Both world wars affected Africa. In each of them, the African continent, seemingly so far from European political conflicts, was forced to take an active part. However, the contribution of Africans to the victory over fascism remains largely underestimated.
For Africans, World War II began in 1935 when Italy invaded Ethiopia. In a sense, it continued - in the form of a struggle for independence - long after 1945, when Africans demanded recognition of their contribution to the Allied victory over Nazi Germany. The Second World War had a profound impact on the understanding of class, racial, political problems throughout the world. In fact, the Second World War became a catalyst for the crisis in the colonial empires and served to transform the nature of political activity throughout the African continent. If before 1945 the struggle of the African peoples against colonial oppression was for the most part not so much for self-government as for some degree of participation in existing governments, then after the war the demand for independence became the basis of the program of all African organizations that counted on popular support. “1945 was the greatest watershed in modern Africa. The most important factor contributing to the growing spirit of indignation in Africa during this period was the return home of African soldiers who participated in the Second World War. African troops were rarely completely reliable for the imperialists, and their uprisings and protests played an important role in the development of African national consciousness. Especially great unrest among the African troops occurred during the Second World War. Fighting in distant countries, they were imbued with the spirit of the anti-fascist war and returned home completely different. In their countries, former participants in the war were resolutely unwilling to return to low-paid hard work; in the war and post-war years, mass rallies, demonstrations, and mutinies by military personnel and former soldiers took place.
Not much is said about the African campaigns of World War II in Russia. However, by the beginning of the war, Africa (especially northeast) had become a strategic foothold, for which a fierce battle unfolded. In many ways, the fighting on the "dark continent" predetermined the delay in the opening of the second front. While the Allies were fighting for Africa, the Red Army had already launched a counteroffensive.
American soldiers land on
shore at Azreve in Algiers during an operation
"Torch"
The North African campaign (June 10, 1940 - May 13, 1943) was military operations between the Anglo-American and Italian-German troops in North Africa - on the territory of Egypt and the Maghreb during the Second World War. In its course, the famous battles of the British with the troops of the German General Rommel, known as the "desert fox", and the landing of the American-British troops in Morocco and Algeria (landing operation "Torch", November 1942) took place. The East African campaign officially lasted less than a year and a half - from June 10, 1940 to November 27, 1941, however, Italian soldiers continued to fight in Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea until the end of 1943, until the surrender order reached them. De Gaulle and British troops landed on Madagascar, which was a supply base for Japanese submarines in the Indian Ocean, in May 1942, and by November of that year the island was liberated from Vichy and Japanese troops.
Academician A.B. Davidson wrote that during the Second World War, military operations in Tropical Africa were conducted only on the territory of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somalia. “In 1941, British troops, together with Ethiopian partisans and active participation Somalis occupied the territories of these countries. There were no hostilities in other countries of Tropical and South Africa. But hundreds of thousands of Africans were mobilized in the armies of the mother countries. An even greater number of people had to serve the troops, work for military needs. Africans fought in North Africa, in Western Europe, in the Middle East, in Burma, in Malaya. On the territory of the French colonies, there was a struggle between the Vichy and supporters of the "Free France", which, as a rule, did not lead to military clashes. The policy of the metropolitan countries in relation to the participation of Africans in the war was ambivalent: on the one hand, they sought to use the human resources of Africa as fully as possible, on the other, they were afraid to allow Africans to modern species. Most of the mobilized Africans served in the auxiliary troops, but many still completed full combat training, received military specialties as drivers, radio operators, signalmen, etc. ”
By the beginning of the war, Africa (especially northeast) had become a strategic foothold, for which a fierce battle unfolded.
Over a million African soldiers fought on the side of the colonial powers in World War II. Few of them initially understood the causes of the war and the meaning of what they fought for. Only a few soldiers knew more about Hitler and fascism.
One of the veterans, John Henry Smith of Sierra Leone, recalled that his teacher gave him Hitler's Mein Kampf to read. “We read what this man was going to do to black Africans if he came to power. It was a book that would make every African revolt against someone like it happened to me." So John volunteered and joined the Royal Air Force of Great Britain, where he served as a navigator.
Africans in World War II found themselves, as in 1914, drawn into a "not their own" war. Since 1939, hundreds of thousands of soldiers from West Africa have been sent to the European front. Many inhabitants of the British colonies served as porters or did other work in the service of the troops. Although there were Africans willing to fight fascism voluntarily, in most cases there was a forced mobilization of Africans to the front.
French African soldiers
colonial army
Whether soldiers or prisoners of war, Africans at the front were in close contact with European soldiers and the realities of European life. They realized that Europeans are the same mortal, vulnerable people, no higher and no better than themselves. It should be noted that the attitude towards black soldiers on the part of their white comrades in arms and commanders was often biased and unfair. The well-known South African politician Ronnie Kasrils noted in his article dedicated to the visit of South African President J. Zuma to Moscow to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Victory over Nazi Germany that “racial discrimination in the South African army was so deeply rooted that the dead, black and white were buried separately. He gave examples of the feats that some of the South African soldiers had accomplished and noted that if they were not black, they would undoubtedly have received the highest British military award, the Victoria Cross. Instead, black soldiers received overcoats and bicycles as rewards at the end of the war.
The war experience has changed Africans' understanding of their own situation in many ways. Many veterans, upon returning to their homeland, took part in the liberation movements, but some of them were reproached by the fighters for independence for fighting on the side of the colonialists and oppressors. Many of the living African veterans of the second world feel bitterness, because their contribution to the victory over fascism was not appreciated. Deutsche Welle quotes 93-year-old war veteran Albert Kuniuku from Kinshasa (DR Congo), chairman of the Veterans Union: “I receive a monthly pension for participation in the war in the amount of 5,000 Congolese francs (this is equal to 4.8 euros, 5.4 dollars ). This is not worthy of someone who defended the Belgian interests.
Africans in World War II found themselves, as in 1914, drawn into a "not their own" war.
Africans also knew about the role of the Soviet Union in the fight against fascism. More educated, politically active Africans who participated in the war had, apparently, a sufficient idea about this. However, there were also curiosities. Senior member of the Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, veteran of the Great patriotic war P.I. Kupriyanov, at the celebration of Victory Day within the walls of the Institute in 2015, told a curious incident: a few years after the end of the war, he visited Liberia, where an elderly Liberian once came to his hotel, who, in wartime, listened on the radio about the successes of the Red Army and came look at the Soviet soldier. He noted with surprise that the Soviet soldier was quite young, not huge, and his skin color was not red. From listening to the radio, he got the image of a giant soldier with a red skin tone, because only such amazing people, as it seemed to a simple African, could crush the Nazi army.
Congolese bugler, 1943
In the article already mentioned above, the South African politician Ronnie Kasrils noted that “the victory over fascism saved the world from slavery and catastrophe. It also led to the collapse of the colonial system and contributed to the independence of Africa and the emergence of armed liberation movements, such as ours, which received support from the USSR and the countries of the socialist camp. He noted that attempts are being made to downplay and distort the role of the USSR in the victory over fascism, to rewrite history, and pointed out the danger of such attempts. They are dangerous because the concealment of the truth about the Second World War for the sake of geopolitical interests entails the oblivion of the lessons of history by modern youth around the world. R. Kasrils noted that fascism is now on the rise in different parts of Europe and that the world must jointly prevent its new spread.
Despite the efforts to present England and America as the main winners, and despite the real importance of the Allied victories in North Africa, the Battle of Britain, the opening of the second, Western Front, R. Kasrils emphasized that the main theater of the war was the Eastern Front, the confrontation between the USSR and Nazi Germany where the outcome of the war was decided. “Propaganda and lies are generated by the West in order to hide the true nature of the Second World War and the huge debt in which humanity is in front of the Russian people and peoples former USSR. They, without any doubt, took the brunt and saved the world from fascism.
For the countries of Africa, as well as for Russia, it is important to remember the history of their participation in the Second World War as it was, not allowing its distortion, downplaying the role of those who fought against fascism, forgetting their important contribution to the common victory over this evil.
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Causes In the interwar years, the role of oil fields discovered and operated by British companies in Iraq and Iran rapidly began to grow. Control over North Africa made it possible to "block" both water and land routes to India, Malaya, as well as to the British dominions - Australia and New Zealand. The same can be said about the routes connecting the Black Sea ports with the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic.
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Mussolini's causes beckoned a tidbit of "living space" and hopes for an easy victory over the understaffed "Nile group" of the British commander-in-chief, General Wavell. As conceived by the Duce, activity on the African front was to become an important contribution of Italy to the geopolitical strategy of the Axis countries and to tie down significant allied forces in Africa. Beginning in 1940, National Socialist geopoliticians studied the project of a "small victorious safari in North Africa" extensively. However, for Hitler, this theater of operations was of secondary importance. Meeting with Hitler at the Berghof July 13, 1940 - ... In Africa, we claim the coast (apparently, together with Spain). Italy wants rear areas. We ourselves claim the French and Belgian Congo. The British were well aware of the weakness of their position in the area. They feared an Italian offensive against their strongholds in the Middle East, especially if it was supported by Germany. From the memoirs of W. Churchill - ... the war cabinet was determined to defend Egypt against anyone using any resources that could be allocated in the situation of that decisive struggle that took place at home ...
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The forces of the parties at the beginning of the war In North Africa, Italy had two armies. The total number of troops was: 236 thousand people, 1800 guns and 315 aircraft. Almost all types of tanks and armored vehicles with which the troops were equipped were inferior to British tanks and armored vehicles in speed, armament and armor quality. The commander of the troops is the Governor General of Libya, Air Marshal Italo Balbo. By June 10, 1940, the troops of Great Britain, including parts of the dominions and colonies, in Egypt amounted to 66 thousand soldiers and officers (including 30 thousand Egyptians) - the Nile Army. Air Force England, available in Egypt and Palestine - 168 aircraft. The commander-in-chief of British forces in the Middle East was General Archibald Percival Wavell.
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General Wavell adopted the tactic of harassing the enemy with counterattacks. In skirmishes on the border, the Italians lost 3500 people killed, wounded and captured during the first three months of the war, and the British only 150. Marshal Balbo also died at the same time: on June 28, Italian anti-aircraft gunners mistakenly shot down the plane on which he was flying, which was landing in Tobruk . He was replaced by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani. War of the Anglo-French coalition was declared by Italy on June 10, 1940. However, the rapid defeat of France and her withdrawal from the war concentrated aggressive plans in the direction of Egypt. The first three months of hostilities were positional in nature.
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1940.06.22 - Capitulation of France Bukovina 1940.08.01 - Hitler issued directive No. 17 on conducting a wide air war against England, the Battle for England began At the same time ... German patrol on the streets of Paris
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However, the lack of fuel, water and food stopped the offensive near the city of Sidi Barrani, where the Italians created a chain of military camps. On December 9, 1940, British troops under the command of Major General Richard O'Connor begin Operation Compass, which lasted until February 12, 1941. Within two days, all camps are destroyed. In the course of a further operation, the cities of Torbruk and Benghazi were already taken on the territory of Libya, and the 10th Italian army was defeated. 136 thousand soldiers and 7 generals surrendered. Threatened over Tripoli. However, on February 10, 1941, the British headquarters ordered the suspension of the advance of troops at El Agheila. September 16, 1940 Italian troops under the command of Marshal Graziani invaded Egypt
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1940.09.23 - Invasion of Japanese troops into Indochina. 09/1940/27 - The Tripartite Pact is signed: Germany, Italy and Japan on a military alliance 10/1940/28 - Italy's invasion of Greece 01/1941/19 - The beginning of the British offensive on Eritrea. 02/1941/03 - The German High Command orders the deployment of large-scale military preparations for an attack on the East. At the same time... At the signing of the "Triple Pact"
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. Germany decided to take advantage of the weakening of the Italian forces in Libya in order to help them create a strategic foothold in North Africa, necessary in the future to capture all of Africa. In addition, the capture of Egypt and the Suez Canal was also in the interests of Germany. During February 1941, German troops were transferred to Libya, commanded by General Erwin Rommel. The hasty retreat of the Italian troops was halted in mid-February 1941. The Italo-German combined forces began to move back to El Agueila and on February 22 met with British troops stationed at El Agheila and on the eastern border of the Sirte desert. On March 31, the German command struck the British with a blow that turned out to be sudden. On the night of April 4, the Italo-German troops occupied Benghazi without a fight, and on April 10 they approached Tobruk, which they blocked the next day, but failed to take the city. In mid-April, Rommel was forced to stop the offensive on the border of Egypt and Libya.
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At the same time… 1941.03.06 - Winston Churchill, in his speech on March 6, 1941, in connection with the sharply increased losses of the English merchant fleet, set the task of starting the Battle of the Atlantic on 1941.04. - German troops captured Yugoslavia and Greece 1941.05.20 - German airborne assault on Crete. German motorcyclists on the streets of Belgrade
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In June 1941, the British command made an attempt to release Tobruk with large forces. On June 15, 1941, in the area of Es Sallum and Fort Ridotta Capuzzo, an attack by British troops began, recapturing several settlements from the Germans. However, the German counterattack on the night of June 18 threw the British back to their positions. On November 18, 1941, British troops under the command of Claude Auchinleck launched their second offensive in Cyrenaica - Operation Crusader (Crusader), the purpose of which was to push Rommel back to Tripolitania. Thorbrook has been released. The offensive stopped on December 31 in the El Agheila area. The British were already celebrating their victory.
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1941.06.22 - Plan "Barbarossa" in action: German troops invaded the USSR 1941.07.10 - Battle of Smolensk began Iran. 12.05-06 1941 - The failure of the German offensive on Moscow. 12/1941/07 - Japanese aircraft makes a surprise raid on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor 12/1941/08 - The United States and Great Britain declared war on Japan. Simultaneously… June 22, 1941. German bombers over Soviet territory on December 7, 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor
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However, the Italians managed to lead a large convoy to Libya that delivered tanks and other weapons. On January 21, 1942, Rommel attacked the British troops and pushed them back to Thorbrook. British troops fortified on the line near Ain el Ghazal. On the heels of the retreating British 8th Army, Rommel's troops invaded Egypt. The offensive was stopped at 100 km. from Alexandria near the town of El Alamein on July 1, 1942. Despite the reinforcements received (164th Light Division "Africa"), it was not possible to break through the defenses of the 8th Army immediately. Hot battles broke out. Until 27 July, Rommel unsuccessfully tried to break through the Allied defenses. On August 15, General Harold Alexander was appointed to replace General Claude Auchinleck. The 8th Army was led by General Montgomery. From August 31 to September 5, Rommel resumed attacks in the Alam Halfa area near El Alamein, but Montgomery successfully repulsed them. From May 26 to May 27, 1942, Rommel launched a new offensive, attacking British positions on the "Gazala Line" west of Tobruk, and broke through the British defenses. On June 20, German-Italian troops captured Tobruk.
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01/1942/20 Japanese troops cross Thailand, invade Burma. 05/1942/26 - Treaty between the USSR and England on alliance against Germany is signed. 06/04/1942 - From June 4 to June 6, a naval battle took place off Midway Atoll. 1942.07.01 - Capture of Sevastopol by German troops 1942.07.17 - Battles for Stalingrad began. At the same time… Stalingrad. Fight on the streets of the city
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On October 23, 1942, British troops under the command of General Montgomery went on the offensive against the Italo-German troops and in early November broke through the enemy defenses in the El Alamein area. On November 2, British troops broke through the enemy defenses after 3 days and the German-Italian tank army "Africa" was forced to retreat under enemy attacks. During the pursuit, British troops occupied the city of Tobruk on November 13, 1942. Operation Torch (Torch) began on November 8, 1942 - the American-English divisions under the command of General Eisenhower, having met only symbolic resistance from the troops of Vichy France, landed in Algiers, Oran and Casablanca. By the end of November, Anglo-American troops occupied Morocco and Algeria and entered Tunisia. By order of Hitler on November 9, 1942, German troops begin to land in Tunisia. On November 11, the Germans enter troops into French territory controlled by the Vichy government. Meanwhile, the persecution of the Rommel group in Libya continues. Overcoming the minefields left by the retreating British troops on January 23, 1943, they occupied Tripoli and in the first half of February they stopped at the Maret line west of the Tunisian border with Libya. On February 19, Rommel attacked American troops in the area of the Kesserin Pass, but the Allies repulsed the attack, counterattacked, and by the end of February, Rommel retreated, after which he was recalled to Germany, and Colonel General von Arnhem took over as commander of the Axis forces in Africa. On March 21, 1943, Anglo-American troops launched an offensive from the south to the Maret line and from the west in the Maknasi region and broke through the defenses of the Italo-German troops, who retreated to the city of Tunis in early April. On May 7, the allies captured the cities of Bizerte and Tunis. On May 13, 1943, the Italo-German troops, surrounded on the Bon Peninsula (250 thousand people), capitulated. Results In connection with the defeat at El Alamein in 1942, the plans of the German command to block the Suez Canal and gain control over Middle Eastern oil were destroyed. After the liquidation of the German-Italian troops in Africa, the invasion of the Anglo-American troops into Italy became inevitable. The defeat of the Italian troops in Africa led to the strengthening of defeatism in Italy, the overthrow of the Mussolini regime and Italy's withdrawal from the war. Side losses British Empire USA Fighting France Germany Italy Vichy French State 238,558 total casualties 950,000 total casualties, 8,000 aircraft, 6,200 artillery pieces, 2,500 tanks and 70,000 vehicles slide 2
Lesson Plan
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The collapse of colonialism and apartheid
Year of Africa. 17 countries gained independence.
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What is the peak period of decolonization?
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Page 258. Explain the meaning of the words: apartheid, bantustans.
How do you feel about apartheid?
Review the posters. How was apartheid treated in other states?
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Page 259-260 compile a chronology of the national liberation war of the peoples of South Africa. What are its results?
Nelson Mandela in 1994 became the first black president of South Africa in history.
- 1990 South African President F. de Klerk allowed the activities of opposition parties.
- 1993 The apartheid system is abolished.
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Conflicts on the African Continent
- 1963 The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was established.
- Separatism is the desire of a small people to secede from the state and gain independence.
- 1961 Civil War in Zaire.
Page 261 - 263. In which countries and when did military clashes occur? List their causes and outcomes.
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Problems in the development of African countries
mineral
Industry and agriculture are underdeveloped (p.263-265)
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Anchoring
Questions and tasks
1. Why did the colonial empires begin to disintegrate after World War II?2. Describe the process of liberation of the dependent countries of Africa. Describe its features in a number of African states.3. What are the main problems that stood in the way of the development of the liberated countries of southern Africa?4. Describe the similarities and differences in the ways of modernizing Africa and Asia.5. What does the term "apartheid" mean? In the history of which non-African countries have you encountered the concept of racial discrimination? When and for what purpose was the OAU established?6. Based on the text of the textbook and the document, determine the role of the UN in the liberation of African countries from colonial dependence.7. On what legal basis does the Declaration of the UN General Assembly formulate the requirements for the world community regarding colonial and dependent countries?
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Presentation slides
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICA
Lesson plan:
1. Territory and composition of Africa.
2. Natural conditions and resources.
3. Population: reproduction, composition, distribution.
4. Economy: sectoral and territorial structure.
Africa occupies 1/5 of the land (30.3 million km2), on which there are 53 states (with islands). Half a century ago, the entire political map of Africa was full of colors of colonial powers: England, France, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy. The colonial past of the mainland largely determined its backwardness. According to the main economic and social indicators of development, Africa lags noticeably behind other regions of the world, and in some countries this gap is even increasing.
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S O S T A W T E R R I T O R I I A F R I K I
53 states 47 mainland 6 island
According to the state system, only three states retain a monarchical form of government, the rest are republics. According to the administrative structure - four federal republics, the rest are unitary.
Federal republics
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The main criterion for assessing the economic and geographical position of African countries is the presence or absence of access to the sea. 15 states have no access to the sea, no other continent has such a number of inland countries, most of these countries are among the most backward.
EXERCISE. Using the map, find the inland countries.
Young African states have not yet fully formed politically, therefore, cruel inter-clan and inter-ethnic struggle, political conflicts are common here. The borders inherited by these countries from the colonial past became the hotbed of territorial disputes and border conflicts. Acute conflicts of this kind exist between Morocco and Western Sahara, Ethiopia and Somalia, etc.
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In order to strengthen the unity and cooperation of the states of the African continent, to preserve their integrity and independence, the Organization of African Unity was created in 1963. It includes 53 states. The headquarters is located in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II.
Sl. slide
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Africa's natural resources.
Africa has exceptionally diverse natural resources. Mineral raw materials are of high quality and are often mined in an open way.
1. Algerian-Libyan; 2. Atlas; 3. Egyptian; 4. West Guinean; 5. East Guinean; 6. Copper belt; 7. South African.
The extraction of mineral raw materials is mainly carried out within seven mining regions:
EXERCISE. Using the maps of the atlas, classify the countries of Africa according to the degree of their richness in minerals. Make a table in the following form:
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An example of filling a table.
The richest country in minerals in South Africa. Its subsoil contains the entire set of fossil resources, with the exception of oil, natural gas, and bauxite. The reserves of gold, platinum, and diamonds are especially large. ? What resources of South Africa are of global importance?
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population of the African continent.
Schedule. African population growth dynamics.
Let's look at the chart. The population of the region in 2000 is 820 million people. ? 1) How many times has the population of Africa increased over the twentieth century. ? 2) Where is Africa in terms of population.
Africa stands out with the highest rates of population reproduction. This is due to the traditions of having many children and the lack of a demo-graphic policy. “Not having money is a disaster, but not having children means being doubly poor,” they say in Africa.
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Population in some African countries.
Diagram "African countries with a population of more than 20 million people."
Using the "calling card" on the flyleaf of V.P. Maksakovskiy: 1 - find African countries with a population of more than 10 million people; 2 - Calculate the average population density of Nigeria. Population density = population (million people) area of the country (million km2)
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Age and sex composition of the population of Africa.
Age composition of the population.
Conventional signs
A high proportion of children's ages will further exacerbate the problems of employment, education, and health care. The quality of the population in Africa is the lowest, more than half of the adults are illiterate. The average life expectancy is 50 years.
Consider the map "The ratio of men and women." 1. What is typical for the gender composition of the population as a whole for the region? 2. List the African countries in which women predominate. 3. List the African countries in which men predominate.
Inhabitants of Nigeria
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More than 400 ethnic groups are distinguished on the continent. Large nations have developed in North Africa, but the majority of the population is at the level of nationalities. Remnants of the tribal system are preserved (figures below). The peoples of North and Northeast Africa speak the languages of the Himite-Semitic family (Arabs, Berbers). The regions of Equatorial, East and South Africa are inhabited by the Bantu peoples (the language is Swahili). Most of the countries south of the Sahara retain the languages of the former metropolises - English, French, Portuguese. In South Africa, in addition to English, the official language is Afrikaanas (heavily modified Dutch). There are no one-national states on the continent.
Racial and ethnic composition of the population of Africa.
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The religious composition of the population.
Analyze the map. What religions have spread in different regions of Africa?
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Placement of the population.
The average population density in Africa is 27 persons/km2, which is several times less than in Europe and Asia. The distribution of population across the continent is characterized by very sharp contrasts. In general, uninhabited territories are located in the Sahara Desert. It is rare to find a population in the tropical rainforest zone. But there are also quite significant clumps of population, especially on the coasts.
Pay attention to Egypt. In fact, its entire population lives in the delta and valley of the Nile River. There are approximately 1,700 people per 1 km2.
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Symbols:
Africa - the region of "urban explosion"
For many centuries Africa remained predominantly a "rural continent". And now, in terms of the level of urbanization, it still lags far behind other regions, but the rate of urbanization here is the highest, the population of cities is doubling every 10 years. The manifestation of "urban explosion" in Africa has a number of negative consequences. After all, it is mainly the capital cities that are growing, and they are growing thanks to the constant influx of rural residents who, having no means of subsistence, huddle in slum areas.
Growth dynamics of the share of the urban population in Africa.
Consider a map. Find out which countries in Africa have the lowest urban population. Which country in Africa has a predominantly urban population?
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The largest city in Africa is the city of Lagos in Nigeria. Back in 1950, its population was about 300 thousand people, and now it has reached 13 million.
However, living conditions in this overpopulated city are so unfavorable that in 1992 the capital of the country was transferred from here to another city - Abuja.
Abuja Lagos NIGERIA
The city of Lagos was founded by the Portuguese on a small island.
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General characteristics of the economy of African countries.
After gaining independence, African countries began to make efforts to overcome the age-old backwardness. The nationalization of natural resources has been carried out, agrarian reform is being carried out, and national personnel are being trained. The restructuring of the sectoral structure began, which was of a colonial nature, that is, the mining industry was predominant and the country received the main income from the export of mineral raw materials. At present, the colonial type of the sectoral structure of the economy is preserved - agricultural production and the mining industry predominate, while the manufacturing industries are in their infancy. The one-sided development of the economy is also characteristic - a narrow (mono-commodity) specialization of the country's economy in the production of one product intended for export.
PLAN: Industry Transport
Agriculture
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Agriculture in Africa.
Remember how commercial agriculture differs from consumer agriculture?
The map shows that the consumer type is common in most of Africa. Agriculture.
The main sphere of material production in African countries is agriculture. In some of them (Chad, Mali, Rwanda, CAR) more than 80% of the population is employed in it. Agriculture is the most important in most African countries. In the structure of agriculture, export and consumer crops are distinguished.
Africa's share in world agricultural output.
Harvesting.
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African industry
The foundations of national industry are being laid only today. The continent is still the least industrialized part of the world. Foreign capital was only interested in mineral raw materials and therefore vigorously developed the mining industry here. In the structure of the manufacturing industry, the leading place is occupied by the light and food industries. Recently, there has been a trend
tion to increase the role of metallurgy, oil refining. Industrial areas are located in places of extraction and production of raw materials and on the coast.
Analyze the map "Industry of Africa". Select the countries with the largest set of manufacturing industries.
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gas pipeline
Suburban electric train.
Africa's largest airport Cairo
Steam-powered passenger train
An important task for the development of the economy is the formation of a modern transport network and its convenient configuration. For a long time, the transport system of African countries served as a carrier of raw materials from the place of extraction to the port. Therefore, the greatest development was received by rail and sea transport. During the years of independence, other types of transport have also been developed.
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Africa ranks last among all parts of the world in terms of the main technical and economic indicators of the transport operation.
EXERCISE. Consider a map. Which countries in Africa have the highest transport density? Which countries are practically devoid of transport?
The location of Africa's transport, the density of the transport network are highly uneven. Transport in South Africa and in the countries of North Africa (with the exception of their arid regions) has reached the greatest development in terms of African scale, which reflects the general level of economic development of these countries. On the other hand, many areas of the Sahara, Namib, Kalahari, equatorial and tropical forests are practically devoid of transport. Transportation on camels, donkeys, mules, carrying cargo by porters is common.
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African rail transport.
The total length of African railways is more than 82 thousand km. In the structure of internal freight turnover, rail transport occupies a leading position, and in passenger traffic it is ahead of road transport. It should be noted the technical backwardness of this type of transport in Africa (diversity of track and locomotive traction). The first place in terms of the overall level of development of railway transport is occupied by South Africa, it accounts for up to 40% of the entire railway network, the second - North Africa(Mediterranean countries). And the most lagging behind is Tropical Africa, where the transport role of rivers is great. Until now, there are no railways in Niger, Chad, CAR, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, etc. Railways have a distinct character of "penetration lines" - they connect areas of mining or plantation agriculture with ports of their export products.
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Road transport in Africa.
Road transport is the main transport of passengers. In African countries, along with a relatively small number of paved roads, there are a lot of unpaved roads that are often unsuitable for movement. Since 1980, the governments of many African countries began to invest in the creation of transcontinental highways that could unite the transport network into a single whole.
Slide 25
TRANSAFRICA HIGHWAYS
Until recently, there was actually only one transcontinental highway - the Trans-Maghribian (which connects all the countries of North Africa). At the beginning of the 90s. In the 20th century, the Trans-Saharan Highway (connecting Algeria, Mali, Niger and Nigeria) and the Trans-Sahel Highway (connecting Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad) came into operation. International organizations have developed projects for trans-African highways (see map). The implementation of their construction has already begun, however, due to political and financial and economic problems, the deadlines for completion of construction have not been determined.
slide 26
WATER TRANSPORT Suez Canal
Passenger ship on the Nile River
Port terminal in Cape Town
Of the 40 thousand km of round-wild and seasonal inland waterways, about half are used in shipping (especially in the Congo and Nile river basins, as well as the lower reaches of the Niger). See map.
Niger Congo Nile River transport
Sea transport
Maritime transport plays a huge role in foreign economic relations. Liberia formally has the largest merchant marine in the world, but almost all of the ships are owned by American, Greek, Russian and other companies that find it beneficial to register their ships in Liberia (see map), where shipping taxes are the lowest in the world. Port construction is expanding, especially in exporting countries of oil, gas, ores, and other raw materials. Egypt owns the largest sea channel in the world.
Cape Town Dar es Salaam Mombasa Dakar Casablanca Algiers Alexandria LIBERIA
Slide 27
Generalization. Test yourself.
What changes and why took place on the political map of Africa after World War II? How many countries are on the modern political map of Africa?
EGP countries, political map
Natural resources
How can one assess the natural resource potential of Africa? Which state in Africa has an exceptional set of natural resources?
Population
What is the population of the region? Which countries in Africa have more than 100 million inhabitants? What is the rate of population reproduction? What is the ethnic composition of the population of African countries? What languages do the inhabitants of the mainland speak? What are the main features of the distribution of the population of Africa? Which countries have the highest and which the most low level urbanization? How does the “urban explosion” manifest itself in African countries? Name the largest cities in Africa.
Farm characteristics
What facts testify to the economic backwardness of African countries? What are the typical features of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy of African countries? What is single product specialization? Where are the main industrial regions of these countries located? Which manufacturing industries have received the most development in African countries? What type of agriculture prevails in these countries? For which export crops does it occupy a leading position in world production? Can we say that Africa has a pan-African transport network? Why do most railways in Africa have the nature of penetration lines?
AFRICA VISIT
"Business card" of the region
Teacher Kuznetsov N.K.
Africa Africa- the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.Africa- the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Africa is the birthplace of mankind Africa is the birthplace of the greatest ancient civilization Earth - Ancient Egypt In Africa is the largest desert in the world - the Sahara
Africa is home to one of the longest rivers in the world, the Nile.
Jordan
Mediterranean Sea
Africa occupies 20% of the Earth's land area (30.3 million km2), 56 states(with islands). - more than 1 billion people.
South Sudan
(Juba) -2011
Regions of Africa- Sev. Africa
- Severn. Africa
- Western Africa
- Centre. Africa
- Eastern Africa
- South Africa
Exercise. On a contour map, plot any 10 countries in Africa that gained political independence after the Second World War. Indicate the date of independence and the metropolitan country. Why is 1960 called the Year of Africa?
|
Year of receipt independence |
Country - metropolis |
|
|
DE, VB Germany, FR, WB Germany |
|
Year of receipt independence |
Country - metropolis |
|
|
Germ. Belgium Germ. Belgium Portuguese. Portuguese. Portuguese. Portuguese. Portuguese. Germ, South Africa Italy (since 1950 part of Ethiopia) |
Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II.
Liberation from colonization
Animal world of Africa
Flora of Africa
Riches of Africa
The wealth of Africa - in terms of reserves and gold production - 1st place in the world At present (2015) OPEC includes 12 states, 4 of which are African: Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Angola
Riches of Africa
Tourism in Africa
In the village of the pygmies
In the land of the pyramids
Diving in the Red Sea
Photo safari in nature reserves
Homework- Topic 8, part 1 to the population
