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Text content of presentation slides: The Western world on the eve of World War IIApproval of fascist regimes Grade 10 world history OBJECTIVES of the lesson 1. Outline the conditions and causes of the emergence of fascist ideology.2. Continue to form an understanding of patterns historical development in post-war conditions3. To bring up a negative attitude towards war as a means of solving world economic and political problems. PROBLEM ASSIGNMENT What slogans did the NSDAP put forward?2. What social strata supported the Nazis?3. According to the election results, in 1932 the NSDAP was losing popularity. So why did the Nazis come to power in 1933? pp. 38 - 39 Nationalist slogans: For the revival of "Greater Germany" The fight against the non-Aryan race (primarily the Jews). Socialist slogans: Elimination of unearned income. Nationalization of trusts. Prohibition on speculation, etc. The Nazis were supported by the following social strata: Urban poor Lumpen Artisans Small land peasants Military Big businessmen The Nazis came to power: Representatives of the German right-wing political elite were afraid that left forces might come to power. Therefore, they opposed A. Hitler to the socialists and communists. Hitler's coming to power "Night of the Long Knives" - June 1934. Hitler's massacre of SA stormtroopers led by Ernst Röhm (arrested and shot on June 30). 77 people were executed as conspirators. Reichstag fire. February 1933 NAZIS BURN BOOKS NAZI EMERGENCY LAWSApproval of one-party domination of the NSDAP. Elimination of Weimar federalism and the creation of a centralized fascist state. In March 1933, the governments of most German states were dissolved. land governments. As a rule, gauleiters became stadtholders - the leaders of the provincial organizations of the NSDAP. At the beginning of 1934, the landtags (parliaments) of the lands were abolished. EMERGENCY NAZIS LAWSIn May 1933, the German Labor Front was formed instead of the trade unions. Labor service for adult Germans became mandatory. In the summer of 1933, they were liquidated political parties. The law "On Ensuring the Unity of the Party and the State" (December 1933) Approved the one-party system of the NSDAP in Germany. PROBLEM ASSIGNMENT Describe the fascist model of economic life? P. 40 Features of the fascist model of economic life MILITARIZATION FORCED LABOR USE OF CONCENTRATION CAMP PRISONER SLAVES RACIAL POLICY IN GERMANY The Nuremberg Laws were adopted in September: Under the law on imperial citizens, Jews were deprived of all political and civil rights Under the law on the protection of German blood and German honor, marriages were forbidden to Jews and even friendly relations with the Germans - Aryans On the night of November 8-9, 1938, the Nazis provoked an all-German anti-Jewish pogrom. More than 30 thousand were sent to concentration camps. This event was called "Kristallnacht". POLICY OF GENOCIDE - persecution and extermination of peoples on racial groundsOn the night of November 9-10, 1938, "Kristallnacht" took place in Germany - the night of broken windowsKristallnacht "was staged by the Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler, the head of the main department of imperial security Reinhard Heydrich and the head of the Gestapo Heinrich Müller. THE GHETTO IS A SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR THE JEWS ISOLATED PLACE OF RESIDENCE PROBLEM ASSIGNMENTHOW THE PEOPLE'S FRONT IN FRANCE MANAGED TO OVERCOME FASCISM. 41 - 42 WHY DID THE POPULAR FRONT FAIL IN SPAIN? P.42 - 43Grazhdan warpobed F. Franco Creation of a single anti-fascist folk front and a single national anti-imperialist frontVII Congress CominternAda approved a new tactics of the Communist movement of 1935. Consolidate in the country's atlas in which the fascist regime of the reflection on Germany and Italy in the 30s IN THE YEARS OF THE XX CENTURY WAS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TOTALITAR REGIMES?
Attached files
Information sheet 1.
Questions:
"Information Sheet No. 2"
Information Sheet No. 2.
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"Information Sheet No. 3 on the Road to World War II"
Information sheet 3.
:
In any case, both governments will resolve this issue by friendly agreement.
Questions:
For what period was it?
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"Main Group Worksheet"
Group main worksheet
Composition of the group
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"A lesson for the competition of methodological developments of the VG APKRO"
Lesson on general history, modern history
Grade 11
Theme of the lesson "On the way to the Second World War"
45 minutes.
Prepared by: teacher of history and social studies, secondary school No. 35 of the Krasnooktyabrsky district of the city of Volgograd Jevelo T.V.
Textbook: Volobuev O.V., Ponomarev M.V., Rogozhkin V.A. “General history.
XX- beginning of XXI century. Grade 11. A basic level of". Publishing house "Drofa", 2012
Lesson type- a lesson in learning new material.
Lesson Form- group, general class.
Target: to generalize and systematize the knowledge gained by students on the topic of international relations in the 30s of the XX century using the technology of critical thinking.
Lesson objectives:
- Tutorials:
1. Identify the causes and consequences of the emergence of a policy of appeasement and collective security and the emergence of aggressor countries.
2. Establish the causes of the Second World War;
- Developing:
1. Contribute to the formation of skills to establish cause-and-effect relationships,
to determine the basic laws of the historical process, to generalize and systematize the facts.
2. Contribute to the development of communication skills in a cognitive search - listen to opponents, correctly build speech phrases, conduct polemics and find a compromise solution in a dispute;
- Educational:
1. Promote the adoption of a value orientation based on the denial of aggression as a way to resolve conflicts.
Lesson equipment: computer, presentation on the topic, tasks for groups, tape on the desks.
Lesson preparation: The class is divided into 3 study groups. Each of them receives assignments to study the problems of international relations in the 1930s.
During the classes
| Lesson stage | Time | Teacher activity | Student activities |
| 1. Organizational stage. Motivation | The topic of our lesson is On the way to the Second World War(1 slide). In 2013, 74 years have passed since the beginning of the bloodiest and most brutal war. Let's formulate the goals of our lesson together.(2 slide) Frontal conversation. Work according to the scheme. What do the symbols I, II on the diagram mean? What are their time frames? What is the name of the system of international relations that existed during this period? What became the watershed between the 20s and 30s? Simulation of the situation: (on each desk there is a red ribbon that divides the desk into two unequal parts (one is more, the other is less) Based on the topic of the lesson, what do you think the ribbon on the desk symbolizes? How do those who have little space feel? Which states, under the terms of the Versailles-Washington system, felt humiliated and destitute? And what about those who have a lot of space? Which countries emerged victorious from World War I? And now, using the scheme again, let's try to determine the purpose of the lesson, the problem of the lesson. You will answer this question at the end of the lesson. And various historical materials that are on your tables will help you with this. By working with them in your groups, as well as listening to my story, you will be able to understand whether the Second World War could have been prevented. All our work will proceed according to this plan. | Sit down in groups, previously formed. Possible answers: (First and Second World Wars). (1914-1918, 1939-1945) Versailles-Washington system (world economic crisis) (difference in position of winners and losers) (uncomfortable, as if you were deprived of something, you want to move the tape, increase your part of the desk) (Germany and Italy) (England, France, USA) What led to World War II? Why did it start? |
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| The stage of assimilation, generalization and systematization of knowledge 2. Hotspots of military danger and rapprochement of aggressors | And so, our first question is the centers of military danger and the rapprochement of the aggressors.(5 slide) In the early 1930s, significant changes took place in international relations. And they were connected with the violation of the terms of the Versailles-Washington system. Before you are three states: Japan, Germany and Italy.(Slide 5 to end)as well as information about what conquests they made. Look at the slide and say -Are these countries guilty of violating the terms of the Versailles system? 1931 - Japan occupied Manchuria, getting closer and closer to China and, most importantly, to Russia. The League of Nations recommended the withdrawal of Japanese troops from Manchuria at the request of China, but Japan responded by defiantly withdrawing from the League of Nations in February 1933, and no sanctions were ever imposed against it. With the advent of Hitler to power in 1933, a totalitarian regime with a racist ideology was established in Germany. The Western countries did not hide the fact that they consider fascism to be a lesser evil than communism; for them, the USSR was more dangerous at that time than Germany. Perhaps that is why the countries of the West did not react to Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933. In 1934, it was decided to create a military aviation, on next year in Germany universal conscription was introduced; In 1936, the German armed forces entered the territory of the Rhine demilitarized zone. In 1935, Italy took over Ethiopia. She did this because at one time, no one punished Japan for Manchuria. The League of Nations declared Italy the aggressor. Having discovered the common interests of Germany, Italy, Japan began a rapid rapprochement. In 1936, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, and Italy joined in 1937. This marked the creation of an alliance that sought to redistribute the world, but this was not properly appreciated in the countries of democracy. And in a secret additional agreement, they gave each other obligations in the event of a war of one of the parties with the USSR not to do anything that could alleviate the situation of our country. | Listen to the teacher's story. Watch the slide and answer the questions: Yes, guilty - breaking the peace - committing aggression - militarism - creation of an alliance, the purpose of which is the redivision of the world (Paragraph No. 6, p. 56 of the textbook) (Paragraph No. 8 of the textbook, pp. 66-71) |
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| 3. Features of international relations in the early 30s | What were the features of international relations in the 1930s? How did they differ from those relations that were on the eve of the First World War? Let's find out by going to our second question.(6 slide) Read and discuss as a group the historical data on Fact Sheet #1. What was the difference between the international situation in the 1930s and in 1914? How did the global economic crisis affect international relations in the 1930s? What is the position of the United States in the current events? How did you react to the appearance of Hitler? Look at the features of the MO in the 30s. (slide 6 to the end) | Group work. Discussion. Answers on questions. Conversation Work with information sheet No. 1 |
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| 4. The policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security | Let's move on to the next question. Since 1936, two directions in international relations have been formed in Europe: the policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security. British Prime Minister Chamberlain was an active supporter of the policy of appeasement. In his opinion, the main danger was not in the actions of Germany, but in the possibility of losing control over the development of events. He believed that the First World War arose precisely because the great powers temporarily lost control over the development of events. As a result, the local conflict over Serbia escalated into a world war. In order to prevent such a danger, it is necessary not to lose contacts with all participants in the international conflict and try to solve the problems that have arisen on the basis of mutual concessions. In fact, this meant that Hitler put forward more and more new claims, they became the subject of discussion, after which it was necessary to make more and more concessions to Germany, despite the possible victims. The policy of collective security was proposed by French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou. This policy was aimed at maintaining the status quo in Europe, the immutability of the existing borders. The states interested in this had to conclude agreements on mutual assistance among themselves. The participation of the USSR in this system Barthou considered vital. The conductor of this policy in our country was the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR M.M. Litvinov. In the course of implementing this course, the Soviet Union managed to consolidate its position: In 1934 the USSR was admitted to the League of Nations as a member of its Council; In 1935, a Soviet-French treaty of mutual assistance was signed (the text of the treaty is on the tables and the respondent can refer to it); In 1936 an agreement was signed with Czechoslovakia; In 1935, the 7th Congress of the Comintern set a course for the development of an anti-fascist struggle. Now let's find out what was the result of the implementation of these two policies. Read the information on Information Sheet #2 and answer the question. Question: What are the results of the policy of appeasement by the end of 1938? Question: What actions of England and France indicated that their policy of appeasement had suffered a complete collapse? | Listen to teachers. Then they complete the task on the information sheet No. 2 Answer: Germany has become the strongest state in Europe. Hitler believed in his impunity. This hastened the start of the war. The West was blind: the assessment of the collusion is enthusiastic: “Peace to this generation!” Answer March-April 1939 Britain and France provide guarantees of military assistance to all states bordering Germany in the event of a German attack on them. Paragraph No. 8, page 73, paragraph No. 9, p.76-78 of the textbook Working with Information Sheet No. 2 |
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| 5. Foreign policy USSR in the 30s. | And, finally, we will find out what was the foreign policy of the USSR in the 30s. Let's move on to the fourth question. For the USSR, a great threat came from Japan. In the summer of 1938, Japanese troops invaded the territory of the USSR near Lake Khasan. In the summer of 1939, the Japanese army provoked a conflict in the Khalkhin Gol region, in Mongolia, which was connected with the USSR by a military treaty. The USSR could find itself in a state of war on two fronts: on the one hand, Germany, and on the other, Japan. Therefore, it was necessary to conclude a non-aggression pact with one of these states. And that state was Germany. She, too, was afraid of a war on 2 fronts, because she wanted to capture Poland, and Poland had already been given guarantees of protection from England and France. And then Germany would have to fight with them. In addition, Poland borders on the USSR, so Germany would have to fight with it as well. This is how the rapprochement between Germany and the USSR happened in 1939. On August 21, 1939, Stalin received a telegram from Hitler, in which he stated that he was striving to conclude a non-aggression pact with the USSR and was ready to sign any additional agreement regarding the settlement of all disputed issues. It became clear to Stalin that the USSR could gain control of Eastern Europe, not in exchange for agreeing to participate in the war, but as a price for not participating in it. On the same day, negotiations with England and France were interrupted for an indefinite period. On August 23, 1939, a non-aggression pact was signed. (8 slide to end) Now you will study in a group the main terms of this agreement. And then we will discuss them with you. Did the treaty comply with international law? For what period was it? Did it violate the interests of other states? What benefits did each state receive by signing this document?(slide 9, 10) | Listen to teachers. Work in a group with information sheet No. 3. They answer questions. Paragraph No. 9, p.78 |
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| 6. Conclusion. Reflection | And so, the documents signed in Moscow completed the reorientation of the foreign policy of the USSR. The meaning of this turn is an attempt to ensure the security of the country through an agreement with Germany. The USSR was turning into a non-belligerent ally of Germany. The image of a country that consistently opposed fascism and its aggressive policies was destroyed. The immediate result of the signing of these documents was Hitler's final decision to launch aggression against Poland. The Second World War began - the most bloody, most cruel, engulfing 61 states of the world, where 80% of the world's population lived. The death toll was 65-66 million people. Could World War II have been prevented? | Listen to teachers. Reflection. Answers on questions: Could World War II have been prevented? What were the causes of World War II? |
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| (slide 12) § 8.9; questions: What were the causes of World War II? How did the non-aggression pact affect the international situation in the pre-war years? | Write down homework |
Application No. 1
Information sheet 1.
Features of international relations in the early 30s
International relations in the 1930s were different from those on the eve of the First World War. In the 1930s, only a small group of countries wanted war, while the majority did not. There was real opportunity put out the hotbeds of war, everything depended on the ability of the world community to organize joint actions.
The first test of this ability was the economic crisis. It was global, and it was wiser to deal with its consequences together.
However, the inability to act together was revealed: the US set the highest customs duties, the UK set the exchange rate of the pound, which created the conditions for expanding exports of British goods. Other countries followed suit. A real customs and currency war began, which disorganized world trade and deepened the crisis. Each country tried to shift the burden of the crisis onto others, economic rivalry increased, and the ability to act together was lost. There was no understanding of the integrity and indivisibility of the world.
The growing tension in the world gave rise in the United States to the desire to retire to their "American fortress". The richest country with colossal resources and the ability to influence world events, as it were, fell out of world politics. This dramatically increased the aggressors' chances of success.
Hitler's rise to power was not immediately perceived as a radical change in German policy. For a long time, he was seen only as a strong national leader, striving to restore justice for Germany. The plans of the Nazis to redistribute the world were not taken seriously at first. The death camps had not yet worked, and the peoples of Europe had not experienced the horrors of occupation. All this was ahead. To many politicians, Hitler seemed like a leader to do business with.
Questions:
What was the difference between the international situation in the 1930s and in 1914?
How did the global economic crisis affect international relations in the 1930s?
What is the position of the United States in the current events?
How did you react to the appearance of Hitler?
Application number 2.
Information Sheet No. 2.
Appeasement policy and collective security policy: essence, implementation, causes of failures.
Implementation of appeasement policy.
In 1938, Hitler decided to start implementing his foreign policy program: redistribution of borders in order to include all regions inhabited by Germans into Germany. First on the list was Austria, Hitler's birthplace. Hitler ultimatum demanded that power in Austria be transferred to the local Nazis. They invited the German troops to help them restore order. On March 12, 1938, the Wehrmacht invaded Austria. Its independence was liquidated, it became a province of Germany. Although the majority of Austrians enthusiastically accepted the accession, seeing only in it the future of the country. But one way or another, a sovereign state ceased to exist in Europe. Nobody could stop it.
Following this, Hitler put forward claims to Czechoslovakia, demanding that the Sudetenland, populated mainly by Germans, be annexed to Germany. But Czechoslovakia proved to be a hard nut to crack. She had one of the best armies in Europe and was not going to give in. Hitler decided to achieve the secession of the Sudetenland, frightening the great powers with the prospect of starting a new war. September 30, 1938 in Munich, with the participation of England, Germany, Italy and France, it was decided to satisfy Hitler's claims. Czechoslovakia, which was not even invited to the conference, lost 1/5 of its territory, the border was 40 km from Prague.
Question: What are the results of the policy of appeasement by the end of 1938?
The collapse of the policy of appeasement.
March-April 1939 England and France provide guarantees of military assistance to all states bordering Germany in the event of a German attack on them.
Question: What actions of Britain and France testified that their policy of appeasement had suffered a complete collapse?
Application number 3.
Information sheet 3.
“Article 1. Both Contracting Parties undertake to refrain from any violence, from any aggressive action and any attack against each other, either separately or jointly with other powers.
Article 2. In the event that one of the Contracting Parties becomes the object of hostilities by a third power, the other contracting Party will not support that power in any form.
Article 3 The governments of both Contracting Parties shall remain in future contact with each other for consultation, in order to inform each other of matters affecting their common interests.
Article 4. None of the Contracting Parties shall participate in any grouping of powers which is directly or indirectly directed against the other side.
Article 6. This agreement is concluded for a period of ten years.
From the Secret Additional Protocol to the Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, August 23, 1939:
“On the occasion of the signing of the Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the undersigned representatives of both parties discussed in strictly confidential conversations the question of delimiting their spheres of influence in Eastern Europe.
These conversations led to an agreement as follows:
In the event of territorial and political transformations in the areas belonging to the Baltic states (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the northern border of Lithuania will be a line separating the spheres of influence of Germany and the USSR.
In the event of territorial and political transformations in the areas belonging to the Polish state, the spheres of influence of Germany and the USSR will be delimited approximately along the lines of Narew, Vistula and San
The question of whether the preservation of the independence of the Polish state is desirable in the interests of both sides, and what the boundaries of this state will be, will be finally decided in the course of further political development.
In any case, both governments will resolve this issue by friendly agreement.
Regarding South-Eastern Europe, the Soviet side indicated its interest in Bessarabia. The German side has clearly stated its complete political disinterest in these territories.
This protocol is considered by both parties as strictly secret.
Questions:
Did the treaty comply with international law?
For what period was it?
Did it violate the interests of other states?
What benefits did each state receive by signing this document?
Annex No. 4.
Group main worksheet
Composition of the group
1____________________________________
2 ___________________________________
3 ___________________________________
4 ___________________________________
5 ___________________________________
Theme of the lesson "On the way to the Second World War"
1. Hotspots of military danger and the rapprochement of aggressors
2. Features of international relations in the early 30s
3. The policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security
4. Foreign policy of the USSR in the 30s.
What were the causes of World War II?
How did the non-aggression pact affect the international situation in the pre-war years?
List of used literature:
Korotkova M.V. Methodology for conducting games and discussions in history lessons. M., 2001.
Gurevich A. Ya. History of the 20th century in search of a method. M., 1999.
Vyazemsky E. E., Strelova O. Yu. How to teach history today. M., 1999.
Selevko G.K. Modern educational technologies. Moscow: Education, 1998.
View presentation content
"Towards World War II"
World economic crisis
What led to World War II? What were her reasons? Could it have been prevented?
WHY?
World economic crisis
- 1. Hotspots of military danger and the rapprochement of aggressors
- 2. Reasons for underestimating the danger to the world
- 3. The policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security
- 4. Foreign policy of the USSR in the 30s.
Hotspots of military danger in the world and convergence of aggressors
Japan
Germany
Italy
- 1931 - the occupation of Manchuria;
- 1933 - Withdrawal from the League of Nations.
- 1933 - withdrawal from the League of Nations;
- 1934 - creation of military aviation;
- 1935 - introduction of universal military service;
- 1936 - the entry of German troops into the Rhine demilitarized zone.
- 1935 - the occupation of Ethiopia.
- 1936-1937 - " Anti-Comintern Pact"
- a small group of countries aspired to war;
- priority of internal problems over external ones;
- lack of understanding of the integrity and indivisibility of the world;
- US isolationism;
- underestimation of the danger of Hitler's Nazi plans.
The policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security
Collective security policy
appeasement policy
Germany
France + USSR
England
1934 - admission of the USSR to the League of Nations 1935 - Soviet-French agreement 1936 - Soviet-Czechoslovak agreement
- 30.09.1938 – Munich agreement
- 13.03.1938 –
- Anschluss of Austria
France
Foreign policy of the USSR in the 30s.
England + France
the USSR
Germany
- 03/15/1939 - the occupation of the Czech Republic, Moravia;
- 03/21/1939 - the capture of Danzig (Poland);
- 03/22/1939 - the occupation of Memel (Lithuania)
April 1939 - the provision of guarantees of military assistance to the states that bordered on Germany.
08/11/1939 - the beginning of the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations
08/21/1939 - Hitler's telegram to Stalin
08/23/1939 - Non-Aggression Pact
Benefits
received by Germany
Benefits
received by the USSR
Benefits received by Germany from signing a non-aggression pact
- Ability to start capturing the first bastion in the east (Poland)
- Elimination of the threat of war on several fronts -
Benefits received by the USSR from the conclusion of the non-aggression pact
- Gain in time to strengthen the country's defense –
1 year 10 months
- Expansion of Soviet territory - for 460 thousand square meters. km
- Transfer to the West of the borders of the USSR – for 200-350 km
- Elimination of the threat of war on two fronts –
- The failure of attempts by England and France to draw the USSR into the war with Germany - August-September 1939
- the most bloody
- the most cruel
- covering 61 states of the world - 80% of the world's population.
- The death toll was 65-66 million people,
of which 27 million Soviet people
Could it have been prevented?
- Answer the questions:
- What were the causes of World War II?
- How did the non-aggression pact affect the international situation in the pre-war years?
- Make a chronology of the events of the first period of the war on September 1, 1939 - June 22, 1941
- § 8, 9
DEVELOPING A LESSON ON GENERAL HISTORY
Teacher: Polyakova Ekaterina Vladimirovna
Grade: 11
Topic: International relations on the eve of World War II
in the 30s of the XX century.
The purpose of the lesson: to characterize international relations in the 30s. XX century.
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
Identify the factors that determined the changes in international relations in the 1930s;
Find out the reasons for the failure of the Anglo-French-Russian negotiations;
Find out the reasons for the inconsistency of the foreign policy of the USSR;
To reveal the meaning of the concept of "collective security", hotbeds of military danger, "the policy of appeasement of the aggressor"
Developing:
Continue developing logical and critical thinking skills, the ability to draw conclusions, work with a textbook, map, documents, draw up logic diagrams and tables.
Educational:
Continue the patriotic, political, tolerant, social and moral education of students;
Defend and justify your point of view.
Equipment:
multimedia presentation;
Map "Europe in 1914-1939";
Handout (excerpts from documents, assessments of the international situation on the eve of World War II by politicians of that time);
Textbook "History of Russia" Grade 11 (N.V. Zagladin, Yu.A. Petrov, S.T. Minakov, S.I. Kozlenko).
Working methods: explanatory-illustrative, reproductive, creative-search
Lesson type: a lesson in learning new material .
During the classes
1. Organizational stage.
The class is divided into three groups, but in the course of the lesson we will combine collective and group methods of work.
2. Knowledge motivation.
photo slide show
Introductory speech of the teacher
More than 70 years ago, the last volleys of the Great Patriotic War. But even today, the world continues to reflect on the role of various countries in the Second World War, their contribution to the Victory, and new points of view about the initiators of the Second World War appear.
But in today's lesson we will not look for who is to blame. The purpose of our lesson: to find out what attempts the world made to stop the aggressor and why it did not work out.
Recording the topic of the lesson in notebooks: "International Relations on the Eve of World War II".
Epigraph of the lesson
The war is not started by the military.
The politicians start the war.
W. Westmoreland
In today's lesson, we'll look at a few questions.
1. The international situation in the 30s. 20th century
2. The policy of "appeasement of the aggressor."
3. Attempts at Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations.
4. Change in the foreign policy of the USSR - the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Germany.
3. Homework
Page 195 task 3.
Creative task: write an essay on the topic “Do you think there was a peaceful option to stop the aggressor?”
4. Updating knowledge
Before we start, let's recap some points.
What military-political blocs participated in the First World War? Which side were Japan and Italy on?
When did Mussolini come to power in Italy? (in 1925 Duce of fascism and founder of the empire)
When did Hitler come to power in Germany? (1933)
What is the Versailles-Washington system? (The Versailles-Washington system of international relations is a world order, the foundations of which were laid at the end of the First World War of 1914-1918 by the Versailles Peace Treaty, agreements with Germany's allies, as well as agreements concluded at the Washington Conference of 1921-1922. Formed in 1919-1922 and was intended to formally consolidate the results of the First World War.)
5. Learning a new topic.
5.1. The international situation in the 30s. 20th century
After 1933, two opposing camps began to emerge more and more clearly in the world. On the one hand, thisfascist regimes with clearly conquering goals, led by Germany . On the other hand, these are anti-fascist forces led by the USSR. A special niche in the system of controversial international relations was occupied bycapitalist countries of the West - France and Great Britain. The contradictions and international relations of the developed countries of the world on the eve of World War II will be discussed in this lesson.
Considering international relations on the eve of the Second World War, it is necessary to characterize the parties and blocks that were at enmity with each other on the basis of ideology. On the eve of the war, it was the ideological factor that began to play a decisive role.
On the one hand, such a military-political bloc was the so-called. " Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis”, which did not hide its aggressive aspirations in the world. Germany was humiliated by the clauses of the Treaty of Versailles and sought to take revenge, including through the conquest of neighboring countries. Italy sought to recreate the Roman Empire of the period of its highest power. Japan aspired to become a sovereign mistress in the Asia-Pacific region
On the other side were the countries of Western democracies. In Europe, such countries were England and France, which held " appeasement policy”, which consisted in preventing a new large-scale military conflict and in every possible way making certain concessions to Germany's aggressive plans, as if deflecting the main blow from itself.
On the third side was the Soviet Union, which created in Europe " collective security system", also not wanting to draw himself into a military conflict on someone's side, but constantly monitoring the actions of German fascism and Anglo-French politics.
In the late 1930s the world was shocked by an unprecedented disregard for international law and laws until that time.
In March 1938, German troops crossed the border with Austria and occupied this country, annexing it to Germany. happened Anschluss Austria, to which the world community for the most part turned a blind eye. At the same time, Hitler made claims to the Czechoslovak region of the Sudetenland, where the majority of the population were Germans. Czechoslovakia was under the threat of a military invasion. The USSR offered help to Prague, but for this he had to lead his troops through Poland, relations with which were very bad. As a result, the world community first forced Prague to give up the Sudetenland, and then, in the fall of the same 1938 dismembered Czechoslovakia itself. In the autumn of 1938, the heads of 4 states - Germany, France, Italy and England - gathered in Munich. Following " appeasement policy”, England and France gave Hitler independent Czechoslovakia at the mercy, thereby predetermining her fate. This agreement went down in history as " Munich agreement". Czechoslovakia was divided between Germany (most of it), Poland and Hungary. Returning to London British Prime Minister Chamberlain confidently told the British: "I brought you peace"
In the Far East, the Japanese army occupied the east coast of China and staged provocations against the USSR in 1938 on Lake Khasan, and in 1939 on the Khalkhin Gol River in Mongolia, which the Soviet Union promised to defend against the Japanese. Both military provocations were broken by the Red Army.
Seeing the escalating situation in Europe and the world, the USSR offers the countries of the West - England and France - to go for rapprochement, thereby opposing, as in the First World War, Germany, realizing that it will not be able to fight on two fronts. Such a proposal could not satisfy the British and French, because. their policy was aimed at expanding Hitler's predatory aspirations to the East - Poland, the USSR, the Balkans. Making concessions after concessions, believing that Germany, for "closing its eyes" to the violation of all international laws, would never turn its force against them, the British and French were deeply mistaken.
Seeing that Britain and France are unwilling to conclude mutual assistance treaties, the USSR begins to pursue its policy without looking back at the countries of the West. Overnight, he changes his foreign policy orientation and August 23, 1939 signs Non-aggression pact with Germany, thereby turning Hitler from East to West, winning for himself a couple of years to prepare for war, because. in Moscow, few doubted that sooner or later a war with Germany would happen. It was a decisive move in the world political system. Western countries, pandering to Germany, have themselves become hostages of such a system.
September 1, 1939 World War II began.
5.2. The policy of appeasing the aggressor.
So, we have an aggressor and, above all, an aggressor in Europe.
Let's see how the leading countries of Western democracies tried to stop him.
Group work: "Munich Agreement"
Assessments of the Munich Treaty
Question to everyone
Why do you think it became possible to sign such an agreement?
Students write the concept in their notebook "policy of appeasing the aggressor" - policy based on concessions and indulgence to the aggressor.
The policy of appeasing the aggressor consists in settling international disputes artificially incited by the aggressor state and resolving conflicts by surrendering to the side pursuing an aggressive policy, positions and issues that are secondary and of little importance, from the point of view of the authors of this doctrine.
5.3. and 5.4. Attempts at Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations and a change in the foreign policy of the USSR - the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Germany.
However, it became increasingly clear that a catastrophe was imminent and Germany would not stop. In 1939, there are attempts to create a security system in Europe in case of war.
Work in groups with documents
Group 1. Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations in the spring of 1939
Group 2. Negotiations of military missions in Moscow in 1939
Group 3. Soviet-German non-aggression pact.
6. Consolidation of the studied material
Conversation
What attempts were made in the world to stop the aggressor?
Why did the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations fail?
Reasons for changing the foreign policy of the USSR?
Who benefited from the Molotov-Ribbentrov pact?
Quote work
Textbook pp. 194-195“Documentary materials. From the memoirs of the Prime Minister of England in 1940-1945. W. Churchill.
7. The results of the lesson. Relaxation.
So, in today's lesson, we saw that the world could not stop the aggressor.
On September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland; on September 3, England and France declared war on Germany. World War II has begun.
8. Evaluation.
Handout #1
1. Munich Treaty
From the agreement between Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy concluded in Munich (September 29, 1938).
“Germany, the United Kingdom (these are Great Britain and Ireland), 1 France and Italy, in accordance with the agreement already reached in principle regarding the cession of the Sudetenland-German area, have agreed on the following conditions and forms of this cession, as well as the measures necessary for this, and declare themselves by virtue of this of the agreement responsible each separately for ensuring the measures necessary for its implementation:
The United Kingdom, France and Italy agreed that the evacuation of the area would be completed by October 10, with no destruction of the existing structures, and that the Czechoslovak government was responsible for ensuring that the area was evacuated without damage to said structures.
The forms of evacuation will be established in detail by an international commission composed of representatives from Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Czechoslovakia...
A. Hitler
Email Daladier
B. Mussolini
Neville Chamberlain"
Questions for the document
Representatives of which countries signed the agreement?
What is the essence of the signed agreement?
When will the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia be "evacuated" by Germany?
Does the document contain information about the presence of representatives of Czechoslovakia at the talks in Munich? What does it say?
2. Assessments of the Munich Treaty
Flying to Munich Chamberlain said: “How terrible, fantastic and implausible is the very idea that we should dig trenches and try on gas masks here, at home, only because in one distant country people quarreled among themselves about whom we know nothing.”
Returning after the signing of the agreement to London, Chamberlain at the gangway of the plane said: "I brought peace to our generation."
Czechoslovakia itself was not invited to the talks, so its president Edward Benes called the document "a treaty of betrayal."
Winston Churchill(Prime Minister of Great Britain since 1940) commented on the Munich Agreement: " England was offered a choice between war and dishonor. She has chosen dishonor and will get war."
UK Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden resigned in protest against the Munich Agreement.
Handout #2
Proposal of the British government on the conclusion of a joint declaration of the USSR, England, France and Poland dated March 21, 1939.
"...If European peace and security should be affected by any action that constitutes a threat to the political independence of any European State, our respective governments hereby undertake to immediately consult on the steps to be taken to jointly resist such actions."
1. England, France, the USSR conclude an agreement between themselves for a period of 5-10 years on the mutual obligation to provide each other immediately with all assistance, including military, in the event of aggression in Europe against any of the contracting states.
2. England, France, the USSR undertake to provide all kinds of assistance, including military assistance, to the Eastern European states located between the Baltic and Black Seas and bordering on the USSR, in the event of aggression against these states.
- From the memorandum of the British government to the government of the French Republic of May 22, 1939:
“It seems to want to conclude some kind of agreement by which the USSR will come to our aid if we are attacked from the East, not only with the aim of forcing Germany to wage war on two fronts, but also for the reason ... that in case of war it is important involve the Soviet Union in it.
“Our position on the question of Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations cannot be either negative or positive, since we do not take part in these negotiations ...
We still adhere to the view that an agreement on mutual Polish-Soviet assistance would hasten the conflict.”
- Textbook: p. 192 "Documentary materials: From the speech of W. Churchill in the House of Commons (May 19, 1939)"
Questions:
Compare the proposals of the USSR and Great Britain on measures to be taken by the contracting countries in the event of German aggression.
Determine the fundamental differences between the position of the USSR and the position of its European partners in the negotiations.
What position did Poland take?
Handout #3
Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations in 1939
“The British Government,” the directive stated, “is unwilling to assume any specific obligations that could tie our hands under any circumstances. Therefore, one should strive to limit the military agreement to the most general wording possible. Something like an agreed policy declaration could be in line with that." “If the Russians suggest that the British and French governments turn to Poland, Romania or the Baltic states with proposals involving cooperation with the Soviet government or the General Staff,” the directive said, “the delegation should not assume any obligations, but apply to London. The delegation should not discuss the question of the defense of the Baltic states, since neither Great Britain nor France guaranteed these countries ...
From the memoirs of N. G. Kuznetsov about the negotiations of military missions:
In the mansion of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs on Spiridonovka, without much ceremony, the heads of missions and their assistants sat down at a round table. The host of the reception, of course, was K. E. Voroshilov ... "
“... It seemed that even in the first hours of the stay of the heads of the missions of England and France in Moscow, without delay, start a conversation with the most topical topic: the danger of aggression from fascist Germany.
But the tall, gray-haired, lean Admiral Drake ... carried on a leisurely small talk about the naval regatta in Portsmouth and equestrian competitions, as if there were not a single thundercloud on the international horizon.
“...Negotiations of military missions lasted until August 21st. The plans were clarified, but the question of the possibility of the passage of Soviet troops through the territory of Poland, if military circumstances required it, turned out to be insoluble. But without this, an agreement on all other problems would lose real significance.
The Soviet military mission, of course, hurried Western colleagues with an answer precisely on this cardinal issue. However, representatives of the Western powers, especially the British, willingly carried on general conversations to the effect that "the Atlantic Ocean covers an area of 3 million square miles, and Pacific Ocean-twice as many", but did not answer the main question.
Disruption of negotiations between the military missions of the USSR, England and France in 1939
Marshal K. E. Voroshilov:
“... The Soviet mission believes that the USSR, which does not have a common border with Germany, can provide assistance to France, England, Poland and Romania. Only on condition that his troops pass through the Polish and Rumanian territories, for there are no other ways to come into contact with the aggressor's troops.
The British and French missions, to our surprise, do not agree with the Soviet mission on this. This is our disagreement.
The Soviet military mission does not imagine how the governments and general staffs of England and France, sending their missions to the USSR to negotiate the conclusion of a military convention, could not give precise and positive instructions on such an elementary issue as the passage and actions of Soviet troops against the aggressor on the territory Poland and Rumania, with which England and France have corresponding political and military relations.
Questions:
Explain why England and France sought to drag out the negotiations in Moscow?
State the reasons for the disagreement.
Was it possible to successfully complete the negotiations?
What were the consequences of the failure of negotiations?
Handout #4
From the Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union,
“Article 1. Both Contracting Parties undertake to refrain from any violence, from any aggressive action and any attack against each other, either separately or jointly with other powers.
Article 2. If one of the Contracting Parties becomes the object of hostilities by a third power, the other Contracting Party will not support that power in any form.
Article 3 The governments of both Contracting Parties shall remain in future contact with each other for consultation, in order to inform each other of matters affecting their common interests.
Article 4. None of the Contracting Parties shall participate in any grouping of powers which is directly or indirectly directed against the other side.
From the Secret Additional Protocol to the Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, August 23, 1939:
“When signing the non-aggression pact between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the undersigned plenipotentiaries of both parties discussed in a strictly confidential manner the question of delimiting the spheres of mutual interests in Eastern Europe. This discussion led to the following result:
1. In the event of a territorial and political reorganization of the regions that are part of the Baltic states (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the northern border of Lithuania is simultaneously the border of the spheres of interests of Germany and the USSR
2. In the event of a territorial and political rearrangement of the regions that are part of the Polish state, the border of the spheres of interests of Germany and the USSR will approximately run along the line of the Narew, Vistula and Sana rivers.
The question whether it is desirable in mutual interests to maintain an independent Polish state, and what the boundaries of this state will be, can only be clarified in the course of further political development.
In any case, both governments will resolve this issue by mutual agreement.
3. Regarding the south-east of Europe, the Soviet side emphasizes the interest of the USSR in Bessarabia. The German side declares its complete political disinterest in these areas.
4. This protocol will be kept strictly secret by both parties.”
Questions:
- What is the essence of the secret additional protocol concluded between Germany and the Soviet Union?
What territories were the sphere of influence of the interests of the Soviet Union and Germany?
Give your assessment of the secret protocol.
What did the non-aggression pact between Germany and the USSR give?
