Description in English about the Kremlin
Answers:
Description of the Kremlin The Moscow Kremlin was built in 1482-1495. It is situated on the high left bank of the Moskva River, where the river Neglinnaya flows into it. Just as the White House in Washington, the Kremlin in Moscow is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. If you look at the Kremlin's plan, you will see that it is an irregular triangle with the area of 27.5 hectares. From the south of the Kremlin there is the Moskva River, in the northwest there is Alexander Gardens, and in the east there is Red Square. The present red walls and towers of the Kremlin were built in 1485-1516. At the top the wall is decorated with the teeth in the form of a swallow"s tail. On the outer side of the wall is smooth and the inner side of the wall is framed with arched recesses for reinforcement and facilitating the construction. In the Kremlin there are five palaces and four cathedrals. Along the walls there are twenty towers. The tallest tower is the Troitskaya Tower. New Year is traditionally greeted by the Russians with the chimes of the Spasskaya Tower. The Moscow Kremlin was built in 1482-1495. It is located on the high left bank of the Moskva River, where the Neglinnaya River flows into it. How White House in Washington, the Kremlin in Moscow is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. If we look at the plan of the Kremlin, we will see that it is an irregular triangle with an area of 27.5 hectares. From the south of the Kremlin flows the Moskva River, in the northwest is the Alexander Garden, and in the east is Red Square. The real red walls and towers of the Kremlin were built in 1485-1516. The top of the wall is decorated with barbs in the shape of a swallow's tail. FROM outside the wall is smooth, and on the inside it is decorated with arched niches to strengthen and lighten the structure. There are five palaces and four cathedrals on the territory of the Kremlin. There are twenty towers along the wall. The highest is the Trinity Tower. New Year Russians traditionally greet with the chiming clock on the Spasskaya Tower.
The Kremlin is the symbol of first Russian and later Soviet power and authority. Its crenellated red brick walls and 20 towers were built at the end of the 15th century, when a host of Italian builders arrived in Moscow at the invitation of Ivan III the Great. Of the most important towers, the Savior (Spasskaya) Tower leading to Red Square was built in 1491 by Pietro Solario, who designed most of the main towers; its belfry was added in 1624-25. The chimes of its clock are broadcast by radio as a time signal to the whole nation. Also on the Red Square front is the St. Nicholas (Nikolskaya) Tower, built originally in 1491 and rebuilt in 1806. The two other principal gate towers - the Trinity (Troitskaya) Tower, with a bridge and outer barbican (the Kutafya Tower), and the Borovitskaya Tower - lie on the western wall.
Within the Kremlin walls is one of the most striking and beautiful architectural ensembles in the world: a combination of churches and palaces, which are open to the public and are among the city's most popular tourist attractions, and the highest offices of the state , which are surrounded by strict security. Around the central Cathedral Square (Sobornaya Ploshchad) are grouped three magnificent cathedrals, superb examples of Russian church architecture at its height in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. functioning as places of worship after the Revolution and are now museums.The white stone Cathedral of the Assumption (Uspensky Sobor) is the oldest, built in 1475-79 in the Italianate-Byzantine style. elegant arches are crowned by five golden domes. The Orthodox metropolitans and patriarchs of the 14th to the 18th century are buried there. Across the square is the Cathedra l of the Annunciation (Blagoveshchensky Sobor), built in 1484-89 by craftsmen from Pskov; though burned in 1547, it was rebuilt in 1562-64. Its cluster of chapels is topped by golden roofs and domes. Inside are a number of early 15th-century icons attributed to Theophanes the Greek and to Andrey Rublyov, considered by many to be the greatest of all Russian icon painters. The third cathedral, the Archangel (Arkhangelsky), was rebuilt in 1505-08; in it are buried the princes of Moscow and tsars of Russia (except Boris Godunov) up to the founding of St. Petersburg.
Just off the square stands the splendid, soaring white bell tower of Ivan the Great; built in the 16th century and damaged in 1812, it was restored a few years later. At its foot is the enormous Tsar Bell (Tsar-Kolokol), cast in 1733-35 but never rung. Nearby is the Tsar Cannon (Tsar-Pushka), cast in 1586. Beside the gun are located the mid-17th-century Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles (Sobor Dvenadtsati Apostolov) and the adjoining Patriarchal Palace.
On the west of Cathedral Square is a group of palaces of various periods; the Palace of Facets (Granovitaya Palata)--so called from the exterior finish of faceted, white stone squares--was built in 1487-91. Behind it is the Terem Palace of 1635-36, which incorporates several older churches, including the Resurrection of Lazarus (Voskreseniye Lazarya), dating from 1393. Both became part of the Kremlin Great Palace, built as a royal residence in 1838-49 and formerly used for sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR; its long, yellow-washed facade dominates the riverfront. It is connected to the Armory Palace (Oruzheynaya Palata), built in 1844-51 and now the Armory Museum, housing a large collection of treasures of the tsars. Along the northeast wall of the Kremlin are the Arsenal (1702-36), the former Senate building (1776-88), and the School for Red Commanders (1932-34).
Kremlin
The Kremlin is a symbol of Russian and Soviet power. Its jagged red brick walls and 20 towers were built at the end of the 15th century when Italian builders arrived in Moscow at the invitation of Ivan III the Great. Of the most important towers, the Spasskaya Tower leading to Red Square was built in 1491 by Pietro Solario, who designed most of the main towers; its belfry was added in 1624-25. The chimes of the chimes are broadcast over the radio as a signal of time for an entire nation. Also on Red Square is the Nikolskaya Tower, originally built in 1491 and rebuilt in 1806. The other two main towers - the Troitskaya Tower, with a bridge and outer barbican, and the Borovitskaya Tower - are on the western wall.
Within the Kremlin walls is one of the most striking and beautiful architectural ensembles in the world: a combination of churches and palaces, which are open to the public and one of the city's most popular attractions, and the highest state authorities, which are surrounded by strict secrecy. Grouped around the central Cathedral Square are three magnificent cathedrals, superb examples of Russian ecclesiastical architecture at its peak in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. They and other churches in the Kremlin ceased to function as temples after the Revolution and are now museums. The white stone Assumption Cathedral is the oldest, built in 1475-79 in the Italo-Byzantine style. Its clean, simple, and beautifully proportioned lines and graceful arches are crowned with five golden domes. Orthodox metropolitans and patriarchs of the 14th-18th centuries are buried there. Across the square is the Annunciation Cathedral, built in 1484-89 by craftsmen from Pskov; although it was burnt down in 1547, it was rebuilt in 1562-64. Its group of chapels rises with golden roofs and domes. Inside are many icons dating back to the 15th century, attributed to Theophanes the Greek and Andrei Rublev, who is considered by many to be the greatest of all Russian icon painters. The third cathedral, Archangel Cathedral, was rebuilt in 1505-08; the princes of Moscow and the tsars of Russia (except Boris Godunov) were buried in it until the founding of St. Petersburg.
Not far from the square is the magnificent, soaring white bell tower of Ivan the Great; built in the 16th century, damaged in 1812, and rebuilt a few years later. At the foot is a huge Tsar Bell, cast in 1733-35, but never ringing. Nearby is the Tsar Cannon, cast in 1586. Near the arms are the Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles, dating back to the middle of the 17th century, and the adjacent Patriarchal Palace.
In the west of the Cathedral Square - a group of palaces of various periods; The Faceted Chamber - so called from the interior of faceted, white stone plates - was built in 1487-91. Behind him is the Terem Palace, 1635-36, which includes several old churches, including the Resurrection of Lazarus, dating from 1393. Both became part of the Kremlin Grand Palace, built as the residence of the tsars in 1838-49 and formerly used for sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR; its long, yellow façade dominates the waterfront. It is associated with the Armory, built in 1844-51 and now the Museum of Arms, which houses a large collection of the treasures of the kings. Along the northeastern wall of the Kremlin are the Arsenal (1702-36), formerly the Senate building, built in (1776-88), and the School of the Red Commanders (1932-34).
Famous Landmarks. The Kremlin | Main attractions. Kremlin |
| At the heart of the city stands the Kremlin. This old fortress was thecenter of the Soviet Union"s government until that nation was dissolvedin 1991. Since then, it has been the center of the Russian government.Inside its walls, which extend almost 1 1/2 miles (2.4 kilometres), arebeautiful cathedrals and palaces, as well as government buildings. Someof the cathedrals date from the 1400"s. Many czars are buried in theCathedral of the Archangel Michael. The Grand Kremlin Palace was built in the early 1800 "s as an imperial residence. The building later was themeeting place of the Supreme Soviet, the parliament of the Soviet Union. In 1992, Russia" s Congress of People "s Deputies met in the GrandKremlin Palace The Palace of Congresses, built in 1961, is used for cultural performances and government meetings and receptions.From 1961to 1990, it also housed Soviet Communist Party meetings. | The Kremlin is located in the heart of the city. This old fortress was the center of the government of the Soviet Union until it collapsed in 1991. Since then, it has been the center of the Russian government. Behind its walls, which stretch for 2.4 km, are beautiful cathedrals and palaces, as well as government buildings. Some cathedrals date back to the 14th century. Many kings are buried in the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael. The Grand Kremlin Palace was built in the early 18th century as an imperial residence. Later, it became the seat of the Supreme Soviet, the Parliament of the Soviet Union. In 1992, the Russian Congress of People's Deputies met in the Grand Palace of the Kremlin. The Palace of Congresses, built in 1961, was used for cultural events and state meetings and receptions. From 1961 to 1990, meetings of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were also held there. |
| The Kremlin has a long history as a seat of government in Russia. TheKremlin was the center of czarist rule from the mid-1500"s until 1712,when Peter the Great moved the Russian capital to St. Petersburg. Moscowand the Kremlin again became the seat of government in 1918, shortlyafter the Communists took control of Russia. With the break-up of theSoviet Union in 1991, the Kremlin became the seat of government of anindependent Russia. The Kremlin is a triangular enclosure extending almost 1 1/2 miles (2.4kilometers) around. Views of the Kremlin can be breathtaking. Especiallyimpressive are its gilded domes, its tapered gate towers, and thecontrast between the threatening boundary wall and the richness andintricacy of the interior. The variety of styles and lavish decoration give an impression of powerful magnificence. Today, many Kremlinbuildings serve as museums. The Kremlin's historical treasures includepaintings, jewels, and crowns worn by Russia's czars. | The Kremlin as the seat of the government of Russia has a long history. The Kremlin was the center of the reign of the tsars from the middle of the 15th century until 1712, when Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg. Moscow and the Kremlin again became the seat of government in 1918 when the communists came to power in Russia. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Kremlin became the seat of government of the independent Russian state. The Kremlin is a triangular structure, almost 1 1/2 miles (2.4 km) in diameter. The views of the Kremlin are breathtaking. Particularly impressive are the gilded domes, the conical gate towers, and the contrast between the menacing wall barrier and the richness and complexity of the interior. The variety of styles and decorations give the impression of mighty splendor. Today, many of the Kremlin's buildings serve as museums. The Kremlin's historical treasures include paintings, jewels and crowns worn by Russian tsars. |
| The first Kremlin on the site was built in 1156. The present Kremlinwalls have stood since the late 1400's, when Moscow became the most powerful Russian city. At that time, architects from northern Italy and from throughout Russia were called to work on the Kremlin. Italianarchitects built the Cathedral of the Assumption (1475-1479), theGranovitaya Palace (1487-1491), the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great(1505-1508), and the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael (1505-1509). Italian Renaissance classical style with more traditional Russian forms, like those used in the Kremlin's Cathedral of the Annunciation (1484-1489). | The first Kremlin was built on this site in 1156. The current Kremlin walls have been standing since the late 1400s, when Moscow became the most powerful Russian city. In those days, architects from northern Italy and all over Russia were invited to build the Kremlin. Italian architects built the Cathedral of the Annunciation (1475-1479), the Palace of Facets (1487-1491), the Ivan the Great Bell Tower (1505-1508) and the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael (1505-1509). The architects mixed the Italian classical Renaissance style with more traditional Russian forms, such as those used in the Kremlin Assumption Cathedral (1484-1489). |
| During the 1600's, the Kremlin's towers and buildings were enlarged and redecorated. The major Kremlin of this period are the TeremPalace (1635-1636) buildings and the Palace of the Patriarchs (1645-1655). In the1700's and 1800's, construction continued but in the baroque and laterneoclassical styles. Notable from this period buildings include theArsenal (1702-1736), the Menshikov Tower (1705-1707), the Senate(1776-1787), and the Grand Kremlin Palace (1838-1849). Buildings addedduring the 1900's include the Presidium (1932-1934) and the Palace ofCongresses (1960-1961). The great hall of the Palace of Congresseshouses government meetings and performances of ballets and operas. | During the 1600s, the Kremlin's towers and buildings were enlarged and renovated. The main Kremlin buildings of this period are the Terem Palace (1635-1636) and the Palace of the Patriarchs (1645-1655). In the 1700s and 1800s, construction continued, but in baroque and later neoclassical styles. Notable buildings from this period include the Arsenal (1702-1736), the Menshikov Tower (1705-1707), the Senate (1776-1787) and the Grand Kremlin Palace (1838-1849). Buildings completed during the 1900s include the Presidium (1932-1934) and the Palace of Congresses (1960-1961). Government meetings and performances of ballet and operas are held in the Great Hall of the Palace of Congresses. |
Vocabulary
to dissolve - stop activities, dissolve (party, parliament) cancel, terminate, destroy
to extend - extend (sya), pull (sya); last
cathedral - cathedral
to bury ["beri] - to bury
to remain - remain
triangular - triangular
enclosure - what smth. fenced or enclosed in, fence, fence; buildings around the yard, fenced area
gilded ["gildid] - gilded
dome - dome; top, apex, vault
tapered - wedge-shaped, conical
intricacy ["intrik∂si] - intricacy, complexity
lavish - generous, plentiful; rich
assumption [∂"sλmp∫∂n] - assumption
to blend - combine (sya) (with - with smth.)
(the Annunciation) [∂,nλnsi "ei∫∂n] -rel. annunciation
performance — performance
Questions
1. Where is the Kremlin located?
2. When was the first Kremlin built?
3. What was there until that nation was dissolved in 1991? What is located now?
4. What can you find inside its walls?
5. When was the Grand Kremlin Palace built? How was it used then and later?
6. What history has the Kremlin got?
7. How can you describe the Kremlin?
The Kremlin is the symbol of first Russian and later Soviet power and authority. Its crenellated red brick walls and 20 towers were built at the end of the 15th century, when a host of Italian builders arrived in Moscow at the invitation of Ivan III the Great. Of the most important towers, the Savior (Spasskaya) Tower leading to Red Square was built in 1491 by Pietro Solario, who designed most of the main towers; its belfry was added in 1624-25. The chimes of its clock are broadcast by radio as a time signal to the whole nation. Also on the Red Square front is the St. Nicholas (Nikolskaya) Tower, built originally in 1491 and rebuilt in 1806. The two other principal gate towers--the Trinity (Troitskaya) Tower, with a bridge and outer barbican (the Kutafya Tower), and the Borovitskaya Tower--lie on the western wall.
Within the Kremlin walls is one of the most striking and beautiful architectural ensembles in the world: a combination of churches and palaces, which are open to the public and are among the city's most popular tourist attractions, and the highest offices of the state , which are surrounded by strict security. Around the central Cathedral Square (Sobornaya Ploshchad) are grouped three magnificent cathedrals, superb examples of Russian church architecture at its height in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. functioning as places of worship after the Revolution and are now museums.The white stone Cathedral of the Assumption (Uspensky Sobor) is the oldest, built in 1475-79 in the Italianate-Byzantine style. elegant arches are crowned by five golden domes. The Orthodox metropolitans and patriarchs of the 14th to the 18th century are buried there. Across the square is the Cathedra l of the Annunciation (Blagoveshchensky Sobor), built in 1484-89 by craftsmen from Pskov; though burned in 1547, it was rebuilt in 1562-64. Its cluster of chapels is topped by golden roofs and domes. Inside are a number of early 15th-century icons attributed to Theophanes the Greek and to Andrey Rublyov, considered by many to be the greatest of all Russian icon painters. The third cathedral, the Archangel (Arkhangelsky), was rebuilt in 1505-08; in it are buried the princes of Moscow and tsars of Russia (except Boris Godunov) up to the founding of St. Petersburg.
Just off the square stands the splendid, soaring white bell tower of Ivan the Great; built in the 16th century and damaged in 1812, it was restored a few years later. At its foot is the enormous Tsar Bell (Tsar-Kolokol), cast in 1733-35 but never rung. Nearby is the Tsar Cannon (Tsar-Pushka), cast in 1586. Beside the gun are located the mid-17th-century Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles (Sobor Dvenadtsati Apostolov) and the adjoining Patriarchal Palace.
On the west of Cathedral Square is a group of palaces of various periods; the Palace of Facets (Granovitaya Palata)--so called from the exterior finish of faceted, white stone squares--was built in 1487-91. Behind it is the Terem Palace of 1635-36, which incorporates several older churches, including the Resurrection of Lazarus (Voskreseniye Lazarya), dating from 1393. Both became part of the Kremlin Great Palace, built as a royal residence in 1838-49 and formerly used for sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR; its long, yellow-washed facade dominates the riverfront. It is connected to the Armory Palace (Oruzheynaya Palata), built in 1844-51 and now the Armory Museum, housing a large collection of treasures of the tsars. Along the northeast wall of the Kremlin are the Arsenal (1702-36), the former Senate building (1776-88), and the School for Red Commanders (1932-34). The only other Soviet-period building within the Kremlin is the Palace of Congresses (1960-61), with a vast auditorium used for political gatherings and as a theater.
Translation of the text: The Kremlin
The Kremlin is a symbol of the first Russian language and later Soviet power and authority. Its crenellated red brick walls and 20 towers were built at the end of the 15th century when a host of Italian builders arrived in Moscow at the invitation of Ivan III the Great. Of the most important towers, the Savior (Spasskaya) Tower leading to Red Square was built in 1491 by Pietro Solario, who designed most of the main towers; its belfry was added in 1624-25. The chimes of his clock are broadcast over the radio as a time signal to an entire nation. Also on Red Square front - St. Nicholas (Nikolskaya) Tower, built originally in 1491 and rebuilt in 1806. Two other main gate towers - Trinity (Troitskaya) Tower, with a bridge and outer barbican (Kutafya Tower), and Borovitskaya Tower - lie on the western wall.
Within the Kremlin walls is one of the most striking and beautiful architectural ensembles in the world: a combination of churches and palaces, which are open to the public and are among the city's most popular attractions, and the highest state offices, which are surrounded by strict security. Grouped around the central Cathedral Square (Sobornaya Ploshchad) are three magnificent cathedrals, superb examples of Russian ecclesiastical architecture at its height in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. They and other churches in the Kremlin ceased to function as temples after the Revolution and are now museums. The white stone Cathedral of the Assumption (Uspensky Cathedral) is the oldest, built in 1475-79 in the Italo-Byzantine style. Its clean, simple, and beautifully proportioned lines and graceful arches are crowned with five golden domes. Orthodox metropolitans and patriarchs of the 14th to 18th century are buried there. Across the square is the Cathedral of the Annunciation (Blagoveshchensky Sobor), built in 1484-89 by craftsmen from Pskov; although burnt down in 1547, it was rebuilt in 1562-64. Its group of chapels is topped with golden roofs and domes. Inside are a variety of early 15th century images attributed to Theophanes the Greek and Andrey Rabliov, considered by many to be the greatest of all Russian image painters. The third cathedral, the Archangel (Arkhangelsky), was rebuilt in 1505-08; in this are buried the princes of Moscow and the tsars of Russia (except Boris Godanov) before the founding of St. Petersburg.
Only from the square stands the luxurious, soaring white bell tower of Ivan the Great; built in the 16th century and damaged in 1812, it was rebuilt a few years later. At his foot is a huge Tsar Bell (Tsar-Kolokol), thrown in 1733-35, but never a step. Nearby is the Tsar's Cannon (Tsar-Pushka), cast in 1586. Near the cannon are the mid-17th century Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles (Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles) and the adjacent Patriarchal Palace.
To the west of Cathedral Square is a group of palaces of various periods; The Palace of the Aspects (Granovitaya Palata) - so called from the outer end of the faceted, white stone squares - was built in 1487-91. Behind this is the Terem Palace of 1635-36, which includes several older churches, including the Restoration of Lazaras (Voskreseniye Lazarya), dating from 1393. Both became part of the Kremlin Grand Palace, built as a royal residence in 1838-49 and formerly used for sessions of the Supreme Council THE USSR; its long, yellow-washed façade dominates the waterfront. It is connected with the Armory Palace (Oruzheynaya Palata), built in 1844-51 and now the Armory Museum, housing a large collection of the kings' treasures. Along the northeast wall of the Kremlin are the Arsenal (1702-36), the former Senate building (1776-88), and the School for Red Commanders (1932-34). The only other Soviet period building within the Kremlin is the Palace of Congresses (1960-61), with an extensive auditorium used for political gatherings and as a theater.
