Another impersonal verb form in English is the participle, which comes in two types – Participle I and Participle II. Participles in the English language have many similarities with Russian participles and gerunds, but there are still differences and special specific points. Quite often, many students confuse the first participle and the gerund, but they have a fundamental difference: the gerund has the properties of a noun and can usually be translated through this part of speech, and the participle - an adjective.
In addition to dividing this verb form into two types, it also has differences in time frames, which are also formed in accordance with certain norms. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the features of these forms, identify the functions of the participle in the sentence, as well as the available participial constructions.
Formation and use of active forms of Participle I
In its meaning, Participle 1 coincides with the Russian participle, which is partly similar to an adjective, and is part of various Participial constructions, but has special questions (“what is doing?”, “what is doing?”). However, the fact is that the gerund in English is not expressed in a special way and is also formed through the Present Participle Active.
Active forms of Participle I
It is important to distinguish the involved structures in terms of collateral. So, in English there are only forms of the active participle: Indefinite, or Present Participle I, and Perfect Participle I.
Indefinite Active P I
This standard structure is formed very simply: simply adding the ending –ing to the verb. As already mentioned, this form conveys both participles and gerunds in English. Here are some examples:
· Yesterday, I saw a boy running towards the river - Yesterday I saw a boy running (who ran) towards the river
· He opened the door, thinking about possible consequences – He opened the door, thinking about the possible consequences
In terms of scope of use, the present form of participle 1 in English corresponds to the infinitive and is used when the main part of the sentence occurs in the same temporal plane as the action expressed using Participle. The participle in the first sentence has a direct question “what is he doing?”, and in the second – “what is he doing?”, which corresponds to the gerund in Russian. In addition, as can be seen from the examples, the translation rule allows the use of Participle clauses, that is, through the words “which...”, “which...”, etc. Participial and adverbial phrases in English are formed in the same way.
Note: These phrases have special punctuation and differ from the Russian language. If the first participle refers to a specific word and describes it, then a comma will not be used. And if the turn that includes the present participle introduces additional information, then the punctuation mark will appear:
· He is the man selling the cheapest vegetables in the whole city – He is the same man selling / who sells the cheapest vegetables in the whole city
· She comes to me every day, binging various candies and cakes – She comes to me every day, bringing different sweets
Perfect Active P I
The perfect form of the first participle is formed as follows:
having + V(3; –ed)
The use of this construction is relevant in the case when the situation expressed through the participle precedes the main part of the sentence.
Note: Do not confuse Perfect Participle I and Past Participle, since the second structure is used for completely different purposes.
· Having come home, he went to bed immediately - Having arrived home, he immediately went to bed
· He entered the University without any problems, having studied all the peculiarities of the subjects in advance - He entered the university without any problems, having studied all the peculiarities of the subjects in advance
Note: with verbs of sensory perception (see, hear, smell), as well as with verbs of movement (come, arrive, enter), the Simple form can be used even in cases where the earlier perfection of the action expressed by Participle I is emphasized.
· Seeing her house, he sighed with trusted – Seeing her house, he sighed with relief
· He started to chat with everyone at once, entering the door – Having entered the door, he immediately began to communicate with everyone
Passive forms Participle I
Indefinite Passive P I
The passive present participle differs from the active one in that, like any passive, a third form of the verb appears in it. As you know, the formation of Participle I requires the ending –ing, and therefore the word being appears in the passive form:
being + V(3; –ed)
· This letter being written in ink is very old – This letter, which is written in ink, is very old
· I have never seen this goblet being made of silver – I have never seen this goblet, which is made of silver
Perfect Passive P I
The perfect form of the passive participle is similar to the present one; here the corresponding ending –ing is also necessary, but the construction itself will be somewhat more massive:
having + been + V(3; –ed)
· Having been written a few years ago the book caught his attention – A book that was written a few years ago caught his attention
· Having been found in the 18th century the sword was presented at the exhibition yesterday – The sword, which was found in the 18th century, was presented at the exhibition yesterday
The table below shows the main forms of the participle:
Form Participle II
Participle 2, or Past Participle as it is called, does not have any special forms. This is always one indivisible structure - a verb in the third form, i.e. the one that is located in the last column in the table of irregular verbs. The fact is that participle 2 in English is always characterized by a passive meaning, which is applicable only for transitive verbs - break, send, write, etc.
In Past Participle, translation always carries a perfect action: broken cup - broken cup, translated book - translated book, etc.
· A sent article was too difficult to understand – The sent article was difficult to understand
· Though tired, he came to congratulate me - Although he was tired, he came to congratulate me
The past participle in English is always part of any passive voice. In addition, as already mentioned, it is part of all perfect constructions, including the passive infinitive (be + Past Participle), being the third form of the verb in the last column (Infinitive – Past Simple – Past Participle). This structure has fewer functions in a sentence, but is also quite popular in the language.
Functions of Participle I in a sentence
The present participle in a sentence can play different roles:
1. Definition (attribute)
This is the most common function of this verb form:
This swimming girl is my sister – This swimming girl is my sister
Note: passive Participle I can be a definition, but less common than active; the perfect Participle I cannot play the role of attribute, so in this case it is necessary to use the usual subordinating connection:
The man who lived in bad conditions in his childhood is a respected person today – A man who lived in bad conditions as a child is a respected person today
a) time circumstance:
Coming home, he found everyone sleeping – Arriving home, he saw that everyone was sleeping
b) reasons:
Being an experienced person, he solved that problem immediately – Since he was an experienced person, he immediately solved this problem
c) manner of action and attendant circumstances:
Looking at my hands, she nodded – Looking at my hands, she nodded
d) comparisons:
He didn’t answer as if thinking about anything else - He didn’t answer as if he was thinking about something else
3. Predicative:
The landscape was terrifying – The landscape was terrifying
I heard my son coming into the hall - I heard my son enter the hall
5. Part of a compound verb predicate
All the people were seen crossing the street - It was visible how all the people crossed the street
6. Introductory construction (parenthesis):
Generally speaking, I don’t believe him - Generally speaking, I don’t believe him
Functions of Participle II
The functions of Participle II in the offer are few:
1. Definition (attribute)
Just like the Present Participle, the Past Participle has this function most common:
He will show us his repaired house tomorrow – Tomorrow he will show us his renovated house
2. Circumstance (adverbial modifier):
a) time:
When asked, Mary didn’t listen to anyone - When Mary was asked, she didn’t listen to anyone
b) conditions:
If found, they would be punished - If they were found, they would be punished
c) comparisons:
As if betrayed by everyone, he was walking slowly along the street - As if betrayed by everyone, he slowly walked along the street
d) concessions:
Though astonished, she allowed us to come in – Although she was shocked, she allowed us to enter
3. Predicative:
That old build was partially ruined - That old building was partially destroyed
4. Part of a complex object:
I found her changed much when I saw her - I found that she changed a lot when I saw her yesterday
All these properties of Participle, both the first and the second, must be taken into account and observed, otherwise it will not be possible to achieve success in learning non-finite forms of the verb. Various exercises and tasks for training all temporary forms and functions will help you consolidate your knowledge. If the participle is used correctly, there will be no problems with its use.
A participle is a part of speech that is formed from a verb and combines the qualities of a verb and an adjective.
There are two types of participles in English:
- present participle (Present Participle or Participle I)
- past participle (Past Participle or Participle II).
Present Participle – Participle 1.
Participle I in English corresponds to the real participle in Russian:
- singing-singing;
- working – working;
- crying - crying.
Participle I is used to form Continuous tenses.
For example:
Molly is singing – Molly sings (Present Continuous).
I have been working since noon. – I have been working since noon (Present Perfect Continuous).
He was crying when I met him. – He cried when I met him (Past Continuous).
Present participles (Participle 1) have two tense forms in the active voice - these are PresentParticiple And PresentParticiplePerfect and two forms in the passive voice are PresentParticiplePassive And PresentParticiplePerfectPassive.
ParticipleI – table of forms.
|
Active |
Passive |
|
|
Present Participle |
cleaning / making |
being cleaned / being made |
|
Present Participle Perfect |
having cleaned/having made |
having been cleaned/having been made |
Present Participle expresses actions that occur simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate:
Greg is looking at the girl playing the piano. — Greg looks at the girl playing the piano.
Present Participle Perfect expresses the action preceding the action of the predicate verb:
Having received much money, Sally moved to another place to live. — Having received a lot of money, Sally moved to live in another place.
Having been washed by the downpour, the grass looked pretty. — Washed by the rain, the grass looked fresh.
Attention! Present participles of verbs
- close
- open,
- arrive,
- enter
- pass,
- cross and other similar ones
in function, time adverbials can, along with past participles, denote a previous action:
Arriving in Astana Liz saw her husband. = Having arrived in Astana Liz saw her husband. — Arriving in Astana, Lisa saw her husband.
Participle II (Past Participle).
Participle II has the properties of a verb, adjective and circumstantial.
Participle II is used to form Perfect tenses.
I have washed the dishes. - I washed the dishes. (Present Perfect)
I had been there before I went there with Mike. “I was there before I went there with Mike.” (Past Perfect)
Past Participle has only one form, which corresponds to the Russian passive participle:
The payment received last week was accepted. — The payment received yesterday was accepted.
The grass washed by the rain, looked fresh. — The grass, washed by the rain, looked fresh.
Negative form of participles.
To form a negative form, the negation not must be placed immediately before the participle:
Not knowing the rule, he turned left. “Not knowing the rules, he turned left.
Functions of participles in a sentence.
|
Definition. Participle I and Participle II are used |
(Participle I) A rising sun was hidden by the clouds. – The rising sun was hidden behind the clouds. (Participle II) Нis broken leg hurt much. — His broken leg hurt a lot |
|
Participial. Participle I and Participle II are used |
(Participle I) The football team coming in to play was from London. – The football team that came to the game was from London. (Participle II) There are some cafes located near our house. – There are several cafes located near our house. |
|
Circumstance of time. Participle I is used. |
(Particular I) When going to school, Johny saw a car accident. — On the way to school, Johnny saw an accident (Particular I) Arriving at school, he went to the classroom. — Arriving at school, he headed to class. (Particular I) Having finished with his lessons, he went home. — Having finished his lessons, he went home. |
|
Circumstance of the course of action. Used Participle I |
(Participle I) My brother was in the yard working on a car. – My brother was in the yard doing repairs. |
The use of participles in the definition function
In the function of definition, Present Participle and Past Participle can be used before nouns:
- amazing news (amazing news) - amazed girl (surprised girl)
- falling tree - fallen tree
Using participles as part of a compound predicate
Present and Past Participle are used as parts of a compound predicate, while the Present Participle characterizes the object. Past Participle - emotional or physical state of the subject:
I am amused(Participle II) because the show is amusing (Participle I).
I was confused(Participle II) because the plan was confusing (Participle I).
He is bored(Participle II) because the match is boring (Participle I).
They were surprised(Participle II) because the news was really surprising (Participle I).
The most common participles in English.
Often, the use of Participle I and Participle II causes difficulty, since Participles are formed from the same verb and the difference in their meaning, although there is, may not seem obvious. Here is a list of the most common participles with translation.
A list of the most common verbs from which both present participles and past participles are formed, used as definitions.
|
alarming sound - alarming sound |
He is not alarmed. - He's worried |
|
|
amazing news - amazing news |
The boy was amazed. - The boy was surprised |
|
|
amusing movie - funny movie |
She is amused. - She's having fun |
|
|
astonishing news – amazing news |
I was astonished. – I was amazed |
|
|
annoying noise - annoying noise |
She was annoyed. - She was annoyed |
|
|
boring theme – boring theme |
I'm bored. - I'm bored |
|
|
confusing situation - confusing situation |
I am confused. - I'm confused |
|
|
disgusting fact disgusting fact |
I am disgusted. - I'm grossed out |
|
|
depressing situation - depressing fact |
I'm depressed. - I'm depressed |
|
|
embarrassing position - awkward position |
She is embarrassed. - She's embarrassed |
|
|
exciting event - exciting event |
I am excited. - I am excited |
|
|
exhausting work - exhausting work |
I am exhausted. - I'm exhausted |
|
|
frightening film - frightening film |
I am frightened. - I'm scared |
|
|
fascinating view - charming view |
I am fascinated. - I'm fascinated |
|
|
horrifying film - terrifying film |
I am horrified. - I am terrified |
|
|
Surprising result - amazing result |
I am surprised. - I am surprised |
|
|
shocking fact - shocking fact |
I am shocked. - I'm shocked |
|
|
tiring work - tedious work |
I was tired. – I was tired |
|
|
terrifying situation - terrifying situation |
He was terrified. - He was scared |
|
|
worried look - worried look |
She is worried. - She's excited. |
There are two forms of participle in English. On the one hand, they seem to be similar, on the other, they have completely different semantic and grammatical functions.
Participle 1 and Participle 2 help make a sentence informative and logical by highlighting the predicate verb, characterizing the subject, and allowing two actions to be reflected.
Education Participle 1
Participle 1 or Present Participle reflects the duration of the process, emphasizing the simultaneity of the action with the predicate. The present participle is formed from verb + ending - ing:
write – writing (writing)
Writing features:
- short vowel: run – running;
- ends with “e”, and is preceded by a consonant: take – taking, but: see – seeing; - to die, to lie, to tie (die, lie, tie) change “ie” to “y”: die – dying, lie – lying, tie – tying.
- ends with l: travelling
Temporary forms:
Present Participle 1 Active: working - simultaneous actions in the present
Present Participle 1 Passive: being working - simultaneous actions in the present + indicates the impact on the subject
Perfect Participle 1 Active: having worked – precedes the action of the predicate
Perfect Participle 1 Passive: having been worked - precedes the action of the predicate and indicates that the subject has been affected
Participle 1 functions
In a sentence, the present participle can do the following: functions:
1. How the definition is used before or after a noun.
The dancing girls are our students. – The dancing girls are our students.
2. If used in a function circumstances, then translated into Russian with the ending “a”, “ya” or “v” (asking, arriving, holding). Can express circumstances of time, cause, manner of action and comparison.
Arriving at the station he bought a newspaper. - Arriving at the station, he bought a newspaper (time).
He was silent for a while, as if pausing for a reply. – He was silent for a while, as if pausing for an answer (comparison).
He was standing on the top of the mountauns admiring the beautiful view. — He stood on the top of the mountain, enjoying the beautiful view (of the action).
Having worked a little at this factory I understood everything. – Since I worked a little at this factory before, I understood everything (the reasons).
3. As part of the predicate.
The answer of the student is disappointing. – The student’s answer is disappointing.
Education Participle 2
Participle 2 corresponds to the Russian form of the passive participle: broken, written, read. This part of speech has only one form and is used to describe a completed action. In other words, we can say that this is a result expressed by a sign or state.
Broken leg - broken leg;
Locked door – closed door.
Past Participle is formed from infinitive without to + suffix – ed. Or, if the verb is irregular, its 3rd form is used - the Past Participle table (3rd column of the table of irregular verbs).
Open – opened (open);
Teach – taught;
Dress – dressed (dressed).
Use in a sentence
Like any member of a sentence, in English the participle fulfills certain functions. So Participle 2 can be a circumstance, a definition, or part of a predicate.
1. How to define used before a noun. It is translated into Russian by the past participle and describes an action performed on an object. Or this part of speech can come after a noun and be accompanied by explanatory words:
It was a untidily written letter. “It was a sloppily written letter.”
A parcel sent from Paris will be in London in some days. – The parcel sent today from Paris will be in London in a few days.
Note: The preposition by helps to designate the person or thing that performed the action expressed by Participle 2.
A parcel sent from Paris by my brother will be in London in some days. — The parcel sent by my brother today from Paris will be in London in a few days.
2. As a circumstance can characterize the time, conditions of expression of an action, concession or comparison of actions. When and while are often used to express time, conditions are until, if, concessions are though, although. Conjunctions are not used in all sentences, so to determine the function, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase.
When called she refused to come. – When she was called, she refused to come (time).
He will speak for hours until interrupted. - He will talk forever until he is interrupted (condition).
“I have to go home”, he repeated as if hypnotized. - “I have to go home,” he repeated, as if hypnotized (comparison).
3. As a nominal part of the predicate:
She looked worried. “She looked worried.
Though crushed, she wasn’t broken. – She didn’t show it, although she was depressed. (concessions)
Participle 1 and Participle 2 are used in participial phrases, which have their own characteristics.
This impersonal verb form combines the properties of an adjective, an adverb, and a verb. It’s such a multifaceted participle in English!
Participle 2 transitive verbs requiring a direct object (for example: bring ), expresses the category of passive voice and determines the person or object to which the action is directed.
Participle 2 standard verbs are formed similarly to Past Indefinite (see formation in), for example: produced produced, produced.
Participle 2 non-standard verbs: made done, done, begun
Participle II in the definition function answers the question what? Which? -and I? -oh? -ie? and put:
a) before the word being defined, i.e. between the article or other determiner and the noun (prepositive definition).
Participle 2 is translated into Russian using perfect and imperfect passive participles with ending suffixes -ny, -my, -im, -ty; as well as participles formed from reflexive verbs: invented - invented, being invented, being invented, being built, being printed.
Participle 2 in combination with a preposition is translated only with the help of a attributive clause starting with a preposition. Sometimes the preposition is not translated, since in Russian this verb requires a direct object, not a prepositional one.
Sometimes Participle 2 (increased) is translated into a Russian noun.
If Participle 2 is followed by a predicate, then the word order changes during translation, and Participle 2 ends up in front of the noun it defines.
The past participle in English (Past Participle/ Participle II) of regular verbs is formed by adding the ending to the infinitive -ed or -d:to translate ( transfer) - translated ( translated).
The past participle of irregular verbs is formed in various ways (this is the III form of irregular verbs: to make ( do) - made ( made), to take ( take) - taken ( taken), to bring ( bring) - brought ( brought), to buy ( buy) - bought ( bought).
Past Participle is translated into Russian as the past participle.
Use
The past participle is used:
a) before a noun as a verbal adjective with a passive meaning (translated into Russian by the past participle of the passive voice on -н, -й, sometimes by the participle of the present passive voice on -im, -em, or using a defining subordinate clause): a stolen bag - stolen bag, and broken glass - broken glass, fallen trees - fallen trees, a desired result - desired result;
The spectators were bored. The audience was bored.
The workers were tired. The workers were tired (= were tired).
(Were bored and were tired are the Past Participle of the verbs to bore and to tire. These past participles show what kind of influence the spectators were exposed to - spectators and workers - workers.)
2. For the formation of Perfect Tenses (perfect tenses) and Passive Voice (passive voice).
Not has translated the text. (Present Perfect)
He translated the text.
The chair was broken. (Passive Voice)
The chair was broken.
3. As a function of the circumstance of time, reason, manner of action, conditions for expressing time or reason. Such phrases are often translated into Russian by subordinate adverbial clauses.
If, in a function, the adverbial tense precedes the participle
