The mood category is the most important verbal category. This category gives the action its main assessment, that is, it indicates the action’s relationship to reality, its reality or unreality, and if unreality, then its possibility or desirability. The category of mood indicates the reality, unreality of the action from the point of view of the speaker: did - does (the speaker states that the action actually occurs in reality); would do (the speaker states that the action is unrealistic, but from his point of view it can happen); do (the speaker states that the action is unrealistic, but it must happen, it is desirable that it happens).
In modern Russian there are three moods: indicative, subjunctive (conditional), imperative.
The main difference between them comes down to the following:
- the indicative mood expresses the reality of the flow of action;
- imperative - urging the interlocutor to perform an action. ,
The indicative mood shows that the speaker considers the action to be a real fact in the past, present or future tense. The forms of the past, present, future simple and complex tenses are simultaneously forms of the indicative mood, since time designations also serve as a means of expressing the result of an action.
Forms of the indicative mood state the presence of an action or deny its presence (when combined with the particle not): And I wrote to him a lot; Write now; And always bidi write: No, all of me is not mine (A. Pushkin). Indicative verbs also have person forms (I am writing, I am writing, I am writing, etc.) and singular and plural forms (I am writing, I am writing, etc.).
The indicative (“direct”) mood denotes a real action and on this basis is contrasted with two other (“indirect”) moods - the subjunctive and imperative, which express an unreal action.
The subjunctive mood expresses, first of all, an action that is not actually performed, but could be accomplished under certain conditions (both possible and impossible).
The subjunctive mood in modern Russian consists of the past tense form, i.e. the old indeclinable participle in -l (with the natural omission of this -l in certain cases in the masculine gender: died (died), wiped, died, knocked down, carved, etc. . p.), plus the modal-verb particle would, which is in origin the form of the 2nd and 3rd person singular of the aorist (from be). The location of the particle would be (b) free. Usually the particle follows the word that is especially important.
The main meaning of the subjunctive mood: the meaning of the condition, the desirability of the action, which is why it is sometimes called conditionally desirable.
The subjunctive mood with the meaning of condition is usually used in complex sentences with a subordinate part of the condition (both in the main and in the subordinate part): Whenever I wanted to limit my life to my home circle... then, it would be true, except for you alone, I would not be looking for another bride (A. Pushkin).
The subjunctive mood with the meaning of desirability is used in a simple sentence: I would love to go mushroom picking now; You should be walking through the forest, it’s cool to walk through the forest (JI. Tolstoy).
The particle would (b) can also be combined with the infinitive: read something interesting, go to the cinema. Compare: Nails should be made from these people; There couldn't be any stronger nails in the world. (N. Tikhonov).
The imperative mood expresses a direct expression of will (a request or order of the speaker) in order to induce the listener to a certain action. It differs from the indicative in a special, imperative intonation, which, depending on the emotions of the speaker, can acquire different shades. The impulse to perform an action on the part of the speaker may relate primarily to the interlocutor, therefore the main form of the imperative mood is the form of the 2nd person singular and plural, formed from the base of the present or future simple tense of the indicative mood.
Singular imperative verbs
- persons can be of the following types:
- with the suffix -i after consonants: they write: write + and = write; carry: nes+i = carry, repeat, run, teach, tell (and in such cases it is used only under stress, exceptions are observed when the stress is transferred to the prefix you-: row - rake, vezi - take out, as well as in verbs with a stem to a group of consonants: krykni, finish, continue, pepechisli, formalize, etc.);
- with a zero suffix (with a final й after vowels and with a final consonant, always soft (except zh, sh), which is indicated in writing by the letter ь, including after zh, sh): read (chita)ut = read), walk (gulya)ut = walk), shoe, walk, play; stand up (stand up = stand up), sit down (sit down = sit down), spread, cut;
- Some verbs form the imperative mood in a somewhat special way: lie down - lie down, go - go, eat - eat, twist - wey, sew - neck, beat - beat. For verbs with the root and (beat, vit, drink) the imperative form is bey, vey, pey (fluent -e). For verbs that have the suffix -va- at the base of the infinitive, but not at the base of the present tense (give - give, get up - get up), the imperative form is formed while preserving this suffix: give - daeaj (come on), get up - ecmaeaj ( get up), create - createj (create).
Reflexive verbs are attached to the indicated formations of the imperative form by the postfix -sya (after the consonant and th) and -sya (after -i and -te): don’t straighten up. cut your hair, cut your hair, cut your hair.
Agglutination in the formation of the imperative mood is also found in the particle -ka, which is added to the 2nd person singular and plural and gives the order a shade of softening, ease: read it, write it, tell it.
The particle with the imperative verb expresses the impatience of the speaker: give it, hang it, sit down.
The imperative mood can also be formed analytically:
a) particles let, let, yes, plus the verb form of the 3rd person singular and plural present and future simple tense: let him say, let them come; Long live the muses, long live the mind! (A. Pushkin);
b) the particle let's (let's) plus the infinitive of an imperfect verb or the 1st person plural of the future indicative mood from perfective verbs with the meaning of a call to joint action: let's play, let's read.
Some verbs, for semantic reasons, do not form the 2nd person imperative form, for example:
a) impersonal verbs (chills, fevers, dawns). There is no subject here who can be induced to act;
b) individual verbs with the meaning of perception (see, hear), with the meaning of state (rot, become ill, chill, grow stupid, ripen, harden). They denote states and processes that a person cannot cause.
In Russian, one mood can be used to mean another. Most often, the imperative and subjunctive moods replace each other.
The imperative mood is used instead of the subjunctive to denote alleged facts, to express conditions or obligations. Such forms are characteristic of casual colloquial speech: “If Ivan Nikiforovich had acted differently, if he had said “bird” and not “gander,” he could have corrected it...” (N. Gogol); Don’t spare a pinch of the fox’s hair, it would still have its tail (I. Krylov); If he shuts up, the night will not be full, not so beautiful and sweet to the soul (M. Gorky).
The subjunctive mood is used in the imperative sense to soften the tone, in order to deprive the request of a hint of categoricalness: Nyushka, you would rather go to bed than disturb a person (JI. Kassil); And you, Mitya, would have pity on me (A. Ostrovsky). A request expressed in this way approaches advice.
In the meaning of the imperative mood, the indicative can also be used:
a) in the past tense: Well, let's move on, comrades (JI. Kassil);
b) in the form of the future simple: “Timka,” the watchman said sternly, “you will spend the night with a serf” (A. Gaidar). In such cases, a tinge of categorical order appears.
A categorical order, a strict order can be expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, accompanied by an imperative intonation: Do not smoke! Get up! Shut up!
The indicative mood is also used in the imperative sense to encourage joint action: Let's go faster; Let's go, my friend (A. Chekhov) (the ending -te adds a hint of polite invitation).
In the morphological system of the verb there are special forms for expressing modal meanings, i.e., various meanings layered on the general semantics of the process: reality/unreality, possibility/impossibility, necessity, desirability/undesirability of the action, confidence/uncertainty, doubtfulness, conjecture of its manifestation from the speaker's point of view. For example: I am reading a newspaper. The group meeting took place yesterday. Tomorrow we will have guests. He made a lot of mistakes. She would be lost without you. You should sit and be silent. We've talked and that's enough. And there will be a holiday on our street. He won't refuse to help you. Nadya won't let you down.
This also includes a whole range of meanings associated with the implementation of the speaker’s volitional impulses, which are aimed at the subject of the action: motivation, order, threat, prohibition, wish, warning, permission, advice, request, plea, etc.: Sit down next to me. Make sure you don't catch a cold. Stand up, whoever they say. Come back! Sit down! Let him read. Take it, there's enough for everyone. Let's press! Let's all go together. Do not worry everything will be fine. Let's sing.
All noted meanings in Russian are expressed using conjugated grammatical forms of the verb, combined in a system of moods.
The category of mood denotes the relation of action to reality established by the speaker.
It is the speaking person who determines how the action relates to reality and carries out a modal assessment of the action. Graphically, the relationship between the concepts “speaker”, “action”, “reality” can be depicted as follows:
action j reality
speaking
According to the meaning, means and methods of conveying modal meanings in the Russian language, three moods are distinguished: indicative (indicative), subjunctive (conjunctive) and imperative (imperative).
Mood is an inflectional grammatical category of a verb, denoting the relationship of a process to reality. This meaning is expressed in the forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods.
The indicative mood represents a process as real in the past, present or future ( read - read - will read). Unlike the imperative and subjunctive moods, the indicative mood does not have a special morphological indicator of mood: morphemes of time and person are used in this capacity.
The meaning of the actual process can be combined with additional modal characteristics - determination, readiness, threat and others introduced by lexical semantics, syntax and intonation: I'll go home now!; She will definitely come; So I'll ask him!
The imperative mood expresses the will of the speaker - a request, order or encouragement to action: Bring documents; Give back the tickets; Let's go to the theater. The imperative mood has no tense forms. The system of forms of the imperative mood includes forms of 2 l. units and plural and 1 l. plural (forms of joint action). The imperative forms are formed from the present tense stem of perfective and imperfective verbs.
Form 2 l. units is formed using the ending -And or zero ending. In this case, the final paired-hard consonant of the base alternates with the corresponding soft one. For the correct formation of the form, it is necessary to know the place of emphasis in the form of 1 l. units present or future indicative mood. If the stress falls on the ending, then the form is 2 l. units is usually formed with the help of the ending -and: I write - write, I'm going - go, I study - study.
In verbs beat, twist, pour, drink, sew, as well as in verbs with the basis of the present or future simple tense in [ j] and the infinitive is not on -it form 2 l. units formed by a null ending: hit - hit, wey - wey, pour - pour, drink - drink, sew - sew(with simultaneous alternation of zero sound in the generating stem and vowel e in the form of the imperative mood), as well as stand — I'm standing — stop, sing — I sing — sing, chew — I'm chewing — chew.
If the accent is in the form 1 l. units the present or future simple tense falls on the stem, then the imperative form is formed using a zero ending and is equal to the stem (spelling in the imperative form th after a vowel, b after soft and sizzling): read — I'm reading — read, sit down — I'll sit down — sit down, cut — I cut — cut.
Verbs whose stem ends with several consonants, as well as verbs with a stressed prefix, deviate from this rule. You-(correlative verb without prefix You- has an accent on the ending): remember — I remember — remember, wince - wince — wrinkles, endure — I'll take it out — take it out, kick out — I'll kick you out — kick me out. In some cases, variant formations are possible, and forms with a zero ending are more often used in colloquial speech: clean — I'm cleaning — clean And clean, expose — I'll put it up — expose And put it out. Finally, some verbs form the 2nd form. units from a stem different from the present tense: -give- - -come on, get up - get up, create - create, -know - know, give - give, create - create, eat - eat, go - go.
Form 2 l. units used to encourage the interlocutor, the addressee of the speech, to take action: Alla, write a letter. In colloquial speech, in teams it is possible to use the 2 liter form. units with a secondary meaning to motivate a certain set of interlocutors or addressees of speech to action: All the way up! Listen to the command! Set the for-bom-bram-sit down!(A.N. Tolstoy).
Form 2 l. plural formed using a postfix -those, attached to the 2 l mold. units ( praise —praise, cut off — cut off, get up — get up). This form is used to motivate several persons, addressees of speech, to action ( Passengers, Be carefull) or one person in case of polite address to “You” ( Vladimir Nikolayevich, go into the room).
Forms 1 l. plural (forms of joint action) can be synthetic and analytical. The synthetic form of joint action is externally identical to the 1 liter form. plural indicative mood in perfective and imperfective verbs denoting unidirectional movement, but differs from them in the special intonation of motivation: let's go, let's run, we're flying.
This form may be appended with a postfix if politely requested. -te: Let's bet, Please, about something(A. Herzen). The analytical form of joint action is formed by the combination of a particle Let's(those) with the infinitive of an imperfective verb: Let's work up a sweat to increase the number, to improve quality(V. Mayakovsky). The form of joint action is used to encourage an action in which the speaker intends to take part.
A call to action can have different shades of meaning. To express an order or a categorical demand, perfect forms of verbs are more often used (sit down, buy, stand up). Imperfect forms of verbs denote the broadest invitation to action - request, advice, etc. ( sit down, buy, get up). When used with negation, the imperative mood of imperfective verbs usually expresses prohibition (Not put things in a corner). To express a warning with negation, verbs of the perfect form are used, denoting processes that are undesirable and are carried out against the will of the bearer of the procedural attribute: get lost, get sick, get infected, get dirty, catch a cold and so on. (It's windy outside, don't catch a cold; Be careful, don't stumble). In colloquial speech, in such constructions, to enhance the meaning of warning, the semantically empty form is often used look look, do not be late; Look, don't let it slip. Different shades of motivation are not morphologically expressed; they are created by the intonation and lexical meaning of the verb: the same form, pronounced with different intonation, can mean an order, a demand, advice, a plea, and a polite invitation to action.
Form 2 l. units can be addressed not only to the interlocutor, but also to the speaker himself or to a third party, and also used in a generalized personal meaning: Brother will play a trick, and I hold answer;
What a life — never lie (I. Goncharov); You and me, be at least we are state councilors, they won't let you in for anything(A. Chekhov). In this case, it is not the actual motivation in all its varieties that is expressed, but desirability, assumption, obligation.
With a similar meaning of desirability, assumption, obligation, particle combinations are often used let (let him) with 3 l molds. units and plural indicative mood ( let him read, let him come in). Such combinations are sometimes included in the paradigm of the imperative mood as analytical forms 3 l. units and plural Particle let (let him) can be combined with 1 and 2 l forms. indicative mood: Let you be the storyteller; May we rise to the occasion. The proximity of such combinations to free syntactic constructions does not allow them to be included in the paradigm of the imperative mood as full members.
The subjunctive mood denotes an expected, possible or desired process: Would say you're on time., nothing would have happened; I would read it he book. A special feature of the subjunctive mood is the absence of tense and person forms. The forms of the subjunctive mood are analytical; they are formed by combining the verb form in -l, which coincides with the past tense form, and the particle would and change according to numbers and genders (in singular): it would be shining, would shine, it would be shining, would shine. Particle would can be separated from the form with -l in other words, and also be part of conjunctions to, so that, if, as if and some others. If the particle is preceded by a word ending in a vowel, the particle can appear in the form b: If only for a vague attraction / Something thirsty soul, / I'm here I would have stayed — pleasure / Taste in unknown silence: / I would have forgotten everyone desires trembling. / With a dream b the whole world named (A. Pushkin).
Subjunctive forms can also be used to express desire or advice: Fine would He came Today; I would go you're off to the village. In complex sentences, subjunctive forms are used with a concessive meaning, usually in combination with conjunctions and allied words: No matter what, we are inseparable before eternity(Yu. Bondarev).
Scope of use of the particle would in Russian is very wide. This particle, even without combination with the verb form ending in -l, can express the meanings inherent in the subjunctive mood: It's so hot, kvass; I would like to get some sleep; If only I knew about this, bad luck for him. The possibility of combining particles can be noted as quite rare would with participle: Human, would gain confidence, looks to the future with great optimism. However, all these cases are not included in the morphological subjunctive mood.
Mood forms can express a wide variety of meanings and are used in figurative meanings, i.e. as a function of other moods.
For example, to express motivation, along with forms of the imperative mood in the Russian language, forms of the indicative and subjunctive moods are widely used. This use is typical for 2 liter forms. units and plural indicative mood, with incentive intonation playing an important role: Now will you go home and bring it me a book!; You immediately come back to your unit and about everything report commander! Past tense forms of verbs also have an incentive meaning. begin, to finish, go, go, fly, take, undertake and etc.: Well, together, together started!; I went Go away — that's what I'm telling you. The use of forms of the indicative mood with an incentive meaning enhances the categorical nature of the incentive: the speaker thus emphasizes confidence in the fulfillment of his expressed will. At the same time, in structures with a particle Not forms of the indicative mood can also express a softened impulse, a request:
You won't tell do we have anything, Ivan Fedorovich? WITH The forms of the subjunctive mood are also used with the same meaning of weakened impulse: Sergey, walked would you go home. But if there is a particle in the design so that, the impulse expressed by the form of the subjunctive mood is of a very categorical nature: So that returned the book to me immediately!
In the same way, the meaning of an expected or possible process can be expressed not only by the subjunctive mood, but also by the forms of the indicative and imperative moods. Past tense forms of the indicative mood are used to denote a possible, easily feasible action: He is not connected with Yermil by a rope, quit Yes went (A. Ostrovsky). Forms of the imperative mood are often used with a conditional or concessional meaning: Not even a word about this Tell; No matter what, everything falls out of hand; Come you before, everything would be fine; She will give , and he will kick you out of the hut.
A special case is the use of the 2 liter form. units imperative mood to denote an unexpected action, always combined with And, and: After all, Lady Matryona recognized me and recognized me, old, yes a complaint against me and serve (I. Turgenev); And I and remember about your offer. To enhance the meaning of surprise and unpreparedness of action in such constructions the form is often used take: And he take it yes and say it out loud. Carrying out the action named by the verb (give, remember, Tell) has nothing to do with the will of the speaker. This use of the form allows the speaker only to qualify the action as unexpected, unprepared. Form 2 l. units The imperative mood in this use is very close in meaning to the past tense form of perfective verbs.
The facts of reality and their connections, being the content of a statement, can be thought of by the speaker as reality, as a possibility or desirability, as an obligation or necessity. The speaker's assessment of his statement from the point of view of the relationship of what is being communicated to reality is called modality. Modality is expressed in Russian by forms of mood, intonation, as well as lexical means - modal words and particles.
Mood category- is a grammatical category in the verb system that determines the modality of the action, i.e. denoting the relationship of action to reality. In the Russian language there are three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
Indicative expresses an action that is conceived by the speaker as quite real, actually occurring in time (present, past and future): The Urals serve well, have served and will serve our Motherland. The expression of modality by the indicative mood can also be carried out by combining its form with modal words and particles: as if he had stepped, as if he had changed. The indicative mood differs from other moods in that it has tense forms.
Subjunctive mood expresses the action of a verb, which the speaker thinks of as desirable or possible, but dependent on some condition: Without you, I would not have gotten to the city and would have frozen on the road(P.). This mood is formed by combining the past tense form of the verb with the particle would. The particle could occupy different places in a sentence. A morphological feature of the subjunctive mood is the absence of tense and person forms. However, person can be expressed by attaching personal pronouns. Verb in the subjunctive mood in singular. h. varies by gender ( would go, would go, would go) and has one plural form (would go). The most common and typical meanings of this mood are the conditionality and desirability of an action.
Imperative mood expresses the will of the speaker - a request, order or encouragement to perform an action indicated by a verb, and is characterized by a special imperative intonation: Heart friend, desired friend, come, come: I am your husband!(P.). The main meaning of the imperative mood - an inducement to perform an action - usually refers to the interlocutor, therefore the main form of this mood is the form of the 2nd person singular or plural.
The imperative form is formed from the basis of the present tense and has the following three varieties:
a) with final j after vowels (pure base): build, come on, don't spit;
b) with the ending -i after consonants: carry, cut, repeat;
c) with a final soft consonant, as well as with a hard zh and sh (pure base): leave, save, provide, anoint, eat.
Verbs I drink, I beat, I pour, I drink form shapes drink, hit, lay, vey; the verb lie down has the imperative form lie down, lie down, and the verb eat - eat, eat; The verb food uses imperative forms go - go. The imperative form of the 2nd person plural is formed by adding an affix to the singular form - those: build, carry, leave. Reflexive verbs are attached to the indicated formations of the imperative form by the affixes -sya (after the consonant and -y) and -s (after -i and -te): don't be stubborn, get in shape, get your hair cut, get your hair cut.
In addition to the basic form of the 2nd person singular and plural, the imperative mood has forms expressing the action of the 3rd person and 1st person plural. 3rd person forms are expressed (analytically) by a combination of particles let, let, yes with the form of the 3rd person singular and plural present tense and future simple: Let your face glow like the dawn in the morning(Ring); Let him serve and pull strap(P.); Long live the muses, long live the mind!(P.). The 1st person plural imperative is expressed by the 1st person plural form of the present tense or, more often, the future simple, pronounced with a special intonation of invitation: Let's get started, I guess(P.). Attaching the affix -te to this form expresses an appeal to many people or gives the statement a hint of politeness: You, my brothers, blood friends, let's kiss and hug at the last parting(L.).
Some verbs, for semantic reasons, do not form the imperative form of the 2nd person, for example, impersonal verbs, individual verbs with the meaning of perception (see, hear), with the meaning of state ( rot, become ill).
In the designation of persons, the imperative form is distinguished by great diversity. This form is characterized by a generalized personal meaning, especially in proverbs and sayings: Twist it, don't twist it(verbal). If there are different shades of modality, it is combined with all faces of both numbers: Lose my cart(government); If they had arrived earlier, nothing would have happened.
Depending on the context, as well as the addition of pronouns and particles, the imperative form receives additional expressive coloring: Don't take away my will, dear(A. Ost.); Don't break it, look(T.); Go, old woman, and see your daughter-in-law(Nick.).
Verbs change according to mood. In the Russian language, there are three forms of verb moods: indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive).
Each of them has its own grammatical and semantic features and relates the action expressed by the verb to reality in different ways. The forms of mood are opposed to each other on the basis of reality (indicative mood) and unreality (imperative and conditional moods) of the denoting action. Verbs in the explanatory mood denote that an action that occurs in reality is carried out in the present, past or future tense, therefore the indicative mood is realized in the forms of three tenses: I do (present tense), did (past tense), I will do (future tense). Verbs in the explanatory mood The categories of person and number are characteristic, and in the forms of the past tense, gender and number. The indicative mood does not have a special formant; it is expressed using personal endings of verbs.
Verbs in the imperative mood denote a call to action, an order or a request. They denote actions that can occur after the corresponding utterance. In the imperative mood verbs do not have a tense category, but change according to numbers and persons.
Most often, the 2nd person singular and plural forms are used, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).
Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the bases of the present or future tense and are expressed using suffixes (endings) and formative particles.
In particular, the 2nd person singular form of the imperative mood is formed from the stem of the present or simple future tense using the suffix -And- or without suffix(in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present / simple future tense): take, look, show, read, do (stem of the present tense – business (y-y), carry it, drop it.
The 2nd person plural form of the imperative mood is formed from the 2nd person singular form by adding the postfix -te: lead - lead, lie down - lie down.
The 3rd person singular and plural forms of the imperative mood are analytical (consist of several words). These shapes are formed by attaching particles let, let, yes to the 3rd person singular or plural forms of the present or simple future tense of the indicative mood: let him hear, let him say, long live, let there be, etc.
The 3rd person forms of the imperative mood express wishes; they can relate not only to persons, but also to inanimate objects: let the gardens bloom.
The 1st person form of the imperative mood expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. The 1st person form of the imperative mood is formed by adding particles Let's, let's to the infinitive of imperfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, play, read) or to the 1st person form of the future tense of the indicative mood of perfective verbs: let's sit down, let's leave, let's tell.
In a special way, forms of the imperative mood are formed from the following verbs: eat - eat, go - (on) - go, give - give, lie down - lie down.
Imperative mood can express a wide variety of shades of encouragement to action, from a categorical order to a soft request or advice. Intonation is very important here.
To forms of the imperative mood particle can be attached -ka, softening the command and giving a touch of simplicity: come on.
Verbs that denote states and actions that occur without an actor or that are independent of the will of the actor are not used in forms of the imperative mood: impersonal verbs (fever, getting dark), verbs of perception (see, feel), verbs of state (chill, feel unwell), modal verbs (want, be able).
Verbs in the conditional (subjunctive) mood denote actions that are desired and possible under certain conditions.
Forms of the conditional mood are formed by combining past tense forms with a particle would (b), which can come before the verb, after it, or can be torn from it by other members of the sentence: If I could leave, I would live in London.
In the conditional mood verbs have no tense or person, the forms of conditional verbs change according to number and gender: would say, would say, would say.
In speech, we often observe the use of one mood in the meaning of another.
The imperative form can be used in the meaning of the conditional (the meaning of an unfulfilled condition): If I had arrived a little earlier, nothing would have happened. If I had more time...
A verb in the form of a conditional mood can be used in the imperative sense: If only you would go home.
The indicative form can have the meaning of the imperative mood: Everyone is listening to me! Tomorrow you will bring the book!
The form of the conditional mood can have an imperative meaning: You should talk to her.
The main task of all communicative qualities of speech is to ensure the effectiveness of speech.
Still have questions? Can't determine the mood of a verb?
To get help from a tutor -.
The first lesson is free!
blog.site, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the original source is required.
