Glossary of sports psychology terms
ABASIA (from Greek a - negative particle + basis - walking) - a violation of the ability to walk while maintaining other leg movements; occurs more frequently in hysteria.
ABSOLUTE SCALE (eng. absolute scale) - a variant of the scale designed to measure the continuous properties of an object, for which all 4 types of relationships are performed.
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD (English absolute threshold) - a type of sensory threshold.
ABULIA (from the Greek abulia - indecision) - a psychopathological syndrome characterized by lethargy, lack of initiative and motivation for activity.
AVERSIVE THERAPY (from Latin aversatio - disgust) is the general name of a group of therapeutic methods based on the use of unpleasant (aversive) stimuli.
AUTOIDENTIFICATION, AUTOIDENTIFICATION (English Self-identification) - self-determination, identification (identification) of oneself with another or others (group).
AUTOMATION OF MOVEMENTS (eng. Movement automatization) is one of the ways to form the operator's response, characteristic of the last stage of training.
AUTOMATISM (English automatism) - background coordination in the lower levels of building movements, created and activated by the overlying level.
ADAPTABILITY (maladaptiveness) - tendencies in the functioning of a purposeful system, determined by the compliance or inconsistency of its goals and the results achieved in the course of activity.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTIVATION - continuation of physiological activation. Associated with the decoding of external signals, depending on the level of wakefulness and the state of consciousness, as well as on the needs, tastes, interests and plans of a person.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVATION - associated with the function of the centers located at the base of the brain. These centers contain the mechanisms of awakening; it is at this level that the signals coming from the outside world and from the organism itself are collected and classified before they - if they are important enough - are sent to the cerebral cortex. The resulting activation of higher centers allows the body to stay awake and closely monitor the signals from the environment, which ensures that it maintains physiological and mental balance.
MENTAL ACTIVITY: BIORHYTHM (biorhythms of a person's mental activity) is a periodic alternation of a state of tension and relaxation in a person's mental activity.
ALEXITHYMIA - the inability of the patient to name the emotions experienced by himself or other people, i.e. translate them into verbal terms.
ASKEZA is an ancient concept meaning the preparation of athletes for sports competitions. Later it received an expanded interpretation and began to mean the fight against vices and the desire for a virtuous life. So, for the Pythagoreans, asceticism was a set of rules necessary to achieve the truth.
VALIDITY is one of the most important characteristics of psychodiagnostic methods and tests, one of the main criteria for their quality. This concept is close to the concept of reliability, but not quite identical.
VEGETOTHERAPY is a type of body-oriented therapy founded by W. Reich. According to him, any containment of energy leads to the formation of "muscle shells"; since the soul and the body are one, "dissolving" these shells, you can help the client release restrained, stagnant energy and thereby alleviate mental suffering. The main methods of vegetotherapy are associated with massage and breathing, as well as with motor and voice exercises of various types.
VERBAL - in psychology - a term for the forms of sign material, as well as the processes of operating with this material.
VERIFICATION - when checking scientific concepts- proof or other convincing demonstration that the phenomena included in the scope and content of this concept really exist and correspond to the definition of the concept. This also presupposes the existence of a method of experimental verification of the phenomenon described by the concept. The verification is carried out by means of an appropriate psychodiagnostic procedure.
INTERACTION OF ANALYZERS is one of the manifestations of the unity of the sensory sphere. Changes in the functional state of one analyzer as a result of stimulation of another have been studied especially fully. The revealed regularities of disturbances in the interaction of analyzers are used in the diagnosis of diseases.
GROUP INTERACTION - the process of direct or indirect influence of multiple objects (subjects) on each other, generating their mutual conditioning and connection; occurs both between parts of groups and between whole groups. Acts as an integrating factor that promotes the formation of structures.
FUNCTIONAL-ROLE INFLUENCE - the type of influence, the nature, intensity and direction of which are determined not by the personal characteristics of the interaction partners, but by their role positions. In contrast to the individual-specific influence, it occurs due to the transmission of activity patterns regulated by the role balance of forces, and due to the demonstration of a certain set of modes of action that do not go beyond the role prescriptions.
ATTENTION - the focus of the subject's activity at a given moment of time on some real or ideal object - an object, event, image, reasoning, etc. Attention is also characterized by the consistency of various links in the functional structure of an action, which determines the success of its implementation (for example, the speed and accuracy of solving a problem). Attention occupies a special place among mental phenomena.
Suggestibility - increased compliance in relation to impulses.
POST-HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION (post-hypnotic suggestion) is a phenomenon of behavior when a task given in a hypnotic state is then unquestioningly performed in a normal state, and the very fact of the presence of a task is not realized.
EXCITABILITY - the property of living beings to come into a state of excitement under the influence of stimuli or stimuli - with the preservation of its traces for some time.
WILL - the ability of a person to achieve his goals.
REPLACEMENT is a form of psychological defense.
IDENTIFICATION is a form of psychological defense.
ISOLATION IN PERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY is a form of psychological defense.
IMPULSE - a character trait, expressed in a tendency to act without hesitation.
INDIVIDUALITY (from lat. indiduum - indivisible, individual) - a concept denoting an individual pace and rhythm mental processes, the degree of stability of feelings.
INSIGHT - a moment of insight, grasping certain relationships and the structure of the situation as a whole, not derived from the past experience of the subject.
INTELLECTUALIZATION - a form of psychological defense, manifested in abstraction from psycho-traumatic experiences.
INTERNALIZATION - a form of psychological defense in which insurmountable obstacles are rejected as "undesirable".
INTROJECTION - the opposite of projection, the replacement of external objects with their internal images, which play an important role in the formation of the "super-I", conscience, etc.
INTROSPECTION - a method of psychological analysis, observation of one's own mental processes without the use of any tools or standards.
INTUITION - informal knowledge based on experience.
HYSTERIA is a pathocharacterological disorder associated with an excessive tendency to suggestion and self-suggestion, as well as a weakness in conscious control over behavior.
CATARSIS (abreaction) - emotional response to previously suppressed painful experiences.
CATEXIS - the focus of psychic energy (libido) on an object and fixation on it. An object can be a real object, an idea, a form of behavior
COMPLEX - a set of ideas (conscious and unconscious) that influence human behavior. (Oedipus complex, etc.).
THE INCOMPLETE COMPLEX is a theoretical concept in individual psychology.
CONVERSION - a form of psychological defense, manifested in the somatization of psychopathological manifestations.
COUNTERTRANSFERENCE - "transference" in the process of therapy of the relationship of the doctor to the patient (and vice versa).
LIBIDO - a set of "life-affirming" instincts (in the narrow sense of the word, sexual desire).
MASOCHISM is a phenomenon that covers a wide range of ways to derive pleasure from suffering: normal or pathological, physical or moral.
MELANCHOLIC - temperament in the classification of Hippocrates.
OBSESSIONS - states when thoughts, memories, fears, inclinations, actions, feelings are uncontrollably irresistibly reproduced, leading to a violation of activity.
NEUROSIS is a psychogenic affect or symptom of a personality disorder, which is a symbolic manifestation of a conflict rooted in the child's psyche of the subject and representing a compromise between desire and protection from it.
OBJECT - an object used to relieve emotional stress in the process of psychotherapy.
RESPONDING - adequate awareness of a previously "repressed" psychotraumatic situation in order to relieve emotional stress. In the psychoanalytic situation, safe conditions are created for this.
NEGATION - a form of psychological defense, which consists in the complete or partial denial of awareness of a traumatic situation; unconscious ignoring of events in the external and internal world.
TRANSFER/TRANSFER is an empirical phenomenon recorded in psychoanalysis. The transfer by the patient to the therapist of his feelings that he experienced in early childhood in relation to significant others, for example, parents
PERCEPTIVE PROTECTION - a form of psychological defense, manifested in the unconscious "difficulty" in the perception of traumatic information.
SUBCONSCIOUS is a term that combines the preconscious (facts that can be realized) and the unconscious.
GENDER IDENTITY - an individual's awareness of his gender.
REPRESENTATION - a form of "mental image" (conscious or subconscious).
ATTACHMENT - a complex of positive feelings, excluding sexuality.
PROJECTION - a form of psychological defense, an unconscious endowment of another with one's own traits and properties.
Projection (from Latin projectio - throwing forward) is a psychological mechanism.
PSYCHOANALYSIS - founded by Z. Freud in late XIX in the beginning as a method of studying and treating hysterical neuroses; later turned into a theory, in the center of attention of which are the driving forces of mental life, motives, inclinations, meanings. The structural scheme of the psyche is defined as 3-level: conscious, subconscious, unconscious. The study and understanding of the relationship between levels in the process of psychoanalytic therapy leads to the elimination of painful symptoms.
PSYCHODYNAMICS is one of the psychoanalytic theories describing human behavior and motivation.
PSYCHOSIS is a general mental disorder characterized by the disintegration of the personality and the inability to relate to others.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION - a system of mechanisms aimed at minimizing negative experiences associated with conflicts that threaten the integrity of the individual. Such conflicts can be provoked as contradictory
mi installations in the personality itself, and the mismatch of external information and the image of the world formed in the personality and the image of I.
PSYCHOLOGY - the science of the patterns, mechanism and facts of the mental life of humans and animals.
RATIONALIZATION - a form of psychological defense, manifested by the desire for a "reasonable" explanation of one's own wrong or unconscious actions.
RATIONALIZATION is a form of psychological defense.
REVERSION - "conversion" of instinct to the opposite in sign.
REGRESSION - "return" to a more infantile response.
REPRESSION - a form of psychological protection, suppression, expulsion from the memory of unpleasant memories, images, thoughts that cause pain and displeasure.
REFLEXION - analysis of one's own mental state; the principle of human thinking, directing it to comprehend and realize its own forms and prerequisites.
RIGIDITY - unwillingness to change the program of action in accordance with new situational requirements.
Rigidity (from lat. rigidus - hard, hard) - unwillingness to change.
SADISM - sexual satisfaction by causing suffering or humiliation to a sexual partner.
SELF-AFFIRMATION - the desire of the individual to achieve and maintain a certain self-assertion.
SANGUINE - temperament in the classification of Hippocrates.
Condensation is one of the unconscious mental processes that determines the occurrence of sleep.
SYMBOLIZATION is one of the unconscious mental processes that determine the "distortion of dreams."
SOCIALIZATION - the process of appropriation by a person of socially developed experience, primarily of a system social roles. This process is carried out in the family, preschool institutions, school, labor and other collectives.
SUBLIMATION - a form of psychological defense, in which instinctive drives that are unacceptable to consciousness are directed to socially and personally acceptable goals.
TRANSFER / TRANSFER is an empirical phenomenon recorded in psychoanalysis. The transfer by the patient to the therapist of his feelings that he experienced in early childhood in relation to significant others, such as parents. There are positive and negative.
ALARM - negative emotional experiences conditioned by the expectation of something dangerous, unrelated to specific events.
ANXIETY - a personality trait that manifests itself in the mild and frequent occurrence of anxiety states.
SATISFACTION - a thought (action) that relieves emotional stress. PHLEGMATIC - temperament in the classification of Hippocrates. PHOBIAS are obsessive states of fear.
FRUSTRATION is a negative mental state caused by the impossibility of satisfying certain needs.
CHOLERIC - temperament in the classification of Hippocrates.
FEELINGS - emotional experiences of a person, which reflect the stable attitude of the individual to certain objects or processes of the surrounding world.
EGO (Id) - a concept that characterizes "reasonable" ("instinctive") activity.
EXTERNALIZATION - a form of psychological defense (opposite to internalization), in which insurmountable obstacles are recognized as "forced", due to external factors(according to K. Horney).
Empathy - the ability of a person to parallel experience those emotions that arise in another person in the process of communicating with him.
Good day! Please comment on the result of the analysis of the child - 4 years 2 months.
At the end of August of this year, the child suffered from acute obstructive bronchitis - in the hospital they injected Cefatoxime (7 days, 3 times a day), aminofillin, diphenhydramine, noshpa, NaCL infusion therapy, etc. ... After a week - acetonymic syndrome. A month later, he was vaccinated with AKDP - revaccination with a killed vaccine. After that, sneezing began to be observed and the child rubbed his nose all the time (in February of the same year, an allergy to citrus fruits was observed, as the dermatologist told us - there were 6 eosinophils in the blood!). After that, a blood test was taken upon admission to the hospital on August 29 - eosinophils were 0, and after 4 days - already 15, and other indicators for bronchitis were not normal. At discharge - 06.09 - eosinophils became 10. Then the blood test was repeated only on 25.10 - eosinophils 18! At the same time, sneezing was observed (the allergist sent for allergy tests - a blood test from a vein, some types of allergens showed +, some ++, but most - -). We drank Fenkarol for 2 weeks. On November 20, she fell ill with a cold after visiting the garden for 2 days - again a cough on the verge of bronchitis - the pediatrician diagnosed tracheobronchitis. She was sick for a week, they drank Summamed for 3 days, then a week after recovery (while a slight cough remained after the illness), the child fell ill again, the cough lasted a week, then another week, a slight cough periodically. Passed 20.12 blood test in the clinic - eosinophils 14, segmented neutrophils - 24, everything else is normal. But, the analysis was detailed, so there were no platelets in it and erythrocytes. 21.12 repeated the analysis in Sinevo - the last analysis is as follows:
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, ESR) - 2
Leukocytes (WBC) 7.27
Erythrocytes (RBC) 4.95
Hemoglobin (HGB) 138 g/l
Hematocrit (HCT) 39.6%
Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV) 80
The average content of hemoglobin in
erythrocyte (MSN) 27.9
Average hemoglobin concentration
in erythrocyte (MCHC) 34.8
Platelets (PLT) 320
RBC Distribution Width (RDW-SD) 37
RBC distribution width (RDW-CV) 12.8%
Platelet Distribution Width by Volume (PDW) 10.6
Mean platelet volume (MPV) 9.5
Thrombocrit (PCT) 0.3
Neutrophils (per 100 leukocytes) 24.1
Neutrophils (abs.) 1.76
Lymphocytes (per 100 leukocytes) 51.2
Lymphocytes (abs.) 3.72
Monocytes (per 100 leukocytes) 11
Monocytes (abs.) 0.8
Eosinophils (per 100 leukocytes) 13.1
Eosinophils (abs.) 0.95
Basophils (per 100 leukocytes) 0.6
Basophils (abs.) 0.04
Is there any cause for concern, what can be said from the analysis and what to do next? Can eosinophils remain elevated after such a period of time? A blood test for antibodies to giardia, ascaris and toxocara is negative. After the last blood test, the pediatrician prescribed to drink Edem syrup for a week and retake the test!
SPORT PSYCHOLOGY is a direction of psychological science, the subject of which is the study of the patterns of manifestation and development of the human psyche, as well as group interactions in conditions of competitive and training activities. Like many other areas of psychology, P. s. began to develop intensively in the 60-70s. XX century (P.A. Rudik, A.Ts. Puni and others), and in this area the main research was initially focused on the study of individual differences in athletes (see Differential psychology), abilities and opportunities to act in stressful conditions of competition (see . Stress), ways to improve the effectiveness of sports training. At present, the range of questions developed by P. s has expanded significantly. With regard to each sport, taking into account the achievements of the general, pedagogical, age and social psychology programs of special training complexes are being developed aimed at increasing both the physical and mental fitness of athletes, their emotional and volitional (see Emotions; Will), ethical, moral and collectivist preparedness (see Collectivism). In P. s. The patterns of effective formation of motor skills and abilities, ways to achieve high indicators of strength, endurance, agility and coordination of movements, based on the concept of the level of movement construction by N.A. Bernshtein, have been studied in sufficient detail (see Movement construction level concept). These studies explore the ways and means of developing specialized perceptions of athletes, such as sense of time, sense of distance, changes in the speed of an object, anticipation of an instantaneous development of events (see Anticipation; Intuition), “sense of the ball”, “sense of water”, etc. In addition, attention is paid to the development of methods for improving observation, imagination, strategic and tactical thinking, coordinated interaction in group games, etc. These studies are being deepened both in the field of studying the abilities of athletes and their special selection (see Psychological selection) at different age stages, and along the path of education and formation of these abilities in the process of training activity. A special problem is posed by such areas of P. s as mental self-regulation, managing one's condition in the pre-start period, during competitions, and after leaving the competitive situation. These issues, as well as the attitude of athletes to their victories and defeats, are given more attention in latest research P. s. In a separate direction, socio-psychological studies are distinguished that consider the problems of team formation, interpersonal relationships in them, techniques and ways to increase their cohesion and value-oriented unity, issues of relationships with a coach or coaching team, with fans (including “sports fans”), problems of inter-team relationships (see Intergroup Relations), etc. The main tasks of modern P. with. They consist not only in facilitating the achievement of high sports results by athletes, but also in the comprehensive development of the athlete's personality, in improving his general and psychological culture.
- ADAPTATION - adaptation of the body to stress.
- ANAEROBIC EXERCISES (anaerobic exercise) - strength training. "Anaerobic" means a short-term intense burst of energy.
- AMPLITUDE OF MOVEMENT (amplitude of movement) is the magnitude of the trajectory of the projectile in relation to the body of the athlete.
- ATHLETE (athlete) is a person with an athletic physique, engaged in (athletics) physical culture.
- ATROPHY (atrophy) is weight loss and destruction of muscle tissue.
- Aerobic capacity is the level of a person's overall endurance.
- AEROBIC EXERCISE - Moderate to long-term exercise.
- RUN (running) is the rapid movement of a person over certain distances in a certain time or without it.
- The hip is the part of the leg from the pelvis to the knee joint.
- PROTEIN-PROTEIN (protein) are complex (nitrogen-containing substances), which include amino acids. This is the main construction material» for tissues and organs of the human body.
- VIS is the position of the athlete's body on the projectile, where the shoulders should be below the "grip point".
- VITAMIN (vitamin) is a whole group of (low molecular weight) substances that are needed for biochemical reactions.
- Endurance is the ability to endure loads for a long period of time. Types of loads: general, speed and power.
- GEINER (Gainer) is an additive which includes a large amount of carbohydrates, with a small composition of protein (and vitamins are possible).
- FLEXIBILITY (flexibility) is the ability of the athlete's joints to perform certain movements, the amplitude of which is maximum. It happens: passive and active.
- HYPERSTHENIC (hypersthenic) is a person with a powerful skeleton and, as a rule, loose muscles.
- HYPERTROPHY (hypertrophy) is the growth of muscle cells in volume, by external influences on them.
- MOTOR SKILLS is an automated way to control movement.
- MOVEMENT SKILLS are movement control (non-automated).
- DESYNCHROSIS is a violation of the human biorhythm, leading to a deterioration in performance and other negative consequences for the body.
- DELTA - a small muscle (shoulders) that is divided into three beams (rear, anterior and middle).
- DOPING (dope) is a prohibited artificial pharmacological substances used to stimulate physical activity.
- FATS (fats) are lipids, a group of oils, various fatty substances.
- HARDENING is a system of training the body's thermoregulation mechanism, aimed at the resistance of the human body to overheating and hypothermia.
- HITCH is a term used to smoothly transition into a calm state of the body, to reduce the heart rate and further stretch the muscles or return them to their original length, depending on the type of training. Those. a hitch should slow your heart rate down. Always done at the end of a workout.
- HEALTH - the state of a healthy body with the full performance of its functions and the absence of any diseases.
- Healthy Lifestyle is a whole range of actions (measures) aimed at improving and maintaining health. Thanks to proper nutrition, loads and morale.
- CARDIO training (cardio) is a training to strengthen (aerobic exercise) of the cardiovascular system.
- COORDINATION (coordination) - (mutual ordering) the process of consonant work of the activity of the muscles of the body.
- Agility is a physical quality, the ability to quickly coordinate movements.
- MYOSITIS (myositis) is the process of inflammation of the muscles.
- REVERSE GRIP (lower) is when the palms are facing you.
- The musculoskeletal system (musculoskeletal system) is a structure that forms a frame that gives shape and support to the body, for the protection and movement of organs.
- POSTURE - the usual position of the musculoskeletal frame.
- REPEAT (repetition) - repeated execution of the movement of the exercise (in one set).
- APPROACH- a continuous series of repetitions.
- LIFT (exit) - the transition of the position of the body from the hang (below the grip point) to the position of the body in support.
- PECTORAL MUSCLES - This is the region of the pectoral muscles.
- FOREARM (forearm) - part of the arm from the elbow joint.
- PRESS is the abdominal muscles in the abbreviated name.
- Squat (squatting) is the movement of the body from straight to bent legs.
- BALANCE (balance) - a stable position of the body in space.
- EXTENSION - this is a leading movement in the joint due to the muscles, to increase the angle between the limbs.
- RATIONAL NUTRITION is a competent ratio of the use of products in terms of caloric content and energy intensity and nutrient content.
- DAY MODE (mode of the day) is the distribution of certain activities for the whole day.
- HEIGHT AND WEIGHT INDICATORS is the ratio between the length of the body and its mass.
- SELF-EDUCATION (self-education) is the work of an educational nature on oneself.
- SELF CONTROL is the process of controlling a person's actions and emotions.
- STRENGTH (power) is the ability to overcome resistances and counteractions due to efforts due to muscles.
- SPECIALIZATION (specialization) is the development of elements of a sports discipline.
- SPORTS are exercises that lead to strengthening the body, as well as a competitive system.
- SPORTS CLASSIFICATION (sports classification) - a single setting for all sports.
- SPORTS MAGNESIUM (magnesia) is a powder that serves to strengthen the grip more (causes a drying effect).
- STRETCHING is a whole system of exercises that lead to stretching of the muscles and joints of your body and its flexibility.
- TESTOSTERONE (testosterone) - is the main male sex hormone.
- TRAUMA (injury) - an external effect on the tissues of the body, damaging them.
- TRAINING is an active learning model focused on physical development.
- CARBOHYDRATES are natural organic compounds and the main source of energy for an athlete.
- STOP is the position of the body in which the shoulders of the athlete are above the fulcrum.
- Street (yard) Gymnastics is a type of gymnastics, as a rule, non-professional athletes do it for general flexibility, agility, joint flexibility and the development or maintenance of muscle tone.
- FATIGUE (fatigue) - accompanied by a feeling of fatigue as a result of prolonged activity (mental or physical).
- PHYSICAL QUALITIES (physical qualities) is a set of qualities such as: (flexibility, strength, endurance, speed, coordination).
- PHYSICAL STRESS (exercise stress) is the size of the impact physical training on the athlete's body.
- PHYSICAL EXERCISES are mechanical actions that are aimed at the realization of the physical qualities of a person.
- GRIP is a method of holding a projectile in the process of performing exercises.
- Twine (twine) is an exercise in which the legs are apart in opposite directions and are on the same line.
- SHRUGS (Shrugs) - an exercise for "pumping" the trapeze (shrugs).
- CORE (core) - projectile for throwing in athletics (light).
- Z GRIF is a specially curved bar for training the muscles of the hands.
We cannot get a complete picture of an athlete based only on the level of oxygen consumption, glycogen stores and biomechanical measurements ... The main thing to take into account is psychology, an understanding of those personal qualities that determine the highest achievements in sports. If an athlete is able to manage stress, is resistant to interference and is able to adapt to changing conditions, then we have a complete set ... Research and applied development should be carried out comprehensively, taking into account various aspects, but especially psychological ones.
Peter Snell, three-time Olympic champion, PhD
Having traveled the path of big-time sports, we did not seriously think about the role of psychology in the preparation of high-class athletes, did not pay due attention to the individual approach, the relationship between the coach and the athlete, in which we lost a lot. It is not uncommon for a vanity-obsessed coach to think of himself as a psychologist. Later, looking back, you notice with bitterness that for some reason many young talented athletes did not reach their goal.<…>The role of a psychologist in our team is diminished, but in practice I had to resort to his help. I believe that, using the recommendations and advice of a psychologist, I managed not only to keep many athletes in the team, but also to achieve significant results.<…>Even indirect contact with psychological science - through communication with a psychologist - gave a reason to overestimate a lot, to see its enormous possibilities.
Khmelev A. A., Honored Coach of the USSR
I used to be very jealous of the appearance of a stranger in the national team. I thought I was the best psychologist myself. Gayich also thought before me. But I can't seem to cope... I can tell you about the importance of the match. It is impossible to remove the sense of responsibility for the result, which kills the sparks in the eyes ... My assistant and I will go to special courses. Maybe after them it will be easier to understand the psychologist. And then sometimes some people turn, but you don’t understand what they are doing and why. So it was in Dynamo, when the guys were offered to put the cubes together, disassemble the parachute in order to feel like a team. But it's obvious to me: the team needs a psychologist.
V. Olekno, head coach of the Russian men's volleyball team
The subject of sports psychology. Sports psychology is a field of psychological science that studies the patterns of human mental manifestations in the process of training and competitive activities. Briefly, we can say that the psychology of sports is the science of a person in the field of sports. The need for the emergence of this science is due to the specific conditions of sports activity, primarily the desire for maximum achievements, competitiveness (the desire to win), large, and sometimes extreme, physical and mental stress.
Sports psychology as a scientific and academic discipline includes a number of general and special sections it:
1) motives for sports activities;
2) the psychological foundations of orientation and selection in different kinds sports and psychodiagnostics of inclinations and abilities;
3) psychomotor;
4) psychology of training and education in sports;
5) psychological features of the physical, technical and tactical training of athletes;
6) psychological characteristics of the personality of athletes;
7) psychology of a sports team;
8) conditions of an athlete and their psychoregulation;
9) styles of sports activities;
10) psychological characteristics of the personality and activities of coaches;
11) psychological characteristics of the personality and activities of sports referees;
12) psychological characteristics of various sports;
13) psychological characteristics of fans.
Unfortunately, not all of these aspects have been studied equally fully. For example, psychologists have begun to study the psychological characteristics of fans only recently, while the psychology of sports refereeing still remains a practically untouched topic.
methods, used in sports psychology to study the psychological characteristics of athletes, coaches, sports teams, are the same as in general psychology. They are divided into four groups: organizational, empirical, quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Organizational Methods determine the research strategy and include comparative (including age-comparative or cross-sectional method) and longitudinal.
Comparative method is used to study the psychological differences between athletes of various sports, game roles, gender, qualifications, the specifics of the training process and other factors.
Longitudinal method is used for the purpose of long-term (for several months and years) tracking the mental and psychomotor development of the same athlete or group of athletes. It makes it possible to visually and in dynamics trace the influence of sports training on the change in the psychological characteristics of athletes.
empirical methods are very diverse and include objective observation, self-observation, experimental method and psychodiagnostics.
Objective observation aims to study the various behavioral, emotional manifestations of athletes in the natural conditions of their activities (in training, competitions, training camps). It can be continuous or selective, using verbal (tape recorder), shorthand or protocol recording, technical means (video equipment). Observation should be carried out according to a predetermined plan and scheme. It should be systematic, which will ensure a relatively complete collection of material on the issue of interest.
Introspection is a way of self-knowledge and is used by athletes in the analysis of their states, actions, technique of performed movements in order to improve. Self-observation should also be systematic, become a habit for an athlete. The results should be recorded in a diary so that a qualitative self-analysis can be carried out.
experimental method has two varieties - laboratory and natural experiments:
The laboratory experiment is carried out in special rooms equipped with signaling and registration devices and devices (reflectometer, kinematometer, tremometer, etc.);
A natural (field) experiment is organized in natural conditions (during training, competitions) and has two varieties - ascertaining and forming. These types of experiments also use equipment (portable or remote).
Psychodiagnostic methods aimed at identifying the inclinations, individual abilities and giftedness of an athlete as a whole, his typological features of the properties of the nervous system and temperament, personality traits, diagnosing conditions (pre-competitive, competitive and post-competitive), changes in psychological parameters after exercise. These methods can be used for: selection of candidates for teams, selection of an adequate type of activity and game role for a given athlete, as well as a style of activity.
Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis are used for mathematical and statistical processing of the data obtained in the study and their meaningful analysis.
A brief excursion into the history of the emergence and development of sports psychology
The term “sport psychology” was introduced into scientific use by the Russian psychologist V. F. Chizh (see: Psychology of Sport. St. Petersburg, 1910), although even earlier, at the very beginning of the 20th century, this concept was used in his articles by the founder of the modern Olympic movement Pierre de Coubertin. In 1913, at the initiative of the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne (Switzerland), a congress on the psychology of sports was organized, and from that moment the science in question received official status. However, the weak development of sports did not contribute to the rapid development of science, which was only carried out by individual scientists, mainly in the USA, Germany, and the USSR. In our country, the pioneers of the psychology of sports were A. P. Nechaev, who published the monograph "Psychology of Physical Culture" in 1927, A. Ts. Puni, Z. I. Chuchmarev, P. A. Rudik. In the pre-war years, programs for the special course "Psychology of Sports" were developed for institutes of physical culture.
The intensive development of sports psychology began in many countries after the Second World War. This was due to the growing prestige of sports, as well as the struggle of two political systems- socialist and capitalist, striving to prove their superiority, including through sports achievements.
A little later, International Congresses on Sports Psychology began to be held regularly, in 1970 the International Journal of Sports Psychology was established, in the 1960s the European and North American Associations of Sports Psychologists arose.
In our country, in 1952, A. Ts. Puni defended the first doctoral dissertation on the psychology of sports, and then monographs appeared devoted to research in this branch of psychology, the authors of which were G. M. Gagaeva, S. Ch. Gellershtein, A. A Lalayan, V. G. Norakidze, A. Ts. Puni, O. A. Chernikova. In subsequent years, many scientists made a great contribution to the development of sports psychology: O. V. Dashkevich, E. A. Kalinin, R. A. Piloyan, V. M. Pisarenko, A. V. Rodionov, O. A. Sirotin, V A. Tolochek, I. P. Volkov, G. D. Gorbunov, T. T. Dzhamgarov, R. M. Zagainov, Yu. Ya. Kiselev, V. L. Marishchuk, A. N. Nikolaev, V. K Safonov, B. N. Smirnov, N. B. Stambulova, E. N. Surkov, Yu. L. Khanin, B. A. Vyatkin, A. D. Ganyushkin, A. A. Lalayan, Yu. a lot others. For ten years already, the psychology faculty of St. Petersburg State University has been training psychologists in the specialty "Sports psychology".
At present, sports psychology has become not only a theoretical, but also a practical discipline that provides significant assistance to athletes and coaches in their desire to achieve high sports results.
