What is a series of homogeneous members? You will find the answer to the question posed in this article. In addition, we will tell you about what types such members of the proposal are divided into, as well as how they should be separated.
general information
Rows of homogeneous members are those members of a sentence that are associated with the same word form, and also perform the same syntactic function. As a rule, such words are pronounced with enumeration intonation. Moreover, in the sentence they are located in contact (that is, one after the other), and also quite often allow any permutation. Although it is not always possible. After all, the first in such a series is usually called that which is primary from a chronological or logical point of view, or the most important for the speaker.
Main features
The rows of homogeneous members of the proposal are characterized by the following features:
Homogeneous members: examples in a sentence
To make it more clear to you what such members are, let's give a clear example: "Bottom, the surf was wide and measuredly rustling." In this passage, there are 2 circumstances (broadly and measuredly). They have (with the help of the union “and”), and also depend on the main member of the sentence (predicate) - it was noisy (that is, it was noisy “how?” Widely and measuredly).
What do they act as?
Homogeneous Members act in the proposal as both main and secondary members. Here are some examples:
- “Gardens, meadows, groves and fields stretched along both banks.” Such a series of homogeneous members acts as a subject.
- “Then dim, then bright, the lights are on.” This
- “Everyone began vying to praise the mind, courage, generosity of Anton.” These are the same additions.
- “The dog whined, lay down, stretched out its front paws and put its muzzle on them.” These are homogeneous predicates.
- “The wind was hitting the sides of the boat more and more sharply, more insistently and stronger.” These are the same circumstances.
Types of homogeneous members
The series of homogeneous members, examples of which are presented in this article, can be both common and non-common in a sentence. That is, such expressions can carry any explanatory words. Here's an example:
What part of speech can be used?
A number of homogeneous members in a sentence can be expressed in one part of speech. Although not always this rule is mandatory for him. After all, the same member often appears in the form of different parts of speech. This is due to the fact that they can have completely different morphological expression. Let's give an example: "The horse moved slowly (in the form of an adverb), with dignity (in the form of a noun with a preposition), stamping its hooves (in the form of a participial phrase)".
One-dimensionality
All homogeneous members used in the proposal must denote one-dimensional phenomena in some respect. If you violate this rule, then the text will be perceived as an anomaly. Although often this method is deliberately used by some authors for stylistic purposes. Let's take a few suggestions as an example:
- “Only Misha, winter and heating did not sleep.”
- “When mother and frost allowed her to stick her nose out of the house, Masha went to wander around the yard alone.”
Construction method
Homogeneous members are often lined up in a sentence in such a row, which is a unity in its meaning and structure. Let's give an example: "Cucumbers, tomatoes, beets, potatoes, etc." grew in the garden.
It should also be noted that in one sentence there may be more than one series of homogeneous members. Consider a good example: "The frost on the street grew stronger and pinched the face, ears, nose, hands." In this sentence, “strong and pinched” is one row, and “face, ears, nose, hands” is the second row.
"Exceptions" to the rules
Not all enumerations in a particular text are homogeneous. Indeed, in some cases, such combinations act as a single member of the sentence. To deal with such exceptions, we present a few illustrative examples:
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
If the members of the sentence act as a definition, then they can be both heterogeneous and homogeneous.
Homogeneous members of a sentence are such expressions that refer to any defined word. That is, they are interconnected by a creative connection. In addition, they are pronounced with an enumeration intonation.
Homogeneous definitions in a particular sentence can characterize a phenomenon or an object from the same side (for example, in terms of properties, material, color, etc.). In this case, commas should be placed between them. Let us give a clear example: "A violent, mighty, deafening rain poured down on the city."
As for heterogeneous definitions, they characterize an object from completely different sides. In such situations, there is no coordinating connection between the words. That is why they are pronounced without enumeration intonation. It should also be noted that no commas are placed between heterogeneous definitions. Let's give an example: "There were tall dense pines in a large clearing."
Generalizing words
Homogeneous members may carry generalizing words that occupy the following positions:
- Before or after homogeneous members. Let's give an example: “Everything should be fine in a person: clothes, face, thoughts, and soul”, “In the bushes, in the grass wild rosehip and dogwood, on trees and in vineyards - aphids have developed everywhere.
- After, or rather, before homogeneous members, there may be such words as “namely”, “somehow”, “for example”. They usually point to further enumeration. Let's give an example: "The game of hunters includes not only some birds, but also other animals, namely: wild boars, bears, wild goats, deer, hares."
- After homogeneous members, or rather before generalizing words, there may be expressions that have the meaning of the total (for example, “in one word”, “word”, etc.).
When you need to more accurately characterize an object or phenomenon (or their properties), describe them more specifically and expressively, intelligibly, so that the interlocutor more fully understands your thought, homogeneous members of the sentence come to your aid. Without them, your thought will lose its completeness and clarity.
Homogeneous Members─ these are characteristics that are related exclusively to one object, in a sentence they will be subordinated to only one word. They describe different aspects of the same person, action or quality.
I love bread, especially wheat and rye.
In this simple sentence with homogeneous members they are adjectives"rye" and "wheat". In another example:
The street became brighter from sunlight and smiles.
─ this nouns.
But homogeneous members may be any part of speech verb, noun, adverb.
We worked, strained and worked hard at this construction site of the century.
How to identify homogeneous groups of sentence words in a simple sentence
It is very easy to define such members of a sentence. They are subordinate only to the word that characterizes, they can be attributed the same question. However, they are independent of each other.
Lena loves dancing, rhythmic music and fitness.
In this case, these are words related to the subject "Lena" and answering the question of what exactly she likes. They are nouns. If one or another addition is removed from the example, the meaning of the sentence will not change, but we will learn less about Lena's tastes. At the same time, homogeneous members can be main in the sentence or secondary.
For instance:
Isolation of homogeneous members
In a sentence, homogeneous words can be distinguished using:
It is important to remember that commas must be placed before the second union when you write a sentence in which the words are connected in this way!
How to emphasize homogeneous members?
When analyzing a sentence in a written text, homogeneous members are emphasized in the same way, depending on what function they perform in the sentence. Predicates are underlined as predicates (double solid line), definitions are underlined as definitions (wavy), and so on.
It is important to remember that in the analyzed text in one phrase there may be several groups of homogeneous words at once, while they may well be different parts of speech.
Hyacinths, crocuses and azaleas in this park were fragrant and intoxicated my head with their smell.
In this simple phrase, quickly two groups are defined: three subjects and two predicates. The first group should be underlined as subjects (nouns, color names), the second group of words ─ as predicates, with two solid words.
Phraseological turns
With phraseological turns, you will find a more difficult case in terms of punctuation. Remember that commas are never used in fixed phrases. There are not so many of them, you can just memorize them:
- Both old and young.
- Neither fish nor fowl.
- Etc.
You just need to analyze the text very carefully and train your own memory on phraseological units. Not such a difficult thing!
The concept of homogeneous members of the proposal.
Homogeneous and two or more members of a sentence are called, connected with each other by a coordinating connection. The compositional connection consists in the fact that words are connected to each other as equal, independent of each other; neither serves to explain the other. Homogeneous members are:
a) two or more subjects with a common predicate for them, for example: Armenians, Georgians, Circassians, Persians crowded in the wrong area (P.);
b) two or more predicates with a common subject for them, for example: Boiled, hurried, rumbled life (T.) ;
c) two or more minor members depending on the same member of the sentence and answering the same question, for example: The wind was blowing down the street feathers, shavings, dust.(M. G.) fast, furious the trio ran. (N.) Began to drip rare, small rain. (Ch.)
The writing connection is expressed either by conjunctions and intonation, or without unions, only by intonation. In a sentence The native Volga rolled in a wide veil straight, majestic homogeneous circumstances are connected only by the intonation of the enumeration;
they are pronounced in the same tone, each with its own logical stress, there is a pause between them. In a sentence That night I did not sleep and did not undress (P.) homogeneous predicates are connected by union and intonation; with a single union and there is no pause between homogeneous members; but if this union is repeated, then there is a pause: And for him they rose again And deity, and inspiration, And life, and tears, and love. (P.)
Unions connecting homogeneous members are called co-ordinators.
Homogeneous members usually have the same grammatical form, as in the examples above, but this is not necessary: for example, in a sentence She listened to him fear and greed(M. G.) homogeneous circumstances are expressed by a noun in the indirect case with a preposition and an adverb.
Homogeneous members can be widespread, So, in a sentence Gloomy Forest sullenly silent or howls muffled(T.) homogeneous predicates are common circumstances.
Sometimes syntactically indecomposable combinations of words are homogeneous; for example in a sentence.
Wandered all day I am room to room, roof to roof, stair to stair(P.) homogeneous circumstances are: 1) from room to room 2) from roof to roof, 3) with stairs to stairs.
A sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members, for example: Princess Mary at all didn't think and didn't remember about my face and hair.(L.T.) This sentence has two series of homogeneous members: predicates didn't think and didn't remember and additions about face and hair.
Unions connecting homogeneous members of a sentence.
Coordinating unions, which serve to connect homogeneous members, in their main meaning are connecting, separating, opposite and c o r a r a t i o n s.
1. Connecting unions and, no, no, yes (= and) and etc.
Union and can be single or repetitive. Single Union and , when there are several homogeneous members, it is placed before the last one and emphasizes that the enumeration is completed, for example: Arbs, carts, gigs creak endlessly and vans. (Seraph.) Repeating union and, as a rule, it is placed in front of each homogeneous member and gives the statement an additional enumerative enumeration meaning: Here already and knocking and cry, and do not hear bells. (T.)
Union no no used instead of conjunction and in negative sentences and can only be repeated. Wed:
He didn't have a brother and sisters.- He didn't have neither brother neither sisters. (L.)
Union yes (==and) can be both single and repetitive;
when repeated, it attaches to the statement, like the union and, enumerative value, but cannot stand before the first homogeneous member: 1) Pines only Yes spruce tops rustled. (P.) 2) Let him serve in the army Yes pull the strap Yes sniffs gunpowder, Yes there will be a soldier ... (P.)
2. Separating unions or (il), either, then - that, not that - not that and etc.
Divisive unions or and or show that one of the listed homogeneous members is possible;
they can be either single or repeated, for example: 1) Sometimes a pole will float like a dead snake or log. (M. G.) With a stranger I or shy, or put on airs. (M. G.) In the case of repetition, they often give the sentence an additional enumeration value, for example: Evseich or entertained us with stories or played with us or listened to my reading. (A.)
Union then - then can only be repetitive; it indicates the alternation of actions or objects: Wind then howled dully, then whistled impetuously. (T.) That the seal will call then deer (Chuk.)
Difficult dividing union not that - not that also only repetitive, indicates the uncertainty of the impression produced by the action, the object, the quality of the object, etc., for example: Upstairs behind the ceiling someone not that groans not that laughs. (Ch.) Not that fog, not that smoke enveloped the entire grove.
3. Opposing alliances a, but, yes (= but), however, but etc. point to the opposition of one to the other and therefore are not repetitive: 1) We will not bring our cart, a let's roll. (Cr.) 2) His face had a rather pleasant expression, but picaresque. (P:) 3) Good singer Yes puffy. (M. G.) 4) I hesitated a little but sat down (T.) 5) They[singers] tear a little but they don’t take intoxicating things in their mouths. (Cr.)
4. Double comparative conjunctions how-so and not only - but and, not so much - how much, if not - then, although - but (a). The first part of the union is placed in front of one homogeneous member, the second - in front of another.
Union not so much as used to compare actions or properties according to their degree, for example: He thought not so much about the upcoming holiday how about meeting his old friend soon. He not so much cowardly, how timid.
Union as - so and serves only for matching, for example: Siberia has many features how in nature, so in human manners. (Hound.) All other comparative conjunctions have different additional meanings.
Union not only but emphasizes that, in addition to what is indicated by the first homogeneous member, there is another thing that the speaker, when compared with the first one, considers more important, for example: The partisans had Not only rifles, but also machine guns.
Union if not - then has an additional conditional meaning, and the union although and (but)- concessive, for example: 1) Most of their faces expressed if not fear, then anxiety. (L.T.) 2) It [the bridge] looks though and simple a has a wonderful property. (Cr-)
Punctuation marks between homogeneous members of a sentence.
1. Between homogeneous members, not connected unions, a comma is placed, for example: The steppe groaned under the sound of checkers, under the whistle of bullets, under the peals of gun thunder. (Furm.)
2. Before a single union, connecting or divisive (and, yes(==and), or, or), connecting homogeneous members, the comma is not put.
EXAMPLES: The clear sky, the freshness of the morning, the dew, the breeze, and the singing of the birds filled Lisa's heart with childlike gaiety. (P.) Ryazan sawyers trudged slowly Yes glaziers. (Leon.) There was no excitement in his movements or fear.
3. Before repeated connecting and separating unions and -and, neither - neither, yes - yes, or - or, either - either, then - that, not that - not that, standing between homogeneous members, a comma is placed.
EXAMPLES. Forgive the fever of youth and youth heat, and young bastard. (P.) He loved thick groves, solitude, silence, and night, and stars, and moon (P.)(commas are placed between all homogeneous members: the first two - because there is no union, the last three - because the union is repeated). They seem to me then noisy feasts, then military camp, then combat fights. (P.)
Note. It should be noted some difficult cases of setting (or absence) of punctuation marks with homogeneous members.
In the example The local fevers are similar to the Crimean and Moldavian ones and are treated in the same way (P.) no commas were included because one and connects predicates (similar and treated) and does not repeat, another and connects definitions (Crimean and Moldovan) and also does not repeat.
When homogeneous members are combined in meaning into links, when punctuation is used, each link is taken as one homogeneous member:
a) In the endless, in the free space glitter and movement, rumble and thunder(Tyutch.) - four homogeneous members are connected in pairs by an alliance and into two links between which there is no union; therefore, the links are separated by a comma;
b) I love the magnificent withering of nature, forests dressed in crimson and gold, in their vestibule the wind noise and fresh breath, and the skies are covered with mist, and a rare ray of sunshine and first frosts, and distant gray winter threats (P.) - additions noise and breath have a common circumstance (in their hallway) and definition (wind) and are one link; therefore they are not separated by a comma, although further union and repeats;
v) At the Ivashins, he was his man and he had a tender paternal feeling for Zina and admired her (Ch.) - the last two homogeneous predicates (had a paternal feeling and admired) in meaning they make up one link, as they talk about the attitude towards Zina; Therefore, a comma is not placed between the predicates.
4. Whole expressions with a repeated union are never separated by a comma: and this and that, neither this nor that, and this and that, and this and that, and here and there, neither here nor there, and day and night, and cold and hunger, neither fish nor meat, nor light nor dawn, give or take and the like.
5. Before opposing alliances ah, but, yes (== but) a comma is placed.
EXAMPLES. I will put not the clan, but the mind into governors. (P.) The proclamation was written in rough, but strong expressions. (P.) Small spool, Yes roads. (ate)
In the absence of an opposing union between homogeneous members, a dash is placed, not a comma: Here they do not live - paradise. (Cr.)
6. If homogeneous members are connected by a double union, then a comma is placed before its second part (between homogeneous
members): Sanin felt in his whole being if not fun, then some lightness. (T.)
On the connecting meaning of some coordinating conjunctions.
Some of the unions (and, Yes in meaning and ) are used in an adjunctive sense. In this case, they add what came to mind when the thought had already been expressed. or add an unexpected consequence. Before unions with this value, the voice is lowered and a pause is made. Union yes and has only an associated value.
A comma is placed before the connecting unions; instead of a comma, there can be a dash and even a period.
EXAMPLES. 1) Fedotik (Irine). Just bought some colored pencils for you from Pyzhikov at Moskovskaya. AND here is the knife. (H) Oh knife Fedotik remembered when the thought had already been expressed. Union and in this example has a conjunctive meaning.
2) The caretaker stood, stood - yes and gone. (P.) The caretaker, pushed out by the lackey, in bewilderment, bewildered, stood for a moment, stood at the closed door, and then, having thought of nothing, left. The additive character of the predicate gone shown by union yes and and a pause in front of it, which is indicated by a dash in the letter.
3) Lizaveta Ivanovna was a domestic martyr. She spilled tea and was reprimanded for spending too much sugar; she read novels aloud, and was to blame for all the mistakes of the author; she accompanied the countess on her walks, and in charge of the weather and for the bridge. (P.) In this example, in three sentences, the union and has an associated value. He attaches a predicate, which means something completely unexpected, which does not follow from what was said.
Unions with the specified values can also attach heterogeneous members, for example: But I give him a job, and a very interesting one. (Sharp)
Homogeneous definitions.
1. Definitions are considered homogeneous if they characterize the subject from any one point of view, according to any one sign (i.e., they are logically and in meaning homogeneous). Each of the homogeneous definitions is directly associated with the noun being defined, and therefore a union can be inserted between them and . Homogeneous definitions have
the following values:
a) serve to list the varieties of objects by indicating their distinctive features, for example: The store received woolen, silk, linen fabrics (both woolen, and silk, and linen);
b) list the features of the object, forming, as it were, one series of synonyms, for example: Finally comes the long, boring, stormy winter (A.) (and long, and boring, and stormy).
2. It is necessary to distinguish heterogeneous from homogeneous definitions. A heterogeneous definition refers to the combination of the noun being defined and the definition attached to it, as a complex name for an object, for example: walked long commodity a train. (Ch.) In this sentence, the first definition a long refers to more than one word a train, but to the combination freight train, as to the complex name of the subject. Another example: He studied in higher education institution. Such definitions are not separated by a comma.
Definitions that characterize an object from different angles are also heterogeneous, for example, its size, shape, color, material, etc. Compare: a wide asphalt highway, a large rectangular stone slab, a long red scarf. In this case, no comma is placed between the definitions.
Note: Some of the Examples allow for different understanding, resulting in different pronunciation and different punctuation. Let's take an example:
1) Silently smoldered it tiny, motionless eyes. (T.) 2) Deaf smoldered his tiny motionless eyes. This example can be understood so that the definitions list the attributes of the subject, and separate them with commas; It can also be understood that the first definition (tiny) refers to the combination of the defined with the second definition (fixed eyes) and don't put a comma.
The first understanding is more in line with artistic descriptions, striving for clarity, and the second - with prosaic accurate speech, striving for generalization.
Let's take another example: 1) I need other, sharp knife. 2) I'm low another sharp knife. If this example is to be understood in such a way that the second definition clarifies the first (you need another one, but exactly sharp knife, since the first knife turned out to be blunt), then a comma should be put, if it is to be understood in such a way that the first definition another refers to the combination sharp knife(one sharp knife is available, another one is needed), then a comma should not be put.
Agreement in number in sentences with homogeneous members.
I. When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects are in the plural, the predicate is also put in the same number. Fun on the other side curled up willows, young oak trees and willows. (Kor.) Questions, exclamations, stories rained down vying. (T.)
When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects stand in singular, agreement depends on the meaning of conjunctions and word order.
If homogeneous subjects are connected by connecting unions or only intonation, and the predicate follows them, then it is usually put in the plural: Youth and nature accelerated my recovery. (P.) When the predicate stands before homogeneous subjects, it is placed either in the singular, agreeing with the nearest subject, or in the plural: Forgotten camp noise, comrades and brothers. (Gr.) On all faces expressed excitement and anxiety. (L. T.) However, in this position, the predicate, which denotes an action performed by several persons (for example, gathered, gathered, gathered etc.), must be put in the plural. In summer usually came together and brother Nikolai, and sister Elena, and uncle Vanya with his wife.
When homogeneous subjects are connected by divisive unions, the predicate is often put in the singular to show that at any given moment it is connected with one of the subjects: 1) Experienced fear or momentary
vein fright in a minute seems and funny, and strange, and incomprehensible. (Furm.) 2) Sometimes a dead snake will float pole or log. (M. G.) If they want to attribute the predicate to all subjects, it is put in the plural: That loud laughter, that song resounded in the living rooms of an old house.
In the case of connecting homogeneous subjects by adversaries
by unions, the predicate agrees in gender and number with the closest homogeneous member to it: Me oppressed not pain, but heavy dull bewilderment. (M. G.) Not knowledge, but intuition prompted me the right decision.
II. A definition referring to several homogeneous definables agrees with them in number in the same way as a predicate with homogeneous subjects. It should be noted that adjectival definitions are more likely to agree with the nearest defined, for example: Her magnificent fur coat and hat made no impression. (Ch.) Enmity and captivity old one let Finnish waves forget. (P.)
N o t e. This does not apply to separate definitions A: They tend to. put in the plural: these dispatches already had some thoroughness and accuracy, so necessary in the matter of war. (S.-C.)
III. If a noun has several homogeneous definitions that list the varieties of objects, then this noun is usually put in the singular, for example:
1) The success of students in the first and second quarters were very average. 2) Number of students in primary and secondary school increased sharply. Plural it is preferred if the noun comes before adjectives or if it is necessary to emphasize that there are several objects: 1) There were factories aviation, machine-building, metallurgical. 2) He walked on the threshing floor, cattle and horse yards.(L.T.)
Exercise 76 Write by inserting the missing letters. Set up punctuation marks. Underline the homogeneous members of the sentence (if there are several rows of homogeneous members in the sentence, then underline the homogeneous members of one row with one line, the other with two, etc.).
1) The first snow flickers in ... 2) The wagons were loaded with hay, straw, bags of flour, pots, bricks ... and firewood. 3) Near them, the Nogai guides in cloaks and with lassoes were skating. 4) He was tall, thin and about thirty years old. 5) For two days, the secluded fields seemed new to him, the coolness of the gloomy oak forest, the murmur of a quiet stream. 6) In the window, Tatiana saw in the morning the whitened courtyard of the curtain, the roof and the fence on the glass, light patterns of trees in winter silver, forty cheerful in the yard and softly carpeted mountains of winter with a brilliant carpet. 7) In front of the house, multi-colored lights flashed, spun, rose up with ears of palm trees, fountains, rained down with stars, fading ... they flared up again.
77. Read, indicate the meaning of the unions that stand with homogeneous members; Explain the arrangement of punctuation marks for homogeneous terms. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.
1) Mature pines with pale yellow trunks, dark oaks, magnificent ash-trees lifted high here and there their lonely tops. 2) The gloomy forest is sullenly silent or howls deafly. 3) And it smells of smoke, and grass, and a little tar, and a little skin. 4) The sky was either clouded over with loose white clouds, then it suddenly cleared in places for an instant. 5) The last waves of warm fog either roll down and spread out like tablecloths, or wriggle and disappear into the deep. gently with and flowing height. 6) Felled aspens crushed both grass and small shrubs. 7) Tchertop-hanov was known throughout the neighborhood as a dangerous and extravagant, proud and bully of the first hand. 8) I could not discover passions in him neither to food neither to the hunt. 9) He would he himself came to you, but he was afraid. 10) I also try to get something by correspondence and lessons. 11) The sun shone and warmed, but not hell.
78 . Write with punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.
1) The bushes of the rapids are covered by a snowstorm ... s deep into the snow immersed ... s. 2) In the snowdrifts in front of her, a seething dark and gray stream rustles and swirls with its wave. 3) The moon took off and with a languid light ... lit up Tatyana's pale beauty and loose hair and drops of tears. 4) I love furious youth and crampedness and brilliance and joy. 5) In harmony, my rival was the noise of the forests, or a violent whirlwind, or the orioles singing lively, or at night the sea, the noise is deaf, or the sh ... the sweat of the river is quiet ... jet. 6) He [the poet] will pick up new thoughts and feelings and pass them on to us. 7) I remember mountains high peaks and running waters cheerful jets and shade and noise and red lengths. 8) Among the highlanders ... in captivity I observed their faith, morals, upbringing, loved their lives, simplicity of hospitality ... property, thirst for battle, movements of the free, speed and lightness of the legs and strength of the fallow deer. 9) On the way ... I thought of both for the deliverance of the poor girl. 10) My progress, although slow, was good ... reliable.
(From the works of A.S. Pushk and n.)
79. Read the examples and indicate where the definitions are used to list the varieties of objects, where they list the characteristics of the object, where one explains the other, where the first definition refers to the combination of a noun with an adjective. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.
1) Amusingly colorful with their pink, purple, fawn hats, they looked out and earthy raw well ki. 2) Only in some places between the bushes stood out tiny clearings with emerald green, silky fine grass. 3) In the sky, in some places, motionless silvery clouds were visible. 4) It was a beautiful July day. 5) Gemma put on a big straw nn wow hat. 6) Her not the large, rosy, pretty face exuded irrevocable determination. 7) She was not it is unpleasant to show oneself before me in this new, unexpected light. 8) Deaf, restrained sobs suddenly struck me. 9) Suddenly there was a loud moo from the yard well voice. 10) I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long nn oh mess nn oh beard. 11) Here we need a different, fresh look.
(From the works of I. S. Turgenev a.)
80. Write by punctuating and inserting missing letters.
1) White red blue shirts flashed everywhere between the trees. (T.) 2) The whole river was dammed by small solid ice soaked with water. (T.) 3) I turned into a long fake a...her. (Ch.) 4) In the distance, the clearing was cut ... by a high railway embankment. (Ch.) 5) It was a clear moonlit evening. (Ch.) 6) To the right ... there was a continuous white ... translucent darkness. (Ch.) 7) It began to drip ... fine rare rain. 8) The same gloomy strict wild nature was all around. (L.T.) 9) He stared at ... a moving gaze at a distance ... the bulk of gray-haired ruddy blue mountains. (P.) 10) The need for a new a better life n...tolerably painful to protect...sweet heart. (Ch.) 11) Nekhlyudov inhaled the strong smell of a young birch leaf. (L.T.)
81 . Write off by inserting the missing letters; explain the agreement in the number of predicates with homogeneous subjects, definitions - with homogeneous defined.
1) In the village ... heard ... clatter and screams. (L.T.) 2) Noise and shouting were heard everywhere. (P.) 3) All faces expressed animation and anxiety. (L.T.) 4) Sometimes you hear ... the crackling of a gun, the vague din of battle. (T.) 5) In all her movements, one could see either ... then negligence, or ... then fatigue. (T.) 6) They [children] are worried not only about the present, but also about the future of the kittens. (Ch.) 7) Cooked a large fork and spatula from maple tree forced to suspect that boiled sterlet was hardly prepared. (L.T.) 8) His calmness and ease of handling surprised Olenin. (L.T.) 9) She so carefully wiped every thing, as if the vase or the book were alive. (M. G.)
82. In the sentences given below, to the existing main and secondary members, add others that are homogeneous with them.
Sample. The factory needs locksmiths. ... - The plant needs locksmiths, turners, electricians.
1) Boards were brought to the warehouse, ... 2) The boy loved to craft: plan, ... 3) He had an old briefcase, ... 4) Snow lay everywhere: in the fields, ... 5) In our forest not only spruces and pines grow, but also ... 6) The wind either died down, then ... 7) He did not receive letters from anyone: not from his brother, ... 8) Cheerful ... voices are heard from the street children. 9) Pavel tried to help his mother in everything: he sawed firewood, ... 10) The silence of the night was sometimes broken by the cry of an owl, ... 11) The visitor turned out to be a man of average height, ... 12) Athletes from all over the planet came to the Olympics: from France, ...
Generalizing words with homogeneous members of the sentence.
A general word is a member of a sentence, which is a more general designation for all homogeneous members attached to it.
In the example In the basket was game: two black grouse and a duck (Beagle) the general word is the subject game.
A generalizing word can be any member of a sentence, for example: predicate - Homestead location was good: friendly, secluded and free (T.), circumstance - The bird was everywhere: in the garden, in the garden, on the threshing floor, on the street (A.), definition - Headquarters in Taginka village two divisions: Iron and Penza (Mal.) etc.
Generalizing can be combinations of words, for example:
K. chernoles also belong berry trees: bird cherry and rowan. (A.)
Very often, generalizing words are expressed by definitive and negative pronouns and pronominal adverbs: everything, nobody, nothing, always, never, everywhere, everywhere, nowhere, nowhere etc.
Homogeneous members answer the same question as the generalizing word in which they stand: In the field, in the grove, in the air -everywhere silence reigned.
Generalizing words are the same members of the sentence as the homogeneous members that stand with generalizing words, for example:
1) All of a sudden all revived: and forests, and ponds, and steppes.(G.)(All the highlighted words are subject.) 2) In the forests, on the mountains, by the seas and by the rivers - everywhere we find brothers. (OK.)(All the highlighted words are the circumstances of the place.)
Note. With homogeneous subjects, there can be nominal predicates with a generalizing meaning, for example: Apples, pears, oranges, tangerines, grapes - fruits.
Colon and dash with homogeneous terms.
1. When the generalizing word is in front of the homogeneous members of the sentence, then a pause is made before the homogeneous members, and a double dot is put on the letter, for example: Everything changed around: and the weather, and the nature of the forest.(L.T.)
2. If the sentence does not end with homogeneous members, then a dash is placed after them: Everything it: flowers, sparkles, sounds and smells- put pressure on the eyes. (M. G.)
If a comma is required after homogeneous members with a preceding generalizing word according to the conditions of the context (for example, before an adversative conjunction), then a dash after homogeneous members is usually omitted, for example: Many natural disasters were experienced by people: fires, drought, floods, but this did not break the will of man in his struggle with nature.
3. After a generalizing word, a union or
an introductory word warning about an enumeration: somehow, for example and etc.; a comma is placed before such a union or introductory word, and after it a double dot: He was served the usual in taverns dishes, such as: cabbage soup, brains with peas. sausages with cabbage. (G.)
4. If the generalizing word is after the homogeneous members of the sentence, then a pause is made in pronunciation after the homogeneous members, and a dash is put in the letter: In the steppe, across the river,
on the roads - everywhere it was empty. (L.T.)
5. Before the generalizing word, there may be an introductory word:
in a word, in a word, in general and etc.; a dash is placed before the introductory word, and after it, a n - i t and i: But common sense, firmness and freedom, ardent participation in other people's troubles and joys - in a word, all her virtues were definitely born with her. (T.)
Note. Sometimes a colon is placed in front of homogeneous members of a sentence in the absence of a generalizing word in front of them; this is usually the case in business and scientific speech.
EXAMPLE The meeting was attended by director of the Institute S. I. Ivanov, deputy director I. T. Protsenko, deans of the faculties P. M. Simonov and M. S. Uspensky, academic secretary P. M. Timofeev.
Stylistic differences in structures with homogeneous members.
Homogeneous members used without unions or connected by unions and or but , do not have a stylistic coloring and are characteristic of all functional styles. Constructions with homogeneous members connected by an union Yes, more characteristic of colloquial speech and the language of folklore. Wed: Blue and scarlet banners flutter over the stadium. - Raincoats of only two colors - blue and gray(from colloquial speech); He small in stature, but physically very strong(book design).- Mal, yes removed. Small spool but precious(sayings); You talk a lot, but you do little(from colloquial speech).
Constructions with unions and ... and, not only ... but and, how ... So and close in meaning. Wed: He came both yesterday and today. - He came not only yesterday, but also today. - He came both yesterday and today. At the same time, constructions with a repeating union and stylistically neutral, and constructions with unions not only ... but and, how ... So and gravitate toward written language. Both parts in each of these unions are constant and cannot be replaced by other words. For example, wrong:
"She loves not only literature, but also physics" or: "not only literature, but also physics"; "He came both yesterday and also today." Such constructions in the Russian literary language are unacceptable.
Exercise 83. Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain punctuation marks.
1) Everything around suddenly ... suddenly turned ... growled: trees, grasses and earth. 2) In the house, the morning was still sleeping ... they were in a dead sleep. 3) The whole mustache ... Chertopkhanov's house consisted of four log cabins of different sizes, namely: from an outbuilding, a stable, a barn and a bathhouse. 4) Everything in his house: music, furniture, food, and wine - n ... only n ... could be called ... paramount, but even in the second degree it was ... good. 5) These lengthy readings, this silence, this snail-like hidden life - all this went on just in tune with his mental structure. 6) Tchertop-hanov covered his ears with ... their hands and ran. And hops, and anger, and self-confidence ... awn - everything flew out at once. 7) We will not play only comedies, we will all play: dramas, ballets and even tragedies. 8) A thin eagle ... nose with open translucent nostrils, a bold outline of high eyebrows, pale, slightly sunken cheeks - all the features of her face expressed wayward passion and carefree prowess. 9) On red ... cotton grass, on blades of grass, on straws - everywhere ble ... lay and ... fluttered ... countless threads of autumn cobwebs.
(From the works of I. S. Turgenev a.)
84. Write with punctuation marks. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.
1) A Circassian hangs around his ancient roots on branches his armor, a shield, a cloak, a shell, and a quiver and a bow with a helmet. 2) Everything is alive there and the poplars are cool in the shade of the olives, the herds that have fallen asleep around the houses have decided yo bunches of grapes. 3) We were two brother and I. 4) Neither you nor she will forget what happened.
5) And with it they put a military shell not a loaded squeaker, a quiver and a bow, a Georgian dagger and checkers of crosses? Steel.
6)Neither muses neither works neither pleasures of leisure nothing is not will replace the only friend. 7) Something native is heard in the long songs of the coachman, then reckless revelry, then heartfelt anguish.
(From the works of A.S. Pushk and n.)
II. 1) Hunting with a spear requires the three conditions of a dark night, clear water, and perfectly clear weather. 2) A large fish, such as pike, catfish, asp, pike perch, beats with a sharp edge. 3) At this time of the year, large fish somehow no longer took chub and tench.
(S. T. A k s a k o v.)
85. Write with the missing punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.
What could be more remarkable and interesting than underground caves? Narrow winding entrance. Dark and damp. Gradually you get used... to the light of a trembling... candle. The passages are stretching... branching... suddenly expanding... expanding... going into whole halls, then going down steeply... going down somewhere and suddenly breaking off... in abysses. No ropes, no hooks, no rope ladders, which does not help goodness ... going to ... unknown depths, in order to explore the underground labyrinth to the end.
In the echoing emptiness of the caves one can hear various sounds and the rustle of bats and the quiet measured noise of falling drops and the deaf peals of stones breaking under one's feet. For a long, long time they roll ... until somewhere far ... easily ... you hear ... a splash of water. You try ... to guess ... to give what a lake is, an underground river or a waterfall.
Especially remarkable in the caves is the magnificent decoration either from bizarre white ... snow patterns, or from long tall columns, or from icicles, garlands and curtains hanging from above. Sometimes the walls of the caves are covered with deposits of white yellow red minerals. The strange forms of these deposits resemble either the figures of some giants or the bones of giant ... lizards.
(According to A. E. Fersman.)
86. Write with the missing punctuation marks.
All species of resinous trees, such as pine, spruce, fir, and others, are called "red forest" or "red forest". All other tree species that lose their leaves in the fall and renew them in the spring, such as oak, elm, aspen, linden, birch, aspen, alder, and others, are called "black forest" or "black forest". It is also necessary to rank among the black forest those species of bushes that also lose their leaves in winter, viburnum, hazel, honeysuckle, wolf's bast, wild rose, black-tailed ordinary willow and others.
(S. T. A k s a k o v.)
87. According to the program and textbook of the Russian language for grade III, establish which homogeneous members and unions students get to know with them elementary school. Come up with eight sentences yourself with such homogeneous members and conjunctions. In doing so, use the list of words that are difficult to write, available in the program.
Navigation
« »Simple sentences with a complicated structure are diverse. They may contain:
1) homogeneous members;
2) isolation;
3) introductory words and proposals and plug-in designs;
4) appeals.
Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.
§one. Homogeneous members of a sentence
Homogeneous Members- these are sentence members associated with the same word and answering the same question. They are equal, independent of each other and are one and the same member of the proposal. Between themselves they are connected by a coordinating or non-union syntactic connection.
The composing connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of composing unions: single or repeated. The unionless connection is expressed intonationally.
I love ice cream.
I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.
Laughing girls ran into the room.
(simple two-part common sentence)
Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.
(a simple two-part common sentence complicated by homogeneous members)
Any member of the sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, additions, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.
There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.
(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)
The girl is educated and well educated.
(educated and educated- homogeneous predicates)
I loved books, constructors and cartoons.
(books, designers, cartoons- homogeneous additions)
We spent all the days in the forest or on the river.
(in the forest, on the river- similar circumstances
It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.
(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)
Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed in words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible, which are expressed in words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically designed in different ways.
The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, in beautiful language.
(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)
Due to the sudden downpour, we got wet to the skin and froze.
(homogeneous predicates expressed by phraseological phrase soaked to the skin and verb frozen)
Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be differently punctuated.
Homogeneous members of the sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and / or non-union connection. If these are secondary members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.
Homogeneous members in oral speech are formalized intonation, and in written speech - punctuation.
In one sentence there can be several rows of homogeneous members.
Masha, Seryozha and Petya sat around the table in the dining room and drew.
(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sitting and drawing- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)
§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members
The series of homogeneous members can carry words with a general meaning, referring to all the words of the series. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.
Generalizing words are words denoting:
- generic and specific concepts:
The room was furnished with plain furniture: an old sofa, a table, two chairs.
(generalizing word - furniture);
- the words: all, all, always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere etc., conveying the idea of universality:
Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.
In a sentence, generalizing words can be both before and after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:
On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.
The place occupied by generalizing words depends on the punctuation of sentences.
§3. Distinguishing between homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions
If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a number of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the one hand, on one basis, for example, in size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles, on different grounds.
A cheerful, laughing girl ran into the room.
(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)
A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.
(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)
The vase contained red, orange and yellow flowers.
(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color)
The vase contained large red fragrant flowers.
(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are inconsistent definitions)
Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:
At the end of November, the first light snow fell.
(the words first and light belong to different parts of speech: first- numeral, light- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that homogeneous members are sentence members associated with the same word and answering the same question?
Are homogeneous members of the sentence equal?
Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinate relationship?
Are proposals with several rows of homogeneous members possible?
Is the number of homogeneous members limited?
Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be joined by coordinating conjunctions?
What is the name of a word with a generalizing meaning that homogeneous members can carry?
- generalizing word
- appeal
- circumstance
Is the generalizing word always the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?
Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, orange leaves.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
Homogeneous called sentence members, answering the same question, relating to the same member of the sentence and performing the same syntactic function (that is, occupying the position of one member of the sentence).
They are equal, independent of each other and are one and the same member of the proposal. Between themselves they are connected by a coordinating or non-union syntactic connection. The composing connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of composing unions: single or repeated. The unionless connection is expressed intonationally.
For instance: I love ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.
Laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) funny , laughing , screeching , screaming the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)
Homogeneous can be all sentence members: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.
For instance:
- How boys, and girls passed sports standards. (Boys, girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- In a large forest during a storm, trees groan, crackle, break down. (Moaning, cracking, breaking - homogeneous predicates.)
- yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the counter of the store. (Yellow, blue, purple are uniform definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors and cartoons.
(Books, designers, cartoons - homogeneous additions)
- All the days we spent in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river are the same circumstances).
Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the proposal.
For instance: The heart is opened not with an iron key, but with kindness.
Homogeneous members of a sentence may or may not be widespread.
For instance: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, foliage and fruits.
Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible, which are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically designed in different ways.
For instance: The girl answered the exam smartly, intelligently, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed in adverbs smartly, sensibly and nominal phrases in a beautiful language.)
Due to a sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin and frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed in phraseological phrases, got wet to the skin and froze with the verb.)
Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated in different ways.
Homogeneous members of the sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and / or non-union connection. If these are secondary members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.
Homogeneous members in oral speech are formalized intonation, and in written speech - punctuation.
In one sentence there can be several rows of homogeneous members.
For instance:
Masha, Seryozha and Petya sat around the table in the dining room and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - the 1st row of homogeneous members; sitting and drawing- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members.)
In the grammatical association of homogeneous members, enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions participate:
a) connecting: and
; Yes
in meaning and
; neither
..., neither
; how
..., so
; Not only
...,but also
; too
; also
;
b) opposing: a
; but
; Yes
in meaning but
; but
; but
;
c) separating: or
; or
; then
..., then
;not that
..., not that
; either
...,either
.
For instance:
Siberia has many features as in nature, So
and in human manners.
(Union how
…, so
- connecting.)
And the Baltic Sea, although not deep, but extensively. (Union but - antagonistic.)
In the evenings he or read, or watched TV set.(Union or - separating.)
In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating unions (causal, concessive), for example:
For instance:
It was useful because developing the game. Book interesting though difficult. (In these examples, the homogeneous members of the sentence: useful, because developing; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinating conjunctions because, although.)
Are not homogeneous members of the proposal:
1) repetitive words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.
For instance: We were definitely floating in the air and circled, circled, circled. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).
Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;
2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle not this way : believe it or not, try not try, write like this write, work like this work;
3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first one is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I'll go and see etc.;
4) phraseological turns of the type: neither fluff nor feathers, neither back nor forth, for nothing, neither light nor dawn, nor fish nor meat, neither give nor take, neither alive nor dead, and laughter and sin, and this and that.
In them comma is not included.
