Suspension wok on lighting poles. Suspension of optical cable on power transmission towers

The composition of the work.

broach dielectric cable leader;
broach wok;
fixing the fiber optic cable on the racks in the initial position.

Used machinery and equipment.

WOK suspension equipment.

cable conveyor.
Winch.
Dynamometer.
Rollers are rolling.
Stocking.
Swivel.
Rope connectors.
Rope leader.

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Equipment for mounting couplings and making measurements.

Optical reflectometer.
Welding machine.
A set of tools for cutting cables and mounting sleeves.
A laptop.

Auxiliary equipment.

Auto laboratory based on GAZ 66.
Aerial platform (AGP or AP).
A set of stairs.
Measuring laboratory based on UAZ-469.
Portable radios.
Optotelephones.
Sequence diagram of the technological process of the suspension of the FOC.

1 Stages of cable suspension:

1 Set the bracket to the specified mark and insert the ends of the clamps into the holes in the bracket. Screw the nuts onto the threaded part of the clamps.

2 Tighten the fastening nuts with the bracket.

3 Adjust the horizontal mounting bracket.

4 Hang the roller feeder on it, fix the bottom of the driver on the stand.

5 Go to the next rack and install the next bracket in the same sequence.

6 Pulling the leader rope in the anchor section.

2 Scheme of the sequential technological process of pulling the leader cable.

1 Release the spool and unwind the leader cable to a length sufficient for docking the leader cable with the leader attached to the laying roller of the first column.

2 Connect the leader cable to the driver and pull it through the laying roller.

3 Braking the reel with a slight tension, pull the leader cable to the next post.

4 Repeat the operations performed when pulling the leader cable of the first stand, and pull the leader cable through the unwinding roller of the second stand, while pulling the leader cable through the unrolling roller, the leader cable is held in a taut position. When pulling the leader cable, replace the coils as necessary.

5 Repeat the operations for all posts of the anchor section

6 After pulling along the entire anchor section, the leader cable is fixed on the extreme posts in a taut state, providing its dimensions to the ground.

3 WOK suspension on racks:

1 With the help of a cable clamp, the “stocking” of the FOC is docked with the leader cable. During docking, it is necessary to ensure that the leader cable is in a taut state and the dimensions are not violated; on the other side of the anchor section, the leader cable is connected to the traction machine (winch).

2 The wok is drawn along all rollers at a speed of up to 30 m/min. Coordination of actions to release the drum and simultaneously turn on the traction machine is carried out by radio. At the same time, the passage of the cable along the rollers is monitored.

3 After the wok is pulled from its end, the technological reserve is unwound at the drum.

4 At the end of the technological reserve, a clamp is installed and the FOC is anchored to the rack. Technological stock in accordance with the project is wound into a bay and fixed on a rack.

5 After anchoring, the fiber-optic cable is tensioned to a force exceeding the table value by 10%, maintained in this state for 5-10 minutes. At the place of intermediate anchoring, a mark is applied to the cable, the cable is loosened, a supporting clamp is installed, then the FOC is tightened again, and the supporting clamp is anchored to the drain.

6 Technological process repeats at all anchoring points.

7 After installing the last anchor clamp, the traction machine is disconnected from the FOC, which is then wound into a coil and fixed on the rack.

IN Lately The most popular method of building FOCL is the variant of FOC suspension on power line poles, poles of the contact network and automatic blocking power lines of railway transport, as well as on poles of the lighting network and ground electric transport. In my graduation project, I chose the type of gasket - suspended, the choice was made due to the advantages indicated below. The projected line Ufa - Kazan will be carried out along the motorway on power transmission towers (the length of the line is 525 km). Thus, when modeling FOCL, I had a margin of 25 km. The suspension of the FOC is carried out on already installed supports and does not require careful preliminary preparation of the laying route, therefore it is more technologically advanced and simple than laying in the ground. The experience of building FOCL of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation shows that the cost of construction using the FOC suspension is 30-35% cheaper than when building with the FOC laid in the ground, while the construction time is reduced by 2.5-3 times. A feature of the use of fiber optic cables for suspension on supports is the ability of the cable to elastic longitudinal stretching up to 1.5% without causing loads on the optical fiber. For the construction of FOCL by hanging the cable on the supports of railway transport, only a dielectric self-supporting FOC is used. During operation, this cable experiences significant fluctuations in temperature, wind speed and precipitation, vibrations, which imposes certain requirements on suspension technology. One of the main ones is the principle of limiting the mechanical effects on the shell, on the tension of the FOC, compressive loads, as well as the angles of rotation of the FOC route. The FOC suspension technology should ensure the safety of the cable sheath coating during pulling from damage.

Modern FOC suspension technology involves two stages:

the preparatory stage, which includes general construction works, replacement of defective and damaged supports, installation of additional supports, ordering and purchasing special fiber optic fastening brackets in accordance with the types specified in the project, brackets for fastening cable stocks and optical couplings, anchoring units.

at the second stage, connected directly with the suspension of the FOC, the following is carried out: fastening of the brackets on the supports; fastening on the brackets of technological rollers for pulling the leader cable, and then using it and the cable; replacement of rollers with special tension or support clamps and cable fastening; installation of couplings; arrangement of anchorings and fastening of stocks of fiber-optic cable; cable connection to cross equipment; measurement and certification of the passive part of the FOCL. All work on the suspension of the FOC on supports is carried out in accordance with the current rules and regulations, as well as the technical conditions laid down in the projects.

During the construction of FOCL by suspension on the supports of high-voltage communication lines, the following are also used:

an optical cable of small diameter, which, using special mechanisms, is wound with a certain winding pitch on a phase wire or lightning protection cable;

a special optical cable built into the ground wire (as a rule, it is used only during the reconstruction of a high-voltage line with the replacement of a ground wire);

suspension of optical cables to a steel rope (cable) stretched between poles on consoles;

cable suspension with built-in cable on specially designed consoles.

In any of these methods of suspension of the FOC, the specified optical parameters must be provided for the entire service life (less than 25 years).

Economic part

Modern transport systems to increase bandwidth optical lines use multichannel multiplexers. Multiplexers help save a lot of money by transmitting information at different wavelengths on the same line, thus eliminating the need for laying new fiber optic lines.

The cost of a fiber-optic network today is tens and hundreds of millions of rubles, and when creating it, it requires solving more than 50 diverse technical and organizational tasks that must be coordinated in time and have guaranteed logistics. Therefore, the success of the network project depends primarily on the organization of work. Violation of the organizational structure of the project drastically reduces the quality of work.

A typical cost structure for fiber optic communication lines, which today is often built along a highway or railway bed, has the following distribution of funds (in percent).

Fundamentals of Fiber Optic Cable Suspension Technology (FOC)

Recently, the most popular method of building FOCL is the variant of FOC suspension on the poles of power lines, poles of the contact network and power lines of automatic blocking of railway transport, as well as on poles of the lighting network and ground electric transport. In my graduation project, I chose the type of gasket - suspended, the choice was made due to the advantages indicated below. The projected line Ufa - Kazan will be carried out along the motorway on power transmission towers (the length of the line is 525 km). Thus, when modeling FOCL, I had a margin of 25 km. The suspension of the FOC is carried out on already installed supports and does not require careful preliminary preparation of the laying route, therefore it is more technologically advanced and simple than laying in the ground. The experience of building FOCL of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation shows that the cost of construction using the FOC suspension is 30-35% cheaper than when building with the FOC laid in the ground, while the construction time is reduced by 2.5-3 times. A feature of the use of fiber optic cables for suspension on supports is the ability of the cable to elastic longitudinal stretching up to 1.5% without causing loads on the optical fiber. For the construction of FOCL by hanging the cable on the supports of railway transport, only a dielectric self-supporting FOC is used. During operation, this cable experiences significant fluctuations in temperature, wind speed and precipitation, vibrations, which imposes certain requirements on suspension technology. One of the main ones is the principle of limiting the mechanical effects on the shell, on the FOC tension, compressive loads, as well as the angles of rotation of the FOC route. The FOC suspension technology should ensure the safety of the cable sheath coating during pulling from damage.

Modern FOC suspension technology involves two stages:

The preparatory stage, which includes general construction works, replacement of defective and damaged supports, installation of additional supports, ordering and purchasing special fiber optic fastening brackets in accordance with the types specified in the project, brackets for fastening cable stocks and optical couplings, anchoring units.

At the second stage, connected directly with the suspension of the FOC, the following is carried out: fastening of the brackets on the supports; fastening on the brackets of technological rollers for pulling the leader cable, and then using it and the cable; replacement of rollers with special tension or support clamps and cable fastening; installation of couplings; arrangement of anchorings and fastening of stocks of fiber-optic cable; cable connection to cross equipment; measurement and certification of the passive part of the FOCL. All work on the suspension of the FOC on supports is carried out in accordance with the current rules and regulations, as well as the technical conditions laid down in the projects.

During the construction of FOCL by suspension on the supports of high-voltage communication lines, the following are also used:

An optical cable of small diameter, which, using special mechanisms, is wound with a certain winding pitch onto a phase wire or lightning protection cable;

A special optical cable built into the ground wire (as a rule, it is used only during the reconstruction of a high-voltage line with the replacement of a ground wire);

Suspension of optical cables to a steel rope (cable) stretched between poles on consoles;

Cable suspension with built-in rope on specially designed consoles.

In any of these methods of suspension of the FOC, the specified optical parameters must be provided for the entire service life (less than 25 years).

Economic part

Modern transport systems use multichannel multiplexers to increase the throughput of optical lines. Multiplexers help save a lot of money by transmitting information at different wavelengths on the same line, thus eliminating the need for laying new fiber optic lines.

The typical cost structure for fiber optic links, which today is often built along a highway or railway bed, has the following distribution of funds (in percent):

Project management ~ 1-3%

design ~ 1-3%

equipment, including system integration into a single network structure + cost of optical cable ~ 75%

construction of FOCL ~ 6 - 10%

creation of a control center and an operation service ~ 8 - 10%

training ~ 1-2%

unforeseen (other) expenses ~ 2 - 4%

In general, it is additionally necessary to take into account the costs of customs duties ~ 5-20%, payment of taxes ~ up to 20% of the cost of equipment and network operation costs, which in the first year can be up to 10%.

Calculate the cost of the designed line.

The length of the fiber-optic line is 550 km, the information transfer rate is 2.5Gbps (STM-16).

Equipment - 8-channel transport system WL8 - Siemens company.

Optical cable - OKLZH - a Samara company using different types Corning fibers.

Since the diploma project showed the possibility of designing a communication line using both a standard single-mode fiber and using a single-mode NZDSF fiber, the cost of the project is calculated for two types of fibers.

Optical cable cost:

when using a standard single-mode SMF28 fiber from Corning, 1 km of optical cable will cost - 90,000 rubles. The entire line of 550 km will cost 90,000 * 550 = 49,500,000 rubles. One MKD module (dispersion compensating fiber) will cost - 200,000 rubles, 4 modules will be required, i.e. - 800,000 rubles. We use the Corning DCM-95 module.

when using single-mode NZDSF fiber LEAF TM from Corning, 1 km of optical cable will cost - 120,000 rubles. The entire line of 550 km will cost 120,000 * 550 = 66,000,000 rubles.

Equipment - Siemens WL8 transport system will cost ~ 9,000,000 rubles.

The total cost of equipment + optical cable will be in:

1st case - 59,300,000 rubles,

2nd - 75,000,000 rubles.

As mentioned above, the cost of FOCL equipment is approximately 75% of all project construction costs.

59 300 000 - 75 %

Cost price - 100%

Cost price \u003d (59,300,000 * 100) / 75 \u003d 79,000,000 rubles.

75 000 000 - 75 %

Cost price - 100%

Cost price \u003d (75,000,000 * 100) / 75 \u003d 100,000,000 rubles.

Calculate the payback period of the designed line:

The price of one STM-16 channel per hour is 600 rubles. We calculate for a day: 600 * 24 = 14,400 rubles. Since the line is 8-channel: then per day - 115,200 rubles.

Let's calculate the amount for the year: 155 200 * 365? RUB 42,000,000

We take into account that the system is not constantly loaded at 100%. We calculate the amount when the system is 80% loaded, from here

42 000 000 - 100 %

For a year - 80%

For the year = (42,000,000 * 80) / 100 ? RUB 33,000,000

From the results obtained, we conclude that the line I am designing in the 1st case will pay for itself in about 2.5 years, in the 2nd case in about 3 years.

As mentioned above, it is necessary to take into account customs duties when importing equipment, payment of taxes - up to 20% of the cost of the entire system, salary costs for maintenance personnel, network operation costs, which in the first year can be up to - 10%.

Taking into account the above, the payback period is approximately doubled, i.e., it will be 5 and 6 years, respectively, in the first and second cases.

Safety

As a safety precaution when modeling VOLV on a computer, you can use the ergonomics of the workplace of the computer operator.

The operator's workplace must meet certain requirements, provide maximum comfort for working at a computer, and contribute to maintaining efficiency and well-being throughout the day.

The workplace of the computer operator includes:

The monitor is the main security link in a desktop computing system. A bad monitor can become quite real threat human health. At the same time, the monitor is of high quality due to the high technical data and low level electromagnetic radiation increases productivity, prevents visual fatigue, fatigue and headaches. The monitor must meet the requirements for the size of the visible part of the screen, resolution, frame rate, multi-frequency, screen coverage and screen settings. Frame refresh rate of at least 75 Hz at the optimal resolution for each class. The monitor must fully comply with the MPRII, TCO standards and the safety requirements established by GOST R50948-96 "Means for displaying information for individual use", in terms of the level of alternating electromagnetic and electrostatic fields.

keyboard and mouse

The keyboard is the main input device and from its design feature depends on how quickly the operator gets tired and, consequently, labor productivity. The disadvantage of the keyboard is the rapid fatigue of the hand during prolonged work, since the hand is always in limbo, which creates a load on the muscles of the forearm.

Special attention of experts in the field of ergonomics attracts - manipulator type "mouse". The disadvantage of all "mouse" manipulators is that each time the arm is raised and repeatedly held over some object, the forearm experiences a significant load. There are movable hand supports on the market that move with the hands. These supports are placed so that the hands hang freely from them, which reduces the load on the forearm and reduces fatigue.

work desk and armchair

Working furniture when working with a computer plays an important role in creating optimal working conditions for a person. Proper use of it allows you to reduce the degree of fatigue, increase efficiency, productivity, concentration.

Computer furniture should be comfortable, durable, and have a neat appearance. At the same time, the design and dimensions of the table and chair should contribute to the optimal posture of the operator, in which certain angular relationships are maintained between the "articulated" parts of the body. Correct posture (and therefore proper functioning of the body) will help maintain health and prevent the symptoms of computer stress syndrome, as well as the symptom of constant stress.

conclusions

Only proper compliance with the requirements and measures to optimize the work of a computer operator allows you to maintain not only normal performance, but most importantly - health.

After all, the entire development of measures to optimize the working conditions of a computer operator is intended to prevent the adverse effects on a person of harmful factors that accompany work with video display terminals and personal electronic computers.

Power transmission line supports are often used not only for their intended purpose, but also as engineering structures for hanging communication cables. Due to the fact that power lines connect even the most remote corners of our country together, they are an almost ideal way to organize communications. To do this, a suspension is made on the supports various kinds fiber optic cables (FOC).

Expert opinion

Editor-in-chief of LinijaOpory

Our colleagues are engaged in consultations in the field of calculations and design of FOCL on overhead lines. On the website VOLS-psd.ru you can get acquainted with the list of performed calculations and consultations, as well as find out the conditions for designing FOCL according to your requirements specification. Not a single question will remain unanswered.

There are several options for building FOCL on overhead lines. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. On our site you can find comprehensive information about communication lines of this type. Every year there are new ways to hang and lay the fiber optic cable, but there are several "classic" options, each of which is used quite often.

Self-supporting fiber optic communication cable

Self-supporting optical cable (OSN) is most often used in the design and construction of FOCL, since its suspension can be carried out without removing the voltage in the line, and this greatly reduces construction costs.

Such a cable is characterized by low weight and good stretching capabilities. Its suspension is made directly on the body of the support or its traverse (depending on the type and design of the support).

Currently, there are many special devices designed for the suspension of OKSN. All of them will be considered on our resource.

Optical cable embedded in ground wire

The cable built into the ground wire (OCGT) is used on high and extra high voltage lines. This type of cable is widely distributed, since it is the most acceptable option for large lengths of the power line route.

OPGW performs both the function of transmitting information and the classical function of protecting the line from surges. For the construction of FOCL on OPGW, it is necessary to turn off the line voltage. When designing, it is necessary to take into account many factors that affect the wear resistance and durability of the cable. OPGW does not create additional loads on the poles of overhead lines.

Optical cable embedded in phase conductor

Optical cable in a phase conductor (OPPC) - relatively new technology, which is rarely used in the Russian Federation. This is primarily due to the high cost building materials and the complexity of installing such a wire.

During the construction of FOCL using OKFP, the voltage in the line is turned off and the existing phase wire is replaced with a communication cable with similar characteristics. This makes it possible to achieve both mechanical and electrical symmetry in the line. At present, power engineers allow performing such manipulations rarely and only when there are no other options for suspension of the FOC (for example, in conditions of large spans).

Coiled optical cable

When using this technology, a special machine is launched along the phase wire of the line, which, moving along the wire, evenly winds the FOC on it.

As a result of winding, the FOC does not require additional fastening on the supports, and increases the load on them only slightly. IN modern construction this technology is used quite often on lines with voltage up to 35 kV. The use of winding machines requires installers to be sufficiently versed in some technical issues, but this pays off with the results of the work. It is especially important to use serviceable and efficient mechanisms during the installation process.

Construction of FOCL on overhead lines is a promising area of communication

The development of fiber-optic data transmission networks is rapidly and widely. A variety of engineering structures and cable designs are used. To ensure long and uninterrupted operation, such lines are designed taking into account the maximum loads observed over the past 25 years.

In addition to the fact that there are separate documents for standardizing the suspension of the FOC, there is also a corresponding section in the Rules for the Installation of Electrical Installations.

The first method is installation using a built-in self-supporting cable.

Here, a galvanized steel cable is used, which is stretched on consoles attached to the supporting posts with screws. The cable is attached to it with the help of hangers, which are also made of stainless steel. With this method of installation, an accurate calculation is important: there are sag standards that affect the maximum installation height of the consoles. So, the lowest point of the cable sag should be at least 4.5 meters above the ground. Accordingly, the consoles must be strengthened in such a way as to ensure not only compliance with this parameter, but also taking into account the clearance for mounting suspensions and the free movement of the cable along the loops of the mounting fittings.

Fig. No. 1. Scheme of equipment placement when hanging an optical cable on a high-voltage power line

Work rules:

The line on which the cable is suspended must be de-energized. Carrying out work while maintaining a connection to the public network is prohibited.
Installation of fiber-optic couplings of any type is allowed while maintaining the connection of the network to the power supply.
The installer must have a working walkie-talkie with him when carrying out work.
Laying cable lines on the ground is prohibited.
The location of the rolling machines on the site should be no closer than three heights from the zero mark to the current position of the rolling roller.
The cable is rolled out strictly in the air with the help of a “rope leader”, the ends of the cable and cable are connected with a mounting stocking.
A swivel is used to protect the leader cable and the OK installation line from twisting. Be sure to use balancers with an interval of 4 meters from each other.
For different types of supports are used different types clamps (supporting on intermediate and tension on anchor-angle).
To protect against external damage, the installation of a protector is mandatory.

Installation of fiber optic lines between houses and buildings.

For these purposes, certain types of cable are used, the characteristics of which are given below.

Fig. No. 2. Photo fastening OK when broached between two houses

Characteristics and features of overhead cable lines

OPTS - fiber optic cable with high temperature resistance. Can be used in the range from -60 to +70 degrees. Withstands stretching up to 12 kN at a pressure of 0.5 kN/cm. Depending on the requirements of the installed communication line, the cable can include from 2 to 48 optical fibers. The filler of the internal cavity is a hydrophobic gel to protect the core from getting wet. This type of cable can be installed over air networks between buildings and existing power lines and supports, including contact networks of railway transport, funiculars, trams, etc., power lines. You can choose a cable of this brand in the catalog.

RCFC is a cable with a central tube, in which there can be up to 24 fibers. The remote type power element can be a fiberglass rod or a steel cable or wire in plastic insulation. This type of cable can also be used at temperatures from -60 to +70 °C. Permissible stretching - 4-9 kN. The scope and installation procedure do not differ from the OPC.

Ways of cable suspension on the supports of overhead communication lines

There are three methods for hanging cables:

Mounting inside the lightning and lightning protection cable.
Winding for phase and lightning protection wiring.
Suspension of self-supporting OK on supports.

When installing on existing communication lines, including high-voltage power transmission towers and contact networks, the type of cable used must be resistant to electromagnetic fields of any origin. This implies a lightning strike, power line surges, spontaneous turbulence. In addition, the conductor must comply with the permissible stretching (sagging), and the installation must be carried out in compliance with the dimensions of the cable attachment gaps. This task is handled by a cable made of polyamide yarns. The strength of this carbon fiber is very high, which allows the cable to be suspended at large distances between supports.

Also, the optical cable can be mounted on a separate cable or other external element. If a dielectric wire is not used, it can be replaced by an opto-cable embedded in a lightning protection cable.

With this choice, the conductor is a means of lightning protection and an informer.

When installing FOCL in tunnels, the conductors must have a non-combustible sheath.