the people - but in reality a pack of greedy, sly, immoral officials who are attached to a young boy who does not understand anything and cannot drink a drink , who was told that he could perfectly manage himself alone. And he boldly rejects any participation in the management of representatives of the people and says: "No, I myself."

So it turns out that we are not only ruled by the will of the people, not only by an autocratic tsar who stands above all intrigues and personal desires, as real Slavophiles want to present the tsar to us, but we are ruled by several dozen of the most immoral, cunning, mercenary people, not only having for themselves neither, as before, generosity, nor even education and intelligence, as various Durnovos, Krivosheins, Delyanovs, etc. testify to this, but are controlled by those who are gifted with those abilities of mediocrity and baseness, in which only, as it is true defined Beaumarchais, one can reach the highest places of power: Médiocre et rampant, et on parvient à tout. It is possible to obey and obey one person, placed in a special position by his birth, but it is insulting and humiliating to obey and obey people, our peers, who, before our eyes, climbed to the highest places with various meanness and nasty things and seized power. It was possible reluctantly to obey Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Third, but to obey and fulfill the will of Malyuta Skuratov and the German corporals, favorites of Peter III, is a shame.

In matters that violate the will of God - in matters contrary to this will, I cannot obey and obey anyone; but in matters that do not violate the will of God, I am ready to obey and obey the king, whatever he may be. He did not take his own place. He was put in this place by the laws of the country, drawn up or approved by our ancestors. But why would I submit to people who are known to be mean or stupid, or both, who, through 30 years of meanness, have crept into power and are prescribing laws and a course of action for me? They tell me that by the highest command I am ordered [not] to publish such and such works, not to gather for prayer, not to teach my children, as I consider good, but according to such and such principles and books that Mr. Pobedonostsev determines; I am told that, by the highest command, I must pay taxes for the construction of armadillos, I must give my children or my estate to this and that, or I myself stop living where I want, and live in the place assigned to me. All this could still be endured, if it were exactly the command of the king; but I know that the highest command here is only words, that this is not done by the tsar who nominally rules us, but is done by Mr. Pobedonostsev, Richter, Muravyov, etc., whom I have known the past for a long time, and so I know that I don't want to have anything to do with them. And these are the people I must obey and give them everything that I have dear in life. But even this could be endured if it were only a question of one's own humiliation. But, unfortunately, this is not the only thing. It is impossible to reign and govern the people without corrupting, fooling the people and not corrupting and fooling them the more, the more imperfect the form of government, the less the rulers express the will of the people. And since our government is the most senseless and far from expressing the will of the people, our government requires the greatest effort of activity to stupefy and corrupt the people. And this stupefaction and corruption of the people, taking place on such an enormous scale in Russia, should not be endured by people who see the means of this stupefaction and corruption and its consequences.

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A voice calling by name, a hail is a well-known sign, a harbinger of important events. There is a lot of evidence for this, and in this article we have collected the most interesting stories. All of them are real, taken from open sources. The only problem: do not confuse the sign with simple hearing deceptions that mentally healthy people due to stress and overwork, lack of oxygen in a stuffy room.

Why hear your name: 8 mystical reasons

1. A sign of imminent changes in fate

The soul seems to anticipate the upcoming big events (moving, changing jobs, marriage, major purchases). On the eve of big changes in fate, we receive signs. They are usually associated with objects-symbols of the other world: mirrors, watches, icons. The voice calling by name is also such a symbol of the eternal and greater than us. He stops the man for a moment, forcing him to look around.

In the summer before last, I repeatedly heard someone call me by name. Although I was at that moment in the room completely alone. People say you'll be leaving soon. And so it happened: the war broke out in our Donbass and my family and I had to leave.

I had the same case. I heard someone calling me from outside. And a month later we left because of the war in Donbass!

2. Ancestral Warning

This summer I watched an interview with a wonderful actress Valentina Telichkina on TV. She told such a story. One day, when I was very young, I was walking down the street. I just found out that I got a part in a movie. Feelings of joy and pride overwhelmed her! And then, as if from under the ground, a man appeared and hit along the body so that the buttons on the coat came off. She sat down to pick them up. And when I got up, there was no one around. And then she remembered the warning of her beloved dad: “Always stand firmly on the ground, do not fly away into dreams!” And I realized that this is a sign. Further went already without intoxicating euphoria. Her beloved dad was deprived of his property three times, his sister saved him from execution, who ransomed his brother by selling all his valuables. He was in jail on false charges. Our ancestors survived the hardest years of repressions and wars. Their voice, supporting, guiding, is with us. Notice when you hear the call. What is changing in the state?

I also had such cases, and on the street, and not in the house. I noticed that my mood was always joyful, upbeat before hearing this voice. And the voice that calls by name is clear, it seems to be male. I look around: strangers everywhere, no one called. She never responded, she read a prayer to herself and moved on.

3. Bonding with your loved one

If you are currently separated from a loved one, think about him, miss him, want to be near, then this connection can be manifested in auditory deceptions. There are a lot of such stories, there is no mysticism in them, but ... Sometimes, having gone to the call, you can help and save.

We had a big fight with my boyfriend and I even thought that we broke up. It was then that we got married, then everything was difficult. Haven't seen him for a long time. And now I'm walking along the square and I hear shouting: “Olya! Olya! Then again. My brother was with me, he did not hear anything. And the next day I found out that my boyfriend was not at work for the third day. Accidentally met his friends, told. I made up my mind, went to him and managed to do it in time. He had been lying at home with a craniocerebral injury all these days. And he has only a brother from his relatives, and he left at that time to rest. Then the doctor at the hospital said that a little more and the hematoma would have damaged the brain. And my husband later confessed to me: “I have been waiting for you all these days, I wanted you to come.”

The wife woke up at night. She heard her son call her as if in reality in a plaintive voice: “Mom!” He has been in the colony, in quarantine for two weeks now. They are not very sweetly received there, in a word, they scoff. We are very worried about him..

I was walking along the sidewalk and suddenly I hear my mother calling my name. Quietly a few meters behind me. Turned around - no one. And at that time, my mother flew several thousand kilometers in an airplane. I was very worried until I found out that she flew well.

And sometimes help is needed not by a person, but by a beloved ... car!

The sister told. They went to bed, and someone called her by name: “Marina!” She became terrified. They called again. Got up. “It’s scary,” he says, “but I’m going to spite myself, my fear.” On the porch I went out slowly, and the wheels were being unscrewed from the car. She called her, the thieves fled.

I was going to buy an outfit for the New Year's corporate party. I drove up to the store, somehow squeezed in - the parking lot was full. I went to the store, I look, I choose. And I hear the man ordering: "Get out of here - quickly!" Nearby - no one! I just fell into a stupor. I stand, I don't know what to do. I feel the rags on the hangers mechanically. In a minute I run out into the street. And there ... a drunken man drove into my "swallow". That was the only time, I never heard voices again.

4. The voice of intuition is the voice of salvation

There are many examples when a calling voice saved property, health, and life. People attribute his merits to guardian angels, brownies, spirits, patron saints. It can be assumed that this is how the unconscious part of the psyche affects our behavior. Read these amazing stories. There are a lot of them, but I could not remove any of them for reduction.

She followed her brother to the kindergarten, went into herself, thought.Suddenly my name was called.I woke up and barely dodged the car. Thank you for this voice!

Somehow I left the house: I put my daughter in a stroller and forward. We reached the gate, and suddenly there was such a loud shout from behind: “Lida!” I turn: I forgot to close the door. Has returned. That's what it was?

Last winter, I went to training early in the morning. I go as usual, all wrapped up, with a player in my ears. I began to pass by the windows of the cafe (there the paths are cleared, not slippery) and I hear that they called me. Stopped and turned around but no one was there. And then, a meter away from me, snow with ice rolls down from the roof. If I hadn't stopped, then just fell on me.

A friend told me. Late in the evening she returned home, walked alone along a deserted street. She heard her name being called. At first I did not pay attention, I thought that I heard. The second, third time they call, a clear female voice was heard. She turned around. A man was walking behind, already catching up with my girlfriend. She managed to run into the entrance, that's how she escaped.

She returned home after school. I go up to the entrance and hear my mother's voice behind me, which calls my name. Absolutely distinct. I took a couple of steps back and started looking around. I wonder where mom is from? She worked very far from home and sometimes returned when I was already asleep. At that moment, a huge block of ice breaks off the roof and breaks in front of me, dousing from head to toe with ice chips.

In her youth, she worked in practice in a laboratory. There are three other women besides me. In the morning, tea will be brewed and gossip will begin. I'm bored with them. So she went to wander around the laboratory. There was a sterilization cabinet in one of the rooms. It was turned on immediately upon arrival at work. There was no heating yet, every morning I warmed myself near this unit. It was the same this time. I stood with my hands pressed against him, and suddenly my name was called. I managed to reach the door from the sterilization room when I heard a sharp loud bang behind me. I turned around and was stunned: in the place where I had just stood, a column of flame shot up. As it turned out later, the ether, which someone placed next to the cabinet, ignited. Then I found out that my colleagues forgot about me, no one called me.

5. Voices when carried away by magic, occultism, divination.

Magic doubles your world. The otherworldly, invisible world is added to the visible and familiar world of everyday life. And the border between them is now blurred, it is very difficult to withstand.

Demons clung to me once, and constantly chatted something in my ear. And most importantly, always the truth. I was fond of magic a lot, but then I went to my grandmother. She removed it for me. From a magical point of view, this is some kind of spirit. They usually come home.

I have heard voices many times. She always put a triple sign on herself and spit to the left side. The devil sits on the left shoulder, and the guardian angel sits on the right. When I was young and married, together with my husband we heard a woman's voice, which soon took my husband away. We divorced and he married someone else. Apparently, it was a conspiracy "to the wind."

As a child, I constantly heard a voice calling my name. Male. I even dreamed that a man was strangling me. There were marks in the morning. Recently, again, I heard my name called. It was not in a dream, but during the day. I've got chills down my spine. Here I feel: standing behind my back, my back is cold. Great-grandfather was a strong sorcerer, before his death he did not transfer power. He died long and painfully, screaming.

6. Communication with the dead, voices after the funeral of a loved one

The loss of a loved one is the hardest loss. I wrote about such stories in an article. Grief weakens a person like a serious illness, and auditory deceptions often occur. After all, the soul yearns.

Mom died, those were hard days. I remember putting my daughter to bed and she began to fall asleep herself. I hear my mother call me by name. Loud so, I already jumped!

My mother died in February. Lately I've been hearing a voice. It happens before bed. Sometimes during the day I do something around the house and I hear how from the other room he calls me by name!

Sometimes the stories that eyewitnesses tell cannot be explained by ordinary auditory deceptions.

I was 10 years old when my dad died. A few days after the funeral, my mother wakes me up at night and takes me to sleep with her. So we slept together, she became afraid. It turned out that her father comes to her and calls. I accidentally overheard her conversation, so I found out about it. And then it happened to me. Everyone went to work, and I slept. I wake up from the fact that someone sat on the bed. I feel for sure that someone is sitting at my feet. I'm lying face to the wall, I opened my eyes, but I'm afraid to turn around. Fear is such, as they say, the blood runs cold. I don't even know how much time has passed. I just suddenly realized that there was no one else.

7. Poltergeist in an apartment with a bad past

There are apartments that are usually called "bad". It is here that with a high probability you may encounter incomprehensible sounds, visions, disappearances of things. Children often talk about such experiences.

As a child, I had such situations: I was sitting at home alone, playing with dolls, and then suddenly I heard someone calling me: “Alina, Alina!” I leave the room, there is no one there. And so a couple of times. I went out to the balcony and went to the door. And then I go into the room, I want to sit on high chair and I can not, as if someone is sitting on it. I listen, I hear some kind of purr, although we didn’t have cats. I lay down on the sofa, crossed myself and began to read Our Father. The purring disappeared.

8. The voice of a loved one is a sign of imminent death

Death is associated with various mystical phenomena. Remember that these are special rare cases. Apparently, subconsciously we feel that a loved one is ready to leave, we hear his call, as if trying to keep him.

In 2007, in September, I woke up one day because my father was calling me. I decided that he was apparently dreaming of me, and I heard him in a dream. Went to work. On the same day in the corridor I hear my father calling behind me again: “Taya, Taya!”. Turned around - no one. It has become uncomfortable. I called my mother in the evening: everything is in order, my father is healthy, my mother too, everything is fine. It was Wednesday. Exactly a week later, on Wednesday, dad died suddenly. A heart.

Our ancestors were much better than we could interact with those forces that we call otherworldly. There were age-old traditions, and women knew what to do on such special occasions.

One sorceress explained to my grandmother that when a woman's voice calls her name, it's unfortunate. The voice of an elderly person - trouble will happen, but later. Young someone calls out - expect soon. Male - on the contrary, for good.

My grandmother used to say: "If it seems that someone is calling out, then just don't answer." It’s very bad when you answer automatically.

Grandmother said that when a name is called, it means that an event is on the threshold.

IMPORTANT! Isolated cases of auditory hallucinations are not unequivocal evidence of the course of a mental illness. But if there is a feeling of extraneous presence, nightmares torment you, you lose interest in studies, work, habitual hobbies, then you need to think about your own health and contact a mental health specialist.

In the summer, I usually walk alone in the forest or wander along the trails. I often hear a very pleasant female voice calling me. One day I looked back and saw a girl. Time seemed to stop, but she dissolved, disappeared. Such a pity, because I wanted to ask her about many things. But she didn't want to. After this incident, I feel a burning sensation in the area of the shoulder blades, as if there were two cuts. When I remember that meeting, small red stripes appear. I began to get hung up on this, went to a psychotherapist.

Hearing deceptions often occur during an acute course of viral infections, when severe intoxication of the body inevitably leads to damage. nervous system. Therefore, with the flu, for example, something strange often appears. Drinking alcohol is also one of the reasons that it may seem that you were called, called by name. We wrote about stress above.

Yesterday I went home from work for lunch. Suddenly I hear someone loudly shouting my name. I looked around, but there was no one. I'm going back to work, I hear a clatter behind me. I looked back. Nobody. At work, problems are being cut, I'm very worried. I think I'm on nervous ground losing my mind.

Once I had to be alone in a boat for a couple of weeks, only the dog was with me. Collected material for scientific work on waterfowl. Sometimes I could clearly hear my father's voice calling my name. I started to worry, but nothing happened. Neither good nor bad...

Remember that mysticism is a special rare case, and health problems, bad habits, situations of excessive psychological stress and mental disorders are common.

After the death of Alexander III, as usual before each new reign, a hail of requests and petitions rained down. Especially from the zemstvos. These local governments, created by Alexander II, represented the embryo of a representative system, although the zemstvos were mainly headed by nobles or higher officials. Doctors, agronomists, veterinarians, teachers, etc. worked in the zemstvos - all those who were considered educated people in the Russian provinces. Being members of the local administration and constituting its core, they saw how much their rights were curtailed with the coming to power of Alexander III and even a little earlier, as Khizhnyakov, who headed one of the zemstvos, writes about this:

“And for half a century, an endless martyrology of various zemstvo petitions, submissions and complaints has been dragging on, to which negative answers were received, but for the most part they were left without any answer. Appeals to the government, experienced such a sad fate, our Zemstvo has hundreds. There were many cases when a negative answer was motivated by the fact that the need indicated in the petition had not yet matured, since other zemstvos did not petition for it. And at the same time, any attempts to communicate among themselves provincial zemstvos were constantly pursued.

The Russian people were impatiently waiting for the tsar's answer to their petitions, in which they asked to expand their powers and opportunities. The opinion of the new king on this matter was unknown to them.

The answer was clearer than ever:

“... I know that recently in some zemstvo meetings the voices of people carried away by senseless dreams about the participation of representatives of the zemstvo in matters of internal administration have been heard. Let everyone know that, devoting all my strength to the good of the people, I will guard the beginning of autocracy as firmly and unswervingly as my unforgettable late parent guarded it.

They say that in the text, probably prepared by Pobedonostsev, it was written "groundless dreams", and not "meaningless dreams". If later an error or a typo crept into the text, the expression still fully conveyed what the king thought about this.

This Appeal was a challenge to liberal opinion, which immediately led to the strengthening of the positions of radical circles, which the repressive policy of Alexander III somewhat weakened.

The appeal first of all dispelled the illusions of those who hoped that life would change with the advent of a new tsar, that new opportunities would open up before Russian society. This disappointment was expressed by Chekhov in his The Seagull, created precisely in 1896. In the plays “Three Sisters”, “Uncle Vanya” and “The Cherry Orchard”, written in the same years of lost illusions, the educated provincial society, careless, but easily injured, with its unclear future, is alarmed by the thunder peals that are heard from all sides: unrest among peasants, the indifference of capital to other people's destinies, its own inability to act. The characters in these plays are powerless and unable to decide their fate.

Test "Russia at the turn of theXIX-XX centuries»

Option I part A

1. The international conference in The Hague, convened at the suggestion of Russia, took place in

1) 1896; 2) 1899; 3) 1900; 4) 1903

2. Which of the named statesmen was a supporter of economic and political reform Russian Empire?

1) S.Yu. Witte; 2) V.K. Plehve; 3) P.D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky;

4) A.I. Putilov.

3. Which of the above characterizes the reforms of P.A. Stolypin?

1) restriction of landownership; 2) development of a project to strengthen communal land use; 3) abolition of estates; 4) destruction of the community

4. Which of the following refers to the results of the first Russian revolution?

1) the emergence of a multi-party system; 2) the formation of a constitutional monarchy;

3) liquidation of the estate system; 4) the introduction of workers' control over production.

5. Which event happened on January 27, 1904?

1) undermining the flagship "Petropavlovsk"; 2) the landing of Japanese troops on the Liaodong Peninsula;

3) heroic battle "Varangian" and "Korean"; 4) the conclusion of the Portsmouth peace treaty.

6. The demands for the overthrow of the autocracy, the socialization of the land, the establishment of "democracy" and the federal state were contained in the program of the party

1) Bolsheviks; 2) Mensheviks; 3) cadets; 4) Socialist-Revolutionaries.

7. The words "You need great upheavals - we need great Russia!" belong

1) V.I. Lenin; 2) P.A. Stolypin; 3) S.Yu. Witte; 4) P.N. Milyukov.

8. The most economically powerful class of Russian society at the beginningXX century

1) working class; 2) the bourgeoisie; 3) intelligentsia; 4) nobility.

9. Commander of the Russian Land Army in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905

1) A.N. Kuropatkin; 2) Z.P. Rozhdestvensky; 3) R.I. Kondratenko; 4) S.O. Makarov.

10. The global economic crisis erupted in

1) 1895; 2) 1897; 3) 1900; 4) 1905

11. Manifesto "On the improvement of the state order" was published

1) January 9, 1905; 2) October 17, 1905; 3) December 11, 1906; 4) June 3, 1907

12. Read an extract from the document and determine which party's position is reflected in it.

“In the agrarian program, the shifting of the center of gravity to the Soviets of Labor Deputies. Confiscation of all landed estates. Nationalization of all lands in the country, disposal of land by local Soviets of Laborers and Peasants' Deputies. Separation of Soviets of Deputies from the poorest peasants. Creation of exemplary farms from each large estate under the control of labor deputies and at public expense.

1) Socialist-Revolutionaries; 2) Mensheviks; 3) Bolsheviks; 4) cadets.

Part B

13. By what principle is a series formed? "Produgol", "Prodamet", "Nobel-Mazut", "Prodvagon"

14. Who owns the words? “Recently… the voices of people were heard who were carried away by senseless dreams about the participation of representatives of the zemstvos in the affairs of government… I will protect the beginning of autocracy as firmly and unswervingly as my unforgettable parent…”

15. Match

1. Committee of Ministers

A. supreme legislative body

2. Senate

B. supreme body executive branch

3. State Duma

B. estate-representative legislature

4. Synod

D. the highest judicial body

16. Form logical pairs:

1.P.Milyukov 2.A.Guchkov 3.V.Ulyanov (Lenin)4.V.Chernov 5.L.Martov

A. Socialist-Revolutionary Party B. RSDLP (b) C. Cadets Party D. "Union of October 17"

17. Find the extra : The consequences of the adoption of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905 include: A. the establishment of the State Duma B. the beginning of the introduction of the foundations constitutional order

B. granting new privileges to the nobility

G. legalization political parties

Test "Russia at the turn of theXIX-XX centuries»

OptionPart II A

1. What year does the reign of Emperor Nicholas begin?II?

1) 1894; 2) 1897; 3) 1900; 4) 1902

2. Minister of the Interior since 1904, liberal, author of the project "On measures to improve the state order"

1) M.T. Loris-Melikov; 2) P.D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky 3) P.N. Milyukov; 4) S.Yu. Witte.

3. The plot of land allocated to the peasant upon leaving the community, with the preservation of his yard in the village, was called

1) farm; 2) cut; 3) artel; 4) cut.

4. Which of the following was one of the causes of the revolution of 1905?

1) peasant land shortage; 2) preservation of the estate system;

3) the dissatisfaction of the peasants with the communal order; 4) attempts by the state to accelerate the destruction of the community.

5. Battle in the Tsushima Strait during Russo-Japanese War happened

1) September 15-30, 1904; 2) February 22-25, 1905; 3) May 14-15, 1905; 4) July 27, 1904

6. The demand for the preparation and implementation of the proletarian revolution, the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat for the construction of a socialist society, was contained in the program

1) RSDLP; 2) the parties of the Cadets; 3) neo-populists; 4) Black Hundreds.

7. Agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin provided

1) liquidation of landownership; 2) socialization of the land;

3) creation of private peasant farms; 4) nationalization of the land.

8. The most numerous estate of the Russian Empire

1) tradesmen; 2) Cossacks; 3) the peasantry; 4) commoners.

9. At the initiative of the head of the Moscow security department S.V. Zubatov were created

1) parochial schools; 2) legal workers' organizations;

3) underground political organizations; 4) security departments in the police.

10. The industrial revolution in Russia was completed by

1) 70th years. 19th century; 2) 90th years. 19th century; 3) 1900; 4) 1910

11. Changes to the Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire concerning legal status of the State Duma and the State Council, were included in

1) 1905; 2) 1906; 3) 1907; 4) 1910

12. Which of the following requirements were characteristic of the liberal parties that took shape in Russia in 1905?

1) the introduction of democratic freedoms, the principle of separation of powers and the solution of the land issue through the partial alienation of landowners' lands;

2) the preservation of the "communal" existence and the foundations of the autocratic system, the solution of the labor issue by creating a system of social insurance;

3) the proclamation of democratic freedoms, the destruction of the autocratic system, the abolition of redemption payments, the nationalization of land;

4) the proclamation of democratic freedoms, the elimination of the autocracy and the socialization of the land.

Part B

13 . An event happened earlier than others

1 .accession of Nicholas 2 2.Bloody Sunday 3.G.Sedov's expedition to the North Pole 4.opening of the Moscow Art Theater

14. On what basis is the series formed? Political lack of rights of citizens, lack of land and landlessness of peasants, exploitation of workers, national oppression.

15. Name the document “1. Every householder who owns land on a communal basis may demand that the land be consolidated into his personal property, demand a plot, if possible, in one place”

16. Who is extra in a row: Chairmen of the State Duma: S. Muromtsev, F. Golovin, S. Witte, A. Guchkov, M. Rodzianko.

17. Who owns the words?

1.S.Yu.Witte

2.V.K.Pleve

A. "All revolutions come from the fact that governments ... remain deaf to the needs of the people"

B. “Russia has its own separate history and social system

V. “The same thing is happening in Russia now that happened in its time in the West: it is moving to the capitalist system”

G. “I owe everything to the autocracy and love it, but with my mind I understand that we need a constitution”

E. To keep the revolution, we need a small victorious war "

Answers:

Option I

part B

1.2

2.1

3.4

4.1

5.3

6.4

7.2

8.2

9.1

10.2

11. 2

12. 3

13.-monopoly

14. Nicholas 2

15. 1-B 2-A 3-C 4-D

16.1-B 2-D 3-B 4-A

17.B

Option II

part B

1.2

2.2

3.1

4.3

5.1

6.3

7.3

8.2

9.2

10.2

11.1

12.1

13.-1

14- causes of the revolution

15- decree on the destruction of the community

16- Witte

17-1-А,В,Г

2-B,D.