Development of a conference lesson on geography. Methodical development "lesson press conference on geography"

Municipal budgetary educational institution

secondary school No. 32 named after the "Young Guard"

Oktyabrsky district of Rostov-on-Don

Development of a lesson-conference in geography for

9th grade

using multimedia presentations
on the topic “European South. Republic North Caucasus»

Compiled by: Makiyevskaya I.S.

geography teacher MOU secondary school №32

Grade 9

Economic and social geography of Russia

lesson-conference “European South. Republics of the North Caucasus»

geography teacher MOU secondary school №32

I.S. Makiyevskaya
Lesson type: lesson - conference
Lesson Objectives:

to continue the formation of ideas and knowledge among schoolchildren about the economic regions of Russia;
introduce students to the characteristics geographical location and the main features of the nature of the republics of the North Caucasus;
to study the characteristics of the population of the region, its composition and structure;
analyze the main problems of the region - social, economic, environmental and possible ways to solve these problems.

Tasks lesson:

to develop in students the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships;
contribute to the formation of an information culture;
formation of skills to work with different sources of geographic information;
to promote the awakening of cognitive interest in the study of the native region and socio-emotional, patriotic feelings for the Motherland;
develop the ability to interact in small groups (communicative activity);

understanding the importance of tolerance and social behavior in a multinational country;
respect for the history and culture, traditions of the peoples of Russia;

Lesson technologies:

setting up the educational process on a proactive basis;
pedagogical cooperation;
critical thinking.

Lesson methods:

integrative
student-centered

Equipment:

maps of Russia - political-administrative, physical, North Caucasus, computer and projector; presentations of students on the republics of the North Caucasus; atlases.

Preparing for the lesson
The class is divided into groups in advance, these are representatives of the republics, experts, correspondents. In a group of 5-6 people. Each group makes an electronic presentation on the republic.

DURING THE CLASSES
I. Activation of basic knowledge
Teacher asks the audience questions:
1. List the features of the economic and geographical position of the North Caucasus?

2. Describe the features of the relief of the area. 3. What is the main branch of specialization of this area?

4. What are the features of the agricultural specialization of these territories?

5. Why is the city of Rostov-on-Don called the "gates of the Caucasus"?

6. What minerals are being mined in the North Caucasus?

7. List and show on the map the republics with capitals, territories, regions that are part of the SFD and North Kazakhstan

students give answers using wall maps of Russia and the North Caucasus
II. Setting the topic and objectives of the lesson
Teacher . The North Caucasus is the most multinational region of Russia. 140 nations live here. It includes the Southern Federal District and the North Kazakhstan region formed in 2010 (Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, North Ossetia-Alania, Chechen and Ingush Republics, Dagestan).

The main reason for the unification of these territories is the commonality of social and economic problems. The purpose of our lesson: to get acquainted with the economic and geographical features of the territories on the example of the republics of Adygea, North Ossetia-Alania, Dagestan, Ingushetia;

reveal the socio-political prerequisites for the development of civil society in the North Caucasus; identify ways to resolve religious and national problems (the objectives of the lesson, the plan of the conference are written on the board).

III. Greetings to the participants of the lesson-conference:

(the music of the peoples of the Caucasus sounds)

Representatives of the republics address the participants in Armenian, Lezgin, Azerbaijani, Assyrian, Adyghe Ingush languages:

“Hello, dear guys! You are welcomed by the friendly family of the peoples of the North Caucasus. Russia is a multinational state. Its history is the history of the relationship between its peoples. Each of the peoples has its own language, way of life, customs and traditions, culture, labor skills. Today's tasks are to create conditions for peace and prosperity on our Earth!”

Pupil reads a poem by Burtyleva E.G. Russian language teacher MOU secondary school No. 32 "Friendship is dearer than all"
The Don Land is the Motherland for everyone,

Various peoples live on it.

After all, they are all like fingers in a fist,

Fought for life on earth

And for the sake of happiness and freedom!

Tatars, Russians, Armenians,

Chechens, Germans, Ingush,

Lezgins, Turks, Ukrainians,

Georgians, Greeks, Latvians.

And we won the war only because

What friendship united us,

And the friendship of all nations is strength,

That nothing can replace

For this, the world is worth living!

Student reads the words of Rasul Gamzatov
“Every person from a young age should understand that he came to earth in order to become a representative of his people, and should be ready to take on this role.

A person is given a name, a hat and weapons, a person is taught native songs from the cradle.

Wherever fate throws him, he must everywhere feel like a representative of that land, those mountains, that aul, where he learned to saddle a horse.

When they ask you who you are, you can present a document, a passport. When the people are asked who they are, then the people, as a document, will present their scientist, writer, artist, composer.

Teacher The North Caucasus is a pain point on the map of Russia. Let's remember and honor the memory of those killed in the terrorist attacks in Beslan, Moscow, Kaspiysk, Volgodonsk and other cities.
(quiet mournful music plays)
Student September 1, 2004. Who doesn't remember this date?!

It entered the life of our people as a tragedy in Beslan. A peaceful, so pure and touching day, which was always September 1, shuddered with grief, crying and pain. As a result of the villainous, unparalleled in cruelty terrorist act in the city of Beslan, hundreds of civilians were killed and injured, most of whom are innocent children. We will never forget that bitter day. Let there be a moment of silence. Eternal memory to those who died in Beslan! (Moment of silence)

1st reader

Snow on the stone, snow on the mountain ash,

Snow appeared in the temples of mothers.

Who did not wait for their sons

From a school in Beslan, And daughters...

Who will console them? Who will help them?

Who ordered their children to be destroyed?

Who will muffle their great pain?

2nd reader

No, they can not find, perhaps, peace.

You raised and raised them,

Joy, happiness they wished in life.

But their young life was cut short ...

Those who returned, both intact and crippled,

They will remember terror forever.

3rd reader

And the children will be told about the grief in Beslan,

About what happened then in the country ...

I dedicate a verse to dear children

And I send a low bow to mothers

4th reader

And we will not forget about this terror,

About those who died in Beslan,

About those who died in battle.

IV. Group work

Teacher: The North Caucasus has a special geopolitical position, it is an international transport corridor - the "Gate of the Caucasus". The region is the only one in Russia that has access to the basins of the three southern seas: the Azov, Black and Caspian. Unique resort economy: warm sea, mountain peaks, mineral springs, medicinal waters and mud. Unique culture, rituals, dances, traditional crafts, numerous languages and dialects - all this makes the region unique and attractive to explore.

Teacher in preparation for the conference, correspondents and economists were asked to prepare questions for discussion at the lesson.
Correspondents and economists formulate questions:

What sports have been developed in the North Caucasus, why?
Are there bans on professions for women in the Islamic republics of the North Caucasus?
Ways to solve the problem of preserving national languages in the republics.
What problems arise in the Chechen and Ingush republics in connection with the special demographic situation?
What branches of mechanical engineering can be developed in these territories, why?
Your view on separate education in schools for girls and boys.
What is the need to preserve cultural, ethnic characteristics in a multinational state?

Conference participants express their opinions on the proposed issues based on knowledge of geography, history, social science and personal experience. A discussion arises between the groups, which proceeds to the presentation of students' presentations on the economic and geographical characteristics of the republics

V. Protection of a slide show on state symbols

(the image of the coat of arms, the flag of the republic is projected on the screen)
Teacher invites to speak with the protection of slides on the state symbols of Adygea, North Ossetia-Alania, Dagestan, Ingushetia.

Teacher Guys, why do you think any state, republic should have a coat of arms, flag, anthem? What is their significance, role in the formation of the personality of a young person?

students express their opinions

VI. Protection of presentations by republics

(images are projected on the screen)
The Republic of Dagestan

The capital is the city of Makhachkala
Area - 50300 km2
Population - 2711679 people
Federal District - North Caucasian
Code of the subject of the Russian Federation: 05.105
Density-53.9 people / km

December 17, 1991 - renaming to the Republic of Dagestan.
1994 - adoption of the constitution of the Republic of Dagestan.

The orography of Dagestan is peculiar: a 245-kilometer strip of foothills rests on transverse ridges. Two main rivers break out of the mountains - Sulak in the north and Samur in the south.

The territory of Dagestan borders with Azerbaijan in the south, with Georgia in the southwest, also with the Chechen Republic in the west, with the Stavropol Territory in the northwest and with the Republic of Kalmykia in the north. From the east, the territory of Dagestan is washed by the waters of the Caspian Sea. The south of the republic is occupied by mountains and foothills of the Greater Caucasus, in the north the Caspian lowland begins. The rivers Terek and Sulak flow through the central part of the republic. Dagestan in translation from the Azerbaijani language means "Country of Mountains".

The capital of the republic is the city of Makhachkala.

The city received its modern name in 1921 in honor of Makhach Dakhadaev. Later, Makhachkala became the capital of the DASSR. Today Makhachkala is a cultural economic and scientific center of the South of Russia.

6
Derbent is the second largest in Dagestan and one of the most ancient cities in the world. In Derbent, there is the Naryn-Kala fortress, whose age is about two and a half thousand years. Derbent is the oldest cultural center of Dagestan, from where art, craft, writing, etc. spread.

The rural population of the republic is 57.6%, and the urban population is 42.4%. The peoples of Dagestan speak the languages of four groups, 95% of believers are Muslims of them: 90% are Sunnis, 5% are Shiites. 5% of believers are Christians.

The birth rate is 19.5 per thousand population (3rd place in the Russian Federation, after Ingushetia and Chechnya). Dagestan is the most multinational republic of Russia. 14 languages of the peoples of Dagestan have been given the status of state languages.

Dagestan has long been considered a Muslim stronghold in the North Caucasus. Islam began to penetrate the territory of Dagestan thanks to the Arabs in the 7th century. The crescent is a symbol of growth and rebirth. If the month is depicted together with a star, as in the Islamic tradition, then in this case it acts as an allegory of paradise.

The main productions of the republic:

Agriculture
Winemaking
Fishing
Folk crafts
Oil production
Light and chemical industry
Power generation

Lezgi poets S. Kochkhurov and E. Emin, Kumyk poet I. Kazak, Avar poet Makhmud (M. Magomedov), Dargin poet Batyray are widely known in Dagestan. Rasul Gamzatov is a world famous poet of the republic. The folk-poetic creativity of the Dagestanis is rich - songs, fairy tales, traditions and legends.

Of great interest are the old buildings of Dagestan. Dzhuma-mosques and Naryn-Kala citadel have been preserved in Derbent. In the mountainous regions of Dagestan, numerous buildings and fortresses remained. The terraces of the mountain villages are also old monuments. Residential buildings built in the 18th-19th centuries form a single stepped structure. Domed mausoleums, arched bridges, and architecturally decorated springs were widespread.

Jewelry in women's costume is a special topic for Dagestan women. In the past, gold and silver were most valued.

Dagestan women's clothing is extremely diverse in form, material used, artistic composition and decor. Each suit has its own artistic image, its individual expressiveness.

7
The peoples of Dagestan appreciate the dignity of a person and condemn his shortcomings. The wisdom of the people teaches:

The first virtue of man is the mind
The second dignity of a person is friendship
The third dignity of man is conscience
The fourth virtue of a person is a good upbringing
The fifth virtue of man is happiness

Lezginka is a folk dance of the Caucasian highlanders. The famous dance "Lezginka" is known in Iran under the name "Lazgi, Lezgi", in Georgia "Lekuri". Lezginka dance is a competition demonstrating the dexterity and tirelessness of dancers. It is impossible to characterize modern Dagestan cuisine unambiguously. Dishes that exist in each individual region of Dagestan have a special flavor. For example, in each national region they prepare khinkal, which is served as the first or second. Common dishes are "kurze", "chudu", which are prepared from herbs, cottage cheese, vegetables.

Republic of Adygea
The land of Adygea has been inhabited since ancient times. Written evidence of the ancestors of the Circassians is available in the works of ancient Greek writers from the 5th century BC. Adygs - the people who gave the name to the republic - the most ancient inhabitants of the North-Western Caucasus, known since the XIII century. like Circassians. The Adyghe language belongs to the Adyghe-Abkhazian group of Caucasian languages.

In the Middle Ages, the famous Great Silk Road from Europe to Asia passed here.

The ancestors of the Circassians created a culture known in world archeology as Maikop. Dozens of mounds connected by legends, mysterious dolmens testify to its brightest flowering among the most ancient Caucasians, their close ties with Europe and the East.

Adyghe Autonomous Region - was formed on July 27, 1922. On June 28, 1991, at the V session of the regional Council of People's Deputies, the Declaration on the state sovereignty of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Adygea was adopted. The Law of the Russian Federation of July 3, 1991 formalized the transformation of the Adygei Autonomous Region into the Soviet Socialist Republic within the RSFSR.

The area of Adygea is 7790 sq. km, the length of the borders is 900 km, the length of the territory of the republic from north to south is 208 km, from west to east - 165 km, 441.2 thousand people live in it. The republic includes 7 administrative districts: Giaginsky, Koshekhablsky, Shovgenovsky, Krasnogvardeysky, Maykopsky, Tahtamukaysky, Teuchezhsky. Adygea is part of the Southern Federal District.
8
The position of Adygea in the south of Russia, in the foothills and mountains of the Caucasus, in the interfluve of large rivers is favorable for the development of the territory and convenient for communications with its neighbors.

One of the major rivers of Adygea, its natural boundary in the east is the Laba River. It is the largest tributary of the river. Kuban. Its beginning is considered to be the confluence of the Bolshaya and Malaya Laba rivers. The length of the actual river. Laby is 214 km, together with Bolshaya Laba it is 341 km; total area its drainage basin is 12,500 sq. km. The water regime of the river. Laby is peculiar, its water content varies significantly according to the seasons of the year. Severe spills and floods are possible in almost all seasons except winter. The causes of floods are spring snowmelt, summer glacier melt and autumn showers.

The main forest resources are located in the Maykop region, where 98% of all forests are concentrated. In the low-mountain forests, the pedunculate oak and the Hartvisa oak dominate. Maple, ash, Caucasian pear, apple, dogwood, hawthorn are also found here.

At an altitude of 450 - 500 m, oak forests give way to a belt of beech forests. Rock oak and Caucasian hornbeam also grow. From the tertiary relics here you can find yew berry.

The fauna of the uppermost landscape zones is represented by a significant number of endemic species and subspecies. Caucasian mouse, Promethean vole, Kuban tur, Caucasian chamois, stone marten are distributed only in the Maykop region. The main attraction of the fauna of the republic is the mountain bison. The forests of mountainous Adygea are inhabited by the Caucasian red deer, Caucasian tour, chamois, Caucasian brown bear, Caucasian species of otter, badger, lynx, wild cat, fox, pine and stone marten, etc.

The leading industry is the food industry, specific gravity which in the total production is more than 35%. Meat, canned fruits and vegetables, confectionery, pasta, wine and vodka products, various dairy and meat products are produced. The presence of forest resources in the republic led to the development of woodworking and pulp and paper industries,

the products of which are industrial wood and products from it, parquet, semi-cellulose, cardboard. Mechanical engineering and metalworking enterprises produce and supply to various regions of the country and beyond its borders medium and heavy cylindrical gearboxes, technological equipment for logging, metal-cutting and woodworking machines, machine tools, etc.

Agriculture is one of the priority areas of economic development. The leading place is occupied by the cultivation and processing of grain, sugar beets, oilseeds and essential oil crops, vegetables and fruits, tobacco, the cultivation of cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry, horse breeding.

9
The unique natural and climatic conditions of Adygea contribute to the growth of such southern crops as peach, cherry, dogwood, quince, pear, grapes, and tea. Industrial products of the agro-industrial complex account for 32% of the total industrial output of the republic.

The territory of Adygea belongs to the zone of mixed tourism. There are favorable conditions for organizing both sports and recreational and educational routes. The territory is full of natural objects, many of which have a high excursion value.

The government of the Republic of Adygea is doing a lot of work to attract tourists and vacationers to the region, to form its positive image.

The population of the Republic of Adygea, according to January 1, 2007, is 441.2 thousand people, including 69.6 thousand people - children under 14 years old. The average population density is 56.6 people per 1 sq. km. km, which is almost three times higher than the corresponding figure for Russia. The highest population density is in areas located on the plain - up to 141 people per 1 km.

North Ossetia
It was formed on July 7, 1924 as the North Ossetian Autonomous Region; On December 5, 1936, it was transformed into the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; since 1990 North Ossetian SSR; since 1991 the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania.

North Ossetia is located on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus.

In the north of the republic, the Stavropol Plain extends, to the south of it rises the Tersky and Sunzhensky ridges, in the central part the North Ossetian Plain is located, in the south rises the Main, or Watershed, ridge of the Greater Caucasus (the city of Kazbek up to 5033m high)

The territory is 8 thousand km2 (0.05% of the Russian Federation), the population is 709.9 thousand people, the share of the urban population is 65.3%. The population density is one of the highest in the Russian Federation - 84.5 people per 1 km2.

The most densely populated Pravoberezhny district (120 people per 1 km2) in the east of the republic and the area around Vladikavkaz. Cities: Vladikavkaz (315.1 thousand inhabitants) - the capital of the republic, Mozdok 942.6 thousand), Beslan (35.6 thousand), Alagir (21.5 thousand), Ardon (17.5 thousand inhabitants) . Official language is Russian.

Leading industries: non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, woodworking, light, food.

The industry is represented by the production of zinc, lead, cadmium, sulfuric acid (the Electrozinc plant), hard alloys (the Pobedit plant), lighting electric lamps, appliances, leather and footwear.

Meat-based animal husbandry predominates in agriculture. Grain farming, horticulture and viticulture are successfully developing.

The transport network of the republic is quite well developed. Road transport plays a leading role in transportation. network density highways 285 km per 1 thousand km. The Military Georgian and Military Ossetian roads begin in North Ossetia. A road was built from the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia through the Roki Pass. The railway transport is functioning.

North Ossetia is rich in recreational terms. The balneological resorts of Karmadon, Tamisk and the mountain and recreational complex in the Tsey Gorge are very popular. The Republic is one of the centers of tourism and mountaineering in the North Caucasus.

The Republic of Ingushetia
The name of the republic comes from the Russian name of the population (Ingush - from the name of the village of Angusht) and from the Georgian suffix -eti-, which in total means "the place where the Ingush live." But this name began to be used only from the 18th century. The very name of the people is "gІalgІay" - which means "builder", "dweller of towers"

The Republic of Ingushetia occupies an area of 19.3 thousand km2, the population is 460 thousand people by the standards of 2009.

The capital of the republic is the city of Magas.

It borders on the Chechen Republic, but the borders are only conditional.

President of the Republic - Yevkurov Janus-Bek

urban population - 198 thousand people
rural population - 269 thousand people
population density - 127 people per km2
average age - 26-28 years
ethnic composition - Ingush 77%, Chechens 20%, Russians - 2%

The most important resources of the republic are oil, natural gas, marble, clay. Oil, of course, is the basis of the fuel and energy complex. Approximately 11 million tons of oil are produced per year. Thermal springs are used as water for health bathing, and as drinking mineral water.

Mountain and fresh air- this is the secret of longevity of the Ingush. There are many thermal springs, beautiful landscapes, a great number of historical monuments in the republic. A feature of the republic is the unique, traditional construction of houses. Most of the population lives in mountainous areas, so their homes are simply unique! Buildings withstand landslides from the mountains and falling stones.

The most favorite food of the Ingush is meat. Most of all in the republic they use mutton and poultry. A national dish- This is a ram fried on coals, decorated with vegetables.

The national costume of the Ingush looks very much like the costume of the Don Cossacks. But the Ingush are distinguished from the Cossacks by the brightness and variegation of the fabrics of the costume (in this case, women's) and the addition of sheep wool. For women, it was a sundress dress of several layers, the hair, as a rule, was partially covered with a scarf. For men, the national costume is not repeatable. It consists of a vest and a high hat made of sheep's wool. Previously, wearing a black hat and vest was allowed only married man but now it has lost its meaning.

The most important tradition in the entire existence of the Ingush is respect and reverence for the ancestors. On every holiday, it is customary to visit relatives at the cemetery. The same tradition includes complete obedience to parents. One more interesting tradition- hospitality. Any person who entered the house of the Ingush immediately became a guest. The guest was given food and, if necessary, given an overnight stay.

Ingush are Muslims. The dominant religions in the republic are Sunni Islam and Orthodox Christianity. There are 45 Mosques. And in the village of Sleptsovskaya there is an Islamic Institute.

Industry in the republic is poorly developed. Only the oil industry is booming, everything else is in decline. In addition to oil production, there are chemical, knitwear, metalworking, and confectionery industries (factories) in the republic.

VII. Summing up the lesson
Teacher Guys, we met with presentations that helped us answer the main questions of our lesson. I suggest you at home in your workbook answer the following questions in writing:

(questions are projected on the screen)

The North Caucasus has always attracted residents from other parts of the country, why? List at least three factors.
Select the most acute contemporary issues this region.
Is it possible to consider that the preservation of political stability, the peaceful resolution of ethno-political and economic contradictions between the peoples of the North Caucasus is the main task of the long-term development of the region.

Grading
Homework

8th grade
Topic: Geological chronology and geological map.
Purpose: to form ideas about the features of the geological structure of the territory of Russia.
Tasks:
To acquaint with the features of the structure of the earth's crust, with the geochronological scale;
To form the ability to work with maps (tectonic, geological) and draw conclusions, identify patterns;
To develop a cognitive interest in Russia through the studied material.
Equipment: physical, tectonic, geological maps, geochronological table, atlases
Organizing time
During the classes
New material.
Magnificent science - geology -
About the turbulent past of our Mother Earth.
Many dreamed of geology in life,
But few could devote their lives to her.
(Valery Sergeev)
Geology is a science that studies the structure and history of the development of the Earth
Geotectonics is the study of the structure of the earth's crust and its movements.
Geochronology is a branch of geology that deals with the study of the age, duration and sequence of formation of rocks.
The result of the research of scientists geologists was a geochronological table, which reflects the geological history of the development of the nature of the Earth
Analysis of the geochronological table. (Working with the table).
The table is read from bottom to top.
The table necessarily indicates eras - periods of time that correspond to major stages in the development of the earth's crust and the organic world. An era is the time during which a group of rocks accumulated with the remains of groups of animals and plants. Eras are very large periods of time, including millions, hundreds of millions and billions of years.
Question:
How many time stages (eras) is the geological history of the earth's crust divided into?
Name the eras, the duration of the eras?
What events took place during the Proterozoic era?
Which era was the longest?
What periods are eras divided into?
What are the periods of the Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era?
What is the shortest period?
What period are we living in?
Work with the textbook. Read and say how the age and time of formation of rocks is determined?
How is the absolute age of rocks determined?
Earth's crust within modern Russia formed over a long period of time as a result of various geological processes. Therefore, its parts are different:
a) by the structure, composition and occurrence of rocks,
b) by age and history of development.
a) According to the structural features, mobile and stable sections of the earth's crust are distinguished.
Most of the territory of Russia is occupied by stable areas of the earth's crust - platforms: East European, West Siberian and Siberian. Platforms have a two-tiered structure. Their lower part is the foundation. These are the remains of collapsed mountain systems. Loose sedimentary rocks (sedimentary cover) overlie the foundation. They were formed during the destruction of mountains and the slow sinking of the foundation, when it was flooded with the waters of the seas. There is no sedimentary cover in some parts of the platforms. Such sections of platforms are called shields.
(Entry in a notebook)
A platform is a stable area of the earth's crust. It has a two-tier structure: a foundation of crushed metamorphosed rocks and a cover composed of sedimentary rocks.
Shields - the exit of the platform foundation to the surface.
Map work.
- Find platforms on the tectonic map (East European or Russian, Siberian)
- Overlay a physical map on the tectonic map and determine which landforms are located on the platforms
- What is the conclusion from this?
Conclusion: Large plains are located on ancient platforms.
In Russia there is another large plain - the West Siberian. Find the area of the earth's crust to which it corresponds. (This is the West Siberian plate)
- The plate is a young platform.
- Find the shields on the tectonic map.
- What landforms correspond to the shields?
The most ancient parts of the earth's crust in Russia are the East European and Siberian platforms. Their foundation was formed in the Precambrian more than 1.5 billion years ago.
In the history of the Earth, there were several epochs associated with planetary and cosmic causes, when the speed of the Earth's rotation changed, the mobility of the plates increased, their collisions became more frequent and the processes of folding (mountain building) took place. These epochs were called the epochs of folding. There were several:
Baikal folding
Caledonian folding
Hercynian folding
Mesozoic folding
Cenozoic folding
Using the atlas maps, you can now find out the time (age) of the formation of each section of the earth's crust on the territory of Russia.
Working with maps: By overlaying the physical and tectonic maps of Russia, find out which mountains were formed in different eras of folding?
Caledonian folding (Sayans).
Hercynian folding (Ural, Byrranga mountains).
Mesozoic folding (Verkhoyansk Range, Sikhote-Alin, mountains of North-Eastern Siberia).
Cenozoic folding or Alpine (Caucasus, Kuril - Kamchatka region).
At the end of the Proterozoic - the beginning of the Paleozoic (1000-550 million years ago), Baikal folding occurred. In the Paleozoic, there were two foldings - Caledonian (550-400 million years ago) and Hercynian (400-210 million years ago). In the Mesozoic - Mesozoic. About 100 million years ago, the last Cenozoic (Alpine) folding began, which continues to the present. As a result of each folding, a new continental crust was formed and folded mountain belts were formed, bordering and connecting the East European and Siberian platforms. The largest belts stretching through the territory of Russia are the Ural-Mongolian, Alpine-Himalayan (Mediterranean), as well as part of the Pacific belt.
The folded belt is a mobile section of the earth's crust that has a complex folded structure. (Entry in the definition notebook)
The formation of folded belts is associated with the collision of lithospheric plates and the crushing of rocks accumulated on their margins into folds.
Folding processes are accompanied by magmatism, metamorphism and earthquakes. Cenozoic (Alpine) mountains are formed as a result of the interaction of modern lithospheric plates. Mountains are located on the earth's crust of the Cenozoic age and are currently located.
Folded belts of Mesozoic and Paleozoic age were located on the boundaries of ancient lithospheric plates. Their number, size and shape have repeatedly changed throughout geological history. Many of them were later destroyed. In their place, young platforms were formed, the largest of which is the West Siberian. But some areas of Paleozoic and Mesozoic folding, due to active movements of the earth's crust, again became mountain structures.
Fixing:
Sign concepts
The exit of the crystalline foundation of the platform to the surface - ______________
The doctrine of the structure of the earth's crust - __________________________________________
Map containing information on the location and age of tectonic structures - ____________________________________________________________________
The mobile section of the earth's crust, which has a complex folded structure - ___________________________________________
A stable section of the earth's crust, having a two-tiered structure - ________________________
Homework: item 11 Answer the questions at the end of the paragraph.

Attached files

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Professional educational offline non-profit organization

"Vladivostok Maritime College"

Methodical development

"Lesson press conference on geography"

Developer: N.E. Kezina, geography teacher

POANO "Vladivostok Maritime College"

Vladivostok 2018

Content.

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Goals and stages of the press conference lesson. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Teaching and educational goals of the lesson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. The main stages of preparation and conduct of the lesson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of used literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction.

Lessons in the form of a press conference are very important, as they increase interest in studying a subject, allow them to satisfy their need for business communication, increasing self-esteem, etc.

The content of the press conference is also important, which must meet the following requirements:

relevance of the topic and its real significance for students,

coverage of the main content of the subject,

interdisciplinary, integrative nature of the problem under study,

the relevance of the topic to students.

Press conference lessonacademic discipline "Geography"can be played as a role play. Suchrole-play puts students in situations they may find themselves in, in particular during their swimming practice.

In addition, it can be aimed at solving various didactic tasks: for motivation learning activities learning to learn new material, totraining students in the ability to speak in any situation on a given topic,testing knowledge and skills, their generalization

The practical material that they will need during their work will be very useful for students.

conferences .

1 .

Educational goals:

4 stages:

Goal definition,

Discussion of the plot;

Distribution of "roles";

representative of Primorrybvod,

environment,

;

- TV with DVD- a player;

A political map of the World;

Map Primorsky Territory;

On the

comments on answers;

(slide show ) and environmental disasters(slide show ) slide show

oil ,

Primorsky Territory:

IN 3 4

Every year, for one reason or another, from 2 to 10 million tons of oil are dumped into the World Ocean. Aerial photography from satellites recorded that almost 30% of the ocean surface is already covered with an oil film. The waters of the Mediterranean Sea are especially polluted. Atlantic Ocean and their shores.

The advantage of using role play, like other non-traditional forms of learning, is that it is enjoyable for those who play it. Once students begin to understand what exactly is required of them, they are happy to give free rein to their imagination. And since they like this activity, the educational material is absorbed much more efficiently.

If the teacher plans to conduct such a lesson with the help of a specially selected group, then she is given the task to familiarize herself with various sources in advance, select the most important environmental data, prepare documentation, compose a series of questions, select illustrations, etc. Then the teacher conducts a preliminary selection of the most interesting questions.

For such lessons, it is recommended to select the most relevant topics that students can be familiar with at the level of everyday knowledge, media reports that concern them personally. Therefore, for this press conference, the topic "Problems of pollution of the World Ocean" was chosen, which meets all these requirements.

After all, the World Ocean is, first of all, a place for the future professional activity of students, at the same time Lately Pollution of the oceans is a growing concern around the world.

Goals and stages of the press lesson conferences .

1 . 1. Teaching and educational goals of the lesson:

Deepening knowledge in the academic discipline "Geography";

Formation of skills to navigate in various sources

geographic information, critically evaluate

and interpret information received from various sources;

Increasing cognitive interest in the subject of geography;

Formation of interdisciplinary links with other academic subjects: biology, chemistry, prevention of marine pollution and others;

Formation of skills and abilities of self-educational activity of students; skills and abilities to highlight the main, essential in the content;

Formation of skills and abilities of mastering ideas about modern geographical science, its participation in solving critical issues humanity;

Formation of skills and knowledge of geographical thinking

to determine the geographical aspects of natural, socio-economic and environmental processes and problems;

summarize numerous facts and examples;

Systematization of students' knowledge about the size of the anthropogenic impact on the World Ocean, about modern environmental problems,

Generalization of students' knowledge about international environmental cooperation in the protection of the oceans;

Formation of skills and abilities to use materials from additional sources: from Internet resources, mass media, from reference literature;

Improvement of general educational skills to speak with a message, construct questions, act as an opponent.

Educational goals:

-: the formation of a conscientious attitude to educational work,

Formation of the ability to work in a team;

Formation of a sense of pride in their future specialty;

Formation of ecological consciousness and civic position of students;

The development of logical thinking of students,

Development of creative thinking skills;

1.2. The main stages of preparation and conduct of the lesson.

When organizing this lesson, a press conference can be distinguished4 stages:

At the 1st stage it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Goal definition,

Discussion of the plot;

Distribution of "roles";

representative of the Primorsky Environmental and Legal Center,

representative of the Natural Resources Committee,

representative of Primorrybvod,

Representative of the Marine Fund under the Administration of the Primorsky Territory, Head of the Center for Environmental Monitoring of the Primorsky Territory,

representative of the interdepartmental center for analytical control of the state

environment,

scientists of the Pacific Oceanological Institute,

representatives of the organizations "Eco-law", "Dal-eco" and "Dal-more".

The plot of the situation, taking into account the relevance of the chosen topic;

Definition of fragments (questions) of the press conference, taking into account their environmental content (15-16 pieces);

Preparation of reports, messages on this subject;

Preparing equipment for the lesson;

- TV with DVD- a player;

Physical map of the World Ocean;

A political map of the World;

Map "Ecological problems of the world";

Map of Primorsky Krai;

Stands "Prevention of marine pollution and protection of the marine environment", "Today in the world-today at the lesson",

A set of slides on this topic:

a) "Environmental crisis" (3 slides);

b) “Environmental disasters (2 slides);

c) "Pollution of the World Ocean" (8 slides);

d) “6 major oil disasters at sea” (6 slides);

e) "Explosion of an oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico" (5 slides);

On the Stage 2 needs to solve the following tasks:

Familiarize yourself with the rules of speaking at the lesson:

one). Be able to listen and critically evaluate the answers of comrades,

2). Be quick to jump into the discussion.

3). During the lesson, make brief notes to help you recap the main points.

4). Put the question in the correct form.

five). Decide for yourself which question and answer was the most interesting and why.

At the 3rd stage, a summing up should take place:

The facilitator (teacher) determines the criteria for evaluating answers on a 10-point scale:

10 points (excellent) for a correct and complete answer,

8 points good) for a correct but incomplete answer, and so on.

Stage 4 - final, summing up:

The facilitator fixes the number of points earned by students;

comments on answers;

Submits grades to the journal.

2. PROCEDURE OF THE LESSON Press conference "Problems of pollution of the oceans".

So, students are faced with a problematic situation: to simulate the situation of a meeting at a press conference between representatives of the population of Vladivostok and a group of environmental practitioners studying the problems of pollution of the World Ocean

The conference begins with an introductory speech by the host (teacher), who reveals the essence of the problem: the World Ocean occupies 70.8% of the Earth's area and, if there is currently an environmental crisis all over the world(slide show ) and environmental disasters(slide show ) , then they, of course, also cover the World Ocean. And the World Ocean is a storehouse of biological, mineral, energy and other resources (slide show ), then it is in dire need of protection from anthropogenic pollution.

Question 1: What are the main types of pollutants?

What substances are most dangerous for water bodies and the oceans?

The representative of the environmental association "Dal-Eco" answers:

Every body of water or water source is associated with its surroundings. external environment. It is influenced by the conditions for the formation of surface or underground water runoff, various natural phenomena, industry, industrial and municipal construction, transport, economic and domestic human activities. The consequence of these influences is the introduction of new, unusual pollutants into the aquatic environment, which worsen the quality of water.

Pollution entering the aquatic environment is classified in different ways, depending on the approaches, criteria and tasks. So, usually allocate chemical, physical and biological pollution.

Chemical pollution is a change in natural chemical properties water by increasing its content harmful impurities both inorganic (mineral salts, acids, alkalis, clay particles) and organic nature (oil and oil products, organic residues, surfactants, pesticides).

Reservoirs are polluted with sewage from industrial and municipal enterprises, during the harvesting, processing and floating of timber, mines, mines, oil fields, emissions from water, rail and road transport.

The widespread use of synthetic detergents (SMC) in everyday life and industry leads to an increase in their concentration in wastewater. At a concentration of 1 mg/l, small planktonic organisms such as algae, daphnia, and rotifers die. At a concentration of 5 mg / l, fish die. Synthetic detergents(SMS) are practically not removed by sewage treatment plants, so they quite often end up in water bodies, and from there into tap water.

The main inorganic (mineral) pollutants of fresh and marine waters are a variety of chemical compounds that are toxic to the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. These are compounds of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine. Most of them end up in water as a result of human activities. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton and then transferred through the food chain to more highly organized organisms. The toxic effect of some of the most common hydrosphere pollutants is presented in the table.

Also, dangerous pollutants of the aquatic environment include inorganic acids and bases, which cause a wide range of pH of industrial effluents (1.0 - 11.0) and can change the pH of the aquatic environment to values of 5.0 or above 8.0, while fish in fresh And sea water can only exist in the pH range of 5.0 - 8.5.

Many seas have suffered the same fate as rivers: the coastal waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan are polluted with large oil slicks. problem. The Barents Sea is almost completely polluted, large oil slicks float in the Caspian and Black Seas.

Question 2. What substances are the most dangerous as pollutants of sea water?

The representative of the interdepartmental center for analytical control of the state of the environment answers:

(Slides "Pollution of the oceans with oil" are shown).

One of the most dangerous pollutants oil , falling into the water in the accident of tankers or when it is extracted from the depths of the sea. Even the concept of “black surf”, which has now become widespread, has come into the everyday life of specialists. This "surf" brings death and devastation to the inhabitants of the sea and coast.

Oil is a viscous oily liquid that is dark brown in color and has low fluorescence. Oil consists mainly of saturated aliphatic and hydroaromatic hydrocarbons. The main components of oil are hydrocarbons (up to 98%)

Question 3. What is the proportion of tanker accidents in the pollution of the oceans?

The representative of the Marine Ecological Fund under the administration answers

Primorsky Territory:

During catastrophes of supertankers and accidents on oil platforms, hundreds of thousands of tons of oil are poured into the sea!

(Slides "6 largest oil disasters in the oceans" are shown).

Currently, 7–8 tons of oil out of every 10 tons produced in the world is delivered to the places of consumption by sea. In some parts of the oceans, there is literally pandemonium. For example, more than 1,000 ships pass through the English Channel, which is 29 km wide, every day. It is no wonder that the number of tanker accidents here is high. They especially increased in the 1970s and 80s. In 1995 alone, 10 tankers with a total displacement of 815,000 tons perished. Major accidents happen almost every year.

Perhaps the first one that shook the world happened in 1967. Off the coast Western Europe the supertanker Torrey Canyon crashed, 120 thousand tons of oil fell into the sea. A huge oil slick disfigured the coastal waters and shores of France and England. 50 thousand waterfowl died, i.e. 90% of seabirds in these areas. Further disasters large tankers splashed more and more portions of oil into the seas and oceans.1974 - the accident of the American tanker Transheron, which had 25,000 tons of oil on board. 3500 tons of oil flowed out of the holes in the first week alone! A huge oil slick with an area of several tens of square kilometers slowly moved to the coast of the Indian state of Kerala, destroying marine life. In January 1976, 450 tons of oil spilled into Bantry Bay (Ireland) through the fault of Gulf Oil (USA) from the tanker Afran Zodiac. The entire northern part of the bay was under its layer, and the coast for 35 km was also under threat. Most major accident in 1979, the Atlantic Express and Ijen Captain collided in the Caribbean near Trinidad. 300 thousand tons of oil spilled into the sea.

Off the coast of Antarctica in January 1989, the Bahia Paraiso tanker with 1,000 tons of diesel oil on board was wrecked. Two months later, a terrible tragedy broke out in the Arctic waters of Alaska. The Exxon Valdez tanker, through the fault of the captain, ran into a reef. More than 40 thousand tons of oil flowed out of the hole. A number of countries around the world (including Russia) hastened to help.

Question 4. How else does oil get into the seas?

The representative of the Primorsky Environmental and Legal Center answers:

IN 3 times more oil enters the water area due to the washing of tankers of tankers and the discharge of this water; in4 times more intensively pollute the seas and oceans with the waste of petrochemical plants, almost the same amount of oil is supplied by accidents of offshore drilling rigs. Another, more terrible accident in the Gulf of Mexico occurred in the spring of 2010. Its consequences are difficult to assess.Slides "Platform Explosion in the Gulf of Mexico" are shown.

Over the past 40 years, more than 2,000 wells have been drilled in the World Ocean, of which 1,000 are in the North Sea alone! Due to minor leaks, 0.1 million tons are lost annually. oil. Large masses of oil enter the seas along rivers, with domestic and storm drains. The volume of pollution from this source is 2.0 million tons/year. Every year, 0.5 million tons of oil enters with industrial effluents.

Question 5. What are the consequences of oil pollution for the biological resources of the oceans?

The representative of the Pacific Oceanological Institute answers:

Getting into the marine environment, oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of various thicknesses. The thickness of the film can be determined by the color of the film.

The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into the water. Light transmission of thin films of crude oil is 1-10% (280nm), 60-70% (400nm).

A film with a thickness of 30-40 microns completely absorbs infrared radiation. When mixed with water, oil forms an emulsion of two types: direct - "oil in water" - and reverse - "water in oil". Direct emulsions, composed of oil droplets up to 0.5 µm in diameter, are less stable and are typical for oils containing surfactants. When volatile fractions are removed, oil forms viscous inverse emulsions, which can remain on the surface, be carried by the current, wash ashore and settle to the bottom.

A liter of oil deprives 40,000 liters of sea water of oxygen, so necessary for fish. One ton of oil pollutes 12 sq. km of ocean surface. The eggs of many fish develop in the near-surface layer, where the danger of encountering oil is very high. With its concentration in sea water in the amount of 0.1 - 0.01 ml / l, the eggs die in a few days. More than 100 million fish larvae can die on 1 hectare of sea surface if there is an oil slick. To get it, it is enough to pour only 1 liter of oil.

Question 6. What are the consequences of plastic waste pollution in the oceans?

The representative of the environmental association "Dal-more" answers:

Pollution has been around since the invention of plastic. On the one hand, an irreplaceable thing that has made life incredibly easier for people. Made it easy until plastic product will not be thrown away: plastic decomposes for more than a hundred years, and thanks to ocean currents it strays into huge islands. One such island, larger than the US state of Texas, floats brushes - birds swallow all these items, mistaking them for food between California, Hawaii and Alaska - millions of tons of garbage. The island is growing rapidly, with ~2.5 million pieces of plastic and other debris dumped into the ocean every day from all continents. Slowly decomposing, plastic causes serious harm to the environment. Birds, fish (and other ocean dwellers) suffer the most. Plastic waste in pacific ocean are responsible for the deaths of more than a million seabirds a year, as well as more than 100,000 marine mammals. Syringes, lighters and toothbrushes are found in the stomachs of dead seabirds.

Conclusion.

The solution of modern tasks of teaching geography is not possible without serious changes in the forms of organization of students' activities. It is necessary to organize the educational process in such a way that it contributes to mastering the ability to apply geographical knowledge to explain and evaluate various phenomena and processes, independently assess the level of environmental safety, adapt to changing conditions, as well as form ideas and knowledge about the main problems of interaction between nature and society, natural and socio-economic aspects of environmental problems.

Such an organizational form is, in particular, group work in combination with the individual activities of students in the classroom during a press conference. A lesson in the form of a press conference is one of the non-traditional forms of the lesson, which is based on questions unexpected for students (unlike seminars, when questions are known in advance).

The role of such lessons is significant, since they form the ability to ask questions, develop dialogic speech, form a culture of communication, stimulate thinking, students acquire knowledge of geography in a new learning situation.

Dialogue in such lessons can take place between a teacher and a class, between a group of students (“a team of practitioners”) and a class, between two classes. For the lesson in the form of a press conference, it is advisable to prepare an exhibition of stands, creative works of students, abstracts, books, magazines and specialized literature on this topic.

If the teacher plans to conduct such a lesson with the help of a specially selected group, then she is given the task to familiarize herself with various sources in advance, select the most important data, prepare documentation, draw up a series of questions, and select illustrations (slides, films). Then the teacher conducts a preliminary selection of the most interesting questions.

This methodological development is a continuation of my methodological searches in the framework of student-centered learning. Lesson-conference withstands the requirements that apply to the lessons of this concept. The conference helps to realize the two main tasks of a student-centered approach through the use of problem-based learning technology. Firstly, the creation of a problem situation that arouses the desire to solve the problem, combined with the need to learn something interesting, new, this, in turn, contributes to the activation of students' mental activity. Secondly, this lesson helps to realize the creative abilities of students, depending on their psychological characteristics, to reveal their potential, to recognize the individuality of the student. This structure of the lesson has a heuristic level of cognitive activity, which contributes to the development of critical thinking . When the child himself analyzes and proves his case, he develops interest, creative search and the desire to achieve the set goals.

Throughout the lesson, the success of completing tasks depends on the subjective experience of students and the creation of a situation of success for each student (praise, attention). At the lesson, there must be a business partnership, in which the teacher acts as an assistant to students "to cultivate their subjective experience."

During the lesson, it is advisable to conduct reflection - self-analysis of students of their activities and the activities of their classmates in the lesson and their assessment. Finally, monitoring the lesson will help to determine whether the lesson has achieved its goal.

Develop the skills of independent analytical work and public speaking with a scientific report;

Gain experience in preparing review materials, learn to generalize;

To cultivate a responsible attitude to mental work, to develop the creative potential of students.

Preparatory stage:

Two weeks before the lesson, distribute the topics of reports to students:

Adam Smith as a man and a great economist;

The economic doctrine of Karl Marx and modernity;

Malthus on the role of population in the economy;

Domestic thought of the 20s of the XX century.

“City of the Sun” by T. Campanella;

Utopias and fantasies of C. Fourier.

During the classes:

1. Introductory speech of the teacher:

Good afternoon! Economic theory is the oldest science. It has always attracted the attention of scientists and educated people. Today, interest in economic theory is undoubtedly growing.

... He could not have iambic from a chorea,
No matter how we fought, to distinguish.
Branil Homer, Theocritus;
But read Adam Smith
And there was a deep economy,
That is, he was able to judge
How does the state grow rich?
And what lives and why
He doesn't need gold
When a simple product has.

(A.S. Pushkin)

A century and a half ago, A.S. Pushkin, in his characterization of Eugene Onegin, demonstrated that the answer to the question “how does the state get richer?” has not lost its relevance, and from time immemorial people have tried to build a logically correct economic model in the economic practice and political life of the state. And today we will try to understand the main economic currents of political economy. So, the topic of our conference is “Schools of Economic Doctrines”.

The purpose of our conference is, firstly, to reveal the main ideas of classical political economy (general economic theory); secondly, relying on the knowledge of basic economic issues, to analyze the utopian views of some economic schools, to prove their failure.

so, we begin ... The topics of the reports in front of you in the order of their hearing are presented on the board. During the presentation of the speakers, you fill out tables and review forms. After each report, we draw conclusions that will be reflected on the board. Time limit for presentation is 3-4 minutes.

(Methodical advice- the topics of reports should be written on the board, as well as a logical scheme for the development of economic thought. In addition, it is advisable to write out on the board key concepts on the topic that require explanation (for example, political economy- one of the names of the general economic theory, introduced into use by the French economist A. Monkrentien).

2. Conference participants make their presentations.

Students' reports should be of a research nature and be a kind of analytical conclusions on the topic. During their presentations, other students fill out notes in the form of a table. Each speaker draws generalizing conclusions, comments and additions of other students are possible, after which a reference diagram is filled in on the board, which reflects the schools of economic movements, their representatives and main ideas (tablets with the necessary concepts are prepared in advance by the teacher, which are then simply attached to the board).