Participle- this is a special form of the verb that denotes the attribute of an object by its action and answers the questions: which one? which? which? which?
For example:
For two days the blossoming poppies burned wildly. (G. Semenov)
blossomed - a participle formed from the verb to blossom.
From a distance they looked like lit torches with marvelous tongues of flame blazing merrily in the wind.
lit - from the verb to ignite
blazing - from the verb to blaze
A participle can have the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
Participle ranks.
Participles are divided into two types: active and passive.
Active participles denote the attribute of an object by the action that the object itself performs.
Presentation on Russian language - Active present participles
1.Write the verbs in the 3rd person plural. h. Indicate the selection conditions
Download and read Presentation on the Russian language - Present active participles
Participles are a special form of a verb and indicate a characteristic by action. The formation of participles largely depends on the type and conjugation of the verb. For greater convenience, the article presents a table that describes ways of forming participles with examples.
Participles– a special form of the verb denoting a characteristic by action. In the Russian language, there are active and passive participles of the present and past tenses. When forming participles, the aspect and conjugation of the verb play an important role.
Table Formation of participles in Russian
| Active participles (denote a characteristic according to the action performed by the defined object) | Passive participles (denote a sign by an action performed on a specified object) | ||||
| Present tense | Past tense | Present tense | Past tense | Short forms | |
| From what stem are participles formed? | present tense verb basics | from the verb infinitive stem (past tense stem) | from the full forms of the passive participles of the present and past tenses | ||
| What verbs are formed from | from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV | from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV; transitive and intransitive verbs | from transitive verbs NSV | from transitive verbs NSV and SV ( except love, take, seek) | |
| Formative suffixes | -ush-/-yush-(from verbs of the 1st conjugation) -ash-/-box-(from verbs of the 2nd conjugation) |
-vsh-(from infinitive or past tense stem to vowel) -sh-(from the stem of an infinitive or past tense to a consonant; from the stems of non-productive verbs with a suffix -Well-; from verbs to -sti(archaic forms only); from verb stems to -whose) |
-om-/-em- (from verbs of the 1st conjugation) Im- (from verbs of the 2nd conjugation) |
-nn-(from verbs to -et, -et, -et)
-enn-(from verbs with a stem in -And-) -T-(from basics to – ot, -eret, -nut and monosyllabic verbs) |
-en/-n/-t(formed by truncation of the ending or part of the suffix and the ending) |
| Examples | playing - playing, laughing - laughing, ringing - ringing, languishing - languishing(but they are squeamish - squeamish). | fly - flew - flying, steal - stole - stole, leave - left - gone, take care - shore - took care | lead - driven, washed - washed, called - called, carried out - carried out | mix - mixed - mixed, remove - removed - removed, buy - bought - bought, compress - compressed - compressed | beloved - loved, beveled - beveled, crumpled - crumpled |
TOP 4 articleswho are reading along with this
III. Updating knowledge
Torn off we dried herbs for the herbarium inlarge books.
Teacher question:
Are there any words in this sentence that answer the same question? What parts of the sentence are they? Determine their morphological characteristics.
Teacher question:
How are they different from each other?
Suggested answer:
There are: these are the words “plucked” and “big”. They answer the question: which?
In a sentence, these words are definitions.
Words change according to numbers ( torn off - torn off, large - big), by birth
(plucked - torn off, torn off), by case (big - big).
-Large indicates the size of an object.
And the word torn off indicates a sign of action (someone tore them off). Well done!
The word RIPPED is a participle.
What verb do you think it was formed from?
From the verb to tear off using the suffix НН.
Draw a conclusion.
A participle is a part of speech. A participle is similar to an adjective (they have common questions and perform the same role in a sentence). The meaning of a participle is similar to a verb.
1.What exactly does the participle mean?
2.How does the participle change?
3. What does a participle have in common with a verb, and what with an adjective?
4.What parts of the sentence are participles?
5. How and from what are participles formed?
1. The participle denotes the attribute of an object by action.
2. The participle changes according to numbers, cases, genders (in singular).
3. Participles, like verbs, can be perfect. and imperfect type, present and past time (the participle has no active time), can be reflexive, have dependent words. Like adjectives, participles change by number, gender, case, have a full and short form, depend on nouns, and perform one role in a sentence.
4. Participles are usually modifiers, less often predicates (in written form).
5. Participles are formed from verbs using suffixes.
New information (that was not requested)
1. The initial form of the participle is I.P. singular masculine.
2. Participles are found not only in Russian, but also in Indo-European and other languages.
3. In Russian, the participle is used mainly in literary speech.
IV. Motivation. Creating a problematic situation.
Working with the class (solving a crossword puzzle):
1. which boils;
2. which we illuminate;
3. which can be distinguished;
4. which was noticed;
5. who gave it;
6. which is stocked;
7. who were tested;
8. which was spilled;
9. which have faded.
Underline the suffixes.
V. Solving educational problems.
The slide shows a hand-drawn tree. Many students cannot find participles and gerunds in texts, and if they do, they cannot distinguish participles from gerunds. We will learn to distinguish participles from gerunds with the help of a fruit tree. The teacher explains: a mighty tree is growing, which is called “verb”. This tree begins to grow branches, i.e. new parts of speech. On one side a branch grows, to which the signs of an adjective are added, i.e. answer the questions what? which? ,in sentences are expressed by definitions, but suffixes are added to the root of the verb - ush, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch, -nn, etc. I draw a branch on a tree and a new fruit ripens. new part of speech – participle – “ pear»
On the other side, a branch grows, to which the signs of an adverb are added, i.e. answer questions how? what by doing? what by doing? in sentences they are expressed by circumstances, but the suffixes -a, -ya, -v, -s are added to the root of the verb. I draw a branch on a tree and a new fruit ripens. new part of speech – gerund – “ apple" This means that we come to the conclusion that both the participle and the gerund come from the stem of the verb, i.e. tree with roots "verb". For example:
The word “play” is playing (participle), playing (gerund), “jump” - jumping (participle), jumping (gerund). Let’s try to verbally form participles and gerunds from verbs: believe, draw, glue.
Features of the verb: Features of the adjective :
1. Tense (present and past) 1. Indicates the attribute of an object
and resp. to the question Which?
2.Has the form (perfect, imperfect) 2.Varies according to
3.Denotes the attribute of an object
by action. genders, numbers,
4. Can be predicates in a sentence 3. Can have
short form.
4.In a sentence
is the definition.
Each form of participles has its own suffixes. Let's analyze the table.
| Active participles | Passive participles |
|||
| Present tense | Past tense | Present tense | Past tense |
|
| Usch, -yush, -ash, -yush | Om-,-eat-,-im- | Enn-, -nn-, -t- Glue-glued offended Prick-prick |
||
| Calling-calling Sing-singing Fly-flying | Non-bearing Walked and walked | Know-unknown Despised-despised Love-beloved |
||
We conclude. The active participles of the present tense are ush, -yush, -ash, -yash.
Active past participles - - w-, -vsh-
Passive participles of the present tense - -om-, -em -, -im-
Passive past participles - -enn-, -nn-, -t-
Open your notebooks and write down the forms of participles and their suffixes.
Teacher's comments on the material being studied
| Possible difficulties | Good advice |
| How to determine which part of speech the agreed word is expressed (it changes like an adjective)? | 1. Remember that a word is an ordinal number if it denotes the order of objects when counting (it can be written using numbers): 2. Check whether the given word is formed from a verb. If yes, then pay attention to the suffix. Such words are participles if they contain the suffixes –ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash-, -om-, -em-, -im-, -vsh-, -sh-, -enn- , -nn-, -t-: split, built, built. If none of the listed suffixes are in the word, then you have an adjective: knitting, auxiliary, dormant, cool. In rare cases, a transition occurs from one part of speech to another and participles with the suffixes –enn- and –nn- become adjectives, acquiring a figurative meaning: a commission formed by the deputies (participle, the commission was formed, i.e. created), educated girl (adjective, the girl was given an education, replacement with the verb “educated” is impossible, because the meaning of the word is different). 3. If the word is not formed from a verb, then it is most likely an adjective, but check if it is a pronoun. You should remember the pronouns my, yours, yours, ours, yours, that, this, such, such, such, all, every, most, each, any, other, other, which, which, some. |
| How do you determine whether a word is a short participle, a short adjective, or an adverb? | 1. If in a sentence the word is an adverb, it is an adverb: Vlad answered the teacher’s questions (how?) thoughtfully (circumstance). 2. If a word performs the function of a predicate, is formed from a verb and can be replaced by this verb without distorting the meaning of the sentence, this is a short participle: The field is bordered by a ditch. The field was bordered by a ditch. 3. If a word performs the function of a predicate, is formed from a verb and cannot be replaced by this verb without distorting the meaning, but you can choose a synonym-adjective or a synonymous combination of words, this is a short adjective: Its capabilities are limited (small). 4. If the full form of a word formed from a verb is written with only one –N-, this is a short adjective: Old linden trees once - a hundred years ago - were trimmed (shorn). 5. If the word that performs the function of a predicate is not formed from a verb, it is a short adjective or a word of the state category: Today Dasha was especially attentive. My soul is cold, Nastenka (state category word). |
| How to distinguish a derived preposition from a prepositional noun or adverb? | 1. The preposition is repeated in a case question to a noun, pronoun or numeral; it can be replaced with another preposition: drive (past what?) past the village; talk about the hike (= about the hike). 2. Often prepositions and the words from which they are derived are written differently, while the preposition loses the lexical meaning inherent in the original word and expresses different relationships (place, direction, time, reason, etc.): due to bad weather (preposition with the meaning of cause) - as a result of the case (noun in the prepositional case with the preposition “in”). |
| What is the difference between allied words and subordinating conjunctions? | Both subordinating conjunctions and allied words (relative pronouns what, who, which, whose, which, how many and adverbs where, where, when, from where, why, etc.) serve to connect parts of a complex sentence. However, allied words, unlike conjunctions, are members of a sentence, and logical emphasis falls on them: Everything that (relative pronoun, in a sentence is an object) Evgeniy knew, I don’t have time to retell. (P.) The light decided that (subordinating conjunction) he was smart and very nice. (P.) The village where (adverb, in a sentence is an adverb of place) Eugene was bored, was a charming corner. |
Adjective as part of speech
Adjective- this is an independent part of speech that answers the questions: what? whose? what?, changing according to gender, number and cases and denoting a feature of an object. In a sentence, adjectives are modifiers (We arrived at our to my native city) or predicates (This area beautiful / beautiful).
Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives
Most qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form:
young-oh - young-, cunning - cunning-, pale-y - pale-, etc. The short form of adjectives in a sentence can only be a predicate. Short adjectives do not change by case, but only by gender and number: pale- - pale-a - pale-o - pale-ы. Let us show how the use of the full and short forms of adjectives in a sentence differs.
| Role in sentence | Form of adjectives |
|
| definition | May be the definition. A tall man came in. | Cannot be a definition. |
| predicate | Can be predicate. My brother is tall. | Can only be predicate. My brother is tall. |
Short adjectives cannot be adjectives in a sentence. Very few short adjectives in Russian do not have a corresponding full form, for example: glad, much, must.
Norms for the formation of short forms of adjectives
Some forms of short adjectives need to be memorized.
From adjectives on -en, short forms with the suffix -en- are normatively formed: majestic - majestic, characteristic - characteristic, courageous - courageous, related - related, solemn - solemn, etc.
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives
In accordance with their general meaning, qualitative adjectives have two degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of a characteristic - comparative and superlative.
comparative denotes a greater manifestation of a characteristic in one object than in another, for example: This cake is sweeter than a cake (sweeter than a cake). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.
Simple comparative degree formed from adjectives using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.
beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)
wise - wise-ee (wise-ey)
sweet - sweet
low - low - e
thin - thinner
Adjectives in the form of the simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by case, or by number. In a sentence they are most often predicates, rarely - definitions, for example:
This city is more beautiful than our native one (predicate).
Let's find a more beautiful place (definition).
Compound comparative degree formed by adding the words more or less to the adjective.
sweet - more (less) sweet
low - more (less) low
The second word in the form of the compound comparative degree changes according to gender, case and number. In a sentence, adjectives in this form can be both predicates and modifiers, for example:
The weather today is warmer than a week ago (predicate).
Let's give him a bath in warmer water (definition).
Superlative denotes the superiority of a given item compared to others on some basis, for example: Everest - the tallest top in the world. The superlative degree, like the comparative degree, can be simple or compound.
Simple superlative is formed from adjectives using the suffix -eysh- (-aysh-).
wise - wisest
quiet - tish-aysh-y
Adjectives in the simple superlative form vary by gender, case and number. In a sentence they can be both definitions and predicates, for example:
Everest is the highest peak in the world (definition).
This crater is the deepest (predicate).
Compound superlative is formed in two ways.
1. The words most, most, least are added to the adjective, for example: beautiful - the most beautiful, the most beautiful, the least beautiful.
In the form of a compound superlative degree with the word most, both words change by gender, case and number, and with the words most and least - only the adjective.
In a sentence, these forms can be both definitions and predicates.
We've come to the most beautiful park (definition).
This park is the most beautiful (predicate).
2. The word all is added to the comparative degree of the adjective if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word all if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena or if one of the objects is compared with all.
This house is the tallest in the area.
This house is taller than all the houses in the area.
This boy is taller than everyone else in school.
These forms do not change. In a sentence they are predicates.
How to distinguish between the simple comparative and the compound superlative of adjectives, adverbs and condition words
| Adjective. | ||
| In a sentence it often acts as a predicate, less often as an inconsistent definition and then refers to a noun. The music became (what?) quieter (predicate). We will send you microphones (which ones?) that are quieter (definition). This girl (what?) is the most beautiful of all in the institute (predicate). | In a sentence, it refers to a verb and stands in the role of an adverbial manner of action. He spoke (how?) more quietly than always (circumstance). He draws (how?) more beautifully than anyone else in school (circumstance). | It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment. In this jacket you will (what?) be even hotter (predicate). At this time of year (what?) it’s dirtiest outside (predicate). |
Pronoun as part of speech
A pronoun is an independent part of speech that indicates some objects (he, someone), signs (which, this) and quantities (how many, so many), but does not name them.
A pronoun differs from all other parts of speech in that its specific lexical meaning can only be understood in a certain situation. For example, if we do not know the circumstances of the conversation, we will not be able to understand in the sentence He is standing on the street, who or what the speaker means by the pronoun he. We can only guess that the pronoun he refers the interlocutor to previous remarks in which some masculine noun was used instead of the word he. Similarly, in the sentence Give me not this book, but that book, we will not be able to understand which specific books the speaker is referring to using the pronouns this and that, if we do not see these books or do not know exactly which of them are meant.
Almost all pronouns change by case. Some pronouns also change according to gender and number.
In a sentence, pronouns are usually subjects (He is standing on the street), objects (We saw her in the park) and modifiers (Give me that book).
Pronoun grades
Based on their meaning (how and what they point to) and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into categories. There are nine categories of pronouns in total:
1) personal (I, you, he (she, it, they), we, you, you polite) - denote the speaker, the listener (interlocutor) and the outsider (not participating in the communication);
2) reflexive (self) - indicates the one about whom they are talking;
3) interrogatives (who?, what?, which? whose?, which?, which?, how many?) - are used in interrogative sentences to express a question;
4) relative (who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many) - serve to connect parts in a complex sentence;
5) indefinite (someone, something, some, some, whose, some, etc.) - are formed from interrogatives and indicate the uncertainty of an object, attribute or quantity;
6) negative (nobody, nothing, none, no one, nobody, nothing, not at all) - formed from interrogatives and indicate the absence of an object, attribute or quantity;
7) possessive (my, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, yours) - indicate belonging to the speaker, listener, stranger or any person (object);
8) demonstratives (this, that, such, such, so much) - indicate a close or distant object, a quality or quantity known from the situation;
9) attributives (all, every, each, any, himself, most, different, other) - indicate all objects, another object from a certain quantity, or the same object.
| Pronoun rank | |||
| Personal:I, you, he (she, but, they), we, you, you polite. | Pronoun changes he: he - she - it. | Pronoun changes he (she, it) - they. | They change. |
| Pronouns do not change I, you, we, you, you polite. | Pronouns do not change I, you, we, you, you polite. |
||
| Returnablemyself. | Doesn't change. | Doesn't change. | Inflected, but does not have a nominative case form. |
| Interrogative: who?, what?, which? whose?, what?, which?, how many?. | Only pronouns change | Pronouns change which?, whose?, which?, which?. | All interrogative pronouns change except what?. |
| Pronouns do not change who?, what?, how many?. | Pronouns do not change who?, what?, how many?. |
||
| Relative: who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many. | Pronouns change which, whose, which, which. | Pronouns change which, whose, which, which. | All relative pronouns change except what. |
| Pronouns do not change who, what, how much. | Pronouns do not change who, what, how much. |
||
| Undefined: someone, something, some, some, someone's, some, some and etc. | which?, whose?, which?. | Pronouns formed from interrogatives change which?, whose?, which?. | All indefinite pronouns are changed. |
| who?, what?, how many?. | Pronouns formed from interrogatives do not change who?, what?, how many?. |
||
| Negative: no one, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nothing, not at all. | Pronouns formed from interrogatives change which?, whose?. | Places formed from interrogatives change which?, whose?. | All negative pronouns are changed. Pronouns no one, nothing do not have a nominative case form. |
| Pronouns formed from interrogatives do not change who?, what?, how many?. | Pronouns formed from interrogatives do not change who?, what?, how many?. |
||
| Possessives:mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, yours. | his, her, theirs. | Changes, except for 3rd person pronouns his, her, theirs. | Changes, except for 3rd person pronouns his, her, theirs. |
| Index fingers:this, that, such, such, so much. | so many. | Changes except for pronouns so many. | Changes except for pronouns that's how it is. |
| Definitive: all, everyone, each, any, himself, most, different, different. | They change. | They change. | They change. |
Participle as part of speech
A participle is an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an object by action (it represents an action as a sign of an object). Communion answers questions Which? which? which? which? The participle is a complex part of speech because it combines the properties of a verb and an adjective at the same time. In the table below we summarize what verb and adjective properties the participle has.
| Properties of the verb in the participle | Properties of an adjective in a participle |
| 1. Has an imperfect (who wrote) and a perfect (who wrote) appearance. 2. Has present (writing) and past (writing) tense. 3. Can denote both a sign that arose as a result of the action of the object itself (a boy writing a letter - the boy himself writes a letter), and a sign that arose in an object as a result of the action of another object (a letter written by a boy - the letter did not write itself, but the boy wrote it). 4. Usually attaches dependent words to itself in the same way as the verb from which the given participle is formed. (A friend wrote him a letter. - The friend who wrote him the letter will arrive soon.) | 1. Repeats the gender, number and case of the defined noun, i.e. it agrees with it (a writing student, a writing student, about writing students). 2. Has a full and short form (only for passive past participles: written - written); the short form changes only by gender and number (textbook written - book written - speech written - books written). 3. In a sentence (with the exception of short passive participles) it is a definition. (Boy (what?) writing a letter, sits on the balcony.) |
Active and passive participles
Participles are active and passive. Active participles denote a feature that arises as a result of the action of the object itself (a boy writing a letter - the boy himself writes a letter). Passive participles denote a feature that arose in an object as a result of the action of another object (a letter written by a boy - the letter did not write itself, but the boy wrote it). Active participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs (fly - flying, flying; see - seen; lead - leading, led; read - read, walk - walking, walking), and passive ones - only from transitive verbs ( fly - intransitive verb; see - seen; lead - led; read - read, walk - intransitive verb).
Formation of participles
Active present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense of transitive and intransitive verbs of only the imperfect form using the following suffixes:
1) -ush- (-yush-) from verbs of the first conjugation: pish-ut - write-ush-y; read-yut (read-ut) - read-yush-y (read-yush);
2) -ash- (-yash-) from verbs of the second conjugation: breath-at - breath-ash-y; build-yat (build-at) - build-box (build-asch).
Active past participles are formed from the base of the indefinite form (infinitive) of transitive and intransitive verbs of the imperfect and perfect form using the following suffixes:
1) -vsh-, if the stem of an indefinite form ends in a vowel: build-t - build-vsh-y; take it out - take it out; read - read;
2) -sh-, if the stem of an indefinite form ends in a consonant: nes-ti - nes-sh-ii; shake-ti - shake-sh-y; bring-ti - brought-sh-y.
Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense of transitive imperfective verbs using the following suffixes:
1) -om- (-em-) from verbs of the first conjugation: ved-ut - ved-om-y; read-yut (read-ut) - read-em-y (read-em-y);
2) -im- from verbs of the second conjugation: praise-yat - praise-them; vid-yat - vid-im-th.
Passive past participles are formed from the base of the indefinite form (infinitive) of transitive verbs of the predominantly perfect (rarely imperfect) form using the following suffixes:
1) -nn-, if the stem of an indefinite form ends in a vowel a or i: read - read-nn-y; sowing - sowing-nn-y;
2) -yonn- (-enn-), if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a vowel and or e (in this case, the vowel of the stem of the indefinite form in the participle is cut off) or in a consonant; the formation of participles with the help of this suffix is often accompanied by alternations of consonants: decide - resolved; bevel - beveled; see - seen; offended - offended; added - added - added; awards and - awarded; gain -ti - brought -yonn-y; carried away - carried away; sanctify - sanctified; shaken - shaken;
3) -t- mainly from the bases of the indefinite form on the vowel y, as well as from some other verbs: put forward - put forward - t-y; I will achieve - I will achieve; take it out - take it out; understand - understand; compress - compressed; pour - pour; dress - dressed.
Passive past participles from imperfective verbs are rarely formed. Let's give examples of the most frequent participles: a novel read before, a report written earlier, a short-haired, broken, covered, varnished floor.
Passive past participles form a short form: read - read, awarded - awarded, taken out - taken out. The short form of the participle, just like the short form of the adjective, changes by number and gender and does not change by case. Let's compare:
pale-- pale-a - pale-o - pale-s;
taken out - taken out - a - taken out - o - taken out.
Like short adjectives, short passive past participles in a sentence are only predicates: The book is beautiful (was beautiful, will be beautiful) - The book has been read (has been read, will be read).
For the spelling of one or two letters Н in passive past participles, see: Spelling Н and НН in full verbal adjectives and full participles; Spelling Н and НН in short verbal adjectives and short participles.
Let us summarize all the information about the formation of participles in the following table.
| Valid | Passives (from transitive verbs only) |
||
| present time | past tense | present time | past tense |
| Present tense basis imperfect form+ suffixes: 1) -ush- / -yush- from verbs I sp. write - writer; know - knowledgeable; 2) -ash- / box from verbs II reference: hold - holding; build - builder. | The basis of the indefinite form of the imperfective and perfective form + suffixes: 1) -вш- from stem to vowel: write - wrote; write - wrote; 2) -sh- from stem to consonant: carry - carried; bring - brought. | Present tense basis imperfect form+ suffixes: 1) -om- / -em- from verbs I sp.: lead - led; read - readable; 2) -im- from verbs II sp.: to praise - praised. | The basis of the indefinite form of the perfect and imperfect (less often) form + suffixes: 1) -nn- from the stem to the vowel a and i: lose - lost; 2) -t- more often from stems to the vowel u or to another vowel: take out - taken out; beat - beaten; 3) -yonn- / -enn- from stems to a vowel and, e or to a consonant: offend - offended; decide - decided; add - added. |
How to distinguish between passive participles and verbal adjectives
Let's compare two statements.
1) Funds for organizing the exhibition were raised by a charitable foundation;
2) My friends are sophisticated.
We notice that the words refined and refined, derived from the verb to find, have different meanings: in the first statement the word refined denotes an action on the verb, is a short passive participle and has a synonym found, and in the second the word refined has lost the meaning of a feature according to the action and is qualitative adjective meaning “refined, elegant.” With the participle, the first statement contains dependent (explanatory) words, while it is impossible to select them for the adjective in the second statement. Let's give another similar example:
1) The seeds are scattered by the wind (action on the verb to scatter);
2) The students in this class are absent-minded (inattentive).
It should be noted, however, that sometimes the differences in meaning between a verbal adjective and a participle are not so clear. For example, in the sentences I love fried potatoes and Sea excitedly, the adjectives fried and excitedly have not completely lost connection with the verbs fry and excite. But as long as there are no dependent (explanatory) words with them, they remain adjectives. The appearance of dependent words is one of the signs of a participle, therefore, in the sentences I love potatoes fried in oil and The sea is agitated by the wind, the words fried and agitated are participles.
Let's summarize what has been said.
If a verbal word that answers questions Which? or what?, does not have dependent words, then it is an adjective (fried potatoes, the sea is excited). If it has dependent words with it, then it is a participle (potatoes fried in oil, the sea is agitated by the wind).
Being able to distinguish verbal adjectives from passive participles is very important, since this skill is associated with the correct spelling of one or two letters N
Participle as part of speech
A gerund is an independent part of speech that denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by a verb, for example: When leaving (additional action), he left (main action) a note in the hallway. The participle answers the question doing what? what did you do? The participle is a complex part of speech because it combines the properties of a verb and an adverb at the same time. In the table below we summarize what properties of the verb and adverb the gerund has.
Adverb as part of speech
An adverb is an independent part of speech, which usually denotes a sign of an action or a sign of another sign and answers questions How? to what extent? Where? Where? For what? etc.
Adverbs do not change.
In a sentence, adverbs are usually adverbs, less often - definitions.
In general meaning (sign), an adverb is similar to an adjective, but if an adjective denotes a sign of an object (a good swimmer), then an adverb is a sign of an action (He swims well) or another sign (very good). Therefore, adverbs are usually combined with verbs (speak quietly), participles (looking thoughtfully), gerunds (looking thoughtfully), adjectives (very good) and other adverbs (very good).
Preposition as part of speech
A preposition is an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun (or a pronoun replacing it) on another noun (a fence around the house, talking with them), an adjective (weak due to illness) or a verb (as well as participles and gerunds - run across the field, running across the field without looking at his comrades) in a phrase and sentence.
Prepositions express the dependence of some words on others, so that without independent parts of speech they cannot be used in a sentence. Therefore, prepositions are not independent members of a sentence, but form one member of a sentence together with nouns or pronouns: a fence (around what?) around the house (object); weak (why?) due to illness (cause circumstance); lie (where?) under the sofa (location). No question can be raised about prepositions. They themselves are included in the question, for example: lie (Where?under how?) under the sofa; leave (despite What?) despite warning.
Prepositions express various relationships between words. Let's list the most frequent ones:
1) spatial (lying under the sofa, hanging over the table, being near the city, crawling out from under a bush, etc.);
2) temporary (come in the evening, stay between twelve and one, come in a minute, not be in time for dinner, etc.);
3) causal (weakening due to illness, surviving thanks to courage, etc.);
4) targeted (go to the forest to pick mushrooms, come for a consultation, etc.).
Prepositions can be unambiguous or ambiguous. For example, the preposition through has a spatial meaning (to go through the wall), and the preposition through has both a spatial meaning (to go through the wall) and a temporal meaning (to arrive in an hour).
Multiple-valued prepositions can be used with several cases. For example, the preposition in (in) in the meaning of direction is used with the accusative case (to go to the mountains), and in the meaning of place - with the prepositional case (to relax in the mountains). And the preposition for with the accusative case can have a spatial (go around the corner), temporal (do it in five minutes), causal (respect for courage) meaning, as well as the meaning of compensation (buy for ten rubles), and with the instrumental case - the meaning of a goal ( go for water), temporary meaning (discuss over dinner), causal meaning (cancel as unnecessary) and the meaning of focus on an object or person (struggle for peace, concern for children).
Prepositions can be non-derivative (primitive) and derivative, simple and compound.
Prepositions do not change.
Below is a table that shows how prepositions are structured in Russian.
| Signs of prepositions | Preposition type | Examples of prepositions |
| By composition | Simple (one-word) | In, to, on, without, over, under, through, except, because of, around, in front, on the side, including, etc. |
| Compounds (of several words) | Along with, during, in continuation of, despite, in relation to, towards, etc. |
|
| By origin | Non-derivatives (antiderivatives) | To, on, by, in, for, without, over, with, between, through, for, etc. |
| Derivatives | Denominates: during, in continuation, regarding, in connection with, in view of, as a result. Wed: Changes are observed in the flow (noun) of the river. - During the day (preposition with a noun) it snowed several times. |
|
| From the participle: despite, including, thanks to, excluding. Wed: Despite (verb.) the arena, the tightrope walker quickly walked along the rope. - Despite the warning (preposition with a noun), the tourists went to the mountains. |
||
| Adverbial: around, around, in front, on the side, past, after. Wed: It was quiet around (adverb). - He walked around the house for a long time (preposition with a noun), not daring to enter. |
Non-derivative and derived prepositions
Prepositions can be non-derivative (primitive) and derivative.
Non-derivative (primitive) prepositions are not formed from independent parts of speech. In modern language they are primary, non-derivative words, for example: for, without, at, over, under, with, in, with, through, from, by, about, before, through, to, etc.
Derivative prepositions are formed from independent parts of speech. In this case, independent parts of speech lose their lexical meaning and morphological features, and retain only the general meaning of the relationship. Thus, the noun flow, together with the preposition in, loses its specific meaning (river flow), acquires the general meaning of time (we imagine time as something fluid) and begins to behave as a preposition: during the week, year, century, etc. In this case, the noun current loses its gender, ceases to change in cases and numbers, loses the ability to attach an adjective to itself and generally be used independently in a sentence.
Derivative prepositions are formed from a noun, an adverb and a gerund.
1. Prepositions from nouns (nominal): during, as a result of, in continuation of, by, in connection with etc.
Wed: Changes are observed in the flow of the river (noun). - It snowed several times during the day (a preposition with the meaning of time); There were two more groups of criminals (noun) in connection with him. - Due to the holidays, we have three days off (preposition with the meaning of the reason).
2. Prepositions from adverbs (adverbial): around, past, contrary, along, about, opposite, near etc.
Wed: It was quiet around (adverb). - He walked around the house for a long time, not daring to enter (preposition with spatial meaning).
3. Prepositions from gerunds: thanks, despite including, excluding, after etc.
Wed: Despite the arena, the tightrope walker quickly walked along the rope (gerund). - Despite the warning, the tourists went to the mountains (preposition with the meaning of opposition).
How to distinguish independent parts of speech from prepositions derived from them
| Independent parts of speech | Prepositions derived from them |
| You can ask them a question of the corresponding part of speech. | You can't ask them any questions. They themselves become involved in the question. |
Conjunction as part of speech
A conjunction is a service part of speech that connects homogeneous parts of a sentence (notebook and pen; small, but remote), parts of a complex sentence (I’ll leave if you insist) and sentences in the text (We went to the cinema yesterday. And today we’ll go to the theatre).
Unions are not members of the proposal. You can't ask them any questions.
Conjunctions can be simple and compound, coordinating and subordinating.
Unions do not change.
Particle as part of speech
A particle is an auxiliary part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or its parts from the speaker’s point of view, and also serves to form the forms of words.
The sentences The carpenter will finish his work today and It is unlikely that the carpenter will finish his work today talk about the same event that will happen soon: the carpenter will finish his work. However, in the first sentence the speaker does not show his attitude to what was said in any way, but only reports about an event that will soon take place. But in the second sentence, the speaker using the particle is unlikely to express his strong doubt that the carpenter will be able to finish the job today.
The sentences Tell me the truth and Tell me the truth express the speaker’s demand for the interlocutor to tell the truth. However, in the second sentence, the meaning of the verb say is intensified with the help of the particle, which, according to the speaker’s intention, gives a more serious connotation to his demand.
Since particles only add different shades of meaning to sentences or form word forms, they cannot be used without independent parts of speech.
Particles can be formative or semantic.
Particles are not members of a sentence. You can't ask them a question.
The particles don't change.
Particle discharges
According to their meaning and function, particles are divided into formative and semantic.
The function of formative particles is to serve to form the forms of words.
Shape-forming particles form the following forms:
1) particle would (b) - the form of the conditional mood of the verb (would go);
2) particles yes, come on, let's, let, let - the form of the imperative mood of the verb (long live the Sun, let (let) write, let's (let's) go);
3) particles more, less - the form of the compound comparative degree of adjectives, qualitative adverbs and words of the state category (drier, less fortunate, louder, less beautiful);
4) particles most, least, all, all - the form of the compound superlative degree of qualitative adverbs and words of the category of state (most quietly, least strongly, jumped the farthest (all), I feel the worst today);
5) particles most, most, least, all, everything - the form of the compound superlative degree of adjectives (the quietest, the luckiest, the least efficient, he is the most beautiful of all (everything)).
Semantic particles introduce different shades of meaning into a sentence, expressing the speaker’s different attitudes to what he is reporting.
Below is a table that summarizes the types of semantic particles.
| Types of semantic particles | Examples of particles and their uses |
| Interrogative | Whether, really, really, or something. Haven't you understood anything? As if are you in such a hurry? |
| Exclamation marks | What the, how, like this. What a delight these tales are! (A. Pushkin). That's the story! |
| Restrictive-excretory | Only, only, exclusively, almost. Everyone left only I stayed. Both the helmsman and the swimmer died, Only me, the mysterious singer, Thrown ashore by a thunderstorm... (A. Pushkin). |
| Amplifiers | Even, even and, nor, and, after all, after all, after all, -after all, -that, -ka. Bring me something to eat! He doesn't do anything! He doesn't even think! But how many times have I asked him... |
| Negative | The book is not simple, but complex. Student Not read the book. |
| Affirmative | Yes, that's right. Have you been here? - Exactly, I have! |
| Doubts | Hardly, hardly. It is unlikely that we will be able to catch up. |
| Clarifying | Exactly, namely, just, exactly. It is you I ask to do this. You know exactly this work. |
| Index fingers | Here (and here), there (and there). And here is our new teacher! |
Note 1. Sometimes the word can be used as a restrictive-selective particle one, For example: Everyone leftone
I (=only
i) stayed orone
I (=only
I stayed etc.
Note 2. Reinforcing particle - That (Sour cream-That
did I buy it or should I go?) should be distinguished:
1) from the suffix - That, with the help of which indefinite pronouns and adverbs are formed from interrogatives (who -something, something, some etc.) and which is also written with hyphenated pronouns;
2) from the singular demonstrative pronoun of the neuter gender of the nominative or accusative case That: That the tree is already old; That tree was cut down yesterday(in both sentences it is a definition).
Note 3: From amplifying particle All (It’s already night, and he’s still singing and singing!) it is necessary to distinguish the attributive pronoun All singular neuter nominative or accusative case: Everything (subject) was very good; I'm done(addition) did it yesterday.
The negative particle does not serve to deny the meaning of the entire sentence (The student did not read this novel) or any of its members (This was not our friend).
The intensifying particle is not used in the following typical cases:
1) to strengthen the negative: I won't give you a penny!;
2) to strengthen negation in sentences with an omitted predicate No: The sky is clear(cf.: There is not a cloud in the sky);
3) to create a strengthened generalizing statement in sentences like Wherever you look, there is fog everywhere; Whoever you turn to, everyone will help; Whatever is done is for the better. Such sentences can always be remade by inserting a generalizing word: Everything that is done is for the better; Everyone you turn to will help.
Participles are one of the most important topics in the basic Russian language course. Its knowledge is also tested in exams, so it is simply necessary to master it well. In this article we will look at what a participle is, why it should be used, and also find out what categories of participles exist in the Russian language.
Definition of participle
What is a communion? First of all, this is a special form of the verb, denoting the attribute of an object by action. The participle answers the questions of an adjective and can have gender, number and case. From the verb it received the following characteristics: aspect, voice, tense. Participles can be formed exclusively from verbs. Examples: run - running, lie - lying, read - reading, read - read, etc.
How to distinguish a participle from an adjective?
The biggest difficulty for many students is the ability to see the difference between an adjective and a participle. Both answer the question “which?”, “which?” etc. So how to distinguish them?
It is worth remembering that a participle can only be formed from a verb. Other parts of speech cannot take part in its formation. Adjectives are most often formed from nouns and adverbs. Examples: speed - fast, quickly - fast.
However, there are also verbal adjectives. They can easily be mistaken for participles if you don't know what the differences are. First of all, an adjective cannot have the characteristics of a verb, that is, it does not have a voice meaning or tense. Also, a participle can have dependent words, unlike a verbal adjective. This ability for this part of speech is called verbal control.
Why use participles?
Of course, in everyday speech and simple communication on everyday topics, we are unlikely to use participle phrases. They will be too bulky, long, and difficult to understand. However, in written speech and in various author’s works they will be quite appropriate.
Participles add greater expressiveness to the text and help in describing various phenomena and events. Schoolchildren often have to write various essays and compositions. There, participial phrases will also be necessary.
Participle ranks
But before you start actively introducing participial phrases into your speech, you need to understand what they are. There are two categories of participles: active and passive. What is the difference? To understand how to determine the participle category, let's consider them separately.
Active participles
Examples
The cat independently performed a certain action (ran), therefore, the participle “running” is valid.
The girl walking in the park was pretty.
The girl independently performs the action (walk), therefore, the participle belongs to the category of real.
Passive participles
If the participle indicates a sign of an object on which someone performs certain actions, then it will be passive. That is, if the object itself does not perform the action, then the dependent participle will be passive.
Examples
There were scattered beads on the table.
Someone scattered the beads, that is, an action was performed on this object. The participle “scattered” will be classified as passive.
The flowers he had arranged remained on the windowsill.
The flowers did not arrange themselves, that is, someone performed this action on them. From this we can conclude that the participle “arranged” is passive.
How are active participles formed?
Now let's look at ways to form real participles. First of all, it is necessary to determine the type of verb and its conjugation. Further, the formation of real participles occurs by adding certain suffixes. They are formed from the infinitive. In the past tense, the suffixes -вш/ш must be added to the stem of the verb. Examples: shout - shouted, stand - stood, read - read, etc.
In the present tense, the participle is formed with the help of the suffixes -уш/уж, if the basis was a verb of the first conjugation. Examples: draw - drawing, moan - moaning, drown - drowning, etc.
From verbs of the second conjugation, participles will be formed using the suffixes -ash/yash. Examples: flying - flying, circling - circling, ringing - ringing, etc.
How are passive forms formed?
When forming passive participles, as in the case of active ones, it is necessary to pay attention to the type of verb and its conjugation.
Past participles are also formed from the infinitive using the following suffixes: -NN/ENN/ENN/t. Examples: draw - drawn, teach - taught, surround - surrounded, reveal - revealed, etc.
In order to form a present participle from a verb of the first conjugation, it is necessary to use the suffixes -em/om. Examples: close - closed, reflect - reflected, etc.
From verbs of the second conjugation, the present participle will be formed using the suffix -im. Example: stored - stored.
Table
To make it easy to assimilate all of the above data and turn it into some kind of system, let’s present the categories of participles in a table. Examples of the formation of participles were given above.
| Discharge | Active participles | Passive participles | ||
| Time | Past tense | Real | Past tense | Real |
| Suffixes | Infinitive stem + | 1 conjugation: 2nd conjugation: | Infinitive stem + -nn/-enn/-enn/-t | 1 conjugation: 2nd conjugation: |
This table of participle ranks will help determine which suffix should be used in a situation where there is doubt about this.
Short participles
Since participles can answer the question “which?”, “which?” etc., then they also have some attributes of an adjective. Therefore, like them, participles can have a short form. Moreover, it is necessary to remember that only passive participles can take this form.
The short form is formed from the full form using the following endings: -а, -о, -ы or zero.
Examples: drawn - drawn, drawn, drawn, drawn.
The short form, like the full form, can vary by gender and number. In sentences, short participles act as predicates. You should also remember that “not” with the short form is written separately: not drawn.
In order to confidently use participial phrases in oral and written speech, it is necessary to distinguish between the categories of participles, and also to understand from which verb conjugation they are formed.
The form of the verb will directly influence the choice of suffixes. It should also be remembered that only passive participles take a short form.
