Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Khabarovsk State Pedagogical University
Test No. 1
According to national history
theme: Russia and the Golden Horde in the 13th-15th centuries. Discussions about the influence of the Mongol-Tatar yoke on the development of Russian lands.
Completed by a 1st year student of OZO IZO
Semenikhina Yulia Alexandrovna
Checked by: Romanova V.V.
Khabarovsk
Introduction.
At the turning points of history, which has not yet become the past, but represents the turbulent present, it is quite common - perhaps even traditional - to refer to ancient times. At the same time, parallels are not only drawn, events of different eras are compared, but attempts are made to see in the ancient deeds of the ancestors the crops that sprout today. This is exactly the situation with the sudden keen interest in the history of Russia of the XIII-XV centuries, that is, the period well known as the "Tatar yoke", " Tatar-Mongol yoke"," the "Mongol yoke". A return to a more thorough consideration, and sometimes even a revision of the past, is usually dictated by not one, but several reasons. Why did the question of the yoke arise precisely today, and is even being discussed in a very large audience? attention to the fact that publicists, writers and the widest strata of the intelligentsia were the instigators of its discussion. Professional historians have looked at the discussion that has unfolded since the late 80s of the last century calmly, silently and with some surprise. controversial points on the problem remained only in clarifying some subtleties and minor details, for the solution of which there is clearly a lack of sources. But it suddenly turned out that all interest was not so much in the yoke itself, but in its influence on the entire course of development of our country, even specifically - on its present day, as well as on the formation of Russian national character, psychological warehouse, adherence to certain ideals and the absence of various (mostly positive) qualities in people. The Russian state, formed on the border of Europe with Asia, which reached its peak in the 10th - early 11th century, at the beginning of the 12th century broke up into many principalities. This disintegration took place under the influence of the feudal mode of production. The external defense of the Russian land was especially weakened. The princes of individual principalities pursued their separate policy, taking into account, first of all, the interests of the local feudal nobility and entered into endless internecine wars. This led to the loss of centralized control and to a strong weakening of the state as a whole.
II . Russia and Golden Horde at 13-15.
1. Battle on Kalka.
In the spring of 1223, one of the largest armies that had ever operated in Eastern Europe gathered on the Dnieper at the crossings. It included regiments from the Galicia-Volyn, Chernigov and Kiev principalities, Smolensk squads, "the whole Polovtsian land." The main forces of the Mongol army remained in Asia with Genghis Khan. The auxiliary army of Jebe and Subedei was far inferior in number to the Russian-Polovtsian rati. In addition, it was thoroughly battered during a long hike. The Mongols tried to split the allied army opposing them. They offered the Russian princes to attack the Polovtsy together and take possession of their herds and property. Without entering into negotiations, the Russians killed the ambassadors. The Mongols managed to attract to their side only the “roamers”, the Orthodox population of the Don, who were mortally at enmity with the Polovtsians.
The weakness of the allied army was the lack of a unified command. None of the senior princes wanted to obey the other. The true leader of the campaign was Mstislav Udaloy. But he could only dispose of the Galician and Volyn regiments.
When the guard detachment of the Mongols appeared on the left bank of the Dnieper, Mstislav Udaloy crossed the river and defeated the enemy. The leader of the detachment was captured and executed. Following the Galician prince, the entire army moved to the left bank of the Dnieper. After the transition, which lasted 8 or 9 days, the allies went to the Kalka (Kalmius) River in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, where they met with the Mongols.
Mstislav Udaloy acted on the Kalka as bravely as on the Dnieper. He crossed over the Kalka and started the battle, but at the same time he did not warn either the Kiev or Chernigov princes about his decision. The numerical superiority of the allies was so great that Mstislav decided to defeat the Mongols on your own without sharing the honor of victory with other princes. By his order, princes Daniil Volynsky, Oleg Kursky, Mstislav Nemoy moved into battle. The attack was supported by the guard regiment of the Polovtsy with the governor Yarun at the head. At the beginning of the battle, the Russians pressed the Mongols, but then they came under attack from the main enemy forces and fled. The princes and governors who led the attack, almost all remained alive, while the regiments that remained on the Kalka and fled after the unexpected blow of the Mongols suffered the greatest losses. During the retreat, the light Polovtsian cavalry far outstripped the retreating Russian regiments. On the way, the Polovtsy robbed and beat Russian warriors who had abandoned their weapons.
2. The beginning of the invasion.
Southern Russia suffered irreparable losses on the Kalka and did not recover from the defeat. These circumstances determined the military plans of the Tatar-Mongols.
After the disaster at Kalka, the Russian princes did not think of a major offensive that would save Russia from the devastating raid of the Asian horde. In Russia, few could estimate the extent of the danger hanging over the country. The nomads, in the eyes of the Russians, were "non-city dwellers." The battle near Kolomna was one of the largest for the entire time of the Batu invasion. The Mongols operated in unusual conditions for them - in the forests covered with snow. Their army slowly advanced into the depths of Russia on the ice of frozen rivers. The cavalry lost its mobility, which threatened the Mongols with disaster. Each warrior had three horses. A hundred thousand herd of horses gathered in one place could not be fed in the absence of pasture. The Tatars had to unwittingly disperse their forces. The chances of success of the resistance increased. But Russia was seized with panic.
The Vladimir regiments were significantly thinned after the Battle of Kolomna, and Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich did not dare to defend the capital. Dividing the remaining forces, he fortunately retreated to the north, and left his wife and son Vsevolod with the governor boyar Peter Oslyadyukovich in Vladimir.
The Tatars began the siege of Vladimir on February 3, 1238. He hoped to lure the Russians out of the fortress, the Mongols brought the youngest son of Prince Yuri, who was captured by them, to the Golden Gate. In view of the small size of the garrison, the voivode rejected the proposal for a sortie. On February 6, the Mongols "dress forests and vices more often until the evening." On the next afternoon they broke into the New City and set it on fire. Vsevolod's family locked themselves in the stone Assumption Cathedral, while the prince himself tried to enter into an agreement with the Tatars. According to the southern Russian chronicle, Vsevolod left the city with a small retinue, carrying with him "many gifts", the gifts did not soften Mevga Khan. His soldiers broke into the citadel and set fire to the Assumption Cathedral. The people who were there died in the fire. The survivors were robbed and taken prisoner. Prince Vsevolod was brought to Batu, who ordered him to be slaughtered "in front of him."
Prince Yuri fled to the north, sending messengers to different parts of the Suzdal region for help. Brother Svyatoslav and three nephews from Rostov brought their squads. Only Yaroslav did not heed his brother's call.
The Prince of Vladimir was safely hidden from the Tatars by setting up camp in a wooded area on the Sit River north of the Volga.
Batu sent governor Burundai in pursuit of Yuri. On March 4, 1238, the Mongols attacked the Russian camp. According to the Novgorod chronicle, the prince of Vladimir managed to equip the voivode on the road with a guard regiment, but he did it too late, when nothing could be corrected. The governor left the camp, but immediately ran back with the news that the headquarters was surrounded. However, the South Russian and Novgorod chronicles emphasize that Yuri did not resist the Tatars. Mongolian sources confirm that there was actually no battle on the City River. The prince of that country, George the Elder, ran away and hid in the forest, they also took him and killed him. Chronicles paint a picture of the total extermination of prisoners in captured cities. In fact, the Mongols spared those who agreed to serve under their banners, and formed auxiliary detachments from them. So with the help of terror they replenished their army.
During February, the Mongols defeated 14 Suzdal cities, many settlements and churchyards.
3. Hike to southern Russia.
In 1239, the Mongols defeated the Mordovian land, burned Murom and Gorokhovets. At the beginning of 1239 they captured Pereyaslavl, a few months later they attacked Chernigov.
The strife of the princes made South Russia an easy prey for the Mongols. After the flight of Mikhail of Chernigov, one of the Smolensk princes occupied the Kiev throne, but Daniil Galitsky immediately expelled him. Daniil was not going to defend Kiev, but "the city rested to the thousandth boyar Dmitr." The Tatars began the siege of Vladimir on February 3, 1238. He hoped to lure the Russians out of the fortress, the Mongols brought the youngest son of Prince Yuri, who was captured by them, to the Golden Gate. In view of the small size of the garrison, the voivode rejected the proposal for a sortie. On February 6, the Mongols "dress forests and vices more often until the evening." On the next day of lunch, they broke into the New City and set it on fire. The courage of the defenders of Vladimir was testified by Mongolian sources. They fought fiercely, and Meng-Kaan personally performed heroic deeds until he defeated them. Prince Vsevolod had the opportunity to defend himself in a stone child. But he saw the impossibility of alone resisting the main forces of the Mongols and, like other princes, tried to get out of the war as soon as possible. Vsevolod's family locked themselves in the stone Assumption Cathedral, while the prince himself tried to enter into an agreement with the Tatars. According to the southern Russian chronicle, Vsevolod left the city with a small retinue, carrying with him "many gifts", the gifts did not soften Mevga Khan. His soldiers broke into the citadel and set fire to the Assumption Cathedral. The people who were there died in the fire. The survivors were robbed and taken prisoner. Prince Vsevolod was brought to Batu, who ordered him to be slaughtered "in front of him."
In 1240, Batu and Kadan, the son of the Mongol emperor, laid siege to Kiev. In December 1240 Kiev fell. The boyar Dmitri, who led the defense, was wounded and taken prisoner. Batu spared his life "for courage for his sake".
The war changed the face of the old boyars. The princely squads suffered catastrophic losses. The nobility of Varangian origin disappeared almost entirely.
The princes who tried to defend Russia, for the most part, laid down their heads. Vladimir Prince Yuri died along with all his sons. His brother Yaroslav with six sons survived the invasion. One young son of Yaroslav, who was imprisoned in Tver, perished. The prince did not participate in the defense of the Russian land and did not defend his capital. As soon as Vatu's troops left the land, Yaroslav immediately took the Grand Duke's table in Vladimir. After that, he attacked the Kiev principality.
The defeat of Russia by the Mongol-Tatars led to the fact that the onslaught of the German crusaders on the Novgorod and Pskov possessions intensified.
When Batu returned from the western campaign, Yaroslav in 1240 went to bow to him in Saray. The establishment of Mongol rule allowed the prince to achieve a long-standing goal. Batu recognized Yaroslav as the oldest prince of Russia. In fact, the Horde recognized as legitimate the claims of the Vladimir prince to the Kiev table. However, the South Russian princes did not want to submit to the will of the Tatars. For three years they stubbornly refused to bow to Batu in the Horde.
The forces of Southern Russia were undermined by the Tatar-Mongol pogrom and internal strife. The Horde imposed tribute on Russia. In addition to monetary payments, the Mongols demanded that the Russian princes constantly send military detachments to the service of the khan.
entered the borders of the Novgorod land. On February 20, they began the siege of Torzhok. For two weeks, the Tatars tried to destroy the walls of the city with the help of sedimentation machines. The city was taken. The population was slaughtered without exception.
Pereyaslavl was the last city that the Mongol princes took together.
4. Russia and the Horde. Board of Alexander Nevsky .
If on the western borders the Russian people managed to defend their land from the encroachments of their neighbors, then the situation was different in relations with the conquerors from the East. From Pacific Ocean the Danube was dominated by the Mongol conquerors. And in the lower reaches of the Volga, Khan Batu ordered to build the city of Sarai, which became the capital of a new state - the Golden Order. The Russian princes were subordinate to the Tatar khans, although Russia was not included in the actual territory of the Golden Horde. It was considered the "ulus" (possession) of the Sarai rulers. The headquarters of the chief Mongol khan was many thousands of miles away - in Karakorum. But over time, Sarai's dependence on the Karakorum decreased. The local khans ruled their country quite independently. In the Horde, such a procedure was introduced when the Russian princes, in order to obtain the right to power in the principalities, had to receive a special khan's letter. It was called a label. Trips for "labels" were accompanied by the presentation of rich gifts not only to the khan, but also to his wives, close officials. At the same time, the princes were required to fulfill conditions alien to their religion, sometimes humiliating. On this basis, dramatic scenes played out in the Horde. Some Russian rulers refused to follow the prescribed order. For such a refusal, Prince Mikhail of Chernigov paid with his life. For the torture he received in the name of the Orthodox faith, he was canonized by the Russian Church. Tales of legend about the courageous behavior of Michael in the Horde spread widely throughout Russia as evidence of the prince's fidelity to a high moral duty. Ryazan prince Roman Olegovich was subjected to brutal reprisals. His unwillingness to change his faith caused the fury of the khan and his whirling. They cut off the prince's tongue, cut off his fingers and toes, cut him in the joints, tore off the skin from his head, and impaled him on a spear. Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodich, father of Alexander Nevsky, was poisoned in Karakorum.
In 1252, Alexander Nevsky becomes the Grand Duke of Russia. He chose not Kiev as the capital, but Vladimir. He saw the main danger in the Horde, and therefore sought not to aggravate relations with her. The prince understood that Russia was not able to resist both aggression from the West and the constant threat from the East. There is a legend that Prince Alexander rejected the proposals of the Pope to accept Catholicism and the title of king. He remained faithful to Orthodoxy. At one time he said: "God is not in power, but in truth." This did not prevent him from responding to the blows of neighboring Lithuania and the Baltic Germans. The Russian commander did not know defeats. The situation dictated its own laws. The proud Russian ruler also had to go to bow to the Horde rulers. But Alexander was in no hurry. Only after a notice from Batu, in which the conqueror of many lands noted the exploits of Alexander Nevsky, did the Grand Duke of Russia go to the Horde. He was the only one of the Russian rulers who had not yet been to the Horde. Batu made it clear that otherwise the Russian land would face a new ruin from the Tatars. “Will you alone not submit to my power?” - the khan of Alexander Nevsky inquired menacingly. There was no choice. In the Horde, Alexander Nevsky was given a worthy reception. Later, the Grand Duke was forced to visit the distant Karakorum. Otherwise, Prince Alexander would not have been able to keep his land intact. The Horde khans imposed a heavy tribute on Russia, which had to be paid in silver every year. Tatar tribute collectors (Baskaki) with military detachments settled in Russian cities. The population groaned from requisitions and violence. The Sarai authorities conducted a population census to record taxpayers (this was called "number, and those included in the census -" numerical people "). Benefits were granted only to clergy. But the rulers of the Horde still failed to win over the Russian Orthodox Church. The Khans of the Horde drove many thousands of Russian people into captivity. They were forced to build cities, palaces and fortifications to do other work. Archaeologists have discovered several Russian settlements on the territory of the Golden Horde. Found things testified that these unwitting inhabitants kept the memory of the abandoned homeland, continued to be Christians, built the church. The Horde authorities established a special Saraysko-Podonskaya diocese for the Orthodox population. Despite the frightening events, the Russian people did not always resign themselves to their position. Discontent in the country grew and resulted in open protests against the Horde. The khans sent punitive troops to Russia, which found it difficult to resist scattered pockets of resistance. Alexander Nevsky saw and understood all this. The time has not yet come when she could stand up for herself. Therefore, the Grand Duke tried to keep his fellow tribesmen from armed actions against the Horde. Saving Novgorod, as an island of the not devastated Russian land, he forced the Novgorodians to let Tatar census takers into the city.
The threat of an invasion by the Vladimir “tumens” and the Tatars had an effect. Novgorod agreed to accept the Tatar “numerals” for the census (the Tatar officials who conducted the population census and determined the size of the Horde’s exit-tribute were called the numerals. It is believed that the Horde tried to streamline the collection of tribute in Russia. However, there is reason to believe that the rulers of Sarai tried to extend the Mongol military system to Russia). But as soon as the Tatar scribes arrived in the city and started the census, the smaller people - the "rabble" - became agitated again. Gathered on the Sofia side, the veche decided that it was better to lay down their heads than to recognize the power of the conquerors-gentiles. Alexander and the Tatar ambassadors who fled under his protection immediately left the princely residence on Gorodishche and headed for the border. The departure of the prince was tantamount to breaking the world. In the end, supporters of Alexander Nevsky from among the Novgorod boyars convinced the veche to accept its terms in order to save the Novgorod land from invasion and ruin.
In the end, supporters of Alexander Nevsky from among the Novgorod boyars convinced the veche to accept its terms in order to save the Novgorod land from invasion and ruin.
The Horde failed to extend the order of military service to Russia, in the Mongol uluses. But the measures taken by the Horde laid the foundation for the Basque system, more adapted to Russian conditions. Instead of temniks and thousanders, Russia began to be ruled by specially appointed officials - the Baskaks, who had at their disposal military force. The main Baskak kept his headquarters in Vladimir. He supervised the activities of the Grand Duke, ensured the collection of tribute and recruited soldiers for the Mongol army. In the middle of the thirteenth century there were signs of the collapse of the Mongol Empire, more and more separated from each other. The influx of military detachments from Mongolia to the Batu ulus stopped. The rulers of the Horde tried to compensate for the losses with additional sets of warriors in the conquered countries.
Prince Alexander Nevsky managed to succeed in the Horde and limit the forced recruitment of troops only because of special circumstances. Many Russian lands and principalities escaped, Batu's invasion was not going to recognize the power of the Mongols. The rich and vast Novgorod land was among them. During the defense of Torzhok, the Novgorodians put up fierce resistance to the Tatars. Later they repulsed the invasion of the Livonian knights. It was impossible to bring Novgorod to its knees without a war, and Prince Alexander suggested that the rulers of the Horde use the Vladimir "tumens" against the Novgorodians.
The unwillingness of weakened Russia to fight the Horde was revealed quite clearly when the speech of Andrei Yaroslavich, brother of A. Nevsky, against the horde ended in complete failure. His army was defeated, and the prince himself fled to Sweden. The invasion of foreigners caused heavy damage to the economy of Russia. For a long time, some important industries (metal processing, construction, jewelry, etc.) froze. The news of Batu's death caused an exhalation of relief in the Russian Lands. Moreover, in 1262, uprisings took place in all Russian cities, during which Tatar tribute collectors were beaten and expelled. Alexander Nevsky, foreseeing the grave consequences of these events, decided to visit the Horde in order to prevent the coming bloody retribution.
In 1258 the Mongols defeated the Lithuanians. The appearance of the Tatars in Lithuania worsened the position of Novgorod. In the winter of 1259, the Novgorod ambassadors who traveled to Vladimir brought the news that regiments were standing on the Suzdal border, ready to start a war. The threat of an invasion by the Vladimir “tumens” and the Tatars had an effect. Novgorod agreed to accept the Tatar “numerals” for the census (the Tatar officials who conducted the population census and determined the size of the Horde’s exit-tribute were called the numerals. It is believed that the Horde tried to streamline the collection of tribute in Russia. However, there is reason to believe that the rulers of Sarai tried to extend the Mongol military system to Russia). The Horde failed to extend the order of military service to Russia, in the Mongol uluses. But the measures taken by the Horde laid the foundation for the Basque system, more adapted to Russian conditions. Instead of temniks and thousanders, Russia began to be ruled by specially appointed officials - the Baskaks, who had military force at their disposal. The main Baskak kept his headquarters in Vladimir. He supervised the activities of the Grand Duke, ensured the collection of tribute and recruited soldiers for the Mongol army.
By the beginning of the 1260s, the Golden Horde not only stood out in and entered into a protracted and bloody war with the Mongol state of Hulagu, formed after the conquest of Persia and the final defeat of the Arab Caliphate. The collapse of the Mongol Empire and the war between the uluses tied the forces of the Horde and limited its intervention in the internal affairs of Russia.
II . The influence of the Mongol-Tatar yoke on the development of Russian lands.
Frequent raids on Russia contributed to the creation of a single state, as Karamzin said: "Moscow owes its greatness to the khans!" Kostomarov emphasized the role of khan's labels in strengthening the power of the Grand Duke. At the same time, they did not deny the influence of the devastating campaigns of the Tatar-Mongol on Russian lands, the collection of heavy tribute, etc. Gumilyov, in his studies, painted a picture of good-neighborly and allied relations between Russia and the Horde. Solovyov (Klyuchevsky, Platonov) assessed the impact of the conquerors on inner life ancient Russian society as insignificant, with the exception of raids and wars. He believed that the processes of the second half of the 13th-15th centuries either followed from the trend of the previous period, or arose independently of the Horde. Mentioning briefly about the dependence of the Russian princes on the khan's labels and tax collection, Solovyov noted that there is no reason to recognize the significant influence of the Mongols on the Russian internal administration, since we do not see any traces of it. For many historians, an intermediate position - the influence of the conquerors is regarded as a noticeable, but not decisive, development and unification of Russia. The creation of a single state, according to Grekov, Nasonov and others, happened not thanks to, but in spite of the Horde, from the point of view of the Mongol yoke in modern historical science: Traditional history considers it as a disaster for Russian lands. The other interprets Batu's invasion as an ordinary raid of nomads. Supporters of the traditional point of view assess the impact of the yoke on various aspects of life in Russia extremely negatively: there was a massive movement of the population, and with it the agricultural culture, to the west and northwest, to less convenient territories with a less favorable climate; the political and social role of cities is sharply reduced; the power of the princes over the population increased. The invasion of nomads was accompanied by massive destruction of Russian cities, the inhabitants were ruthlessly destroyed or taken into captivity. This led to a noticeable decline in Russian cities - the population decreased, the life of the townspeople became poorer, many crafts withered. The Mongol-Tatar invasion dealt a heavy blow to the basis of urban culture - handicraft production. Since the destruction of cities was accompanied by mass withdrawals of artisans to Mongolia and the Golden Horde. Together with the artisan population of the Russian city, they lost their centuries-old production experience: the craftsmen took their professional secrets. Complex crafts disappear for a long time, their revival began only 15 years later. The ancient craftsmanship of enamel has disappeared forever. became poorer appearance Russian cities. The quality of construction subsequently also dropped significantly. The conquerors inflicted no less heavy damage on the Russian countryside, the rural monasteries of Russia, where the majority of the country's population lived. The peasants were robbed by all the Horde officials, and numerous Khan's ambassadors, and simply robber gangs. Terrible was the damage inflicted by the Monolo-Tatars on the peasant economy. In the war, dwellings and outbuildings were destroyed. Working cattle was captured and driven to the Horde. The damage inflicted on the national economy of Russia by the Mongols-Tatars and the conquerors was not limited to devastating robberies during the raids. After the yoke was established, huge valuables left the country in the form of "tributes" and "requests". The constant leakage of silver and other metals had dire consequences for the economy. Silver was not enough for trade, there was even a "silver hunger". The Mongol-Tatar conquests led to a significant deterioration in the international position of the Russian principalities. Ancient trade and cultural ties with neighboring states were forcibly severed. Trade went into decline. The invasion dealt a strong devastating blow to the culture of the Russian principalities. The conquests led to a long decline in Russian chronicle writing, which reached its dawn by the beginning of the Batu invasion. The Mongol-Tatar conquests artificially delayed the spread of commodity-money relations, the subsistence economy did not develop.
Conclusion
Thus, the origin and development of the Golden Horde had a strong influence on the development of the Russian state, because for many years its history was tragically intertwined with the fate of the Russian lands, became an inseparable part of Russian history.
While the Western European states, which were not attacked, were gradually moving from feudalism to capitalism, Russia, torn to pieces by the conquerors, preserved the feudal economy. The invasion was the cause of the temporary backwardness of our country. Thus, the Mongol-Tatar invasion cannot be called a progressive phenomenon in the history of our country. After all, the rule of the nomads lasted almost two and a half centuries, and during this time the yoke managed to put a significant imprint on the fate of the Russian people. This period in the history of our country is very important, because it predetermined the further development Ancient Russia.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Egorov V.L. "Golden Horde myths or reality" ed. knowledge Moscow 1990
2. Grekov B.I. World of history: Russian lands in 13-15 centuries M., 1986
3. Kuchkin V.A. Alexander Nevsky - statesman and commander of medieval Russia - Domestic History. 1996
4. Ryazanovsky V.A. Questions of history 1993 №7
5. Skrynnikov R. G. History of Russia 9-17 centuries Moscow; ed. All world 1997
Scientists have long disagreed in the interpretation of the influence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke on the history of Ancient Russia. Some scientists sincerely believe that there really was no invasion, and the Russian princes simply turned to the nomads for protection. At that time, the country was weak and not ready for serious wars with Lithuania or Sweden. The Tatar-Mongol yoke carried out the protection and patronage of Russian lands, preventing the invasion of other nomads and the development of wars.
One way or another, but in 1480 the Tatar-Mongol rule in Russia came to an end. It is necessary to characterize the role of the yoke in the history of the state in the most detailed way, paying attention to both positive and negative aspects.
The positive and negative impact of the Tatar-Mongol yoke
The sphere of life of society and the state | The positive impact of the yoke | Negative aspects of the influence of the Mongol yoke |
|---|---|---|
Cultural sphere of life |
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The political sphere of the life of the state. |
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The economic sphere of the life of the state | There are no positive aspects of the influence of the yoke on the economy. |
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Impact on public consciousness | Scholars are divided into two camps on this issue. Klyuchevsky and Solovyov believe that the Mongols did not have a significant impact on public consciousness. All economic and political processes, in their opinion, followed from the trends of previous periods. | Karamzin, on the contrary, believed that the Mongol yoke had a huge impact on Ancient Russia, achieving complete economic and social inhibition in the development of the state. |
Conclusions on the topic
Of course, it was impossible to deny the impact of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. The Mongols were feared and hated by the people, largely due to the fact that the representatives of the Tatar-Mongol yoke tried to change the state according to their own model. At that time, the Mongols even dreamed of imposing their religious system on the inhabitants of Ancient Russia, but they actively resisted this, preferring only Orthodoxy.
In addition, the influence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke also affected the establishment of the future system of power. Gradually, power in the country became centralized, and the beginnings of democracy were completely destroyed. Thus, the despotic, eastern model of government flourished on the territory of Russia.
After liberation from the yoke in 1480, the country found itself in a deep economic crisis, from which it got out only decades later. Ahead of the state were the Troubles, imposture, a change in the ruling dynasty and the flowering of autocracy.
The problems of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russian historical literature have caused and continue to cause different assessments and points of view.
Even N. M. Karamzin noted that the Tatar-Mongol domination in Russia had one important positive consequence - it accelerated the unification of Russian lands and the revival of a single Russian state. This gave reason to some later historians to speak of positive value yoke.
Another point of view was that the Mongol-Tatar domination had extremely difficult consequences for Russia, as it threw it back in development to 250
years. This approach provided an explanation for all subsequent problems in the development of Russia.
The third point of view is presented in the works of some modern historians, who say that the Tatar-Mongol yoke did not exist at all. They believe that the relationship of the Russian principalities with the Golden Horde was more like an allied relationship: Russia paid tribute (and its size was not so great), and the Horde in return ensured the security of the borders of the weakened and scattered Russian principalities.
It seems that each of these points of view covers only part of the
Problems.
It is necessary to separate the concepts of "invasion" and "yoke": in the first case, we are talking about the Batu invasion, which ruined Russia, and about those actions of intimidation that the khans from time to time undertook against recalcitrant princes; in the second - about the very system of relations between the Russian and Horde authorities and territories.
The Russian lands were considered in the Horde as part of their own territory, which had a certain degree of independence.
Russia was deprived of its former independence: the princes could rule only after receiving a "label" for reigning; the khans encouraged numerous conflicts and strife between the princes; in an effort to get these "labels", the princes were ready to take any steps, which gradually changed the very atmosphere in the power structures of the Russian lands (preserved even after the fall of the yoke); the principalities were obliged to pay a rather significant tribute to the Horde (even those lands that were not captured by the Horde paid it); many cities were ruined and no longer restored; in preparation for new campaigns, the khans demanded from the Russian princes not only new money, but also soldiers; finally, the "living goods" from the Russian lands were a valuable commodity in the slave markets of the Horde.
At the same time, the khans did not encroach on the positions of the church - they, unlike the German order knights, did not prevent the subject population from believing in those gods to which they were accustomed. This made it possible to preserve, despite the most difficult conditions of foreign domination, national customs, traditions, and mentality.
The economic development of the Russian lands after the period of complete destruction of the middle of the century recovered quite quickly, and from the beginning XIV v. began to develop rapidly. From the same time, stone construction in cities was revived, and the restoration of temples and fortresses destroyed during the invasion began. An established and fixed tribute was soon no longer a heavy burden for the producer. And since the time of Ivan Kalita, a significant part of the collected funds began to be left for the internal needs of the Russian lands themselves.
After the first persecutions associated with resistance to the invaders, the Russian Orthodox Church was forced to act in the new conditions. Its shepherds strove to preserve among the people those traditional features, without which they would have lost their appearance. As the state accumulated strength, the voice of the church sounded more weighty. The transfer of the center of Russian Orthodoxy to Moscow in many ways made it the spiritual capital of all Russian lands.
Assessing the consequences of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and its influence on the subsequent development of the Russian state, one should recognize its ambiguous nature. Therefore, it makes sense to consider each sphere of public life separately.
Economy.
Destruction of cities - 49 cities are ruined. 15 of them became villages, 14 were never restored.
Slowdown in the development of crafts - many artisans, like city dwellers, died during the storming of the city or were taken captive to the Horde; some technologies were lost forever (cloisonne enamel, stone carving); artisans worked not for the market, but for the khans and the princely court.
The payment of tribute laid a heavy burden on the state. There was a leak of silver - the main monetary metal of Russia, which hampered the development of commodity-money relations.
Politics.
The appointment of princes with the help of special letters - labels (But! They only confirmed or rejected the candidacy of the prince, without affecting the selection procedure, while retaining the right to inherit).
They did not create their own ruling dynasty.
They created the institute of governors - Baskaks - leaders of military detachments who monitored the activities of the princes and collected tribute. The denunciation of the Baskak led either to the summoning of the prince to the Horde, or to a punitive campaign. (But! In the end of the XIII century, the collection of tribute was transferred to the hands of the Russian princes)
The withering away of veche traditions and the formation of a political course to establish the unlimited power of the ruler according to the eastern model.
The Mongols artificially maintained territorial and political fragmentation, which became the basis for subsequent centralization from above.
social structure.
· Almost complete destruction of the old Varangian nobility.
· The formation of a new nobility with a strong Tatar element - the Sheremetevs, Derzhavins, Tolstoys, Akhmatovs.
Religion
The Horde did not destroy the Orthodox faith and imposed its own religion.
· The destruction and looting of churches took place only for the purpose of profit, and not for ideological reasons.
· The church was exempted from taxation, its possessions were declared inviolable.
· During the yoke, the number of monasteries increased, their land ownership expanded significantly.
Strengthening the position of the church more like political institution than as spiritual.
· Protection of the Orthodox Church from the influence of the West.
public consciousness.
· Changing the consciousness of the rulers - the princes were forced to demonstrate servility. The disobedient were humiliatingly punished or destroyed.
· Approval of the eastern model of government - cruel and despotic, with unlimited power of the sovereign.
There are three main points of view on this problem in Russian historiography.
1. S. M. Solovyov, V. O. Klyuchevsky and most historians - The yoke for Russia was a great disaster
Yoke - a system of relations between the conquerors (Mongols) and the vanquished (Russians), which manifested itself in:
The political dependence of Russian princes on the khans of the Golden Horde, who issued labels (letters) for the right to reign in Russian lands;
Tributary dependence of Russia on the Horde. Russia paid tribute to the Golden Horde (food, handicrafts, money, slaves);
Military dependence - the supply of Russian soldiers to the Mongolian troops.
2. N. M. Karamzin noted that the Mongol-Tatar domination in Russia had one important positive consequence - it accelerated the unification of Russian principalities and the revival of a single Russian state. This gave grounds to some later historians to speak of the positive influence of the Mongols.
3. A. Fomenko, V. Nosovsky believe that there was no Mongol-Tatar yoke at all. The interaction of the Russian principalities with the Golden Horde was more like an allied relationship: Russia paid tribute (and its size was not so great), and the Horde in return ensured the security of the borders of the weakened and scattered Russian principalities.
5. Modern Russian discussions about Prince Alexander Nevsky
V Lately the political talents of the prince are increasingly emphasized, since, it turns out, “Alexander Nevsky accomplished his main feat not on the battlefield as a military leader, but on the political field as statesman". At the same time, "our great ancestor ... selflessly defended Russia from external enemies and understood the decisive role of the people in this defense."
Their opponents are not inclined to exaggerate the merits of Alexander to the Fatherland. They accuse the prince of collaborationism, of the fact that it was precisely from the “surrender” to the Mongol hordes of Veliky Novgorod and Pskov, which the hordes of Batu did not reach in 1237-1238, that he, drowning in blood the first attempts to resist the Horde of the city “lower classes”, ensured the power of the Horde khans for almost a quarter of a century and thereby consolidated the despotic system of state administration in Russia, imposing it on their homeland and thereby slowing down its development for several centuries to come. “The shame of Russian historical consciousness, Russian historical memory is that Alexander Nevsky became an indisputable concept of national pride, became a fetish, became the banner not of a sect or party, but of the very people whose historical fate he cruelly distorted. ... Alexander Nevsky, without a doubt, was a national traitor.
Speaking of Alexander Nevsky, a professional historian must distinguish at least five characters in our history and culture. First of all, this is Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich, who lived in the middle of the 13th century. Secondly, the holy noble prince Alexander Yaroslavich, the defender of Orthodoxy, canonized as a saint forty years after the death of his prototype. Thirdly, somewhat modernized in the XVIII century. the image of St. Alexander Nevsky - a fighter for access to the Baltic Sea (after all, he defeated the Swedes practically at the very place that Peter I chose for the construction of the capital of the Russian Empire). And finally, fourthly, the image of the great defender of the entire Russian land from German aggression, Alexander Nevsky, created in the late 1930s thanks to the joint efforts of Sergei Eisenstein, Nikolai Cherkasov and Sergei Prokofiev. In recent years, a fifth Alexander has been added to them, for whom, apparently, the majority of television viewers of the Rossiya TV channel voted: a fair, strong ruler, a defender of the “lower classes” from the “oligarch” boyars. the main qualities - justice, strength, the ability to resist moneybags, talent, political insight - all this is not yet there, but society's need for this is - and the most acute.
1. The battles for which Prince Alexander became famous were so insignificant that they are not even mentioned in the Western chronicles.
This idea was born out of pure ignorance. Battle on Lake Peipus reflected in German sources, in particular, in the "Elder Livonian Rhymed Chronicle". Based on it, some historians talk about the insignificant scale of the battle, because the Chronicle reports the death of only twenty knights. But here it is important to understand that we are talking about the "knight brothers" who performed the role of high commanders. Nothing is said about the death of their warriors and the representatives of the Baltic tribes recruited into the army, who formed the backbone of the army.
As for the Battle of the Neva, it did not find any reflection in the Swedish chronicles. But, according to the leading Russian specialist in the history of the Baltic region in the Middle Ages, Igor Shaskolsky, “... this should not be surprising. In medieval Sweden, until the beginning of the 14th century, no major narrative works on the history of the country were created, such as Russian chronicles and large Western European chronicles. In other words, the traces of the Battle of Neva among the Swedes are nowhere to be found.
2. The West did not pose a threat to Russia at that time, unlike the Horde, which Prince Alexander used solely to strengthen his personal power.
Not so again! It is hardly possible to speak of a “united West” in the 13th century. Perhaps it would be more correct to speak of the world of Catholicism, but in its entirety it was very motley, heterogeneous and fragmented. Russia was really threatened not by the "West", but by the Teutonic and Livonian orders, as well as the Swedish conquerors. And for some reason they smashed them on Russian territory, and not at home in Germany or Sweden, and, therefore, the threat emanating from them was quite real.
As for the Horde, there is a source (the Ustyug Chronicle), which makes it possible to assume the organizing role of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich in the anti-Horde uprising.
3. Prince Alexander did not defend Russia and the Orthodox faith, he simply fought for power and used the Horde to physically eliminate his own brother.
These are just speculations. Prince Alexander Yaroslavich primarily defended what he had inherited from his father and grandfather. In other words, with great skill he performed the task of a guard, a keeper. As for the death of his brother, before such verdicts, it is necessary to study the question of how he, in recklessness and youthfulness, laid down the Russian rati to no avail and in what way he acquired power in general. This will show: not so much Prince Alexander Yaroslavich was his destroyer, but he himself claimed the role of the soon destroyer of Russia ...
4. Turning to the east, not to the west, Prince Alexander laid the foundations for the future rampant despotism in the country. His contacts with the Mongols made Russia an Asian power.
This is completely baseless journalism. All the Russian princes then contacted the Horde. After 1240, they had a choice: to die themselves and expose Russia to a new ruin, or to survive and prepare the country for new battles and, ultimately, for liberation. Someone headlong rushed into battle, but 90 percent of our princes of the second half of the XIII century chose a different path. And here Alexander Nevsky is no different from our other sovereigns of that period.
As for the "Asian power", there really are different points of view today. But I, as a historian, believe that Russia never became one. It was not and is not part of Europe or Asia, or something like a mixture, where European and Asian take on different proportions depending on the circumstances. Russia is a cultural and political essence, sharply different from both Europe and Asia. Just as Orthodoxy is neither Catholicism, nor Islam, nor Buddhism, nor any other denomination.
It only remains to say that Alexander Nevsky is neither a villain nor a hero. He is the son of his difficult time, which was not at all focused on " human values» XX–XXI centuries He did not make any fateful choice - he himself was chosen by the Horde khans, and he only carried out their will and used their strength to solve his momentary problems. He did not fight against crusader aggression, but fought with the Bishop of Dorpat for spheres of influence in the Eastern Baltic and negotiated with the Pope. Nor was he a traitor to national interests, if only because these very interests, like the nation, did not yet exist and could not exist. Collaborationism is a concept that did not exist in the 13th century. All these assessments, all “elections”, all concepts are from the 20th century. And in the XIII century they have no place - if, of course, we are talking about a proper scientific discussion.
Sections: History and social studies
Class - 10.
The duration of the lesson-game is 90 minutes.
Target: to determine the consequences of the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars on the further development of Russia on the basis of historical facts and arguments independently identified by students.
- development of skills for conducting discussions and dialogues;
- improve skills independent work searching for additional information;
- formation of work skills in the form of interactive classes;
- stimulating the skills and abilities of the manifestation of creativity and creativity among students;
- develop the skills to apply knowledge in non-standard situations.
Advance task:
- Distribution of roles.
- Search for additional information on a given topic.
- Distribution of roles at the request of students.
Expected results:
- improving the quality of students' knowledge through non-traditional classes;
– increased interest in the study of activities historical events and personalities;
– manifestation of individual abilities of students.
- group of students № 1, determining the negative impact of the Mongol-Tatar yoke on the development of Russia.
- group of students № 2, determining the positive impact of the Mongol-Tatar yoke on the development of Russia.
- Group of Historians Experts № 3.
Equipment:
- Design of the board: the topic of the lesson, goals, sheets for generalization, criteria for evaluating the work of groups.
– Multimedia installation for electronic presentation.
There are tables in the classroom, chairs opposite each other, in the middle there is a table for experts (school teachers). The experts work according to the table for estimating the work of groups (see Appendix).
During the classes
1. introduction teachers. - 3 minutes.
2. Email presentation on this topic - 10 minutes.
The floor is given to the group № 1 with arguments about negative consequences Mongol-Tatar yoke for Russia - 10 minutes.
Discussion of the presented material of the groups #1 and #2(with questions to opponents) - 20 minutes.
Experts' word 7 minutes.
3. Consolidation of the studied material – 7 minutes.
3.1. After the “hearings” procedure, the teacher TOGETHER with the students on the board draws up a table (cluster) to highlight the arguments on the problem raised - 5 minutes.
The consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion for Russia.
| Negative consequences. | positive factors. |
| The looting of Russian cities and towns. | They treated the Orthodox Church with respect. |
| Ties with Byzantium were destroyed. | There was a hemorrhage. |
| Huge number of human casualties. | They adopted some cultural achievements in the national culture. |
| The population was taken away in full, captivity. | Chronicles and epics were created - cultural continuity. |
| Russia significantly slowed down its development, for several decades thrown back. | Influenced the strengthening of Russian troops, squads. |
| “Conservation” of commodity-money relations. | Strengthened fortitude and Russian character. |
| There were constant pogroms, destruction, arson, there was a constant threat of attack. | Accelerated the process of unification of Russia. |
| A serious blow was dealt to cultural values, the heritage of Russian culture. | Enrichment of the Russian language - replenishment with new words. |
| Constant requisitions were made, the Russian principalities paid huge amounts of tribute. | The rise of the Moscow principality. |
| Reducing the population of the country. | |
| ADD (students). | ADD (students). |
After filling in the table and listening to all the arguments in favor of a conviction or acquittal, the “WINNING” TEAM (PARTY) receives a score of “5” (five).
Execution of test tasks - 15 minutes.
A test to consolidate the studied material.
Option 1.
1. Which Mongol-Tatar Khan attacked Russia in 1237?
A. Mamai
B. Baty
V. Genghis Khan
G. Tokhtamysh
2. What city did the Mongol-Tatars call the "Evil City"?
A. Torzhok
B. Ryazan
V. Kozelsk
G. Vladimir
3. The main task of the Baskaks in Russia:
A. tribute collection
B. administration of Russian principalities
B. the spread of Islam in Russia
D. development of trade relations
4. The Mongol-Tatars in Russia exempted from taxes:
A. nobility
B. merchant class
V. kholopov
D. clergy
5. The collection of tribute passes to the Russian princes from:
A. 1327
B. 1374
B. 1380
G. 1241
6. In what year did Prince Dmitry stop paying tribute?
A. 1374
B. 1382
B. 1478
G. 1327
7. The battle on the Vozha River took place in:
A. 1380
B. 1377
B. 1378
G. 1365
8. Mamai's army ceased to exist on the river:
A. Drunker
B. Don
V. Vozhzhe
G. Ugre
9. The liberation of Russia from the Mongol-Tatar yoke took place under the prince:
A. Ivane III
B. Dmitry Donskoy
V. Ivan Danilovich
G. Alexandra Nevsky
10. What did the Moscow prince receive from Khan Uzbek as a reward for suppressing the uprising in Tver?
A. Tver and Novgorod
B. Mozhaisk and Kolomna
V. Mozhaisk and Pereyaslavl
Novgorod and Kostroma
11. To whom did Russia pay tribute as the successor to the Golden Horde from the 2nd quarter of the 15th century?
A. Kazan Khanate
B. Big Horde
V. Nogai Horde
G. Crimean Khanate
12. Who turned to the Russian princes for help in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars?
A. Cumans
B. pechenegs
V. Byzantines
G. Huns
13. Which khan led the Mongol-Tatar army during the “standing” on the Ugra River?
A. Uzbek
B. Mamai
V. Ahmed
G. Tokhtamysh
14. The Battle of Kulikovo took place:
A. October 8, 1380
B. September 8, 1380
B. September 8, 1480
G. 26 August 1380
==============================================================================
Option 2.
1. Which khan led the army of the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo?
A. Uzbek
B. Baty
V. Mamai
G. Genghis Khan
2. Which city was saved from the Mongol-Tatar attack by the beginning of the spring thaw and heavy losses in the Khan's army?
A. Novgorod
B. Smolensk
V. Chernihiv
Moscow city
3. Yam is:
A. file from the plow
B. fee to maintain the postal service
B. collection to maintain the troops
G. file from the land allotment
4. The Mongol-Tatars began the census of the population of Russia with:
A. Novgorod land
B. Kiev Principality
V. Suzdalsky
G. Ryazansky
5. The second wave of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the southern principalities of Russia begins in:
A. 1237
B. 1241
B. 1223
G. 1239
6. In what year did Ivan III stop paying tribute to the Horde?
A. 1478
B. 1374
B. 1480
G. 1327
7. “Standing” on the Ugra River was in:
A. 1380
B. 1237
B. 1480
G. 1378
8 Serious clashes between the Mongol-Tatars and the Russian troops (for the first time in favor of Russia, the second time in favor of the Mongol-Tatars) took place on the river:
A. Nepryadva
B. drunk
V. Vozhzha
G. Ugra
9. The metropolitan see moved from the city of Vladimir to Moscow under the prince:
A. Ivan Danilovich
B. Dmitry Donskoy
V. Ivan III
G. Daniel Alexandrovich
10. Which Mongol-Tatar Khan captured and burned Moscow in 1382?
A. Mamai
B. Uzbek
V. Ahmed
G. Tokhtamysh
11. What was the signal for the start of the battle in the Battle of Kulikovo?
A. shot
B. beep
B. duel
12. The last Mongol-Tatar Khan who tried to conquer Russia:
A. Ahmed
B. Mamai
V. Tokhtamysh
G. Begich
13. The battle on the Kalka River took place:
A. May 31, 1322
B. September 8, 1237
B. September 1, 1322
D. May 1, 1223
14. From which city did the metropolitan see move to Moscow?
A. Tver
B. Novgorod
V. Vladimir
G. Ryazan
Test answers.
OPTION 1 - 1-C, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B, 5-C, 6-B, 7-C, 8-G, 9-B, 10-A, 11-C, 12-B , 13-B, 14-B
OPTION 2 - 1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-B, 5-A, 6-A, 7-C, 8-C, 9-A, 10-D, 11-C, 12-C , 13-G, 14-V
The final word of the teacher, the expression of students' opinions about the lesson - 2 minutes.
Reflection.
Job check:
During the test, students critically evaluate their knowledge, replenish it and set themselves the task of further knowledge of the issue under study.
1. What were you right about? Or what facts did you name correctly?
2. What mistakes did you make?
3. What information was new to you?
4. What in the text made you question, misunderstand, desire to learn more?
5. What facts known to you from other sources would you supplement the proposed text with?
6. What conclusion can be drawn based on the analysis of the issue under study?
Application No. 1.
| Criteria for evaluating the work of groups / points | 1 group
(negative consequences) |
2 group
(positive consequences) |
Note |
| Presenting persuasive arguments for one's position - 2 points. | |||
| Knowledge of historical facts 2 points. | |||
| Knowledge of chronology 2 points. | |||
| Knowledge of historical terms on the topic - 2 points. | |||
| Eloquence - 2 points. | |||
| Independence of thought 2 points. | |||
| Ability to generalize and draw conclusions 2 points. | |||
| Creativity - 2 points. | |||
| activity, emotional 2 points. | |||
| Discipline - 1 point. | |||
| TOTAL points. |
