Foreign Asia is the largest region in the world in terms of population and area, and retains its primacy since ancient times, the birth of the first civilizations. total area the territory of Foreign Asia reaches 27.5 million km2. The region includes 40 sovereign states, many of which belong to the group of developing countries.
All the states of Foreign Asia are quite large in their area, two of them, China and India, have the status of giant countries. The borders that separate the states of Foreign Asia are established according to natural and historical boundaries.
The political structure of states is very diverse: in Japan, Thailand, Bhutan, Nepal, Malaysia, Jordan, there are constitutional monarchies, in the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman absolute monarchical regimes have been preserved, all other states have a republican form of government.
Natural conditions and resources
Foreign Asia has a fairly homogeneous tectonic structure and relief. The region has the largest amplitude of heights on the planet: mountain ensembles are combined with vast plains. The territory of Asia is located on the Precambrian platform, some areas on the Cenozoic folding.
Due to this geographical location, the states of Foreign Asia have many natural mineral resources. Rich reserves of coal, manganese and iron ores and other minerals are concentrated within the Hindustan and Chinese platforms.
The main wealth of the region is the gas and oil basins, which are located in most of the states of Southwest Asia. The agro-climatic characteristics of Asia hinder the development of agricultural activities.
Population
The population of Foreign Asia is more than 3 billion people. Many states are experiencing the process of the so-called "population explosion". The state policy of many countries is aimed at reducing the birth rate; in China and Japan, families with many children are forced to pay special taxes.
The ethnic composition of Foreign Asia is diverse: representatives of more than 1 thousand ethnic groups and nationalities live here, the most numerous peoples are the Chinese, Bengalis, Hindustanis and Japanese. Only Iran and Afghanistan are among the mono-ethnic countries.
The peoples of Asia belong to 15 language families and there is no such linguistic diversity in any region of the world. Foreign Asia is the cradle of all world religions; Christianity, Islam and Buddhism were born here. Shintoism, Confucianism and Taoism also occupy a leading place in the region.
Economy of Foreign Asia
In the last decade, the role of the states of Foreign Asia in the world economy has increased significantly. The level of economic development here is the most contrasting than in any other region of the world. Absolute leadership in the development of industry belongs to Japan.
This is the only state of Overseas Asia, which is included in the "big seven". Other industrial countries include China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand. The economy of the Persian Gulf states is mainly focused on the oil industry.
Mining and metallurgy is well developed in Mongolia, Jordan, Vietnam and Afghanistan. In most states, the main share of EAN is occupied in agricultural production. The most popular crops are rice, tea, wheat and millet.
author Mary Kate Olsen asked a question in Climate, Weather, Time zones
natural conditions and resources of Southeast Asia. Help! reply tomorrow and got the best answer
Answer from Helga[guru]
Southeast Asia consists of the Indochina Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago. On an area of about 4 million km2, the states of Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Democratic Republic Vietnam, South Vietnam (divided along the 17th parallel), the Federation of Malaya, Indonesia, the Philippines, as well as the possessions of Great Britain (Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei, North Borneo) and Portugal (on the island of Timor) with a total population of over 175 million people ( Vietnamese, Burmese, Thai, Indonesians, Malays and other nationalities). The bioclimatic components of the landscapes of Southeast Asia have much in common with Hindustan, which simplifies the task of characterizing them. The same trade wind-monsoon circulation, a somewhat longer wet period, which, under the conditions of the equatorial circulation over Indonesia, stretches for the whole year. Due to the significant dissection of the territory, the northeast trade wind (winter monsoon) is wetter than in India. Therefore, the contrasts in moisture between the summer and winter seasons in Southeast Asia are less sharp, although here, too, the southwest monsoon brings more precipitation. The western part of Southeast Asia is more humid than the eastern part. In morphostructural terms, Southeast Asia is much more complicated than Hindustan. It is characterized by an extreme dissection of the relief created by the Hercynian, Yanshan and Alpine folding. The alternation of ridges and depressions closely pressed to each other creates a diversity of landscapes: the windward slopes are densely forested, the depressions are occupied by savannahs. The mountainous relief hinders the manifestation of latitudinal zonality and emphasizes altitudinal zonality, which is better expressed on the outer steeper slopes. Since only a few massifs exceed 3000 m, the high mountain belts (nival and alpine meadows) are practically absent. The natural division of Southeast Asia into two natural countries - continental and insular - is intensifying geographic location archipelago (with the exception of the northern part of the Philippines), as well as the south of the Malay Peninsula in the equatorial zone, while the rest of the territory lies in the subequatorial zone. The south of Malacca in landscape terms gravitates more to the archipelago than to Indochina. Southwest Asia unites the Arabian Peninsula, the Mesopotamian Plain and a narrow belt of the Syrian-Palestinian mountains along the Mediterranean coast. Tropical landscapes dominate in the south of the peninsula, subtropical deserts and semi-deserts in the north. Only on the windward slopes of the mountains of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, under the influence of humid Mediterranean air, as well as in the mountains of Yemen and Oman in the southwest and southeast of the Arabian Peninsula, sparse forests grow, heavily cut down where they are still preserved.
Detailed link here
On the Pacific coast of Southeast Asia there are numerous large deposits of tin ores, forming the "tin belt". This belt passes through the territories of China, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Southeast Asia has significant reserves of chromium, nickel, copper ores, as well as bauxites.
Inland water resources are the largest in South and Southeast Asia in areas with an equatorial and subequatorial climate. About 75% of the world's irrigated land is located in Asia.
There is no shortage of water in the countries of South and Southeast Asia, but irrigation is necessary, since rice is the main crop here - the plant is extremely moisture-loving
The forest area is especially large in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and the countries of Indochina. However, for the region's large and rapidly growing population, more and more land needs to be devoted to agriculture. This is only possible through deforestation. Therefore, the existence of the forests of Southeast Asia is under threat.
Answer from little person[guru]
Southeast Asia in the most accurate terms includes the mainland - the Indochina peninsula and the island part - the Indonesian (formerly called Sunda) and the Philippine archipelago. The north of Indochina is located in a tropical monsoon climate with intensively cut down forests, the center is in a subequatorial, more humid climate. The extreme south of Indochina - the Malay Peninsula and both archipelagos are located in the ever-wet equatorial belt with powerful forests, especially on the island of Kalimantan in Indonesia. On the most densely populated islands of the archipelagos - Java in Indonesia and Luzon in the Philippines, there are very few forests left.
A powerful agricultural region, large-scale cultivation of rice, coconut palm, sugar cane, peanuts, cocoa, tea, coffee, rubber.
Of the mineral resources, the South China tin belt ends here, the largest deposits on the islands and seabed Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand. On the islands of Indonesia and the Philippines, the Western Pacific copper-gold belt with nickel ends. Vietnam is rich in bauxites. Large deposits of oil and gas lie on the seabed.
Farming, especially rural, will depend on the natural conditions of the territory. And the conditions of Asia are distinguished by great diversity and contrasts. The highest mountain ranges with steep slopes coexist with lowlands and the monotony of their flat relief. Large contrasts are also characteristic of the climate, especially for moisture. The low-lying areas are well supplied with moisture, because they are located in the monsoon climate - these are the eastern and southern parts of the region.
The western part of Foreign Asia lies in the region of the Mediterranean climate. $90\%$ of all arable land is concentrated in these parts of Asia. The central and southwestern parts are arid. The Asian part of the world lies in several climatic zones. The south of the territory lies in tropical latitudes and receives $2$ times more total solar radiation than the northern regions. Summer and winter temperatures on the islands of Indonesia are almost the same, the average January temperature is +$25$ degrees, and the north of Manchuria, for example, has a January temperature of -$24$, -$28$ degrees. Yes, and there are frosts longer duration. Significant climatic differences are also characteristic of mountainous regions and even within the mountainous territories themselves. This is due to the height of the mountains, their position, the exposure of the slopes. The circulation of the atmosphere has a very pronounced effect on the climate of East and South Asia, where the seasonal change of air masses is clearly expressed.
Ready-made works on a similar topic
- Coursework 410 rubles.
- abstract Natural conditions and resources of Foreign Asia 250 rub.
- Test Natural conditions and resources of Foreign Asia 200 rub.
Winters in these areas are characterized by the winter monsoon, while the summer monsoon operates in summer. All of East Asia, Hindustan and Indochina are in the monsoon circulation zone, where annual precipitation can reach $2000$ mm per year. Associated with the winter monsoon are cold continental air masses that cause cooling in East Asia and partly in the tropics of Northern Indochina.
In the southern part of Asia, winter cooling does not occur, because the territory is under the influence of the Indian monsoon, which has smaller baric gradients. On the other hand, India is closed in the north by the highest mountain ranges from the cold air masses of Central Asia. The interior regions of Asia, located at high altitudes and surrounded by mountains, have a sharply continental climate.
V winter period the Asian anticyclone dominates here and a severe and long winter sets in. At low temperatures, the soil freezes deeply, which leads to the formation of permafrost areas. In summer, the territory warms up well and an area of low atmospheric pressure is formed. The weather is hot and dry. Precipitation is very small, high mountain ranges prevent their penetration. In closed basins, only up to $50$ mm falls out. But even this inland region has its own internal climatic differences. The reason for this lies in the different availability of thermal resources and thermal regime.
An exceptionally hot region is Southwest Asia. It receives the largest amount of solar radiation, therefore it is the driest part of the mainland. Deserts and semi-deserts are common here.
Remark 1
For the development of agriculture, a significant part of Asia Abroad has unfavorable climatic conditions. The equatorial regions are highly humid, while the vast plateaus and plains of Southwestern and Central Asia are too dry. Agriculture in these areas is possible only with land reclamation.
The location of agricultural production, the composition of cultivated plants, the peculiarities of farming methods, and the productivity of crops largely depend on climatic conditions. Level of evolution Agriculture in the countries of Foreign Asia is relatively low, so the yield is highly dependent on weather conditions. Based on climatic features, several agro-climatic regions are distinguished in foreign Asia.
Mineral resources of Foreign Asia
The surface of Foreign Asia is represented by vast mountainous territories and lowlands, the areas of which are small. Low-lying areas are located on the outskirts of Asia - these are the eastern and southern coasts. Mineral deposits are associated with the relief and with the main tectonic regions, with which the bowels of Foreign Asia are rich. In terms of reserves of fuel and energy raw materials, Asia occupies a leading position in the world.
These are, first of all, huge deposits of coal, oil and gas. The bowels of this part of the world contain world reserves of tin, antimony, mercury, graphite, sulfur, muscovite, zirconium, phosphate raw materials, potassium salts, chromites, tungsten. True, from a geographical point of view, these resources are distributed unevenly. Coal, iron and manganese ores, non-metallic minerals were formed within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. There is a copper belt along the Pacific coast. In the Alpine-Himalayan folded region, ores are predominant.
A decisive role in the international geographical division of labor in Asia is played by oil and gas reserves, which are the main wealth of the region. The main hydrocarbon deposits are concentrated in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. Large oil fields have been discovered in the countries of the Malay Archipelago - Indonesia, Malaysia. There is oil and gas in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. The Dead Sea is known for its large salt reserves, and the Iranian Highlands for sulfur and non-ferrous metals.
Of all Asian countries, the greatest diversity and reserves of minerals are concentrated on the territory of the following states:
- India;
- Indonesia;
- Iran;
- Kazakhstan;
- Turkey;
- Saudi Arabia.
Remark 2
Those mineral deposits that are well known today do not reflect the true picture of the richness of the subsoil of this region. The ongoing prospecting works open up new deposits of mineral raw materials. In terms of hydrocarbon production, offshore zones are becoming promising, which provide the extractive industry with new opportunities.
Different subregions of Asia have their own set of minerals.
Western Asia. Here, first of all, the largest oil and gas fields are concentrated, in terms of reserves of which Western Asia is a leader among other regions of the world. According to $1980 data, there are $43 billion tons of oil in this area and more than $20 trillion. cube m of gas. Coal reserves are more than $23 billion tons. The reserves of ferrous metal ores amount to $14 billion tons and they are located on the territory of Turkey and Iraq. Reserves of titanium ores in Saudi Arabia and chromium ores in Turkey and Iran, Afghanistan and Oman. Nonmetallic Construction Materials are represented by gypsum, the reserves of which amount to $3 billion tons. In some countries of the region there are deposits of precious and ornamental stones, for example, Iranian turquoise, Afghan lapis lazuli, ruby, emerald, rock crystal, aquamarine, marble onyx.
South Asia. She holds a leading position in the reserves of muscovite, barite, titanium, pyrite, beryl, graphite, iron, manganese ores. This part also has significant reserves of oil and gas, as well as gold, copper, nickel, and tungsten ores. The most important energy raw material for South Asia is hard coal, whose reserves are estimated at $115 billion tons. The total iron ore reserves are over $13.5 billion tons. They are concentrated in India, Pakistan. There are small reserves in Sri Lanka and Nepal. The extraction of manganese ores has long been going on in India. There are aluminum and nickel ores in this region. Here is about $30\%$ of the total reserves of mining and chemical raw materials - India, Pakistan, Nepal. Non-metallic raw materials are represented by Indian asbestos - India, gypsum - Pakistan, graphite - Sri Lanka. There are quartz, building sands, dolomites, limestone and marble. Gems There are only in India - diamonds.
Southeast Asia. In terms of tin reserves, the region ranks $1 in the world and has significant reserves of nickel, cobalt, tungsten, copper, antimony, and barite. In addition, there are oil, gas, bauxites, chromites and other mineral resources. Exploration for hydrocarbons is being carried out on the continental shelf. Of the $36$ promising basins, $25$ belong to Indonesia. Hard coals are also found in Indonesia and Vietnam. Ore minerals, the reserves of which amount to more than $1271 million tons, are found in Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines, Kampuchea. Of the ores of non-ferrous metals, aluminum and copper ores are known - Indonesia, Vietnam, Kampuchea.
Other types of resources of Foreign Asia
Foreign Asia is rich in its superficial waters, but water resources are unevenly distributed over the territory, and the availability decreases from the southeast to the northwest. Water resources are used, usually for irrigation, which helps to solve the problems associated with drought, soil salinization and wind blowing. In India, for example, $95\%$ of fresh water consumed goes to irrigation. Mountain rivers contain colossal reserves of hydropower, which is best provided in the humid tropics. Due to the economic backwardness of the mountainous regions, the hydro potential of the rivers is poorly used. For example, the hydro potential of the rivers of India and Pakistan is used by about $10\%$. Large Asian rivers have basins covering hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. They are among the most important types of natural resources.
Another type of resource is soil. The huge size, diverse relief and climate were the conditions for the formation of a complex soil cover. Podzolic, sulfur and brown forest soils have formed in the temperate climate zone. In the steppe regions - chernozem-like and chestnut soils. In the subtropics of the Mediterranean, brown soils are dominant, and in the monsoon regions, yellow and red soils. Peculiar tropical soils - regura or black soils formed on the Hindustan peninsula.
If speak about forest resources, foreign Asia is not rich in them. There is only $0.3$ ha of forest resources per capita, and the average world level is $1.2$ ha per person. Low availability of forest resources is typical for India, Pakistan, Lebanon, and Singapore. The south-east of the region is best provided with forest resources. Here, the areas of forest resources are not only large, but also accessible, which threatens their existence.
recreational the resources of the region began to be studied and used only in the second half of the $XX$ century. Attractive for tourists are the warm seas of Southwest Asia - Turkey and Southeast Asia - Thailand, Malaysia.
The video lesson is devoted to the topic "Natural resources of foreign Asia". From the lesson, you will learn about the natural resource potential of Foreign Asia, get acquainted with the main resources that are rich in various parts of Asia. The teacher will tell you about the Asian countries-leaders in wealth different kind resources.
Theme: Overseas Asia
Lesson: Natural resources of foreign Asia
The provision of foreign Asia with resources is determined, first of all, by the variety of relief, location, nature and climate.
The area is extremely homogeneous in terms of tectonic structure and topography: within its boundaries, the greatest amplitude of heights on earth (more than 9000 m) is noted, both ancient Precambrian platforms and areas of young Cenozoic folding, grandiose mountainous countries and vast plains are located here. As a result, the mineral resources of foreign Asia are very diverse.
The main pools of coal, iron and manganese ores, and non-metallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts, ores predominate, including along the coast Pacific Ocean there is a copper belt. But the main wealth of the region, which also determines its role in the international geographical division of labor, is oil and gas. Oil and gas reserves have been explored in most countries of Southwest Asia (Mesopotamian trough of the earth's crust). The main deposits are located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. In addition, large oil and gas fields have been explored in the countries of the Malay Archipelago. Indonesia and Malaysia stand out especially in terms of reserves. Country Central Asia also rich in oil and gas (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan).
The largest salt reserves are in the Dead Sea. There are large reserves of sulfur and non-ferrous metals in the Iranian Highlands. In general, Asia is one of the main regions of the world in terms of mineral reserves.
Countries with the largest reserves and diversity of minerals:
3. Indonesia.
5. Kazakhstan.
6. Turkey.
7. Saudi Arabia.
The agro-climatic resources of Asia are heterogeneous. Vast massifs of mountainous countries, deserts and semi-deserts are hardly suitable for economic activity, with the exception of animal husbandry; the provision of arable land is low and continues to decline (as the population grows and soil erosion increases). But on the plains of the east and south, quite favorable conditions for agriculture are created. Asia contains 70% of the world's irrigated land.
The countries of East and Southeast Asia, as well as some regions of South Asia, have the largest reserves of water resources. At the same time, water resources are sorely lacking in the countries of the Persian Gulf.
Rice. 2. Desalination plant in Israel ()
In terms of general indicators, China, India, and Indonesia are provided with soil resources to the greatest extent.
The largest reserves of forest resources: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, China, India.
Rice. 3. Rainforests in Malaysia ()
Homework
Topic 7, Item 1
1. What are the features of the placement of mineral resources in foreign Asia?
2. Give examples of foreign Asian countries and their characteristic resources.
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 cells: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.
2. Economic and social geography of the world: Proc. for 10 cells. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovskiy. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.
3. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.
Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.
Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination
1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.
2. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.
3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Single State exam 2012. Geography: Textbook / Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.
4. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.
5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Examination 2011. - M .: MTSNMO, 2011. - 72 p.
6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.
7. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovskiy “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.
8. Study guide for geography. Tests and practical tasks in geography / I.A. Rodionov. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.
9. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.
10. Unified state exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.
11. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.
12. USE 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.
13. USE 2012. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2011. - 288 p.
14. USE 2011. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ( ).
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
The diversity of rocks and minerals in Asia is due to the specifics of the tectonic structure of the mainland of this part of the world. There are mountain ranges, highlands and plains. It also includes peninsulas and island archipelagos. Here, a conditional division into three regions is accepted: Western, South and Southeast Asia in geographical, economic and cultural terms. Also, according to this principle, it is possible to zone the main provinces, basins and mineral deposits.
metal fossils
The most massive group of Asian resources are metals. Iron ores are common here, which are mined in the Northeast of China and on the Hindustan Peninsula. On the east coast there are deposits of non-ferrous metals.
The largest deposits of these ores are located in Siberia and the Caucasus Mountains. In Western Asia, there are reserves of such metals as uranium and iron, titanium and magnetites, tungsten and zinc, manganese and chromium ores, bauxite and copper ore, cobalt and molybdenum, as well as polymetallic ores. In South Asia, deposits of iron ores (hematite, quartzite, magnetite), chromium and titanium, tin and mercury, beryllium and nickel ores are widespread. Almost the same ore minerals are represented in Southeast Asia, just in different combinations. Among the rare metals, it is worth noting cesium, lithium, niobium, tantalum and niobate-rare earth ores. Their deposits are in Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia.
non-metallic minerals
The main resource of the non-metallic group of fossils is salt. It is primarily mined in the Dead Sea. Building minerals (clay, dolomites, shell rock, limestone, sand, marble) are mined in Asia. The raw materials for the mining and chemical industry are sulfates, pyrites, halites, fluorites, barites, sulfur, phosphorites. Magnesite, gypsum, muscovite, alunite, kaolin, corundum, diatomite, and graphite are used in industry.
A large list of precious and semi-precious stones that are mined in Asia:
- turquoise;
- rubies;
- emeralds;
- crystal;
- agates;
- tourmalines;
- sapphires;
- onyx;
- aquamarines;
- diamonds;
- moon rock;
- amethysts;
- grenades.
fossil fuels
Among all parts of the world, Asia has the largest reserves of energy resources. More than 50% of the world's oil potential is located in Asia, where there are two largest oil and gas basins (in Western Siberia and the Persian Gulf region). A promising direction in the Bay of Bengal and the Malay Archipelago. The largest coal basins in Asia are located in Hindustan, in Siberia, in the region of the Chinese platform.
