Why was it necessary to go to the North Pole? : 1. Desire to find a direct route from Europe to the Pacific Ocean. 2. Historically, the first base for reaching the Pole was the Svalbard archipelago, explored by European sailors since the 17th century. 3. In the middle of the 19th century, the “American Way” was laid along the system of straits separating about. Ellesmere from Greenland. Ellesmere 4. The “American Way” had the most important advantage of using the labor force and polar experience of the Eskimos of North Greenland, primarily supplying sled dogs, building igloo camping shelters. the latitudes of the Arctic were captured by US explorers. 6. The achievement of the North Pole fell on a historical period when the discovery of new lands and archipelagos, the elimination of "white spots" on the world map was almost completed, and the study of natural processes was just beginning, moreover, from the standpoint of a single global process. 7. Pole expeditions showed the measure of the capabilities of the human body, showed the exhaustion of traditional research methods and put the use of new ones on the agenda. technical means, primarily transport.
Norwegian Polar Expedition () Achievements Nansen and Johansen attempted to reach the North Pole by dog sled, on April 6, 1895 they reached 86 ° 1306 N. sh., which was at that time an absolute world record April 6, 1895 Discoveries A deep-sea polar basin was discovered, which is the northern continuation of the Atlantic Ocean of the Atlantic Ocean The assumption of the existence of a northern polar continent or a large archipelago of an archipelago continent was finally refuted Comprehensive climatic, glaciological and other measurements were carried out for three years in a row.climaticglaciologicalThe northern boundaries of the Franz Josef Land archipelago were clarified, after processing scientific data, a new scientific discipline of physical oceanography emerged.Franz Josef Landphysical oceanography Losses The first polar expedition of the 19th century, during which not a single person was lost.XIX century
NANSEN Fridtjof () Norwegian polar explorer Travel routes 1888 F. Nansen made the first ever ski crossing through Greenland. Nansen on the Fram ship drifted across the Arctic Ocean from the New Siberian Islands to the Svalbard archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen was unable to reach the North Pole. The expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean. Name on the geographical map The name of Nansen is the name of an underwater basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical objects in the Arctic and Antarctic. The task. On the map of the atlas (c) trace the routes of the expeditions of Nansen and Piri. What are their differences?
NANSEN Fridtjof () Norwegian polar explorer A major breakthrough was the Norwegian Polar Expedition, the Norwegian Polar Expedition. It was organized in a fundamentally different way. The specially built ice vessel "Fram" was frozen into the pack ice west of the Novosibirsk Islands, which carried the expedition to the northwest. Frampack ice of the Novosibirsk Islands However, the current did not pass through the circumpolar region. During the expedition, its chief Nansen reached 86 ° 13 36 "N on sleds drawn by 28 sled dogs. April 8, 1895 Nansen April 8, 1895 Reverse winds and currents did not allow the Norwegians to pass 400 km separating them from the pole. Task What fundamentally new did the Nansen expedition introduce into the attempts of people to conquer the North Pole?
Arctic Expedition Piri () Achievements. Robert Peary is officially considered the first person to reach the North Pole after crossing the pack ice by dog sled. Discoveries The only goal of the expedition was a sports record, no exploration goals. April 1909. Arctic Robert and Pirie of the North Pole April 6, 1909 According to the leader, completed his 23-year struggle to conquer the North Pole. The expedition set itself purely sporting tasks, so its contribution to the development of science is small. Immediately after returning, Peary's achievement was called into question by F. Cook, who stated that he had reached the North Pole earlier than April 21, 1908. F. Cook April 21, 1908 The point in this dispute has not been put to this day, but in the second half of the twentieth century. Versions spread that Piri did not reach the North Pole at all.
PIRI Robert Edwin () American polar explorer Travel routes 1892 and 1895 two trips through Greenland. From 1902 to 1905 several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole. Finally, R. Piri announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the traveler's death, when, according to his will, the diaries of the expedition were declassified, it turned out that Piri could not actually reach the pole, he stopped at 89˚55΄ N. Name on the geographical map The peninsula in the far north of Greenland is called Piri Land.
AMUNDSEN Rual () Norwegian polar explorer Travel routes gg. Arctic expedition on the ship "Yoa". R. Amundsen was the first to pass through the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time. Antarctic expedition on the ship "Fram". On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four comrades on a dog sled reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month. on the ship "Maud" R. Amundsen passed through the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia, together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen flew on the airship "Norway" along the route Svalbard North Pole Alaska, during the search for the missing in Barents Sea expedition W. Nobile Amundsen died. Name on the geographical map The name of the Norwegian traveler is carried by the sea in pacific ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean. The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the pioneers: Amundsen-Scott Pole.
SCOTT Robert Falcon () - English explorer of Antarctica Travel routes gg. Antarctic expedition on the ship "Discovery". As a result of this expedition, King Edward VII Land, the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf were discovered, and Victoria Land was explored. Expedition of R. Scott to Antarctica on the ship "Terra-Nova". January 18, 1912 (33 days later than R. Amundsen) Scott and four of his companions reached the South Pole. On the way back, all travelers died. Name on a map In honor of Robert Scott, an island and two glaciers off the coast of Antarctica, part of the western coast of Victoria Land (Scott Coast) and mountains on Enderby Land are named. The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the first explorers of the South Pole "Amundsen-Scott Pole". The name of the polar traveler is also the New Zealand scientific station on the coast of the Ross Sea in Antarctica and the Institute of Polar Research in Cambridge.
Travelers of the 20th century Thor Heyerdahl is a world famous Norwegian ethnologist and traveler. His name is written in Norwegian as "Thor", that is, Thor is the name of one of the main gods of Norse mythology. In his life he made many trips, mainly to homemade boats, to prove their theories regarding the contacts of ancient civilizations with each other. Fedor Konyukhov is a world-famous Russian traveler, writer and artist, priest. Born December 12, 1951. Papanin's name became widely known in 1937, when he led an expedition to the North Pole. Within 247 days, four fearless employees...
Cousteau, Jacques-Yves Jacques-Yves Cousteau (fr. Jacques-Yves Coustea fr. June 11 June 11, 1910, Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac, Bordeaux, France June 25, 1997, Paris, France) the famous French explorer of the World Ocean, photographer, director, inventor, author of many books and films. 1910 Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac Bordeaux France June 25, 1997 Paris French World Ocean photographer director Inventor Member of the French Academy. French Academy Commander of the Order of the Legion of Honor. Order of the Legion of Honor Known as Captain Cousteau ).fr. Together with Emil Gagnan in 1943 he developed and tested scuba gear. Emil Ganan 1943 scuba gear
Modern
geographical research
Prepared by:
history teacher
MKOU Maninskaya secondary school
Bosyuk Alina Sergeevna
Manino 2014
More than 5 thousand years lasts knowledge of the Earth. People penetrated into the depths of the oceans, climbed high mountains, overcame the strictest deserts. They have mastered outer space. There are no more "white spots" on the map. Geography began to be studied in schools and universities. The world has become the same in the view of different peoples, i.e. formed a common view of the Earth. This is the main result of all previous knowledge of our planet. It may seem that geographers already know everything.
Human and nature
Since the twentieth century, the scope of human economic activity has grown so much that it has become tangible throughout the Earth. The use of natural resources has become very rapid and on a huge scale. Walking on the planet, a person often leaves unpleasant traces: cut down forests, depleted soils, poisoned rivers, polluted air. But the living conditions of a person become unfavorable, and sometimes harmful to health.
Therefore, now the primary task of geography is the prediction of changes in nature as a result of various human interventions in it. Geographers must work out instructions for the correct, reasonable use of nature and its protection.
Ocean Research
Water expanses are explored by scientific expeditions.
In 1957, an expedition on the Vityaz ship in the Pacific Ocean discovered a deep oceanic trench - Mariana Trench (11,022 m).
Subsequently Swiss Jean Picard and American Donald Walsh sank in a bathyscaphe to the bottom of this depression.
Ship "Vityaz"
Donald Walsh
Bathyscaphe "Trieste"
Jean Picard
Valuable information about currents in the Arctic Ocean is provided by drifting stations. Such stations are arranged on huge ice floes. Together with her, they slowly float with the wind or current without any engine. Drifting stations are equipped with special instruments for observations.
Drifting station "North Pole"
Famous explorer of the deep sea French Jacques-Yves Cousteau spent a significant part of his life under water, studying the living world of the seas and oceans.
Now many countries of the world are exploring the oceans in order to use their wealth. First of all, the seabed is fraught with oil and gas, iron and manganese ores. Deposits of these minerals are discovered in many seas.
Jacques-Yves Cousteau - king of the underwater world
Atmospheric research
Economic activity and human life largely depend on the state of the air shell of our planet - the atmosphere. To monitor its condition, meteorological stations are located in many places on the globe. It is especially important to foresee such unfavorable phenomena for a person as thunderstorms, hail, and storms. This gives you the opportunity to at least protect yourself from them.
Important in our time is the study of the atmosphere to prevent its pollution. Air polluted by emissions from enterprises and transport is very harmful to health.
Research in Antarctica
Regular research in Antarctica has been carried out since 1956. On the mainland and adjacent islands different countries world equipped research stations. On one of them - station "Akademik Vernadsky" - doing research Ukraine since 1996
In connection with the study of Antarctica, an international agreement was signed, according to which any economic activity and the deployment of military bases are prohibited on this mainland. Therefore, Antarctica is called the mainland of scientists.
Ukrainian scientific station
"Academician Vernadsky"
Lake Vostok- the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica. The lake is located in the area of the Antarctic station " East"(77 ° south latitude, 105 ° east longitude) under an ice sheet about 4000 m thick and has dimensions of approximately 250 × 50 km. The estimated area is 15.5 thousand km². Depth over 1200 m
Earth exploration from space
In 1957, the first artificial Earth satellite was launched, and then the first ship with the first person on board.
Since then, the space age began in the study of the globe.
Ukraine is also a space state. She launched two spacecraft.
In 1997 a citizen of Ukraine Leonid Kadenyuk flew into space as part of the international crew of the American spacecraft "Columbia".
Shuttle "Columbia"
Leonid Kadenyuk
Spacecraft have helped mankind to look into the hard-to-reach corners of the Earth: highlands, polar regions, expanses of oceans, forests and deserts. Observations of natural phenomena: volcanic eruptions, river floods, avalanches, hurricanes. Pictures quickly and most importantly safely convey information about the disaster area.
Meteorological satellites "examine" the Earth and determine the nature of cloudiness, the spread of snow cover. Satellite images help predict the weather, find mineral deposits, and determine the size of pollution on the earth's surface.
There is no doubt that we are on the threshold of a new era of great discoveries: outer space and, along with it, our planet.
Universal Orbital Station
Space image of the Central part of Kyiv
Surveying the Earth's Surface
Research by Ukrainian scientists
In the twentieth century famous scientists-geographers worked in Ukraine. The formation of Ukrainian geography is connected with their names.
Pavel Tutkovsky explored the nature of Ukraine and wrote works on geology and landscape science.
Stepan Rudnitsky p The first network map of Ukraine and wrote textbooks for children "Ukraine is our native land".
Konstantin Vobla- Ukrainian economic geographer, studied natural resources, compiled a detailed description of the economy of Ukraine.
Kalenik Gerenchuk explored relief and landscapes. Numerous of his works are devoted to the problems of nature protection.
In our time, geographical research in Ukraine is carried out by scientists working at the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and at universities.
International Earth Studies
Geography owes its enormous success in modern times to international cooperation. This is especially true for the study of the World Ocean, Antarctica, and space.
So, in 1957-1958. Scientists around the world have joined forces in the study of the Earth and near-Earth space. This year is called the International Geophysical Year. During this period, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite of the Earth, research geophysical rockets appeared in USA, Australia, Canada, France, Japan .
This presentation of a geography lesson in grade 5 on the topic "Modern geographical research" was compiled according to the teaching materials "Spheres" grade 5-6 textbook edited by A.A. Lobzhanidze. The presentation contains a test (for homework); presentation of a new topic with photos and explanatory text; questions to consolidate the topic and reflection of the lesson.
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Goals and objectives of the lesson. 1. Introduce the study of the polar regions; ocean exploration and other important research of the 20th century. 2. To form an idea of the great explorers of the 20th century. 3. Find out the significance of modern geographical discoveries. 4. To form students' ability to work with cartographic material.
Today in the lesson we will learn: How the polar regions of the Earth were explored. What discoveries were made in the oceans. What geographical discoveries are being made today.
Homework check Who was the first European to reach the coast of Australia? A) Abel Tasman C) James Cook B) Christopher Columbus D) Vasco da Gama 2 . What did James Cook discover on his first expedition? A) Hawaiian Islands C) Antarctica B) Great Barrier Reef D) Alaska
3 . Who discovered Antarctica? A) James Cook B) I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky V) F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev D) Abel Tasman 4 . In what year was Antarctica discovered? A) in 1642 C) in 1820 B) in 1492 D) in 1803
5. The first Russian round-the-world expedition took place under the command of: A) F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazareva B) I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky C) Vitus Bereng D) Semyon Dezhnev 6 . Domestic Antarctic station, named after the ship on which M.P. Lazarev reached the coast of Antarctica: A) "Vostok" B) "Nadezhda" C) "Neva" D) "Pelican"
Let's check ourselves! A B C C B A
Exploration of the polar regions Robert Peary (1856-1920) American explorer of the Arctic, traveler. He devoted 23 years of his life to the task of reaching the North Pole, carried out several expeditions to Greenland and the Central Arctic. Officially considered the first person to reach the North Pole. This happened on April 6, 1909.
Roald Amundsen (July 16, 1872 - June 18, 1928) - Norwegian polar explorer and record holder, "Napoleon of the polar countries" The first person to reach the South Pole (December 14, 1911). The first person (together with Oscar Wisting) to visit both geographic poles of the planet.
The Antarctic Treaty The Treaty was concluded on December 1, 1959 in Washington and entered into force on June 23, 1961 after it was signed by 12 states - the original participants. The main purpose of the treaty is to ensure the use of Antarctica in the interests of all mankind
Exploration of the Arctic 1930 icebreaker "Sedov" Under the leadership of O.Yu. Schmidt 1932 the steamship "Sibiryakov" for the first time in one navigation passed the Northern Sea Route
Exploration of the oceans Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh 1960 Bathyscaphe "Trieste"
Mariana Trench
Exploring the oceans Cousteau Jacques Yves (1910-1997) Scuba
1953 - the conquest of Chomolungma by Edmund Hillary Norgay Tenzing
Study of the atmosphere
Questions to consolidate the studied topic Representatives of which countries participated in the conquest of the North and South Poles of the Earth? What is the value for modern science have research in the polar regions of our planet? What kind important discoveries were made in the 20th century while exploring the oceans? What scientific significance did the study of the upper layers of the air envelope of our planet have? What information do scientists get today with the help of artificial earth satellites?
Lesson reflection What did you learn? What difficulties did you experience? What did you like about the lesson? I understood everything in the lesson and I can explain it to a friend I learned the topic, but I can’t explain This topic is difficult for me
Homework § 9 Orally answer the questions at the end of the paragraph
Used literature and resources UMK "Spheres" Grade 5 - 6 https://ru.wikipedia.org
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Slides captions:
Modern geographical research SBEI "St. Petersburg Governor's FML No. 30" Krasnova N.V.
Exploration of the polar regions *Robert Peary reached the North Pole in 1909 *Roald Amundsen reached the South Pole in 1911 *Robert Scott reached the South Pole in 1912 * …
Robert Peary (1856-1920), American Arctic explorer, traveler
Amundsen Roald (1872–1928), Norwegian polar explorer
First person to reach the South Pole (December 14, 1911). The first person (together with Oscar Wisting) to visit both geographic poles of the planet. The first traveler who made a continuous sea passage through the Northwest Passage (along the straits of the Canadian Archipelago), later made the passage through the Northeast Passage (along the coast of Siberia), for the first time closing the circumnavigation of the world beyond the Arctic Circle. He died in 1928 while searching for the missing expedition of Umberto Nobile. He had awards from many countries of the world, including the highest US award - the Gold Medal of Congress, numerous geographical and other objects are named after him.
Robert Scott (1868-1912), captain of the Royal Navy of Great Britain, polar explorer, one of the discoverers of the South Pole Amundsen's expedition was ahead of them by a month. On the way back, Scott and his comrades perished from cold, hunger, and physical exhaustion.
Explorations of the Arctic Otto Schmidt in 1930 explores the Kara Sea (the icebreaker Sedov), in 1932 - the first ever through navigation along the Northern Sea Route from the White Sea to Beringovo in one navigation (on the steamer Sibiryakov)
Research of the Arctic * Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich in 1937-1938 headed the world's first drifting station "North Pole" (9 months) *4290m - water depth under the ice *since 1957 research of the central Arctic at drifting stations - constantly
* Chkalov V.P., Baidukov G.F., Belyakov A.V. in 1937 made the first non-stop flight Moscow-USA over the North Pole
2007, the ship "Akademik Fedorov" and the nuclear icebreaker "Russia", the study of the atmosphere, sea currents, ice thickness, ocean depth. Descent to the bottom at the point of the joint venture of the Mir deep-sea submersible (inhabited, immersion depth up to 6 km)
Antarctica - the continent of peace and science *since the 2nd half of the 20th century. - regular study of the mainland * ice thickness up to 4 km, cold pole, strongest winds ... * 1956 - the first Soviet scientific expedition, the Antarctic observatory, Mirny station * 1957 - Vostok, the beginning of drilling a well in ice, absolute. minimum t 0 C -89, 2 0 C *since 1959 - hosts permanent scientific stations *45 stations (5-RF), scientific activity
Exploration of the oceans * XX century - huge mountain ranges, underwater volcanoes (more than on land), deep-sea depressions were discovered in the topography of the ocean floor * Auguste Picard and Jacques Piccard in 1953 designed the Trieste bathyscaphe * Jacques Picard and Don Walsh in 1960 year in the bathyscaphe sank to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. * Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1943 invented and tested scuba gear (together with Emile Gagnan), the founder of underwater research, underwater documentary photography.
Bathyscaphe "Trieste"
Jacques Yves Cousteau (1910 - 1997)
Other research * Edmund Hillary and Norgay Tenzing on May 29, 1953 first summited Everest * Yuri Gagarin, May 12, 1961 * Kola superdeep well 12262 m
Edmund Hillary and Norgay Tenzing
Thanks for attention!!!
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Independent work in geography for grade 6 on the topic "Modern geographical research" is aimed at repeating and generalizing the knowledge of students. Independent work compiled on...
Modern geographical research.
This presentation was created based on the material of A.A. Letyagin "Methodological guide 5 - 6 class". It is proposed as a diagnostic of subject results for lesson No. 6 "Modern...
Class: 5
Lesson Objectives:
Educational:
- To acquaint students with modern geographical research.
- Determine the significance of discoveries in the development of science and the life of the Earth.
Developing and educational:
- Develop yourself to set your learning goals.
- Develop the ability to independently create and apply new knowledge.
- Cultivate mindfulness.
LESSON TYPE - combined.
The student must:
Know: basic geographical concepts and terms, names of great travelers.
Be able to: to determine the role of modern technologies in geography and human life.
EQUIPMENT OF THE LESSON: a physical map of the world, a globe, geographical atlases of grades 5, 6.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT.
II. CHECKING HOMEWORK. ATTACHMENT 1.
1. By cards.
Card 1.
Card 2.
1) “... There is no mainland! And not a single person will ever dare to penetrate further south than I managed to do” - whose words are these? What continent are we talking about?
2. Checking the nomenclature.
1) Show on the map the route of the first Russian expedition of I.F. Kruzenshtern.
2) Show on the map the route of the discoverers of Antarctica.
III. UPDATE OF KNOWLEDGE.
Knowledge of the Earth continues. It does not go “in width”, but “in depth”, Earth researchers are looking for answers to the questions: why is this happening, what will happen in the future? New expeditions are on the way. Not everything is known yet, not everything is open on Earth.
Travelers, among whom there are many of our compatriots, penetrate deep into the tropical forests of Africa, South America, and New Guinea. Many want to test their strength, will, character. Russian traveler Fyodor Konyukhov single-handedly conquered the South Pole, the peaks of the highest mountains of different continents, made round-the-world voyages.
IV. STUDY OF NEW MATERIAL.
LESSON PLAN.
- Discoveries in the World Ocean in the XX century.
- Modern geographical research.
- Geography and computer.
Throughout the lesson, students fill in the table “Great geographical discoveries”.
| F.I. traveler | Date of travel (discoveries) | Achievements |
Question 1. A new world appeared before the scientists. Huge ridges, many mountains, large plains, deep-sea depressions are open at the bottom of the ocean. Volcanoes in the oceans turned out to be much more than on land. Especially a lot of them in the Pacific Ocean. It also contains the deepest troughs in the world's oceans. One of them, discovered by scientists of our country, was named Vityaz. It turned out that at the bottom of even the deepest depressions there is life. In 1960, explorers Jacques Picard and Don Walsh in a special apparatus sank to the bottom of the world's deepest Mariana Trench, at a depth of 11,022 m.
The study of the ocean was also carried out from spacecraft and satellites. Accurate bottom relief maps were created. People began to extract many minerals from the bottom of the sea, for example, oil and gas.
The French oceanographer Jacques Yves Cousteau invented scuba gear in the mid-20th century, with the help of which a person can breathe freely while swimming under water. On his ship "Calypso" he visited various parts of the World Ocean, studying underwater life, filming and discovering to people a completely unfamiliar underwater world.
Question 2. Modern geography uses both traditional and new research methods to solve various problems. Among the traditional methods, one of the most effective is special expeditions. They are organized not only in poorly studied, but also in long-explored regions of the Earth - to determine the changes that are taking place there. During expeditions, various special instruments are used to make measurements, perform scientific descriptions and other studies.
The great scientist and traveler of the twentieth century was the biologist and geographer Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov. His motto was the words: "We must hurry." He wanted to fit a lot into one life. It is difficult to say how many countries the inquisitive researcher managed to visit. Vavilov was looking for centers of origin of cultivated plants: rye, wheat, barley and many others. He climbed high into the desert mountains of Asia, the African plateaus, the highlands of North and South America. In many places, he was the first European to penetrate the deaf gorges, traverse the caravan trails, and climb the passes. The collection of cultivated plant seeds collected by Vavilov and his collaborators was the most complete in the world. It contained about 200,000 seed samples from various regions of the Earth.
Arctic- the northern polar region of the Earth. It includes the expanses of the Arctic Ocean, islands, the northern coast of Eurasia and North America. The North Pole of the Earth is located in the Arctic. In the twentieth century, on icebreakers and submarines, on airships and airplanes, on dogs and on skis, travelers rushed to it.
The first Russian expedition to the North Pole was led by Georgy Sedov, the captain of the St. Foka ship. She failed to reach the pole. The captain himself died in 1914. His companions, the sailors, buried Sedov on Rudolf Island, the northernmost island land of Russia.
In the Arctic, during the search for the missing Italian polar expedition, the brave Raoul Amundsen died.
In 1937, Soviet pilots landed on an ice field near the North Pole. They delivered scientific equipment, equipment, products for work on the ice of the scientific station "North Pole". Four brave polar explorers, led by Ivan Papanin, remained to conduct scientific observations at the station. The explorers lived in a small tent. The ice field was slowly moving south towards the Atlantic Ocean. After 9 months of drifting, it began to split into separate ice floes, cracks passed through the territory of the station. Polar explorers ended up on one ice floe, scientific equipment and fuel supplies on another. The ice continued to break, but people were saved by the icebreaker ships that arrived in time.
Exploration of the Arctic with the help of drifting polar stations continued until recently. Observations provided valuable information about the ocean itself and the weather in the Arctic. This is very important, since the Northern Sea Route passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean. In the short polar summer, ships from the Kola Peninsula and the White Sea carry cargo to the east, to the Arctic settlements and cities of the Siberian North, to the Pacific Ocean. For the first time in one navigation, the Northern Sea Route was passed in 1932. But until now, despite the powerful icebreakers that lead the cargo ships, it remains difficult and dangerous.
Antarctic the south polar region of the earth. According to international agreements, Antarctica does not belong to any country, weapons tests cannot be carried out on its land, scientists from all countries can study it. Antarctica is called the "kitchen of the weather", influencing the climate of even countries far from it. If its ice begins to melt, the level of the World Ocean will rise, water will flood some of the lowlands of the Earth. By studying the ancient ice of Antarctica, one can understand how the climate of the Earth and the composition of its atmospheric air have changed.
In the middle of the twentieth century, scientific stations were organized in different parts of the mainland. At the South Pole - American, in the central, most inaccessible part of Antarctica - Soviet. Several scientific stations are located on the coast of the mainland.
The height of Everest is 8848 m. At such an altitude, there is very little air to breathe. The peaks of Chomolungma in 1973 were reached by the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the highlander from the Himalayan Sherpa tribe Norgay Tensing. Raising the flags of their countries and the UN flag on it, they dedicated their victory to all the people of the Earth. About what they saw, no one can say better than the conquerors of the mountain peaks themselves.
N.Tensing: “ We started looking around. The sun was shining, and the sky - in all my life I have not seen the sky blue! The lightest breeze was blowing from the direction of Tibet... I looked down and recognized the places that I remember from past expeditions. The great Himalayas towered around us on all sides. Never before have I seen such a sight, and never shall I see again—wild, beautiful, and terrible. However, I was not horrified. I love mountains too much, I love Everest. At the great moment that I had been waiting for all my life, my mountain seemed to me not as a lifeless mass of stone covered with ice, but as something warm, alive, friendly. She was like a mother hen, and the rest of the peaks were chickens hiding under her wings. It seemed to me that I myself could spread my wings and cover my favorite mountains with them.”.
Following Hillary and Tenzing, many more climbers climbed Everest and other mountains of the Himalayas. Among them were Russians. Moreover, some of them climbed Everest at night, walked to the top along the slopes, along which no one could climb before them.
Question 3. With the invention of the computer, geography had new possibilities. Geographic information systems (GIS) began to be created - computer technologies for creating various maps and analyzing objects and events occurring on the planet.
With the help of GIS, accurate and diverse electronic maps are created. They can be applied to any information taken from the GIS database. With the creation of GIS, geography had the opportunity to conduct experiments.
V. CONSOLIDATION OF THE STUDYED MATERIAL. front poll.
- Why do scientists study the Arctic and Antarctic?
- Why is the Northern Sea Route important for Russia?
- How is modern geographic research different from the study of the Earth in the past?
- What is Geographic Information Systems?
VI. SUMMARIZING.
VII. HOMEWORK.
- Paragraph 5;
- message “My virtual journey around the globe”.
ATTACHMENT 1.
Card 1.
1) When and by whom was Antarctica discovered?
2) What geographical discoveries did James Cook make?
Card 2.
1) “... There is no mainland! And not a single person will ever dare to penetrate further south than I managed to do” - whose words are these? What continent are we talking about?
2) What geographical discoveries did Abel Tasman make?
