1. India achieved its first independence in 1947. Before and after 1960.
more than 100 countries have achieved independence declared as the year of Africa.
With the light hand of a French journalist, it was customary to call them
third world countries.
Proclamation
independence in
Algiers in 1962
The era of decolonization
- 1947 - Great Britain providedindependence for India and Pakistan;
- - 1954 - Vietnam gained independence;
- Italian colonies are taken under the guardianship of the UN
and received freedom (Libya - 1951,
Somalia - 1960);
- 1960 - Year of Africa (17 countries received
independence. 1. The Arab-Israeli conflict turned out to be difficult, which developed into
massive wars. Despite many attempts at truces, this
the confrontation continues to this day.
Israeli air strike on Beirut, the capital
Lebanon in 1973
Change in Israeli territory after
conflicts.
The problem of modernization
2 development paths:1. Socialist (like the USSR);
2.Capitalist (like the USA and Countries
Europe). 1. In the post-war world, for influence on new states that appeared in
as a result of the collapse of colonial empires, fought two
superpowers of the USSR and the USA, it is natural that as a result of this
struggle was the division of new states into socialist and
capitalist.
Aswan Dam on the Nile built by
financial support of the USSR. 1970
Khrushchev and Egyptian President Nasser. 2. Most of the decolonized states were in power
military dictatorships or authoritarian-monarchist regimes. By
economic and political development of these countries can
divide by:
the USSR
Arabic Muslim
region
Southeast Asian and Hindu Muslim
region
APR
3 Cultural and civilizational regions of the "third world"
1. Asia-Pacific region (Japan, China.South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Singapore);
2. Indo-Buddhist-Muslim region (India,
Pakistan);
3. Arab-Muslim region (Middle East,
Maghreb countries):
- Countries of "secular Islam": Turkey, countries
Maghreb and Levant;
- Countries of "pure Islam": Iran, Afghanistan 2. At the end of the 20th century, the Asia-Pacific region turned into the “young tigers” of a new
economy. This is primarily Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore,
Malaysia, South Korea.
Hong Kong 2. The Muslim world has also changed. First model
development - secular Islam, or rather Europeanized. characteristic
for Turkey, Egypt and a number of North African countries.
Turkish youth. 2. The second development model is traditional Islam. It is typical for
Iran, parts Arab countries. In 1979, after an attempt to Europeanize
country in Iran, there was an anti-Shah supported by the clergy
Islamic revolution that pushed the country back to the Middle Ages.
Reza Shah, the last Shah of Iran since 1941
to 1979
Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah
Khomeini. 2. Great success was achieved by the oil-producing monarchies of the Persian
bay. The money received from the sale of oil was spent on the modernization of these
countries and improving the life of people, and also allowed to save
absolute monarchy.
King of Saudi Arabia Abdullah.
Dubai 2. A strong difference in the development of different parts of Africa. Relative
the well-being of the Maghreb and the south of the mainland and the incredible backwardness
Central and Tropical Africa. The region is torn apart by inter-tribal
wars and conflicts, South Africa is getting rid of the remnants of apartheid.
Dictator
Johannesburg,
Uganda
oneGo
of the largest
Amine. 1971cities
1979
SOUTH AFRICA.
Emperor
Demonstration
CAI, against
cannibal
racism
Bokassav I.
1966-1979
SOUTH AFRICA. 70s
The results of the development of the countries of the "Third World"
- Uneven development ("youngtigers" have gone far ahead);
- frequent financial crises;
- external debt of African countries;
- hunger, poverty. Illiteracy;
- frequent wars and regime changes 3. After the defeat in the war, the control of Japan was taken over by the general
MacArthur. Under his leadership, the constitution was adopted,
the emperor was removed from government, economic
reforms. If in the 50s Japan is an agricultural country, then in 1983 GDP
increased by 24 times.
General MacArthur and
Emperor Hirohito. 3. The Japanese economic miracle is not accidental. Content opt-out
army, implementation innovative technologies, modernization
production turned the country into an economic giant. Also
said the preservation of tycoon families, zaibatsu in the economy after
wars such as Hyundai, Toyota, Mitsubishi, etc.
Mitsubishi
Hyundai.
Giants of the Japanese car industry.
Causes of the Japanese "economic miracle"
- American Occupation Reforms- cheap labor force
- confidence in the banking system
- control over foreign trade
- export orientation
- support of the national manufacturer
- US loans
- political stability
- development of new technologies by Japanese science
- Japanese mentality 3. Japan successfully combined tradition and modernity. could
abandon militaristic ideas and switch energy to
development of the economy, achieving great success in this.
TOKYO
Emperor of Japan Akihito 4. After the defeat of Japan in China, the Soviet army
handed over captured Japanese weapons to the PLA. PLA led
Mao Zedong. A large-scale war broke out between
communists /PLA/ and the government of General Chiang Kai-shek.
Mao Zedong. Chairman
PRC from 1948 to 1976
President of China and Taiwan
1925 to 1975 4. October 10, 1947 began a large-scale offensive
communists. Chiang Kai-shek with the remnants of the army evacuated to
Taiwan. On October 1, the Chinese People's Republic was proclaimed in Beijing. So
two Chinas appeared, the PRC on the mainland led by the communists,
the second in Taiwan is capitalist.
President of China and Taiwan from 1925 to 1975 October 1, 1949 was proclaimed
People's Republic of China. 4. "Great MAO", begins to copy the Soviet model of development and
throws the country from one extreme to the other. After cultural
revolutions, collectivization, accelerated industrialization, almost
led the country to famine. 4. Mao's utopian ideas reached the point of idiocy. People killed for it
order first "harmful sparrows", then bred flies, and in
As a result, a furnace for melting cast iron appeared in every house. During
"cultural revolution" and purges of the party apparatus, detachments
Red Guards Red Guards, flooded the country with blood in the name of the Great
Mao.
Demonstration execution by Red Guards in
China. 60s
Coat of arms and flag of China Tan'anming Square
Beijing mausoleum entrance
great helmsman
Mao's body in the mausoleum 4. Normal reforms began to be carried out only after the death of Mao.
On the III captivity of the Central Committee of the CPC in 1978, a decision was made on reforms, headed
which the economist Deng Xiaoping. By avoiding shock therapy, he was able to
turn China to the market, while maintaining the communist dictatorship.
Attempts at democracy were flooded with blood in the riots of 1989.
China, summer 1989
The author of the Chinese miracle
D.Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (1978-1989)
4. The reforms have paid off. By the beginning of the 21st century, according to someindicators, China has become a world leader. Cheap Chinese
goods filled the world. However, there is a huge difference between living in a city
and a village in a country with a population of more than 1 billion 200 million people.
Chinese President Hu
Jintao, since 2002
Beijing 5. On August 15, 1947, the last viceroy of India confirmed
independence of India. The British divided India into two
states on religious grounds, Muslims departed
Pakistan, Indians - India. All this was accompanied by a massacre and
unrest.
Lord Moutbatten, the last
Viceroy of India in 1947
Symbols of India
D. Nehru, the first prime minister
independent India, in 1947-1964. SECTION OF INDIA 5. In 1950, India adopts a constitution. Divided into 25 states
principalities are abolished. English language becomes commonplace
in addition, 16 more languages \u200b\u200bhave official status in this
billionth population country. in power in the 20th century. changed each other
the Gandhi and Singkha families.
Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister
India in 1966-1977 and 1980-1984
gg.
Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister
Pakistan in 1988-1990 and 1993-1996
gg. 5. The army is strong in India, but there are no military coups and revolutions, for
except for the unrest of the Sikhs. The government of I. Gandhi in the 60s.
divided the landlords' land among the peasants, improved
land legislation. The industry is actively developing
however, living standards remain among the lowest in Asia.
Slums in the suburbs
Delhi. 5. Relations with Pakistan remain difficult. In 1947-1949, 1965, 1971
gg. there were wars between countries, but the appearance of both powers
nuclear weapons forced them to establish contact through peaceful means.
Indian missiles targeting Pakistan 5. Another problem of the country is the persistence of the caste system. ¾
the population belong to the lower caste and are brought up to obey.
This is good ground for extremism.
"untouchables"
Brahmins
kshatriyas Each of the countries of Asia and Africa has chosen its own path of development, and from this
his success depended. And history has shown whose path turned out to be the most
successful. In general, the problem of poverty, social
stratification, extremism.
Somali pirates
Iranian President,
Mahmoud Ahmadi Nizhat
slide 1
slide 2
Causes In the interwar years, the role of oil fields discovered and operated by British companies in Iraq and Iran rapidly began to grow. Control over North Africa made it possible to "block" both water and land routes to India, Malaya, as well as to the British dominions - Australia and New Zealand. The same can be said about the routes connecting the Black Sea ports with the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic.
slide 3
Mussolini's causes beckoned a tidbit of "living space" and hopes for an easy victory over the understaffed "Nile group" of the British commander-in-chief, General Wavell. As conceived by the Duce, activity on the African front was to become an important contribution of Italy to the geopolitical strategy of the Axis countries and to tie down significant allied forces in Africa. Beginning in 1940, National Socialist geopoliticians studied the project of a "small victorious safari in North Africa" extensively. However, for Hitler, this theater of operations was of secondary importance. Meeting with Hitler at the Berghof July 13, 1940 - ... In Africa, we claim the coast (apparently, together with Spain). Italy wants rear areas. We ourselves claim the French and Belgian Congo. The British were well aware of the weakness of their position in the area. They feared an Italian offensive against their strongholds in the Middle East, especially if it was supported by Germany. From the memoirs of W. Churchill - ... the war cabinet was determined to defend Egypt against anyone using any resources that could be allocated in the situation of that decisive struggle that took place at home ...
slide 4
The forces of the parties at the beginning of the war In North Africa, Italy had two armies. The total number of troops was: 236 thousand people, 1800 guns and 315 aircraft. Almost all types of tanks and armored vehicles with which the troops were equipped were inferior to British tanks and armored vehicles in speed, armament and armor quality. The commander of the troops is the Governor General of Libya, Air Marshal Italo Balbo. By June 10, 1940, the troops of Great Britain, including parts of the dominions and colonies, in Egypt amounted to 66 thousand soldiers and officers (including 30 thousand Egyptians) - the Nile Army. Air Force England, available in Egypt and Palestine - 168 aircraft. The commander-in-chief of British forces in the Middle East was General Archibald Percival Wavell.
slide 5
General Wavell adopted the tactic of harassing the enemy with counterattacks. In skirmishes on the border, the Italians lost 3500 people killed, wounded and captured during the first three months of the war, and the British only 150. Marshal Balbo also died at the same time: on June 28, Italian anti-aircraft gunners mistakenly shot down the plane on which he was flying, which was landing in Tobruk . He was replaced by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani. War of the Anglo-French coalition was declared by Italy on June 10, 1940. However, the rapid defeat of France and her withdrawal from the war concentrated aggressive plans in the direction of Egypt. The first three months of hostilities were positional in nature.
slide 6
1940.06.22 - Capitulation of France Bukovina 1940.08.01 - Hitler issued directive No. 17 on conducting a wide air war against England, the Battle for England began At the same time ... German patrol on the streets of Paris
Slide 7
However, the lack of fuel, water and food stopped the offensive near the city of Sidi Barrani, where the Italians created a chain of military camps. On December 9, 1940, British troops under the command of Major General Richard O'Connor begin Operation Compass, which lasted until February 12, 1941. Within two days, all camps are destroyed. In the course of a further operation, the cities of Torbruk and Benghazi were already taken on the territory of Libya, and the 10th Italian army was defeated. 136 thousand soldiers and 7 generals surrendered. Threatened over Tripoli. However, on February 10, 1941, the British headquarters ordered the suspension of the advance of troops at El Agheila. September 16, 1940 Italian troops under the command of Marshal Graziani invaded Egypt
Slide 8
1940.09.23 - Invasion of Japanese troops into Indochina. 09/1940/27 - The Tripartite Pact is signed: Germany, Italy and Japan on a military alliance 10/1940/28 - Italy's invasion of Greece 01/1941/19 - The beginning of the British offensive on Eritrea. 02/1941/03 - The German High Command orders the deployment of large-scale military preparations for an attack on the East. At the same time... At the signing of the "Triple Pact"
Slide 9
. Germany decided to take advantage of the weakening of the Italian forces in Libya in order to help them create a strategic foothold in North Africa, necessary in the future to capture all of Africa. In addition, the capture of Egypt and the Suez Canal was also in the interests of Germany. During February 1941, German troops were transferred to Libya, commanded by General Erwin Rommel. The hasty retreat of the Italian troops was halted in mid-February 1941. The Italo-German combined forces began to move back to El Agueila and on February 22 met with British troops stationed at El Agheila and on the eastern border of the Sirte desert. On March 31, the German command struck the British with a blow that turned out to be sudden. On the night of April 4, the Italo-German troops occupied Benghazi without a fight, and on April 10 they approached Tobruk, which they blocked the next day, but failed to take the city. In mid-April, Rommel was forced to stop the offensive on the border of Egypt and Libya.
slide 10
At the same time… 1941.03.06 - Winston Churchill in his speech on March 6, 1941, in connection with the sharply increased losses of the British merchant fleet, set the task of starting the Battle of the Atlantic on 1941.04. - German troops captured Yugoslavia and Greece 1941.05.20 - German airborne assault on Crete. German motorcyclists on the streets of Belgrade
slide 11
In June 1941, the British command made an attempt to release Tobruk with large forces. On June 15, 1941, in the area of Es Sallum and Fort Ridotta Capuzzo, an attack by British troops began, recapturing several settlements from the Germans. However, the German counterattack on the night of June 18 threw the British back to their positions. On November 18, 1941, British troops under the command of Claude Auchinleck launched their second offensive in Cyrenaica - Operation Crusader (Crusader), the purpose of which was to push Rommel back to Tripolitania. Thorbrook has been released. The offensive stopped on December 31 in the El Agheila area. The British were already celebrating their victory.
slide 12
1941.06.22 - Plan "Barbarossa" in action: German troops invaded the USSR 1941.07.10 - Battle of Smolensk began Iran. 12.05-06 1941 - The failure of the German offensive on Moscow. 12/1941/07 - Japanese aircraft makes a surprise raid on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor 12/1941/08 - The United States and Great Britain declared war on Japan. Simultaneously… June 22, 1941. German bombers over Soviet territory on December 7, 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor
slide 13
However, the Italians managed to lead a large convoy to Libya that delivered tanks and other weapons. On January 21, 1942, Rommel attacked the British troops and pushed them back to Thorbrook. British troops fortified on the line near Ain el Ghazal. On the heels of the retreating British 8th Army, Rommel's troops invaded Egypt. The offensive was stopped at 100 km. from Alexandria near the town of El Alamein on July 1, 1942. Despite the reinforcements received (164th Light Division "Africa"), it was not possible to break through the defenses of the 8th Army immediately. Hot battles broke out. Until 27 July, Rommel unsuccessfully tried to break through the Allied defenses. On August 15, General Harold Alexander was appointed to replace General Claude Auchinleck. The 8th Army was led by General Montgomery. From August 31 to September 5, Rommel resumed attacks in the Alam Halfa area near El Alamein, but Montgomery successfully repulsed them. From May 26 to May 27, 1942, Rommel launched a new offensive, attacking British positions on the "Gazala Line" west of Tobruk, and broke through the British defenses. On June 20, German-Italian troops captured Tobruk.
slide 14
01/1942/20 Japanese troops cross Thailand, invade Burma. 05/1942/26 - Treaty between the USSR and England on alliance against Germany is signed. 06/04/1942 - From June 4 to June 6, a naval battle took place off Midway Atoll. 1942.07.01 - Capture of Sevastopol by German troops 1942.07.17 - Battles for Stalingrad began. At the same time… Stalingrad. Fight on the streets of the city
slide 15
On October 23, 1942, British troops under the command of General Montgomery went on the offensive against the Italo-German troops and in early November broke through the enemy defenses in the El Alamein area. On November 2, British troops broke through the enemy defenses after 3 days and the German-Italian tank army "Africa" was forced to retreat under enemy attacks. During the pursuit, British troops occupied the city of Tobruk on November 13, 1942. Operation Torch (Torch) began on November 8, 1942 - the American-English divisions under the command of General Eisenhower, having met only symbolic resistance from the troops of Vichy France, landed in Algiers, Oran and Casablanca. By the end of November, Anglo-American troops occupied Morocco and Algeria and entered Tunisia. By order of Hitler on November 9, 1942, German troops begin to land in Tunisia. On November 11, the Germans enter troops into French territory controlled by the Vichy government. Meanwhile, the persecution of the Rommel group in Libya continues. Overcoming the minefields left by the retreating British troops on January 23, 1943, they occupied Tripoli and in the first half of February they stopped at the Maret line west of the Tunisian border with Libya. On February 19, Rommel attacked American troops in the area of the Kesserin Pass, but the Allies repulsed the attack, counterattacked, and by the end of February, Rommel retreated, after which he was recalled to Germany, and Colonel General von Arnhem took over as commander of the Axis forces in Africa. On March 21, 1943, Anglo-American troops launched an offensive from the south to the Maret line and from the west in the Maknasi region and broke through the defenses of the Italo-German troops, who retreated to the city of Tunis in early April. On May 7, the allies captured the cities of Bizerte and Tunisia. On May 13, 1943, the Italo-German troops, surrounded on the Bon Peninsula (250 thousand people), capitulated. Results In connection with the defeat at El Alamein in 1942, the plans of the German command to block the Suez Canal and gain control over Middle Eastern oil were destroyed. After the liquidation of the German-Italian troops in Africa, the invasion of the Anglo-American troops into Italy became inevitable. The defeat of the Italian troops in Africa led to the strengthening of defeatism in Italy, the overthrow of the Mussolini regime and Italy's withdrawal from the war. Side losses British Empire USA Fighting France Germany Italy Vichy French State 238,558 total casualties 950,000 total casualties, 8,000 aircraft, 6,200 artillery pieces, 2,500 tanks and 70,000 vehicles slide 1
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A presentation on the topic "General characteristics of Africa" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Geography. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 27 slide(s).
Presentation slides
slide 1
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICA
Lesson plan:
1. Territory and composition of Africa.
2. Natural conditions and resources.
3. Population: reproduction, composition, distribution.
4. Economy: sectoral and territorial structure.
Africa occupies 1/5 of the land (30.3 million km2), on which there are 53 states (with islands). Half a century ago, the entire political map of Africa was full of colors of colonial powers: England, France, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy. The colonial past of the mainland largely determined its backwardness. According to the main economic and social indicators of development, Africa lags noticeably behind other regions of the world, and in some countries this gap is even increasing.
slide 2
S O S T A W T E R R I T O R I I A F R I K I
53 states 47 mainland 6 island
According to the state system, only three states retain a monarchical form of government, the rest are republics. According to the administrative structure - four federal republics, the rest are unitary.
Federal republics
slide 3
The main criterion for assessing the economic and geographical position of African countries is the presence or absence of access to the sea. 15 states have no access to the sea, no other continent has such a number of inland countries, most of these countries are among the most backward.
EXERCISE. Using the map, find the inland countries.
Young African states have not yet fully formed politically, therefore, cruel inter-clan and inter-ethnic struggle, political conflicts are common here. The borders inherited by these countries from the colonial past became the hotbed of territorial disputes and border conflicts. Acute conflicts of this kind exist between Morocco and Western Sahara, Ethiopia and Somalia, etc.
slide 4
In order to strengthen the unity and cooperation of the states of the African continent, to preserve their integrity and independence, the Organization of African Unity was created in 1963. It includes 53 states. The headquarters is located in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II.
Sl. slide
slide 5
slide 6
Africa's natural resources.
Africa has exceptionally diverse natural resources. Mineral raw materials are of high quality and are often mined in an open way.
1. Algerian-Libyan; 2. Atlas; 3. Egyptian; 4. West Guinean; 5. East Guinean; 6. Copper belt; 7. South African.
The extraction of mineral raw materials is mainly carried out within seven mining regions:
EXERCISE. Using the maps of the atlas, classify the countries of Africa according to the degree of their richness in minerals. Make a table in the following form:
Slide 7
An example of filling a table.
The richest country in minerals in South Africa. Its subsoil contains the entire set of fossil resources, with the exception of oil, natural gas, and bauxite. The reserves of gold, platinum, and diamonds are especially large. ? What resources of South Africa are of global importance?
Slide 8
population of the African continent.
Schedule. African population growth dynamics.
Let's look at the chart. The population of the region in 2000 is 820 million people. ? 1) How many times has the population of Africa increased over the twentieth century. ? 2) Where is Africa in terms of population.
Africa stands out with the highest rates of population reproduction. This is due to the traditions of having many children and the lack of a demo-graphic policy. “Not having money is a disaster, but not having children means being doubly poor,” they say in Africa.
Slide 9
Population in some African countries.
Diagram "African countries with a population of more than 20 million people."
Using " business card»on the flyleaf of V.P. Maksakovskiy: 1 - find African countries with a population of more than 10 million people; 2 - Calculate the average population density of Nigeria. Population density = population (million people) area of the country (million km2)
Slide 10
Age and sex composition of the population of Africa.
Age composition of the population.
Conventional signs
A high proportion of children's ages will further exacerbate the problems of employment, education, and health care. The quality of the population in Africa is the lowest, more than half of the adults are illiterate. The average life expectancy is 50 years.
Consider the map "The ratio of men and women." 1. What is typical for the gender composition of the population as a whole for the region? 2. List the African countries in which women predominate. 3. List the African countries in which men predominate.
Inhabitants of Nigeria
slide 12
More than 400 ethnic groups are distinguished on the continent. Large nations have developed in North Africa, but the majority of the population is at the level of nationalities. Remnants of the tribal system are preserved (figures below). The peoples of North and Northeast Africa speak the languages of the Himite-Semitic family (Arabs, Berbers). The regions of Equatorial, East and South Africa are inhabited by the Bantu peoples (the language is Swahili). Most of the countries south of the Sahara retain the languages of the former metropolises - English, French, Portuguese. In South Africa, in addition to English, the official language is Afrikaanas (heavily modified Dutch). There are no one-national states on the continent.
Racial and ethnic composition of the population of Africa.
slide 13
The religious composition of the population.
Analyze the map. What religions have spread in different regions of Africa?
Slide 14
Placement of the population.
The average population density in Africa is 27 persons/km2, which is several times less than in Europe and Asia. The distribution of population across the continent is characterized by very sharp contrasts. In general, uninhabited territories are located in the Sahara desert. It is rare to find a population in the tropical rainforest zone. But there are also quite significant clumps of population, especially on the coasts.
Pay attention to Egypt. In fact, its entire population lives in the delta and valley of the Nile River. There are approximately 1,700 people per 1 km2.
slide 15
Symbols:
Africa - the region of "urban explosion"
For many centuries Africa remained predominantly a "rural continent". And now, in terms of the level of urbanization, it still lags far behind other regions, but the rate of urbanization here is the highest, the population of cities is doubling every 10 years. The manifestation of "urban explosion" in Africa has a number of negative consequences. After all, it is mainly the capital cities that are growing, and they are growing due to the constant influx of rural residents who, having no means of subsistence, huddle in slum areas.
Growth dynamics of the share of the urban population in Africa.
Consider a map. Find out which countries in Africa have the lowest urban population. Which country in Africa has a predominantly urban population?
slide 16
The largest city in Africa is the city of Lagos in Nigeria. Back in 1950, its population was about 300 thousand people, and now it has reached 13 million.
However, living conditions in this overpopulated city are so unfavorable that in 1992 the capital of the country was transferred from here to another city - Abuja.
Abuja Lagos NIGERIA
The city of Lagos was founded by the Portuguese on a small island.
Slide 17
General characteristics of the economy of African countries.
After gaining independence, African countries began to make efforts to overcome the age-old backwardness. The nationalization of natural resources has been carried out, agrarian reform is being carried out, and national personnel are being trained. The restructuring of the sectoral structure began, which was of a colonial nature, that is, the mining industry was predominant and the country received the main income from the export of mineral raw materials. At present, the colonial type of the sectoral structure of the economy is preserved - agricultural production and the mining industry predominate, while the manufacturing industries are in their infancy. The one-sidedness of the development of the economy is also characteristic - a narrow (mono-commodity) specialization of the country's economy in the production of one product intended for export.
PLAN: Industry Transport
Agriculture
Slide 18
Agriculture in Africa.
Remember how commercial agriculture differs from consumer agriculture?
The map shows that the consumer type is common in most of Africa. Agriculture.
The main sphere of material production in African countries is agriculture. In some of them (Chad, Mali, Rwanda, CAR) more than 80% of the population is employed in it. Agriculture is the most important in most African countries. In the structure of agriculture, export and consumer crops are distinguished.
Africa's share in world agricultural output.
Harvesting.
Slide 19
Slide 20
African industry
The foundations of national industry are being laid only today. The continent is still the least industrialized part of the world. Foreign capital was only interested in mineral raw materials and therefore vigorously developed the mining industry here. In the structure of the manufacturing industry, the leading place is occupied by the light and food industries. V Lately there has been a trend
tion to increase the role of metallurgy, oil refining. Industrial areas are located in places of extraction and production of raw materials and on the coast.
Analyze the map "Industry of Africa". Select the countries with the largest set of manufacturing industries.
slide 21
gas pipeline
Suburban electric train.
Africa's largest airport Cairo
Steam-powered passenger train
An important task for the development of the economy is the formation of a modern transport network and its convenient configuration. For a long time, the transport system of African countries served as a carrier of raw materials from the place of extraction to the port. Therefore, the greatest development was received by rail and sea transport. During the years of independence, other types of transport have also been developed.
slide 22
Africa ranks last among all parts of the world in terms of the main technical and economic indicators of transport.
EXERCISE. Consider a map. Which countries in Africa have the highest transport density? Which countries are practically devoid of transport?
The location of Africa's transport, the density of the transport network are highly uneven. Transport in South Africa and in the countries of North Africa (with the exception of their arid regions) has reached the greatest development in terms of African scale, which reflects the general level of economic development of these countries. On the other hand, many areas of the Sahara, Namib, Kalahari, equatorial and tropical forests are practically devoid of transport. Transportation on camels, donkeys, mules, carrying cargo by porters is common.
slide 23
African rail transport.
The total length of African railways is more than 82 thousand km. In the structure of internal freight turnover, rail transport occupies a leading position, and in passenger traffic it is ahead of road transport. It should be noted the technical backwardness of this type of transport in Africa (diversity of track and locomotive traction). The first place in terms of the overall level of development of railway transport is occupied by South Africa, it accounts for up to 40% of the entire railway network, the second is North Africa (Mediterranean countries). And the most lagging behind is Tropical Africa, where the transport role of rivers is great. Until now, there are no railways in Niger, Chad, CAR, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, etc. Railways have a distinct character of "penetration lines" - they connect areas of mining or plantation agriculture with ports of their export products.
slide 24
Road transport in Africa.
Road transport is the main transport of passengers. In African countries, along with a relatively small number of paved roads, there are a lot of unpaved roads that are often unsuitable for movement. Since 1980, the governments of many African countries began to invest in the creation of transcontinental highways that could unite the transport network into a single whole.
Slide 25
TRANSAFRICA HIGHWAYS
Until recently, there was actually only one transcontinental highway - the Trans-Maghribian (which connects all the countries of North Africa). At the beginning of the 90s. In the 20th century, the Trans-Saharan Highway (connecting Algeria, Mali, Niger and Nigeria) and the Trans-Sahel Highway (connecting Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad) came into operation. International organizations have developed projects for trans-African highways (see map). The implementation of their construction has already begun, however, due to political and financial and economic problems, the deadlines for completion of construction have not been determined.
slide 26
WATER TRANSPORT Suez Canal
Passenger ship on the Nile River
Port terminal in Cape Town
Of the 40 thousand km of round-wild and seasonal inland waterways, about half are used in shipping (especially in the Congo and Nile river basins, as well as the lower reaches of the Niger). See map.
Niger Congo Nile River transport
Sea transport
Maritime transport plays a huge role in foreign economic relations. Liberia formally has the largest merchant marine in the world, but almost all of the ships are owned by American, Greek, Russian and other companies that find it beneficial to register their ships in Liberia (see map), where shipping taxes are the lowest in the world. Port construction is expanding, especially in exporting countries of oil, gas, ores, and other raw materials. Egypt owns the largest sea channel in the world.
Cape Town Dar es Salaam Mombasa Dakar Casablanca Algiers Alexandria LIBERIA
Slide 27
Generalization. Test yourself.
What changes and why took place on the political map of Africa after World War II? How many countries are on the modern political map of Africa?
EGP countries, political map
Natural resources
How can one assess the natural resource potential of Africa? Which state in Africa has an exceptional set of natural resources?
Population
What is the population of the region? Which countries in Africa have more than 100 million inhabitants? What is the rate of population reproduction? What is the ethnic composition of the population of African countries? What languages do the inhabitants of the mainland speak? What are the main features of the distribution of the population of Africa? Which countries have the highest and which the lowest levels of urbanization? How does the “urban explosion” manifest itself in African countries? Name the largest cities in Africa.
Farm characteristics
What facts testify to the economic backwardness of African countries? What are the typical features of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy of African countries? What is single product specialization? Where are the main industrial regions of these countries located? Which manufacturing industries have received the most development in African countries? What type of agriculture prevails in these countries? For which export crops does it occupy a leading position in world production? Can we say that Africa has a pan-African transport network? Why do most railways in Africa have the nature of penetration lines?
AFRICA VISIT
"Business card" of the region
Teacher Kuznetsov N.K.
Africa Africa- the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.Africa- the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Africa is the birthplace of mankind Africa is the birthplace of the greatest ancient civilization Earth - Ancient Egypt In Africa is the largest desert in the world - the Sahara
Africa is home to one of the longest rivers in the world, the Nile.
Jordan
Mediterranean Sea
Africa occupies 20% of the Earth's land area (30.3 million km2), 56 states(with islands). - more than 1 billion people.
South Sudan
(Juba) -2011
Regions of Africa- Sev. Africa
- Severn. Africa
- Western Africa
- Centre. Africa
- Eastern Africa
- South Africa
Exercise. On a contour map, plot any 10 countries in Africa that gained political independence after the Second World War. Indicate the date of independence and the metropolitan country. Why is 1960 called the Year of Africa?
|
Year of receipt independence |
Country - metropolis |
|
|
DE, VB Germany, FR, WB Germany |
|
Year of receipt independence |
Country - metropolis |
|
|
Germ. Belgium Germ. Belgium Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Germ, South Africa Italy (since 1950 part of Ethiopia) |
Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II.
Liberation from colonization
Animal world of Africa
Flora of Africa
Riches of Africa
The wealth of Africa - in terms of reserves and gold production - 1st place in the world At present (2015) OPEC includes 12 states, 4 of which are African: Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Angola
Riches of Africa
Tourism in Africa
In the village of the pygmies
In the land of the pyramids
Diving in the Red Sea
Photo safari in nature reserves
Homework- Topic 8, part 1 to the population
Decolonization in Africa covers almost all of the post-war years. At first, all the Arab countries of North Africa, except Algeria, gained independence. Most of the states of Tropical Africa gained independence in 1960, it is called the year of Africa. Further decolonization went more difficult. Portugal tried to the last to keep its colonies. In Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, in response to this, an armed liberation movement began. The colonial wars eventually bled the mother country, in 1974 a revolution took place in Portugal, the colonies became independent.
A difficult situation arose in Southern Rhodesia. There was a significant white minority, mostly farmers. Whites in 1965 declared the independence of Rhodesia. Neither Great Britain, which belonged to Rhodesia, nor the UN recognized this independence, and the Africans - the inhabitants of the country - began an armed struggle. Once isolated, whites sat down with Africans at the negotiating table in 1979. A new constitution was developed, in 1980 elections were held on its basis and the independence of a new state, Zimbabwe, was proclaimed.
The last territory that did not have independence was the former German South-West Africa, the mandate for which was transferred to South Africa after the First World War. South Africa tried first to annex this territory, then to create a white minority government there. Africans since 1966 began an armed struggle for independence. The United Nations in 1973 officially deprived South Africa of the mandate for this territory. Only in 1989, realizing the doom of attempts to maintain control over it, South Africa entered into negotiations with the Africans. Thus, another independent African state appeared - Namibia.
Arab countries of Africa
The development of the Arab states of North Africa followed different paths. If Morocco and Tunisia consistently adhered to a pro-Western political orientation and a course towards the modernization of the country in line with a market economy, then in Algeria and Libya in the 60s supporters of socialist transformations came to power. Since the 1970s, oil revenues have given them the funds they need to do this.
Egypt
The largest Arab country in terms of population - Egypt - gained independence after the First World War, its rulers pursued a pro-Western policy. British troops were in the Suez Canal zone, and the canal itself remained foreign property. In 1952, King Farouk was overthrown in a military coup and Gamal Abdel Nasser became the leader of the country.
In 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal. By challenging England, Nasser shook the imagination of the Arab world, in the same year he began preparations for another war with Israel, the pan-Arab enemy. But Israel struck a surprise blow and captured the entire Sinai Peninsula. England and France entered the war, trying to regain control of the Suez Canal. In response, the USSR declared its full support for Egypt. The US did not support its allies. The UN demanded the withdrawal of foreign troops from Egyptian territory. Nasser suddenly appeared in the eyes of the astonished Arabs as the winner of three states at once, including two great powers.
United Arab Republic
In 1958, the creation of the United Arab Republic, consisting of Egypt and Syria, was announced, Nasser became its president. It was thought that in the future other Arab states would join them. In Egypt, foreign capital was nationalized, and since 1961 a course has been taken for the "building of socialism." Now the property of Egyptian entrepreneurs has already been nationalized, they have switched from agrarian reform to cooperation. At the same time, the political system was also transformed, it turned into a one-party system.
However, further failures awaited Nasser. Also in 1961, Syria withdrew from the United Arab Republic. An even greater blow to Nasser's prestige was the defeat of the Egyptian army in the Sinai in 1967, although again the Israeli army's attack was provoked by Nasser himself, who blocked access to the Israeli port of Eilat on the Red Sea. He even announced his resignation, but then, at the “request of the people,” he remained as president.
The war caused enormous damage to Egypt, the Suez Canal ceased to function - the main source of income for the country. The public sector was inefficient. The overgrown bureaucracy absorbed all budget revenues. After Nasser's death in 1970, change became inevitable. His successor Anwar Sadat after failed attempt in 1973 the liberate Egyptian territory was forced to admit it.
Sadat abandoned the ambitious plans of uniting all Arabs, the country became known as the Arab Republic of Egypt. Economic policy changed dramatically: private capital began to be encouraged, many Egyptian entrepreneurs returned their property. The doors were also “opened” for foreign capital.
Realizing that he could return the Suez Canal and Sinai only by agreeing with Israel, Sadat in 1976 broke ties with the USSR. In 1978, with the mediation american president Carter, he and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin negotiated a peace treaty signed in 1979.
The treaty caused a sharply negative reaction in the Arab world, Egypt was expelled from the Arab League. Sadat himself became a victim of an Islamic fanatic: in 1981, he shot him during a military parade. However, Sadat and his successor Hosni Mubarak managed to bring Egypt out of the crisis. A multi-party system was restored in the country. Egypt's ties with the Arab world also gradually improved.
Tropical Africa
The development of the countries of Tropical Africa turned out to be fraught with the greatest difficulties. It is the most economically backward region in the world. By the time these countries gained independence, most of the population was concentrated in the traditional sector. The modern sector was small and in most cases had little connection with the traditional. Modernization in these countries has led to the fact that the rate of destruction of the traditional sector has significantly outstripped the rate of creation of the modern one. The resulting "surplus" population found no use for itself. It accumulated in cities, creating belts of poverty around them. These people lived on odd jobs or on handouts from the state, which was afraid of a social explosion.
Population explosion
These problems were exacerbated by a sharply increased population growth rate. The new ruling elite of African countries, educated in a European way, sought, first of all, to put an end to the most egregious signs of backwardness. It was unsanitary conditions, lack of access of the population to modern medicine. Enormous funds were thrown into this. Assistance from international organizations was sent there as well. As a result, it was possible to eliminate or limit the centers of epidemic diseases, such as malaria, relatively quickly. Vaccination of the population, sanitary and hygienic measures - construction of water treatment facilities and sewer systems in cities, the use of disinfectants have all led to a sharp reduction in mortality. But people continued to adhere to traditional ideas about the family, according to which the more children, the better. The birth rate has risen. This created the conditions for an unprecedented rate of population growth, in which Africa ranks first in the world.
Political regimes in sub-Saharan Africa
In conditions where the majority of the population are poor and unsettled people, it is impossible to achieve civil peace - necessary condition stable democratic society. This civil peace is all the more impossible due to the extreme ethnic diversity of African countries. After all, the borders of African states were established by the colonial powers, they are artificial. Independence in Africa was gained not by nations, but by colonial territories. South of the Sahara there are no one-national states. At the same time, some large nations are separated by state borders. So, the Fulbe people, whose number is more than 20 million people, live in 6 states of West Africa and are nowhere the largest. This, in particular, led to the fact that even after gaining independence in most countries of Tropical Africa, the language of the metropolis remained the official language, it was the only means of interethnic communication. But, as we know from the example of Europe, the destruction of a traditional society, the formation of an industrial society lead to the emergence of national self-consciousness and national movements. For Africa, therefore, modernization has turned into an increase in interethnic, interethnic conflicts within African states. Often they pose a threat to the integrity of these states. Thus, in 1967, the Ibo people in Eastern Nigeria announced the separation and creation of the independent state of Biafra, Civil War continued until 1969. The territorial integrity of Nigeria has been preserved. But the long-term war of the Eritreans for independence from Ethiopia ended in victory. Ethiopia was forced to recognize Eritrea as an independent state. The armed struggle between the Hutu and Tutsi peoples in Rwanda led not only to huge casualties, but to the collapse of the state. Ethnic violence continues in Sudan, Liberia.
The complex ethnic composition of African states gives rise to another feature of political life - tribalism (from the Latin "tribus" - "tribe"). Tribalism means adherence to ethnic isolation, in this case all socio-economic relations are refracted through ethnic ones. Political parties are created along ethnic lines, they tend to do business only with fellow tribesmen, etc.
All this left its mark on the political development of the countries of Tropical Africa. The absence of civil peace caused the failure of the first post-independence attempts to create democratic states. Soon, authoritarian regimes were established in these countries, usually relying on the army, the only real force. The political struggle in Africa for a long time took the form of periodic military coups and counter-coups. But all this, in turn, did not contribute to the formation of civil peace. Rather, on the contrary, violence, turning into the main means of retaining power, gave rise to retaliatory violence.
In 1965, Jean-Bedel Bokassa, commander of the army of the Central African Republic, seized power and soon proclaimed himself emperor. In order to carry out the coronation at the proper level in his poor country, he collected taxes for years to come, brutally persecuting all the discontented. When he gave the order to shoot a demonstration of schoolchildren, this caused general indignation. French paratroopers landed in the republic (it was a French colony in the past) and overthrew him. In Uganda, in 1971, General Idi Amin, a former boxing champion, seized power. He proclaimed himself president for life and bloodily suppressed any manifestation of discontent. During the years of his reign, 300 thousand people died. Amin was overthrown only with the help of the Tanzanian army. In Uganda, after him, a civil war continued for several more years.
Political instability, in turn, made it difficult to resolve economic problems. There were few domestic sources of investment, and foreign ones were simply impossible due to the unpredictability of most local rulers. In many countries, modernization was carried out in the form of "building socialism" (Ghana, Guinea, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Congo), where, as a rule, foreign property was simply confiscated. The struggle for economic independence in these countries often took the form of abandoning the production of traditional "colonial" goods. In Tanzania, which was the largest supplier of sisal to the world market, a decision was made to get rid of it. As a result, the country has lost a reliable source of foreign currency. Over time, the relative prosperity of those countries that have retained or even increased their export potential has been revealed. These are exporters of oil (Nigeria, Gabon), copper (Zaire, Zambia), cocoa (Ivory Coast), tea and coffee (Kenya).
Difficulties of the 80s
In the 1980s, the countries of Tropical Africa faced particular difficulties. Their growth rates have fallen, external debt has increased. Urgent measures were needed to save the economy. All forces were thrown at building up the export potential. With the assistance of international financial organizations, the restructuring of the economy began. Experiments on the introduction of a planned economy and the development of the public sector were over. The establishment of market relations began. Instead of restricting foreign capital, they everywhere switched to its encouragement. So far, these measures have led to some economic recovery.
Interethnic conflicts spill out beyond state borders, giving rise to interstate clashes. To prevent border conflicts, African countries agreed to adhere to the principle of respect for existing borders, which was included in the Charter of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
Republic of South Africa
This state arose on the site of the only European migrant colony in Africa. After the war, it turned into a fairly highly developed state with a developed mining industry. The political regime that prevailed in this country, however, sharply distinguished it from other developed countries. It was based on the idea of apartheid - the artificial separation of the white minority from the black majority. It was justified by the desire to preserve the national identity of these communities and save white workers from competition from the cheap labor of the local population. Blacks and whites lived separately. The white minority also owned all the power in the country. The struggle of the black population for equality was led by the African National Congress (ANC). At first, she advocated only non-violent means of struggle. After the Second World War, when the decolonization of Africa began, there was an upsurge in the liberation struggle, but the authorities responded to it by intensifying persecution. Then supporters of violent methods of struggle also appeared in the ANC. Among them was Nelson Mandela.
Meanwhile, Africa was liberated. South Africa remained the only state on the continent where the local population was discriminated against. All the liberated countries united in the struggle against apartheid. South Africa has fallen into a real international isolation. The situation of the black population itself has also changed. A large working class was formed from it, the mining industry could no longer work without attracting hundreds of thousands of Africans. A formidable black middle class emerged. The maintenance of apartheid threatened with unpredictable consequences for the regime. Gradually, among the white population, an understanding of the need for political reforms was established. Frederick de Klerk became the leader of the supporters of change.
On the next year he granted amnesty to Mandela. He led the ANC. The South African Parliament began one by one to repeal the laws on which the apartheid regime rested. The bans on cohabitation and study of whites and blacks were lifted, the ban on interracial marriages was lifted. The proximity of the abolition of apartheid sharply increased the political confrontation between supporters and opponents of the former regime among whites, but most of them supported the president in a referendum in 1992. The struggle among the various factions of the black population also intensified. The authority of Mandela as the leader of all blacks began to be challenged by representatives of the Zulu tribe. The rivalry has become violent. With difficulty, de Klerk and Mandela managed to get everyone to sign political parties countries of the non-violence pact. In 1993, with the participation of representatives of all parties, a new constitution was drafted. According to it, South Africa has become a democratic multiracial state. The presidential elections held the following year, in which blacks participated for the first time, brought victory to Mandela. South Africa emerged from international isolation, it was admitted to the Organization of African Unity and became integral part world community of democracies.
Kreder A.A. recent history foreign countries. 1914-1997
