Kurt sour milk. In Central Asia

Kurt cheese is made from salted and pressed curdled milk. The name itself means “kolobok”, the dish in the photo resembles a milk ball. The national Kazakh dish is common in many Asian countries. Bashkir, Uzbek, Kazakh cheeses may differ in the amount of salt. The dish is stored for a long time, with proper preparation - up to 8 years. Hunters took kurt on the road to always have the opportunity to eat.

What is useful kurt

The product contains an important protein for the body, it is one of the main building materials for muscles. The high salt content in kurt is quite justified for Kazakhstan. The dry climate of the country provokes a large loss of moisture and salt, and such food restores the water-salt balance. Main beneficial features dishes:

Cheese is able to suppress bouts of nausea. This is due to the presence of salt. If you suffer from motion sickness, then take cheese balls on the road.
This type of cheese is easily digested by the body. The special composition of the dish restores the intestinal microflora.
Kurt contains vitamin A. The dish has a positive effect on vision and strengthens the immune system.
Cheese contains vitamin E. Thanks to this element, aggressive free radicals that oxidize fats do not disrupt the functioning of internal organs. Vitamin E prevents early aging of body tissues.
Kurt contains vitamin D. The component reduces the risk of developing osteoporosis and cancer.
Cheese contains calcium. Thanks to the use of the dish, bone tissue is strengthened.
Kurt cheese is of great benefit for those who suffer from exhaustion, anemia, excessive physical and intellectual stress.

calories

Properly cooked Kazakh kurt contains 260 kcal per 100 grams of cheese. This amount of product contains 25 g of protein, 16 g of fat and 2.7 g of carbohydrates. These generally accepted numbers make it clear that even 100 g of the product allows you to get enough and get the necessary amount of nutrients. For this reason, many people take cheese balls with them in case of a sudden bout of hunger.

How to make kurt at home

The kurt recipe involves the use of cow, goat or sheep milk. Some countries use more exotic species. So in Armenia you can meet kurut from buffalo milk, and in Kyrgyzstan - from camel milk. The choice of milk largely depends on the traditions of a particular country. Traditionally, katyk is prepared for kurt first, then suzma. Only after that go directly to the preparation of cheese.

Katyk is sour milk, which is made from boiled product at a temperature above 30 °C. Do not move or shake the milk container during preparation. Katyk spread in a cotton bag, remove the whey. It is necessary to leave the katyk to drain for 2-3 days in limbo, you cannot wait more than 72 hours. After the whey is completely glassed, a narrow remains in the bag. It will be easy to prepare these products at home.

Uzbek

Preparation time: 4-6 days.
Servings: 5 persons.
Calorie content of the dish: 1300 kcal.
Cuisine: Uzbek.
Difficulty of preparation: easy.

Kurt Uzbek is prepared on the basis of suzma. You can do it yourself ahead of time. The choice of raw materials for suzma is up to you, as a rule, it is cow's, goat's or sheep's milk. If preparing the workpiece is too troublesome, then you can purchase a ready-made suzma. The addition of salt and hot pepper makes the dried cheese more savory. The taste is still neutral, after cooking you will understand what kurt is and what it is best to combine it with.

Ingredients:

suzma - 500 g;
salt - 1 tsp;
hot red pepper - ¼ tsp

Cooking method:

Put the suzma in a bowl, add salt and pepper. Mix ingredients thoroughly.
Wetting your hands in water, roll the mixture into small balls. The rules say each ball should weigh 100g, but you can make them smaller.
Place cheese balls on wooden board keeping a distance between them. Leave suzma to dry a little.
Cover the balls with gauze and place in a ventilated area for 3-5 days. During this time, the cheese will dry completely and you can taste the kurt.

Kazakh

Cooking time: 2 days.
Servings: 5 persons.
Calorie content of the dish: 1200 kcal.
Purpose: for breakfast, lunch, dinner.
Cuisine: Kazakh.
Difficulty of preparation: medium.

To prepare kurt according to this recipe, you can use camel, sheep, mare, goat or cow milk. The choice depends solely on your preferences. More often used the usual cow, goat milk. Sour-milk sourdough or koumiss for making cottage cheese can be bought at any store. Kurt Kazakh is made salty, but you can build on your taste preferences.

Ingredients:

milk - 2 l;
special sourdough (or koumiss) - 200 ml;
salt - to taste;
pepper - to taste.

Cooking method:

Bring the milk to a boil and cool it down to 30-32°C.
Pour koumiss or fermented milk there.
Place the container in a warm place for a day to sour milk. You can use a yogurt maker or wrap a bowl of milk with a warm blanket.
After souring, boil the ingredients over low heat for 10-15 minutes. During this time, the protein will coagulate, and the whey will separate from it.
Transfer the resulting mass to a fine sieve or gauze and hang to drain the whey.
Transfer the dehydrated mass to a bowl and add pepper and salt.
Wet hands roll into balls and put them in the oven to dry quickly. You should put the weakest fire and leave the door open. Instead of an oven, you can use a device for drying fruits and vegetables. After drying, the kurt can be eaten.

Video

Kurt Cobain is an American rock musician and singer, songwriter, artist, lead singer of the cult rock band Nirvana. Even during his lifetime, he became a symbol of his generation, and Nirvana's style influenced many of today's famous musicians.

Childhood and family

Kurt Cobain (Kurt Donald Cobain) was born on February 20, 1967 in the town of Aberdeen, Washington, in a poor family of auto mechanic Donald Leland and housewife Wendy Elizabeth. Kurt had Scottish, English, Irish, German and French roots. In 1970, the boy had a sister, Kim (Kimberly).

According to relatives, already at the age of two, Kurt showed an ability for music - even then he was singing the songs of The Beatles with might and main. Later, Cobain discovered the music of rock legends - AC / DC, Aerosmith, Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, Queen and Kiss.

He often went to rehearsals with his aunt and uncle, who performed in a country ensemble. At the age of seven, Aunt Marie Earle gave Kurt a Mickey Mouse drum kit.

When the boy was only 9 years old, his parents divorced. This had a very strong effect on him - he became gloomy and withdrawn, it seemed to him that the former world collapsed before his eyes.

Cobain later admitted: “Then I was ashamed of my parents. Because of their divorce, I could not communicate properly with my classmates. I terribly wanted to have an ordinary complete family with a mother and father. I wanted that reassurance and protection from them, and because I didn't have that, I got mad at my parents for years."

For some time, Kurt lived with his mother, but then moved to his father. At this time, Kurt's uncle, whom the boy loved very much, committed suicide. Soon his father remarried, but Kurt could not get along with his stepmother and left his father. Then he began to live with Donald's parents, then with relatives on his mother's side.

At the age of 14, Kurt began learning to play the guitar. His first teacher was Warren Mason, a musician from The Beachcombers. Soon Kurt met the members of the Aberdeen Melvins band. It was then that Cobain became interested in punk rock - his tastes were influenced by the famous British Sex Pistols, whose music he did not even hear at first, but only read about it in magazines. He was very interested in the description of the Sex Pistols style as "little music and a lot of screaming", and he wanted to create something similar himself.

After leaving school, Kurt wandered a little, but then he still got a job - for some time he worked as a cleaner in the hospital where he was born. On May 18, 1986, Kurt was arrested for trespassing and drinking alcohol. He served eight days in prison.

The birth of Nirvana

In 1985, Kurt Cobain created the group Fecal Matter, which included bass guitarist Dale Crover, drummer Greg Hokanson and Kurt Cobain himself as vocalist and guitarist. The team disbanded a year later. Kurt wanted to start a new band, so he started distributing the Fecal Matter demo. The recording was heard by guitarist Chris Novoselic, a friend of Kurt's.

The new team, in which a third member soon appeared - drummer Aaron Burkhard, changed several names, as a result, the choice was stopped at Nirvana. In 1988, the band's first single, Love Buzz/Big Cheese, was released, and in 1989, Nirvana's first album, Bleach, went on sale.

In 1991, Nirvana's second album "Nevermind" appeared and literally shot into the masses. This was not expected, and the musicians themselves did not really want it - the hype and admiration of the crowd were not included in the plans of the group defending its independent sound. The album sold out at 400,000 copies a week - such numbers were not dreamed of by their colleagues in the shop, Sonic Youth, who collaborated with the same label. In 1992, "Nevermind" moved the album "Dangerous" by Michael Jackson on the Billboard 200 chart.

Nirvana - "Smells Like Teen Spirit"

The main breakthrough of the album was the song "Smells Like Teen Spirit", although the first single was planned to be released more melancholy, but no less explosive "Lithium".

Cobain later admitted that he hated "Smells Like Teen Spirit" for the countless times he had to perform it in concert. Nevertheless, it was this song that literally became the anthem and protest of generation X, and the subsequent "Ys" and "Zets". Kurt hated popularity even more - the crowds of fans at concerts gave him more and more discomfort, and the ridicule of connoisseurs of alternative music pissed him off.

Nirvana - "Lithium"

In 1993, the group released a new album - "In Utero" with the songs "Heart-Shaped Box", "Rape Me", "All Apologies" that became popular. Despite the fact that Nirvana tried to make the sound heavier on this record, the disc sold well, and the catchy compositions were a success with the listeners.

Nirvana was for the most part an apolitical group, but Kurt often used the status to draw attention to issues such as homophobia, sexism, racism. At some concerts, he arranged improvisational performances, shocking the audience.

Nirvana - "About A Girl"

Despite the fact that many consider Nirvana the progenitors of the grunge genre, this is not entirely true. Kurt Cobain's band brought the genre into the mainstream of rock music, but its founding fathers include Soundgarden, Melvins and The U-Men. "Grunge" from English means "dirt", "neglect", "anguish", this style is characterized by dirty guitar sound, sound distortion, "lazy" vocals with wheezing and screaming.

Personal life of Kurt Cobain

Kurt Cobain met Courtney Love around 1989 or 1990 at one of the concerts in Portland, where she also performed with her band. In 1991, Courtney met Kurt again, and an affair began between them. In 1992, Kurt and Courtney got married on the Hawaiian island of Waikiki. At this time, Love was already pregnant, and on August 18, 1992, she gave birth to a girl, Frances Bean Cobain.

Shortly before the birth of her daughter, Courtney mentioned in an interview that she used heroin during pregnancy, but when she found out about her situation, she gave up drugs. She had no idea what such a confession would turn into for her: after the birth of Francis, a case was initiated against the Cobains to deprive them of their parental rights. The trial lasted several months, as a result, the Cobains won the case, but were required to undergo regular drug tests. Kurt was deeply hurt by such suspicions, because he was loving husband and caring father.

Drug addict

From childhood, Cobain was in poor health. He suffered chronic bronchitis and severe stomach pains that doctors were never able to diagnose. From the age of 13, Cobain used marijuana, smoked, took drugs and hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD. He began using heroin in the hope of getting rid of stomach pains, but they only became more frequent, and the drug quickly became an addiction.

On March 4, 1994, in Rome, Cobain almost died from an overdose of Rohypnol. He took about fifty pills, which he then washed down with champagne. Courtney found him unconscious and called ambulance. Then Kurt said that it came out by negligence, but many were sure that it was a suicide attempt.

On the 20th of March 1994, Cobain decided to undergo therapy at the Exodus rehabilitation center in California. On March 30, Kurt flew to Los Angeles to begin treatment. However, already on April 1, he escaped from the hospital.

Death

On April 8, 1994 at 08:30, Kurt Cobain was found dead in his home at 171 Lake Washington Blvd East in Seattle. The musician shot himself in the head with a gun, and before that he left a suicide note. According to some assumptions, before committing suicide, he took a large dose of heroin.

The last 48 hours of Kurt Cobain

There are still mysteries in his death - forensics also confirmed that the body was found only 3 days later, and Cobain died on April 5th. Soon there was even an assumption about the murder of Kurt, and Courtney Love herself was on the list of suspects, but official version says "suicide".

After cremation, some of Cobain's ashes were scattered over the Wishka River in his native Aberdeen, and Courtney kept some for herself. An unofficial place of worship for the singer's memory is a memorial bench in Viretta Park, which is located near Cobain's last home in Seattle. The greenhouse above the garage where Kurt's body was found was demolished in 1997 and the house was sold.

"The Last Days" (Trailer)

In addition to numerous documentaries about the life and death of Kurt, Gus Van Sant dedicated the film The Last Days to him in 2005, in which Michael Pitt starred as the legendary musician.

Few today know who the Kurds are and where they live? But a large number of people belong to the Kurds. Kurdistan is the southwestern territory of the Asian continent, which is inhabited by Kurds in an absolute or relative majority. Kurdistan is not a state-political, but an ethnographic name, since it is located on the territory of four states:

Today there are Kurds, according to various estimates, from 20 to over 30 million people. There are 14-15 million Kurds in Turkey, about 4.8-6.6 million in Iran, about 4-6 million in Iraq, and about 1-2 million in Syria. Almost 2 million Kurds are scattered throughout Europe and America, where they created powerful and organized communities. In countries former USSR there are 200-400 thousand Kurds, mainly in Azerbaijan and Armenia.

Kurds are an Iranian-speaking people living in the territories of Turkey, Iran, Syria, Iraq, and also partially in the Transcaucasus. The Kurdish people speak two dialects - Kurmanji and Sorani.
Kurds are one of the oldest peoples in the Middle East. Ancient Egyptian, Sumerian, Assyrian-Babylonian, Hittite, Urartian sources began to report on the ancestors of the Kurds quite early. The well-known orientalist, doctor of historical sciences M. S. Lazarev, wrote that “it is very difficult to find a people who would have lived on their national territory for so long…”. From the point of view of N. Ya. Marr, “Kurds retain elements ancient culture of the Near East because they are descendants of the autochthonous population…” wrote O. Vilchevsky (1-70). Scientists - Academicians N. Ya. Marr, I. M. Dyakonov, V. F. Minorsky, G. A. Melikishvili, I. Chopin, P. Lerkh, Professor Egon von Elktedt, Amin Zaki, Gurdal Aksoy and others among the ancestors the Kurds are called the ancient tribes of the Gutians, Lullubis, Hurrians, Kassites, Mads (Medes), Kardukhs, Urartians, Khalds, Mares, Kirti and other inhabitants of the gray-haired Middle East. Kurds, as descendants of these tribes, have their roots in the distant historical past.

The Kurds are the largest people without their own state. Kurdish autonomy exists only in Iraq (Kurdish Regional Government of Iraq).

This people has been fighting for the creation of Kurdistan for more than twenty years. It is worth noting that all world powers are playing the Kurdish card. For example, Israel and the United States, which are allies of Turkey, encourage its fight against the Kurdish movement. Russia, Greece and Syria support the PKK.

Such interest of other states in Kurdistan can be explained by their interest in the rich natural resources of the territory inhabited by Kurds. Oil is one of the most important resources.

Due to the rather favorable geographical and strategic position of Kurdistan, foreign conquerors have paid special attention to these lands since ancient times. Therefore, from the time of the formation of the Caliph to the present, the Kurds were forced to fight against the enslavers. It is worth noting that the Kurdish dynasties during the early feudal period had significant political influence in the Middle East and ruled not only in individual principalities, but also in such large countries as Syria and Egypt.

In the 16th century, a series of ongoing wars began in Kurdistan, the cause of which was Iran and the Ottoman Empire, arguing over the possession of its lands.

According to the Zohab Treaty (1639), which was the result of these wars, Kurdistan was divided into two parts - Turkish and Iranian. Subsequently, this event played a fatal role in the fate of the peoples of Kurdistan.

The Ottoman and Iranian governments gradually weakened and then liquidated the Kurdish principalities in order to enslave Kurdistan economically and politically. This led to the strengthening of the feudal fragmentation of the country.

The Ottoman government dragged the Kurds against their will into the first world war, which subsequently led to the ruin of the region and its division into four parts: Turkish, Iranian, Iraqi and Syrian.

Origin of the Kurds

The origin of the Kurds is currently a subject of debate and controversy. According to several hypotheses, this people has:

Scythian-Median origin.

Japhetic.

Northern Mesopotamia.

Iranian plateau.

Persia.

Obviously, many of the representatives of these areas took part in the formation of the Kurdish people.

Religion of the Kurds

There are several religions in Kurdistan. The bulk of the Kurdish population (75%) professes Sunni Islam, there are also Alawite and Shiite Muslims. A small proportion of the population professes Christianity. In addition, 2 million adhere to the pre-Islamic religion of "Yazidism" who call themselves Yezidis. However, regardless of religion, every Kurd considers Zoroastrianism to be his original religion.

Speaking of the Yezidis, one should always remember:

Yezidis are one of the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia, they speak the Kurmanji dialect of the Kurdish language - the culture is identical to Kurdish, the religion is Yezidism.

A Yazid is born from a Yezidi Kurdish father, and any decent woman can be a mother.

YAZIDISM is practiced not only by Yezidi Kurds, but also by other representatives of the Kurdish people.

Yezidis are ethnic Kurds who profess the ancient Kurdish religion Yezidism.

Sunnism is the dominant branch of Islam. Who are Sunni Kurds? Their religion is based on the "Sunnah", which is a set of rules and principles that were based on the example of the life of the Prophet Muhammad.

The Kurdish people are the largest in number, having the status of a "national minority". The number of Kurds in the world does not have accurate data. Depending on the sources, these figures vary greatly: from 13 to 40 million people.

Representatives of this nationality live in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran, Russia, Turkmenistan, Germany, France, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, Britain, Austria and many other countries of the world.

Kurds in Turkey today

Currently, there are about 1.5 million Kurds living in Turkey who speak the Kurdish language.

In 1984, the Kurdistan Workers' Party entered into a war (which continues to this day) with the Turkish authorities. Kurds in Turkey today demand the proclamation of a single and independent state - Kurdistan, which will unite all the territories inhabited by Kurds.

Today, the Kurdish issue is one of the key issues in discussions on the further path of Turkey's European integration. European demands to grant the Kurdish people autonomy and rights in line with European standards remain unfulfilled. These circumstances largely explain the reason why the Turks do not like the Kurds.

Traditions and customs of the Kurds

Due to the fact that the Kurds do not have their own official state, a certain political status in the world, not many people know who the Kurds are. The history and culture of this people, meanwhile, is distinguished by its richness and versatility.

With the consent of the girl, the groom can kidnap her. If this happens against the will of the parents, he has to take her to the sheikh's house, and, if the relatives overtake the fugitives, they can kill them. If the young people have time to take refuge in the sheikh's house, then the latter gives the bride's parents a ransom, and the parties reconcile.

A Kurdish woman has the right to choose the man she loves as her husband. As a rule, the choice of the daughter and parents coincides, however, otherwise, the father or brother can forcibly marry the girl to the person who is considered a worthy candidate for husbands. At the same time, the refusal of the girl to this candidate is considered a terrible shame. It is also considered shameful to divorce your wife, and such cases are extremely rare.

A Kurdish wedding can last up to seven days, and its duration depends on the financial situation of the owners. This is very reminiscent of Turkish wedding traditions.

If the groom's relatives live far from the bride's relatives, then two weddings are played, and in cases where the young people live at a short distance from each other, they celebrate one big wedding.

Kurdish wedding celebrations are lavish and expensive, so the son's parents have been saving money for the wedding for a long time. However, the expenses are paid off by the gifts of the guests, which, as a rule, are sheep or money.

Treats for weddings or other celebrations consist of rice and meat. Men and women celebrate holidays separately in different tents.

Blood feud is relevant among the Kurds to this day. The reasons for quarrels can be the lack of water, pastures, etc. However, modern Kurds are increasingly resolving conflicts with the help of payment. There are also known cases when a woman or a girl who was given in marriage to the enemy acted as a payment, and the parties were reconciled.

Many Kurdish women and girls wear trousers, which is explained by the convenience of riding horses. Jewelry for women are gold and silver coins.

In marital relations, the Kurds are monogamous, with the exception of the beks, who may remarry in order to strengthen family ties.

This people is also distinguished by its respectful attitude towards representatives of other religions, regardless of what faith the Kurds have, they can participate in religious ceremonies of other faiths.

Kurds are also distinguished by their friendliness towards other nationalities, but they do not tolerate situations related to the oppression of their languages, customs and orders.

Kurdish struggle for independence

The first attempt to create an independent Kurdish state was made in the 1840s by Badrkhan-bek, the emir of the Bokhtan region (with the capital Jazire). In the year he began to mint a coin on his own behalf and completely ceased to recognize the authority of the Sultan. However, in the summer, the city of Bokhtan was occupied by Turkish troops, the emirate was liquidated, Badrkhan-bek himself was taken prisoner and exiled (he died in 1868 in Damascus).

A new attempt to create an independent Kurdistan was made by Badrkhan's nephew Yezdanshir. He raised an uprising at the end of the year, taking advantage of Crimean War; he soon managed to take Bitlis, followed by Mosul. After that, Yezdanshir began to prepare an attack on Erzurum and Van. However, the attempt to connect with the Russians failed: all his messengers to General Muravyov were intercepted, and Yezdanshir himself was lured to meet with Turkish representatives, captured and sent to Istanbul (March). After that, the uprising came to naught.

The next attempt to create a Kurdish state was made by Sheikh Oyidullah in the city of Oyidullah, the supreme leader of the Naqshbandi Sufi order, who was highly respected in Kurdistan both for his position and for his personal qualities, convened in July 1880 in his residence Nehri a congress of Kurdish leaders, at in which he put forward a plan: to create an independent state, and in order to first attack Persia (as a weaker enemy), seize Iranian Kurdistan and Azerbaijan and, relying on the resources of these provinces, fight against Turkey. The plan was accepted, and in August of the same year, the Kurdish invasion of Iranian Azerbaijan began. It was accompanied by an uprising of local Kurdish tribes; detachments of the rebels approached Tabriz itself. However, Obeidullah with his main forces slowed down during the siege of Urmia, was eventually defeated and forced to return to Turkey. There he was arrested and exiled to Mecca, where he died.

At this time, the ideology of nationalism is increasingly penetrating into Kurdistan from Europe; its propaganda was conducted by the first Kurdish newspaper, Kurdistan, which was issued from the city of Cairo by the descendants of Badrkhan.

A new upsurge of the national movement in Kurdistan came after the Young Turk Revolution of the year. The nationalist society “Revival and Progress of Kurdistan” arises and immediately gains popularity, the head of which was Sheikh Abdel-Kader, the son of Obeidullah, who returned from exile; after that, the “Kurdistan League” arises, which aimed to create a “Kurdistan beylik” (Kurdish principality) either as part of Turkey, or under the protectorate of Russia or England - there were disagreements in this regard. The sheikh of the Barzan Abdel-Salam tribe, who raised a number of uprisings in 1909-1914, and especially Molla Selim, who became the leader of the uprising in Bitlis in March 1914, was associated with her.

As for Turkish Kurdistan, the Kurds, who were afraid to fall under the rule of Armenians and Western powers, succumbed to the agitation of Mustafa Kemal, who promised them complete autonomy in a joint Kurdish-Turkish Muslim state, and supported him during the Greco-Turkish war. As a result, in 1923, the Lausanne Peace Treaty was concluded, in which the Kurds were not mentioned at all. This treaty defined the modern borders between Iraq, Syria and Turkey, cutting through the former Ottoman Kurdistan.

After that, the Kemalist government began to pursue a policy of "Turkization" of the Kurds. The answer was an uprising raised in early 1925 by Sheikh Said Piran. The rebels captured the city of Gench, which Sheikh Said proclaimed the temporary capital of Kurdistan; further, he intended to capture Diyarbekir and proclaim an independent Kurdish state in it. However, the assault on Diyarbekir was repulsed; after that, the rebels were defeated near Gench, the leaders of the uprising (including Sheikh Abdul-Qadir, son of Obeidullah) were taken prisoner and hanged.

A new uprising of Turkish Kurds began in the city of Ararat mountains. It was organized by the Khoibun (Independence) Society; the rebels tried to form a regular army under the command of the former colonel of the Turkish army, Ihsan Nuri Pasha; A civil administration was also created under the leadership of Ibrahim Pasha. The uprising was crushed in the city. The last mass movement of Turkish Kurds was the movement of the Zaza Kurds (a tribe speaking a special dialect, professing Alavism and hating Muslims) in Dersim. Before the city of Dersim enjoyed de facto autonomy. The transformation of this area into the Tunceli vilayet with a special regime of government caused an uprising under the leadership of the Dersim sheikh Seyid Reza. The army corps sent against the rebels was not successful. However, the commander of the corps, General Alpdogan, lured Seyid Reza to Erzurum for negotiations, where the Kurdish leader was arrested and soon hanged. The uprising was suppressed only in the city. As a result of the regime of military-police terror established in Turkish Kurdistan, the ban on the Kurdish language, Kurdish national clothes and the very name "Kurds" (Kemalist scholars declared the Kurds "mountain Turks", allegedly running wild and forgetting the original Turkish language) , as well as mass deportations of Kurds to Western and Central Anatolia, the Kurdish movement in Turkey was destroyed for many years, and the Kurdish society was destructured.

The center of the Kurdish movement at that time was Iraqi and Iranian Kurdistan. In the city of Suleymaniye, Mahmud Barzanji again raises an uprising. The uprising was crushed, but immediately after that, the uprising of Sheikh Ahmed broke out in Barzan (1931-1932). In 1943-1945, a new uprising led by 1975 took place in Barzan. During the uprising, Barzani managed to achieve formal recognition of the right to autonomy for the Kurds of Iraq; however, in the end he was defeated. The defeat of the uprising provoked a split in the movement of the Iraqi Kurds: a number of left-wing parties broke away from the Democratic Party of Kurdistan, in the summer of 1975 they took shape in the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan under the leadership of Jalal Talabani.

At the beginning of the year, in connection with the Islamic revolution in Iran, power in Iranian Kurdistan was practically in the hands of the Kurds. However, already in March, armed clashes began between the detachments of the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution sent from Tehran. In early September, the Iranians launched a massive offensive, accompanied by mass executions of residents of the captured villages from 12-13 years old. As a result, government forces managed to take control of the main part of Iranian Kurdistan.

The Iranian and Iraqi Kurds found themselves in a tragic situation during the Iran-Iraq war of 1980-1988, when the former enjoyed the support of Baghdad, and the latter, Tehran; on this basis, there were armed clashes between detachments of Iraqi and Iranian rebels.

In March of the year, as a result of the defeat of Iraqi troops, a new uprising broke out in Iraqi Kurdistan. In April, it was suppressed by Saddam Hussein, but then NATO forces, acting under a UN mandate, forced the Iraqis to leave part of Iraqi Kurdistan, where the so-called "Free Kurdistan" was created with a government of members of the KDP and PUK. The final liberation of Iraqi Kurdistan took place after the fall of Saddam Hussein. At present, there exists a formally federal, but in fact semi-independent state, whose president is

At this time, the Kurdish Workers' Party appeared in Turkey, headed by Abdullah Ocalan, nicknamed "Apo" ("Uncle"), which is why its adherents are called "apochists". After the military coup, its members fled to Syria, where, having received help from the Syrian government, they began an armed struggle against the Turkish state under the slogan "A united, democratic, independent Kurdistan". The first armed action was committed in the year, by the mid-90s . The PKK has already bombarded several thousand (according to its own claims up to 20 thousand) “guerrillas” (guerrillas) with an army and extensive political structures in the Kurdish diaspora around the world. In total, more than 35 thousand people died as a result of hostilities. In Syria, under pressure from Turkey, she refused to support the PKK and expelled Ocalan, which inflicted the strongest blow on the parties, and as it turned out, an irreparable blow; Ocalan was captured by the Turks in Kenya, tried and sentenced to death; he is currently in prison on about. Imraly.

Currently, the actual center of the Kurdish national movement is Iraqi Kurdistan. There is a widespread hope among Kurds that it will become the basis of a future independent and united "Greater Kurdistan".

It doesn’t matter how old an Asian is, whether he is a baby or a century old man, a bai or a simple shepherd, but he always has something in his pocket kurt. In any case, this was the case in past centuries and practically has not changed today - kurt is still a favorite salty treat v Central Asia, as well as in Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia.My grandmother often has kurt too. In the summer, when I go out for a walk, she gives it to me to treat my friends. Grandmother says that this is a very healthy and nutritious product. It is brought to us by relatives from the village. They make it themselves, from cow's milk. When I offer kurt to my friends, some of them know what it is and take it with pleasure. But there are those who do not know anything about him and refuse treats.

the subject of my research work is a fermented milk product kurt.

The purpose of the research work: find out what are the benefits and harms of kurt, what vitamins it contains.

Research tasks:

Learn the history of Kurt.

Conduct a survey.

To study the composition and manufacturing technology of kurt.

Prepare kurt at home.

Draw conclusions from research.

Research Hypothesis: home-made kurt made from natural products is tastier and healthier than store-bought kurt.

Research methods: collecting information, questioning, studying the range of kurt in the store, practical work.

Relevance of the topic choice: Every person on Earth wants to be healthy by eating delicious and healthy food. The assortment of fermented milk products is rich and varied. We must know that our daily meals should be not only tasty, but also healthy and varied. Kurt is one of the most valuable foodstuffs.

I conducted a survey among my friends to find out how the guys feel about Kurt. The following questions were asked in the questionnaire:

Do you know what a kurt is?

How often do you eat it?

Do you like Kurt?

Do you know how kurt is made?

According to the results of the survey, it turned out that 3 people rarely eat kurt, 3 people do not know what kurt is. 2 guys answered that they tried only the store-bought kurt and they didn’t like it, it turned out to be too salty. None of the guys know how to make kurt. A total of 8 people were interviewed.In order to learn about kurt, I had to study a lot of literature and read articles on the Internet. And here's what I found interesting."Kurt" is a healthy and nutritious product with more than a thousand years of history of its occurrence.Kurt refers to the Kazakh national dairy products. It is white balls (sometimes flattened) the size of an apricot or smaller, sometimes made in the form of cylinders by crimping in the palm of your hand. (photo 1).in Kazakh kurt- this is a "spool" or "kolobok". Presumably, it comes from the Turkic word "koro", which means "dry" or "dried". The right to invent delicious sour-salty balls rightfully belongs to nomadic tribes. TO urt was invented many centuries ago with the aim of preserving dairy products, when trading caravans set off on a long journey, and cattle breeders from green spring to late autumn went far from home with their living creatures. The main requirements that the Kazakhs made to their food were its compactness, speed of preparation and the ability not to spoil for a long time, and dry sour-milk semi-finished products, such as kurt - very light and transportable, were simply necessary. Kurt is extremely nutritious and makes it easier to endure the heat. Another positive quality of the product is long-term preservation and resistance to temperature changes. Kurt doesn't need to be refrigerated and doesn't spoil for a long time on the road. In ancient times, nomadic peoples needed nourishing and healthy food for long-term storage. Kurt was a source of a large amount of calcium and did not require special storage conditions, and at the same time, no preservatives were used in the preparation process. For many years, kurt has been considered an ideal product for travelers and pilgrims.There are Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar and Mongolian kurt. Kurt is also made in Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. Kurt is very popular in Central Asia, but it is cooked not only in Central Asia. In Transcarpathia, a similar cheese is made from sheep's milk. It is also salty and rolled into small flattened balls or cakes.

Composition and manufacturing technology of kurt. I learned the history of kurt, now it is interesting to know how it is made, what it consists of, what ingredients are included in its composition. The recipe for creating kurt in each country has its own characteristics, passed down from generation to generation. Traditionally, cow, goat or sheep milk is used for its preparation. However, some countries use more exotic products. For example, in Mongolia and Bashkiria, kurt is made from mare's milk, in Armenia - from buffalo, and in Kyrgyzstan - from camel.

Kazakhs cookkurt from suzbe. Suzbe- this is a curd mass obtained by dehydration of ayran (sour milk, an analogue of kefir) (photo 2). Milk for making suzbe can be skimmed if it is skimmed milk, that is, milk from which cream has been separated through a special separator. This milk is boiled, then cooled to a temperature of 20-30C and sourdough for ayran is added 1-2 tablespoons, covered and put in a warm place for fermentation. What is sourdough, what is it for?

Leaven- bacterial composition causing fermentation (photo 3). It is used for fermentation of milk in order to obtain fermented milk products (including cheese, yogurt, curdled milk, kefir). Bacterial starter cultures contain beneficial live bacteria that are part of the normal human microflora. Sourdough is a completely natural product consisting of a culture of living microorganisms. Thus, fermented milk products and, directly, the sourdough itself, are probiotics, which are used with high efficiency to restore the intestinal microflora, when taking drugs, with ARVI and colds, to stimulate immune system, with diseases of the stomach. It is known that whey contains more than 30 macro- and microelements. Almost all the vitamins of milk pass into it. Whey proteins are among the most valuable proteins of animal origin, being a source of essential amino acids.

When the milk turns sour, the resulting ayran is poured into a dense canvas bag to drain the liquid. This process lasts from several hours to a day, depending on the amount of ayran. As a result, a thick curd mass is formed, which is rolled into balls of small diameter or in the form of oblong small sausages. It turns out fresh, not yet dried kurt. It looks and tastes like cottage cheese, and since salt is often added to kurt, it turns out thick cottage cheese with a salty taste. The balls of fresh kurt are laid out in a wide flat dish or on a tray, covered with clean gauze and placed in a warm, ventilated place to dry. In summer, this process takes from several days to a week. After complete drying, the kurt does not deteriorate, it can become harder, but this does not lose its taste properties, on the contrary, it acquires a piquant taste.

Therefore, the preparation of kurt includes three main technological processes: milk curdling, whey filtration and product drying.The timing of the duration of these processes of folk craftsmen is shown in Table 1. As can be seen from the table, the duration of milk curdling by various craftsmen takes from 2 to 12 hours, while whey filtration takes from 8 to 12 hours. Drying of the prepared kurt lasted from 96 to 144 hours. According to the stories of kurt masters, the filtration time determines the ratio of protein, minerals and vitamins in the product, while the drying process allows you to adjust the concentration of these substances.So, I learned how to make kurt and decided to cook it myself. I decided to make 3 different kurts: sour, salty and sweet. To do this, I needed the following products: milk, sourdough, salt, sugar.Firstly I added sourdough to the milk. Waiting for the milk to sour. This took 10-12 hours. (photo 4). The result was a curd mass with liquid (photo 5).Secondly, I placed the resulting cottage cheese in the fabric (photo 6), tied the bag and hung it up so that the liquid would drain. This process took 8 hours. When the liquid is glass, a thick curd mass remains in the bag. (Photo 7)Thirdly, the resulting mass was divided into three parts (photo 8), salt was added to the first, sugar to the second, nothing was added to the third. Then I rolled all three parts into balls, laid them out on a tray and set them to dry (Photo 9). Kurt dried for 3 days.As a result, I got a kurt with different tastes. You can also add spices.

Study of kurt species, composition comparison

There are several types of kurt. V different regions do different types kurta. Below are the data in the studies various kinds kurts for the maintenance of some chemical substances(Table 2). As can be seen from Table 2, the content of water, dry matter, protein, fat, mineral salts and sugar in various forms and types of kurt is relatively the same, it is quite possible to determine the biological value of product varieties.

Table 3 shows data on kurt, which is sold in stores in my city. These are 3 types of kurt from the following manufacturers: 1. LTD " Nodirxon agro lyuks Nur» Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 2. Tashkent dairy kurt Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 3. Chimkent milk kurt, Shymkent, Kazakhstan (photo). This table shows that only the first manufacturer has calorie, fat, protein and carbohydrate indicators close to those of folk craftsmen, while the other two manufacturers have useful substances very little, low calorie content. However, the composition of the first manufacturer's kurt differs from the traditional one. In its form, the purchased kurt does not differ from each other, it is made in the form of white balls, it is very salty in taste.

Traditionally, more than 20 types and varieties of kurt were prepared. Several types are now known.

"Evaporation" prepared by evaporating the fermented milk base until the desired consistency is obtained, while you can get "white and black" kurta, depending on the preparation technology and the combination of some components.

"Pressed out"(pressed) kurt is obtained from raw sour-milk curd mass by squeezing in the palm of your hand, followed by drying in the shade and coolness. Its varieties are fresh and bitter-salty forms. Cooking technology "lumpy" kurta consists in evaporating the fermented milk mass, with the addition of fresh milk to the desired state. Unlike others, this species has a soft texture, is very nutritious and is a delicacy.

The next type of kurt -"fresh", which is prepared by lightly mixing butter with sour-milk curd mass. It is used fresh, especially by older and elderly people. "Hot" kurt is prepared from the required volume of different stages evaporation of sour curd mass by saturating this volume with butter. The product is used to prevent colds and treat inflammatory diseases, lung diseases. "Powder" kurt is prepared by grinding any variety of kurt, used for food after preliminary pounding with sour cream.

"Dissolved" kurt- any kind of kurt is bred in broth, soups, after preliminary crushing in a mill or in a mortar.

"Filtered" kurt g otovitsya from sour-milk curd mass after removal of the whey part. Used fresh or after pre-salting.

"Ezhigei"- dissolution of kurt in sheep's milk. The product is very nutritious (nutritious), appetizing and enhances the body's immunity.

Kurt may vary in shape. It is characteristic that all forms do not differ in length and height. It has been established that the dimensions of the kurt of all forms range from 2 to 8 cm in length and from 2 to 6 cm in height. This indicates that within the same form, the kurt can be of different lengths and heights.

Useful properties of kurt. Kurt harm.

Kurt - this product is amazingly versatile. It can be eaten with bread as a cheese. From it you can cook a thick nutritious soup by dissolving kurt in hot water. It can also replace salty seasoning in a vegetable salad. In many Asian countries, it is added to soups or fatty foods. meat dishes, since the acid contained in kurt breaks down fats, and if crushed with garlic, it will become an excellent seasoning for meat. Not only is kurt itself very satisfying, it will also help to endure thirst in the steppe or in the desert. In addition to nutrition, it contains many useful vitamins. Let's consider them in detail:

In large quantities, kurt contains calcium, which strengthens bone tissue, and also improves metabolism in the body. He also accepts Active participation in the formation of collagen, which is essential for youthful skin. Kurt is an excellent tonic, which is recommended for use in case of exhaustion, anemia, as well as during periods of mental and physical stress.

Microflora. Kurt has the ability to restore beneficial intestinal microflora, and it is also quickly and easily absorbed by the body.

Remedy for nausea. Kurt has the ability to suppress nausea. Given this, it is recommended to use it for people on the road who suffer from motion sickness, as well as for pregnant women.

The calorie content of kurt is 260 kcal

Harm kurt can bring people with individual intolerance to the product. It is also worth considering the rather high calorie content of the product, which means that it is not recommended to abuse it for people who watch their figure or want to lose weight, as well as for obesity. It is still not recommended to eat kurt cheese in large quantities for people who have problems with the kidneys, heart and blood vessels, as it contains a large amount of salt.

Results. Conclusions.

From this research work, we can conclude that kurt, like many other lactic acid products, is very useful for our body. It contains a large amount of vitamins, minerals. It can be used by both adults and children. Kurt can be prepared at home using a minimum set of products. According to your desire, you can cook kurt with different tastes (salty, sour, sweet), you can add various spices.However, there are contraindications to the use of kurt. It should not be consumed by people with kidney and heart diseases, as it contains salt.To date, the range of kurt is very small. Many stores don't stock it, and some stores sell kurt as a beer snack.Studies show that the kurt that is sold in the store is not as healthy as the kurt that is made by home craftsmen. If we really want to use useful product, it is better to make it yourself, or buy from people who keep cows and make kurt at home.I think in the future the production of kurt will develop, and its range will expand. Kurt producers must make it from natural products, according to traditional technology. After all, kurt can be produced and sold not only as a snack for beer, but, for example, as kirieshki or snacks for children. We will be able to buy it in stores and enjoy this wonderful fermented milk product, remember the traditions.