Red Army soldier in a cloth helmet and overcoat, with a gas mask.
A Red Army soldier in a single-breasted wadded pea jacket, a helmet arr, 1936, worn over an earflap with wrapped flaps, wadded trousers and boots with windings, with a three-line rifle and a gas mask.
A Red Army sapper in an overcoat and earflaps with tied flaps, with a rifle and a gas mask.
In the background - a Red Army soldier in a helmet, short fur coat and felt boots.
INSIGNIA OF THE SOVIET ARMED FORCES AND THE NKVD
Rice. P. Lipatova (2nd cover page)
Buttonholes and chevron commander of the 1st rank.
Buttonhole and chevron colonel of artillery.
Stars on a winter helmet (infantry, technical troops, border troops).
Buttonhole and chevron infantry commander.
Star on the sleeve and buttonhole of the brigade commissar of infantry.
Chevron and buttonhole of the captain of aviation.
Patch of a military pilot.
Buttonholes and chevron of the senior lieutenant of the tank troops and engineering troops (gymnast).
Collar of the political instructor of the cavalry.
Buttonhole of the senior military assistant.
Chevron and buttonhole of a junior lieutenant of the border troops.
Collar of the junior political officer of the Air Force.
Buttonhole junior military technician of the Air Force.
Buttonhole of the foreman of the internal troops.
Buttonhole junior infantry platoon commander.
Buttonhole of the detached commander of the signal troops.
Rank 2 flagship patches.
Captain's patches 2nd rank.
Coast Guard Lieutenant Badges.
Chief's badges.
Patches of a military doctor of the 2nd rank.
Fleet Air Force captain patches.
Politician's stripes.
Commander State.
Krasnoflotskaya ribbon for a peakless cap.
COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS
(Fig. A. Rusanov, with the participation of P. Lipatov)
1. Soldiers of the Red Army on the battlefield
The senior lieutenant of the infantry in an overcoat and a cloth helmet with lowered lapels, in field equipment, shod in felt boots, wire rod and armed with a revolver in a holster.
An infantryman in an overcoat and a whitewashed helmet, crawling with an armored shield mounted on skis.
A skier from the units of volunteer athletes in a warm white suit and a padded helmet, shod in ski boots and armed with a rifle mod. 1891/1930
A demolition sapper in a white camouflage robe with a removable hood worn over a helmet, crawling with a makeshift drag.
2. Tankers of the Red Army
A tank fighter in a finely quilted wadded jacket and trousers, in a cloth helmet, rolled felt boots and gloves with bells lined with sheepskin, armed with a revolver and a DP light machine gun.
A senior lieutenant in a leather jacket worn over dark blue overalls, with a summer helmet on his head and sheepskin gloves. Lightweight field equipment, revolver in a holster on the right, gas mask in a bag on the left. Shod in felt boots.
Major in a sheepskin coat and a leather helmet on a sheepskin, equipped with an intercom headset. Quilted trousers are tucked into rolled felt boots.
A tanker in a dark blue overall, worn over a quilted padded jacket and in a depreciation helmet of the first type with folding goggles, shod in boots.
3. Soviet pilots
Pilot in overalls with fur, in dog fur boots, with a TT pistol and a tablet.
A colonel in a dark blue Air Force overcoat and a woolen winter helmet.
Senior lieutenant in a leather raglan coat, a flight helmet with goggles, dog fur boots and a tablet over his shoulder.
4. Soviet sailors
In the foreground is a senior Red Navy sailor in a coastal landing uniform, equipment and weapons. The helmet arr, 1936 is put on a knitted balaclava, the trousers are tucked into cowhide boots. A gas mask hangs over the shoulder, the pea jacket is belted with a Red Navy belt, on which pouches and a bladed bayonet hang. Armed with a three-line rifle mod. 1891/30 with attached square bayonet.
Fleet commander in coastal landing uniform. Helmet arr. 1936 is worn over an earflap, a quilted padded jacket is put on a sweater. Armed with a Mauser in a block, two F-1 grenades and a captured Finnish knife. Uniform trousers are tucked into cowhide boots.
The commander of the fleet in an earflap with a crab emblem and a leather raglan. In the background - a Red Navy signalman, dressed in uniform No. 5 - in a pea jacket and earflaps, with a gas mask over his right shoulder.
5. In a Finnish bunker
The junior machine gunner sergeant fires from the Lahti-Saloranta machine gun. A helmet of the German model 1916/18 is put on the head, a bayonet arr. 1927 in leather blade.
Private infantry in a field jacket and cap.
An infantry lieutenant in an old-style winter cap and a tunic arr. 1936
6. Finnish soldiers in winter clothes
Sniper "cuckoo" in a camouflage suit with a mask on his face. Shod in pieksy ski boots, armed with a Finnish knife and sniper rifle arr. 1927. German-type triple pouches on the belt.
A skier in a camouflage suit, a white-washed German-style helmet, ski boots-piex, with a bandolier on his chest. Armed with a carbine and a Lapland knife.
A submachine gunner with a Suomi submachine gun, shod in piebald boots. Behind his back is a marching layout, on his head is a Finnish military earflap made of white sheepskin.
7. Finnish officers at a meeting
An aviation captain in a blue open jacket, flight cap and gray field breeches tucked into chrome boots.
Navy captain of the 3rd rank in an overcoat and cap.
Captain of the General Staff in a tunic and cap.
Major in an overcoat and earflaps.
At the table sits an infantry lieutenant general in a tunic and breeches, shod in boots with attached leggings. On the bench next to it lies the general's cap.
8. Volunteers
Finnish officer authorized "shutskora" in an overcoat and cap and Swedish volunteer skiers in sportswear.
INSIGNIA OF THE ARMED FORCES OF FINNISH
(4th cover page)
Collar of the Marshal of Finland.
Collar of an infantry lieutenant general.
Buttonhole of a Lieutenant Colonel of the Field Artillery.
Collar of Major of Coastal Artillery.
Buttonhole of a lieutenant of the reserve.
Overcoat sleeve galloons of the lieutenant general.
Air captain's buttonhole.
Buttonhole of a lieutenant of tank troops.
Sleeve patch "shutskora".
Buttonhole of the Major of Jaeger units.
An infantry captain's buttonhole.
Buttonhole Major Engineer.
Collar of a lieutenant of support and support units.
Buttonhole of the captain of the general staff.
Colonel's shoulder strap.
Buttonhole of the captain of the border guard.
Collar of the ensign of the field artillery.
Sleeve buckle flap of an aviation captain.
Collar of a military official with the rank of captain.
Buttonhole of the sergeant major of the signal troops.
Buttonhole of a sergeant of engineering troops.
Collar of the senior sergeant of the cavalry.
The shoulder strap of the officers of the ground forces.
Shoulder strap of a corporal of the cavalry.
Badge of the officers of the Air Force.
Badge of personnel foremen-specialists of the fleet.
Emblems; anti-aircraft artillery, chasseur units, signal troops, border guards, engineering troops, coastal artillery, tank troops, aviation, chasseurs, infantry, field artillery.
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EQUIPMENT AND EQUIPMENT OF THE FINNISH LAND FORCES AND AIR FORCE
The color of the uniforms of the Finnish army was mouse-gray, close to the German field gray of the First World War. The cut also experienced some German influence.
Officer jackets on six oxidized buttons with a heraldic Finnish lion standing on its hind legs had sewn-on smooth, or with bow folds, breast pockets with three-arm button flaps and a stand-up collar, on which curly buttonholes with insignia were sewn. The patch bottom pockets were smooth, with curly flaps. Double-seam sleeves were made without cuffs, there was no edging on the jackets. Order ribbons were attached above the left breast pocket.
Jackets of soldiers and non-commissioned officers were similar in cut, but of poorer quality fabric. Shoulder straps tapering to a button, on a uniform arr. 1936 had slightly concave edge lines. These jackets were used as service and field uniforms.
On solemn occasions and even as an everyday uniform at the front, officers and generals wore uniforms decorated with galloons on the collar, cuffs and three-armed, with buttons, cuff flaps, similar in cut to jackets, but with a special arrangement of insignia at the corners of the collar. A starched collar was fastened to the collar. The lion buttons were gold.
Aglets - and even then rarely - were worn by some adjutants and general staff officers who received military academic education abroad. Aglets were woven according to the Russian model and worn on the right shoulder. Marshal Mannerheim largely supported the traditions of the Russian imperial army in his troops.
Marshal of Finland K.G.E. Mannerheim with his generals (photo 1941).
The navy blue open uniform of the officers-pilots was an English-cut jacket with four golden large buttons, patch pockets with bow pleats and three-arm flaps. Relied on French White shirt with a black tie. Rank insignia in the form of gold galloons were worn above the cuffs with three small buttons at the elbow seam. A winged propeller was attached to the shoulder straps above the heraldic lion worn by all officers and generals of the army and aviation. The breeches were in the color of a jacket, but they could also be worn gray, from a field uniform - this was practiced at the front.
Air Force officers wore a gray uniform with buttonholes on the collar and no patches on the sleeves of jackets with a blue flight cap. The chest pockets of the pilots' jackets were decorated with bow folds. The equipment was worn both black, adopted by the Air Force, and army brown. Boots with hard tops were only black.
Breeches worn with boots were made of the same gray material as the jacket, or slightly different in shade and tone. Soldier's trousers were worn, like breeches, with suspenders. Straight cut, narrowed at the bottom, they were tucked into strong high leather boots, or pressed with swing leggings to the berets of ski boots. The lows of the trousers could also be tucked into thick knitted socks worn with boots.
The old cavalryman, Marshal Mannerheim, wore blue cavalry breeches with double general stripes and yellow piping, and excellent patent leather boots with fastened spurs. The marshal had jackets and uniforms not only of a general army cut, but also without side lower pockets, with a closed clasp, even without insignia - the whole Suomi knew the face of the commander-in-chief. But the troops subordinate to him were not dressed very uniformly, although every effort was made to provide them.
During the Winter War, and in subsequent years, the Finns used stocks of old uniforms mod. 1922 and 1927 The insignia on the uniforms sometimes remained the same as before, but at the front they used the insignia arr. 1936 - they will be discussed below - buttonholes, chevrons on the shoulder straps, sleeve officer galloons and others. The old uniforms, in the first place, went to the militias from the shutskor, the rear non-combatant ranks, who had transferred to the troops, but there was enough of it in the troops of the first line. The jackets of 1927 differed from the uniforms of 1936 by double toes of the lower pockets and double buttons, as well as by low detachable cuffs with two buttons sewn longitudinally. The cloth of collars and cuffs could be darker than the main fabric, the fabric itself was rather rough and fleecy. Therefore, the jackets sat a little baggy. The dark cuffs of early-style jackets were decorated with three buttons placed vertically at the elbow seam. For sergeants and officers - and for many soldiers - the cuffs were crossed by vertical flaps with three buttons. Large hooks for a waist belt were sewn into the sides of the jackets. The soldier's jacket, cut off at the back at the waist, was intercepted with a strap with two buttons almost at the back corners of the flaps of the inflated side pockets. Two semi-bow folds extended from the buttons to the hem of the jacket. There was a slot on the jackets of the cadets.
Finns put on camouflage jackets directly on their uniform, without outerwear.
A 5-cm bow fold was laid on the back of the Finnish soldier's overcoat, tied at the waist with a straight strap with rounded ends, and stitched at the top with a corner slightly below the collar. A leather waist belt with a single-pronged buckle or a German-type badge with a Finnish lion in a round wreath rested on the strap. The length of the overcoat was just below the knees.
The roll of the overcoat in the summer was fastened to the lid and sides of a German-style soldier's satchel.
The officer's overcoat did not roll into a roll, but it was distinguished from the soldier's coat only good quality gray, with a slight mouse green, cloth and length to mid-calf, as well as good tailor's work. The cut of the double-breasted overcoat - six buttons on the side - was similar to the German one: smooth, without reliefs, camp, high, but not turned away, like the Germans, cuffs, dark cloth on the collar. But the side pockets with straight flaps were cut horizontally, like the overcoats of Russian officers.
Russian traditions in the Finnish army, thanks to the influence of Mannerheim, were surprisingly strong. The silhouette of an officer's cap with a small bottom and a low crown stretched over a hoop resembled uniform caps that existed at the beginning of the century. But the design was closer to the German one: on the crown there was a national cockade, on the band an officer's. A thin silver double cord was fastened over the visor with silver buttons. The edge around the bottom and the band were dark gray. The visors of the general's caps were embroidered with two thick garlands of golden oak leaves.
The pilots wore dark blue peaked caps larger than those in the ground forces. The black band was decorated with a large embroidered emblem in the form of a gold wreath on a black flap with a flying silver eagle between the ends of the branches. Under the eagle, a red and gold officer's cockade with a lion was pinned to the wreath. The cap had a cord over the visor.
The non-commissioned officer's cockade differed from the officer's in the silver color of the entire surface. Like an officer, it was attached below the national one on caps and an old-style cap. The privates wore only the national, white and blue cockade in the form of a simple, without corrugation along the edge, a smooth circle.
The Finnish cap with a set-in bottom and a piping along the lapel was supplied with a fastened leather chin strap with buckles. The strap could be worn along the front, could pull the cap across through the top. The cockade was pinned to the cap over a small notch in the lapel.
The sides of the old caps-pies were fastened to the cap with small buttons at the upper edges.
A steel helmet could be worn on a soft soldier cap, but usually it was worn directly on the head. Leather petal shock absorber of a deep German horned helmet arr. 1916 and its modifications provided a good and comfortable fit for the helmet. The Finns also had their own type of helmet, somewhat similar in shape to the German and Soviet arr. 1936 But the majority of Finnish soldiers, both in the peaceful pre-war years and during the Second World War, wore gray or field gray German helmets. The Germans supplied the Finns with their helmets arr. 1935, and Czechoslovak and even Italian. Apparently, the Finns were not too concerned about the uniformity of the armor on their heads - the main thing was that there was protection.
There were no emblems on the helmets, but the rangers had homemade images of a skull and a pair of skis under it on the frontal part of the dome. Sometimes they drew a Finnish swastika, a skeleton, etc.
A chin strap was fastened to the old-style cap. On the front of the cap, both the national and Unter cockades were pinned. The lapels on each side were fastened with two vertically planted buttons. Some officers also wore such caps.
A round ski hat with a small semicircular visor covered with fabric and a turn-down nape, fastened in front with two vertically sewn buttons, was a widespread autumn and winter headdress among the troops. The cap of the hat had a quilted warm lining. In front, at the seam of the bottom, a cockade was attached according to the rank. The Finnish hat was made of gray uniform cloth. The ease of manufacture and practicality of the cap led to the spread of its analogues in other armies, for example, the well-known Wehrmacht mountain cap, and then the uniform cap.
Finnish earflaps resembled Russian ones, but were deeper and rounder, made of natural gray fur or sheepskin. On a semicircular forehead, national and officer (or non-commissioned officer) cockades were pinned one under the other, or only a soldier's.
Under any headdress in winter, a knitted woolen balaclava could be worn, covering both the back of the head and neck.
Finnish officers, along with caps and earflaps, wore cloth caps with large lapels made of sheared sheepskin. The collars of long officer overcoats were made of short-shorn dark sheepskin, light sheepskin was on the sides and back of many ski caps. The lapels of the dark blue aviator caps were trimmed with dark brown and black sheepskin. In the collapse of the lapels, two cockades were attached one above the other to the cap.
Finnish soldiers during a break between battles.
But Finnish pilots flew in leather helmets. A warm winter lining made of sheared sheepskin, and, if necessary, a knitted sports cap under the helmet, protected from any frost. The face was covered with glasses with oval glasses - German, English, French production. The oxygen mask also served additional protection from cold at high altitude. Overalls were worn over the cloth uniform and sweater. The Finnish winter flight overalls on sheepskin had a turn-down sheepskin collar, a long zipper beveled to the right and a beveled pocket with a zipper cut on the left chest. A feature of the Finnish overalls were deep, without valves, sinus pockets sewn below the knees from seam to seam, for which it was possible to lay a folded map, signal rockets, etc. The low sleeves and low trousers were fastened with long “zippers”. This made it possible to fasten the legs over the boots or to set them into the tops with a front “zipper” - much later, such warm boots were called “Alaskas” in our country. The holster was hung on the left thigh on a long strap with a buckle and two carbines. Covered with light canvas, fur mittens did not have bells, but reached the lower third of the elbows. The overalls were tied with a soft belt from the same dark avizent. which covered its inner sheepskin shell, but could also be girdled with an ordinary leather officer's belt - black aviation, brown army.
Finns had British, American, French, German parachutes - as well as airplanes. The parachute satchel could serve as a seat cushion for the pilot.
Accustomed to the cold climate of their country, the Finns by no means neglected fur clothing. Comfortable officer jackets with sheepskin or dog fur, sheepskin short coats, covered with cloth or naked, were widely used at the front.
Officers' short fur coats had a high, to the waist, shifted to the right vent, patch side pockets with flaps and a straight-cut back with a raised middle seam. Unlike white Soviet ones, Finnish sheepskin coats were often dyed grey; the fur on the collar was dark tones.
Fur-lined leather gloves and mittens, knitted double gloves, mittens (often decorated with patterns), home-knitted scarves on the front were worn by all ranks. Officer gloves were usually made of brown leather.
The insulated jacket of the pea coat type, with a fur collar, was covered with a gray army canvas raincoat fabric. The double-breasted fastener for four buttons was carried out not on welt, but on external loops. The length of the jacket was to the middle of the thighs, pockets cut through the floors, covered with horizontal flaps. The insignia on the jacket was worn only on the sleeves. But since the top button was unbuttoned, the half-open sides made it possible to see buttonholes on the collar of a jacket or uniform.
Over their uniforms, the repairmen wore loose, light-grey canvas overalls with turn-down collars.
Finnish tankers fought on their few tanks, dressed similarly to the French - in black or dark brown leather jackets with a double-breasted fastener over a regular army uniform with appropriate insulation - a sweater, fur or sheepskin vest. Under jackets, over a uniform and a fur sleeveless jacket, they often wore overalls with numerous pockets, almost the same as those of repairmen. Helmets were used of the French type, adopted in many European countries - steel helmets of the "Adrian" type with a riveted long comb and a thick leather roller in place of the front visor. Subsequently, the Finns switched to tank special uniforms of Soviet models.
The marching equipment of the Finnish soldier was very similar to the German one from the time of Kaiser Wilhelm. A knapsack with a canvas lid, to which a universal aluminum bowler hat with a ladle lid was attached by loops and straps, was put on with the help of thick and wide brown leather shoulders with iron hooks and half rings, the hooks clung to the loops of triple pouches of brown leather of the Mauser type. Under a knapsack or a canvas backpack with pockets on the right side of the belt, a semicircular canvas bread bag was hung with a flask in a cloth case attached to one of the lid rings with a carabiner.
The Finns are considering a captured Soviet machine gun.
On the left side of the belt hung a shoulder blade in a framed leather case with a belt loop. Between the shoulder blade and the left pouch, a loop of a leather blade for the bayonet sheath was put on the belt - the hook of the metal scabbard was threaded into the hole on the front of the blade.
The hilt of the Finnish bayonet was with a German-style handle, but the guard was with a ring for the muzzle of the barrel and a slightly curved barbel. The bayonet blade had almost the same section as the Mauser one, but was 1/5 longer than the German one.
A canvas gas mask bag was worn on a strap over the left shoulder and placed in front of a bread bag. The Finns met German gas masks in corrugated round canisters.
The rifle was worn on the march on the left shoulder, while skiing - over the left shoulder behind the back or over the right shoulder on the chest, if it was convenient for a single skier.
Light machine guns were worn, put on the left shoulder, or on a chase belt fastened to the sling swivels.
All officers and many non-commissioned officers were armed with pistols. Revolvers were rare.
The German-made Parabellum was carried in a regular wedge-shaped holster with a deep stamped cover and a clip pocket on the front rib. A similar Finnish pistol "23" could be invested in both German and Finnish holsters with a valve cover that covered the clip pocket on the front wall of the case and fastened with a strap that was passed through the bracket. Pistols of foreign systems, as a rule, were worn in holsters that were supposed to be attached to them or in wooden stocks-butts. "Lahti 35" was also equipped with a wooden buttstock, but could also be supplied with a leather holster. Holsters were worn most often on the left.
Officers' field bags in the Finnish army were similar to the German ones, which had short lid flaps with fastening tongues and triple brackets. Shoulder straps were fastened to the bags, but they were also worn on the belt on the right. The binoculars were put into a case with a belt loop and a neck strap.
Glossy brown leather was used for belts, holsters and bags. The buckle of the officer's belt was frame brass, with rounded corners, with two teeth, and in the French manner was often supplemented with a side brass peg for the free end of the belt. The harness was worn over the right shoulder, fastened to brass half-rings sewn into the belt.
The orderlies of the Finnish army wore white armbands with a red cross on their left sleeves. In the Winter War, they had enough work at the front and in the rear. The war did not make out either gender, or age, or military rank.
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