Lyrics- one of the three (along with the epic and drama) main literary genres, the subject of which is displayed - inner world, the poet's own "I". Unlike the epic, the lyrics are most often plotless (not eventful), unlike the drama, they are subjective. In lyrics, any phenomenon and event of life that can affect the spiritual world of a person is reproduced in the form of a subjective, direct experience, i.e. a holistic individual manifestation of the poet's personality, a certain state of his character. "Self-expression" ("self-disclosure") of the poet, without losing its individuality and autobiography, acquires in the lyrics due to the scale and depth of the author's personality a universal meaning; this kind of literature has access to all the fullness of expression of the most complex problems of being. A. S. Pushkin's poem "... Again I visited ..." is not reduced to a description of rural nature. It is based on a generalized artistic idea, deep philosophical thought about the continuous process of renewal of life, in which the new comes to replace the departed, continuing it.
Each time develops its own poetic formulas, specific socio-historical conditions create their own forms of expression of a lyrical image, and for a historically correct reading of a lyrical work, knowledge of a particular era, its cultural and historical identity is necessary.
The forms of expression of experiences, thoughts of the lyrical subject are different. It can be an internal monologue, reflection alone with oneself ("I remember a wonderful moment ..." A. S. Pushkin, "About valor, feats, glory ..." A. A. Blok); monologue on behalf of the character introduced into the text ("Borodino" by M. Yu. Lermontov); an appeal to a certain person (in a different style), which allows you to create the impression of a direct response to some kind of life phenomenon (“Winter Morning” by A. S. Pushkin, “The Sitting Ones” by V. V. Mayakovsky); an appeal to nature, which helps to reveal the unity of the spiritual world of the lyrical hero and the world of nature ("To the sea" by A. S. Pushkin, "Forest" by A. V. Koltsov, "In the garden" by A. A. Fet). In lyrical works, which are based on acute conflicts, the poet expresses himself in a passionate dispute with time, friends and enemies, with himself ("The Poet and the Citizen" by N. A. Nekrasov). In terms of subject matter, lyrics can be civil, philosophical, love, landscape, etc. For the most part, lyrical works are multi-dark, various motives can be reflected in one experience of the poet: love, friendship, patriotic feelings, etc. I. Rozhdestvensky).
There are various genres of lyrical works. The predominant form of lyrics in the 19th–20th centuries. - poem: a work written in verses of a small volume, in comparison with a poem, which allows to embody in a word inner life the soul in its changeable and multilateral manifestations (sometimes in literature there are small works of a lyrical nature in prose, in which the means of expression characteristic of poetic speech are used: "Poems in Prose" by I. S. Turgenev). Message- a lyrical genre in poetic form in the form of a letter or appeal to a certain person or group of people of a friendly, loving, panegyric or satirical nature ("To Chaadaev", "Message to Siberia" by A. S. Pushkin, "Letter to a Mother" by S. A. Yesenin). Elegy- a poem of sad content, which expresses the motives of personal experiences: loneliness, disappointment, suffering, the frailty of earthly existence ("Recognition" by E. A. Baratynsky, "The flying ridge is thinning clouds ..." A. S. Pushkin, "Elegy" N A. Nekrasova, "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry ..." S. A. Yesenin). Sonnet- a poem of 14 lines, forming two quatrains and two tertiary lines. Each stanza is a kind of step in the development of a single dialectical thought ("To the Poet", "Madonna" by A. S. Pushkin, sonnets by A. A. Fet, V. Ya. Bryusov, I. V. Severyanin, O. E. Mandelstam, I. A. Bunin, A. A. Akhmatova, N. S. Gumilyov, S. Ya. Marshak, A. A. Tarkovsky, L. N. Martynov, M. A. Dudin, V. A. Soloukhin, N. N. Matveeva, L. II. Vysheslavsky, R. G. Gamzatov). Epigram- a short poem, viciously ridiculing any person or social phenomenon (epigrams by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, I. I. Dmitriev, E. A. Baratynsky, S. A. Sobolevsky, S. Solovyov,
D. D. Minaeva). In Soviet poetry, the epigram genre was developed by V. V. Mayakovsky, D. Bedny, A. G. Arkhangelsky, A. I. Bezymensky, S. Ya. Marshak, S. A. Vasiliev. A romance is a lyrical poem intended for musical arrangement. Genre features (without strict observance): melodious intonation, syntactic simplicity, completeness of a sentence within a stanza (verses by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, A. V. Koltsov, F. I. Tyutchev, A. A. Fet , N. A. Nekrasov, A. K. Tolstoy, S. A. Yesenin). Epitaph- a tombstone inscription (usually in verse) of a commendable, parodic or satirical nature (epitaphs by R. Burns translated by S. Ya. Marshak, epitaphs by A. P. Sumarokov, N. F. Shcherbina). The stanzas are a small elegiac poem in a few stanzas more often meditative (in-depth reflection) than love content. Genre attributes are indefinite. For example, "Do I wander along the noisy streets ...", "Stans" ("In the hope of glory and goodness ...") by A. S. Pushkin, "Stans" ("Look how calm my eyes are ..." ) M. Yu. Lermontov, "Stans" ("I know a lot about my talent") S. A. Yesenin and others.
Eclogue- a lyrical poem in a narrative or dialogic form, depicting everyday rural scenes against the backdrop of nature (eclogues by A.P. Sumarokov, V.I. Panaev).
Madrigal- a small poem-compliment, more often of a love-lyrical content (found in N. M. Karamzin, K. N. Batyushkov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov).
Each lyrical work, which is always unique, carries a holistic worldview of the poet, is considered not in isolation, but in the context of the entire work of the artist. A lyrical work can be analyzed either holistically - in the unity of form and content - observing the movement of the author's experience, the poet's lyrical thoughts from the beginning to the end of the poem, or combine a number of works thematically, dwelling on the core ideas, experiences revealed in them (A. S. Pushkin, the theme of the poet and poetry in the work of M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov, V. V. Mayakovsky, the image of the Motherland in the works of S. A. Yesenin).
It is necessary to abandon the analysis of the poem in parts and from the so-called questions on content. It is also impossible to reduce the work to a formal list visual means language taken out of context. It is necessary to penetrate into the complex system of linking all the elements of the poetic text, to try to reveal the basic feeling-experience that permeates the poem, to comprehend the functions of language means, the ideological and emotional richness of poetic speech. Even V. G. Belinsky in the article "The division of poetry into genera and types" noted that a lyrical work "can neither be recounted nor interpreted, but only what can be made to feel, and then only by reading it the way it came out of - under the pen of a poet; being retold in words or transcribed into prose, it turns into an ugly and dead larva, from which a butterfly shining with iridescent colors has just fluttered out.
Lyrics are subjective fiction, unlike epic and drama. The poet shares his thoughts and feelings with readers, talks about his joys and sorrows, delights and sorrows caused by certain events of his personal or social life. And at the same time, no other kind of literature awakens such a reciprocal feeling, empathy in the reader - both a contemporary and in subsequent generations. If the basis of the composition of an epic or dramatic work is a plot that can be retold "in one's own words", a lyrical poem cannot be retold, everything in it is "content": the sequence of depicting feelings and thoughts, the choice and arrangement of words, repetitions of words, phrases, syntactic constructions, style of speech, division into stanzas or their absence, the ratio of the division of the flow of speech into verses and syntactic articulation, poetic size, sound instrumentation, rhyming methods, the nature of the rhyme.
The main means of creating a lyrical image is language, a poetic word. The use of various tropes in the poem (metaphor, personification, synecdoche, parallelism, hyperbole, epithet) expands the meaning of the lyrical statement. The word in the verse has many meanings. In a poetic context, the word acquires, as it were, additional semantic and emotional shades. Thanks to its internal connections (rhythmic, syntactic, sound, intonation), the word in poetic speech becomes capacious, compacted, emotionally colored, and as expressive as possible. It tends to generalization, symbolism. The selection of a word, especially significant in revealing the figurative content of a poem, in a poetic text is carried out different ways(inversion, transfer, repetitions, anaphora, contrast). For example, in the poem "I loved you: love still, perhaps ..." A. S. Pushkin's leitmotif of the work is created by the key words "loved" (repeated three times), "love", "beloved".
Many lyrical statements tend to be aphoristic, which makes them winged like proverbs. Such lyrical phrases become walking, memorized, used in relation to a certain mood of thought and state of mind of a person. In the winged lines of Russian poetry, the most acute, polemical problems of our reality at different historical stages are focused, as it were. The winged line is one of the primary elements of true poetry. Here are some examples: "Yes, but things are still there!" (I. A. Krylov. "Swan, Pike and Cancer"); "Listen! lie, but know the measure" (A. S. Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit"); "Where are we going to sail?" (A. S. Pushkin. "Autumn"); "I look at the future with fear, I look at the past with longing ..." (M. Yu. Lermontov); "Here comes the master - the master will judge us" (N. A. Nekrasov. "The Forgotten Village"); "It is not given to us to predict how our word will respond" (F.I. Tyutchev); "So that words are cramped, thoughts are spacious" (N. A. Nekrasov. "Imitation of Schiller"); "And the eternal battle! We only dream of peace" (A. A. Blok. "On the Kulikovo field"); "You can't see a face face to face. You can see a lot at a distance" (S. A. Yesenin. "Letter to a Woman"); "... Not for the sake of glory, for the sake of life on earth" (A. T. Tvardovsky. "Vasily Terkin").
Laikina Elizabeth
Lyrics are the kind of literature that forms the spiritual world, subtly and deeply influencing a person. Rika is the kind of literature that forms the spiritual world, subtly and deeply influencing a person.
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Research work Lyrics and its genres Completed by the student of the 8th "b" class Laikina Elizaveta Lecturer Tkachenko l.s.
LYRICS AND ITS GENRES Lyrics are the kind of literature that forms the spiritual world, subtly and deeply influencing a person. When studying lyrics, the logical and emotional principles are combined. To study the lyrics, you need to find out artistic image, the most characteristic of the lyrics - the lyrical hero.
A lyrical image is an image of experience, a direct reflection of thoughts and feelings. In lyrics, experience becomes an independent object of observation. In the lyrics, the feeling of the poet is expressed directly, directly. The artistic image in lyrics, just like the image in epic and drama, has a generalized, technical character. A huge role in the lyrics, much greater than in the drama and even in the epic, is played by the personality of the poet. “THE LYRICAL POEM EXPRESSES THE DIRECT FEELING EXCITED IN THE POET BY A KNOWN PHENOMENON OF NATURE OR LIFE. The main thing here is not in the feeling itself, not in passive perception, but in the internal reaction to the impression that is received from the outside.
The perception of a lyrical work is a complex creative process. Not one of the types of literary creativity is perceived as specifically, individually, as lyrics, since lyrics are the most subjective type of creativity. Features of the power of the impact of lyrics is that it always expresses a living direct feeling, experience. Lyrical works are multi-dark, since various motives can be reflected in one experience of the poet: love, friendship, civic feelings. The artistic image of any work, including a lyrical one, generalizes the phenomena of life through an individual personal experience, expresses thoughts and feelings. The subject of literary lyrics is the most diverse. Poetic feelings can cause various phenomena of the surrounding life, memories, dreams, objects, reflections. Although it is very difficult to divide poems by rank, types can be distinguished in the lyrics.
Types of lyrics Philosophical (meditative). Philosophy is the love of wisdom. Reflections about life and death, about the destiny of man, the meaning of life, about good and evil, immortality, peace and war, about creativity, about the trace that a person will leave on earth - a person thinks about a lot, and these reflections cause certain emotions that the poet, together with his thoughts, expresses in a poem. For example, Pushkin's poem "Bird" In a foreign land, I sacredly observe Native custom of antiquity: I release a bird into the wild On a bright holiday of spring. I became available for consolation; Why should I grumble at God, When I could grant freedom to at least one creature!
Civil (political). A person is connected by feelings not only with loved ones, friends, enemies, but he is also a citizen, a member of society, a unit of the state. Attitude towards society, homeland, country, attitude towards political events are reflected in civil lyrics. Poem by N.A. Nekrasov is a vivid example of civil lyrics. Yesterday, at six o'clock, I went to the Sennaya; There they beat a woman with a whip, a young peasant woman. Not a sound from her chest, Only the whip whistled, playing ... And I said to the muse: “Look! Your own sister!"
Intimate (friendly and loving). Intimate is an indifferent, close relationship of one person to another, first of all, a feeling of love. Love distinguishes a person, it has many shades and expressions. This is one of the main feelings in the life of every person. It determines the degree of his happiness. Everyone wants to love and be loved. At all times, poets created poems about love, but there is no end to this topic. In addition to love, two people can be connected by relations of friendship, respect, gratitude. All this is told by intimate lyrics. Pushkin's poem I loved you can serve as an example of intimate lyrics: love, perhaps, has not completely died out in my soul; But don't let it bother you anymore; I don't want to sadden you with anything. I loved you silently, hopelessly, Now with timidity, now with jealousy; I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly, How God forbid you be loved by others.
Landscape. Each person has his own special relationship with nature. Her perception depends on the mood, on the state. And sometimes nature itself changes a person, gives him a new idea of the laws of life, fills him with new forces and feelings. Poets are especially receptive to pictures of nature, so landscape lyrics occupy a large place in their work. Poems by A.A. Feta often capture extraordinary pictures of nature. This morning, this joy, This power and day and light, This blue vault, This cry and strings, These flocks, these birds, This dialect of waters, These willows and birches, These drops are tears, This fluff is not a leaf, These mountains These valleys, These midges, these bees, This tongue and whistle, These dawns without eclipse, This sigh of the nocturnal village, This night without sleep, This haze and heat of the bed, This fraction and these trills, This is all - spring.
Lyric genres. According to its genres, the lyrics are divided: 1. Lyric poem 11. Ode 2. Song or song 12. Pastoral 3. Elegy 13. Message 4. Ballad 14. Romance 5. Burime 15. Rondo 6. Burlesque 16. Ruban 7. Verses 17. Sonnet 8. Free verse 18. Stanzas 9. Dithyramb 19. Eclogue 10. Madrigal 20. Elegy
Features of the lyrics The peculiarity of the lyrics is that the main thing in it is the lyrical hero. A lyrical hero is an image of that hero in a lyrical work whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are reflected in it. It is by no means identical to the image of the author, although it reflects his personal experiences associated with certain events in his life, this attitude to nature, social life, and people. The peculiarity of the poet's worldview, worldview, his interests, character traits find a corresponding expression in the form, in the style of his works.
Lyrics are distinguished from prose by rhythm and rhyme. Versification is based on the correct alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, common for all lines-verses. Rhythm is the repetition in poetic speech of homogeneous sound features. Rhyme is a coincidence, a repetition of sounds that connect separate words or lines. Each combination of stressed and unstressed syllables that are repeated in a certain order is called a foot. When several poetic lines are combined, a poetic meter arises. The feet are two-component and three-complex. Disyllabic: trochee (ro-za), iambic (re-ka). Wa-nya I-van. Tresyllabic: dactyl), amphibrach, anapaest (de-re-vo (be-re-za) (bi-ryu-za) Va-nech-ka Va-nu-sha I-va-nov
By the number of feet, there are two-foot (three-, four-, five-, six-foot) trochaic or iambic, two-foot (three-, four-foot) dactyl, amphibrach, anapaest. The foot helps to catch the rhythm. The combination of two or more poetic lines, united either by a system of rhymes or intonation, is called a stanza. The stanzas range from simple to complex.
One verse: Oh, cover your pale feet! (V. Bryusov) Couplet (distich): Poetry is in you. You know how to elevate simple feelings to art (W. Shakespeare) Three lines (tertsina): They are in you yourself. You are your own highest court; You will be able to appreciate your work more strictly. Are you satisfied with it, demanding artist? Satisfied? So let the crowd scold him And spit on the altar, where your fire burns, And your tripod sway in childish playfulness? (A.S. Pushkin.)
Quatrain (quatrain) Even in the fields the snow is whitening, And the waters are already rustling in the spring - They run and wake up the sleepy shore, They run and shine and say ... F.I. Tyutchev Pentistish (quintet) The fragrant bliss of spring has not had time to descend To us, The ravines are still full of snow, The cart still rumbles at dawn On the frozen path. A.A. Fet Shestistishie (sextina) Mom, look out the window - It was not for nothing that the cat washed its nose yesterday: There is no dirt, the whole yard is dressed, It has brightened, turned white - It can be seen that there is a frost. A.A. Fet
Semitishie (sentima) - Tell me, uncle, it's not for nothing that Moscow, burnt by fire, was given to the Frenchman? After all, there were combat fights, Yes, they say, some more! No wonder the whole of Russia remembers About the day of Borodin! M. Lermontov Eight lines (octave) The Terek howls, wild and vicious, Among the rocky masses, Its cry is like a storm, Tears fly in sprays, But, scattering across the steppe, He took on the sly form And, affably caressing, Murmurs to the Caspian Sea ...
The Nine Lines (nona) are used less frequently. Give once in a lifetime and freedom, As to a share alien to me, To look closer to me. Decathlete (decima) The sciences nourish young men, They give joy to the young, happy life Decorate, Protect in an accident, In domestic difficulties, joy And in distant wanderings is not a hindrance. Science is used everywhere, Among peoples and in the desert, In city noise and alone, Sweet in peace and work. M. Lomonosov
Eleven lines Both twelve lines and thirteen lines are allowed. special shapes: triolet (octist, in which the lines are repeated in a certain order), rondo (two five-line and three-line between them), sonnet (two quatrains, two tertets) and Onegin stanza (fourteen lines, specially organized). The stanza is organized by rhyme. There are rhymes: cross (ab ab), adjacent or paired (aa bb), ring or encircling (ab ba).
Rhymes are masculine - with an accent on the last syllable of the line (window - for a long time), feminine - with an emphasis on the second syllable from the end of the line (for nothing - by fire), dactylic - with an emphasis on the third syllable from the end of the line (spreads - spills), hyperdactylic with stress on the fourth and subsequent syllables from the end (hanging - mixing). Exact rhymes differ (repeating sounds are the same: mountains - rubbish, he is a dream), inaccurate (with mismatched sounds: story - longing, crucified - passport)
The main thing in the lyrics is the artistic image, which is created with the help of a variety of figurative and expressive means. The most common tropes are metaphors, epithets, personifications, comparisons. Metaphor - the use of a word in a figurative sense based on the similarity in any respect of two objects or phenomena: diamond dew (sparkles like a diamond), the dawn of a new life (beginning, awakening). Personification is a figurative means that consists in attributing the properties of living beings to inanimate objects: What are you howling about, night wind, what are you so madly complaining about. An epithet is a poetic, figurative definition, usually expressed by an adjective, sometimes a noun, an adverb, a participle: velvet eyes, a tramp-wind, looking greedily, rushing sparkling. Comparison - a figurative comparison of two phenomena: Below, like a steel mirror, the lakes of the jet turn blue.
EXPANDED METAPHOR - a combination of several metaphors, when the connecting link between them is not named and exists in open form. The forest overturned in the water, It drowned in water with jagged peaks, Between two curving skies. Mentally drawing a picture, we will restore the missing image in the text: a mirror of water. Restoring the missing image creates an extended metaphor. In versification, various other tropes and figures of speech are also used.
Conclusion. I managed to consider only some features of the lyrics and its genres. It can be concluded that lyrics are a whole huge world of literature that lives according to its own laws, knowing which we can not only understand poems, but also enrich our spiritual world and develop our creative abilities.
February 9, 2015
Lyric genres originate in syncretic art forms. In the foreground are personal experiences and feelings of a person. Lyrics are the most subjective kind of literature. Its range is quite wide. Lyrical works are characterized by laconism of expression, the utmost concentration of thoughts, feelings and experiences. Through various genres of lyrics, the poet embodies what excites him, upsets or pleases.
Features of the lyrics
The term itself comes from the Greek word lyra (a kind of musical instrument). The poets of the period of antiquity performed their works to the accompaniment of the lyre. The lyrics are based on the experiences and thoughts of the protagonist. He is often identified with the author, which is not entirely true. The character of the hero is often revealed through deeds and actions. An important role is played by the direct author's characteristic. An important place is given to the description of appearance. The most commonly used monologue. Dialogue is rare.
Meditation is the main means of expression. In some works, the genres of epic, lyrics and drama are intertwined. In lyrical compositions there is no detailed plot. In some there is an internal conflict of the hero. There is also "role" lyrics. In such works, the author plays the roles of different persons.
The genres of lyrics in literature are closely intertwined with other types of art. Especially with painting and music.
Types of lyrics
As a literary genre, lyricism was formed in Ancient Greece. The highest flowering occurred in ancient Rome. Popular ancient poets: Anacreon, Horace, Ovid, Pindar, Sappho. In the Renaissance, Shakespeare and Petrarch stand out. And in the 18-19 centuries the world was shocked by the poetry of Goethe, Byron, Pushkin and many others.
Varieties of lyrics as a kind: in terms of expressiveness - meditative or suggestive; by theme - landscape or urban, social or intimate, etc.; by tonality - minor or major, comic or heroic, idyllic or dramatic.
Types of lyrics: poetic (poetry), dramatized (role-playing), prose.
Thematic classification
Lyric genres in literature have several classifications. Most often, such essays are distributed by topic.
- Civil. Socio-national issues and feelings come to the fore.
- Intimate. Conveys personal experiences main character. It is divided into the following types: love, friendship lyrics, family, erotic.
- Philosophical. It embodies the awareness of the meaning of life, being, the problem of good and evil.
- Religious. Feelings and experiences about the higher and spiritual.
- Landscape. It conveys the thoughts of the hero about natural phenomena.
- satirical. Exposes human and social vices.
Variety by genre
Lyric genres are diverse. This:
1. A hymn is a lyrical song that expresses a festively upbeat feeling formed from some good event or exceptional experience. For example, "Hymn to the Plague" by A. S. Pushkin.
2. Invective. Means a sudden denunciation or satirical ridicule of a real person. This genre is characterized by semantic and structural duality.
3. Madrigal. Initially, these were poems depicting rural life. A few centuries later, the madrigal is significantly transformed. In the 18th and 19th centuries, these are free-form lyric works that glorify the beauty of a woman and contain a compliment. The genre of intimate poetry is found in Pushkin, Lermontov, Karamzin, Sumarokov and others.
4. Ode - a song of praise. This poetic genre, finally formed in the era of classicism. In Russia, this term was introduced by V. Trediakovsky (1734). She is now distantly related to classical traditions. There is a struggle of conflicting stylistic tendencies in it. Lomonosov's solemn odes are known (developing a metaphorical style), Sumarokov's anacreontic odes, and Derzhavin's synthetic odes.
5. Song (song) is one of the forms of verbal and musical art. There are lyrical, epic, lyro-dramatic, lyro-epic. Lyrical songs are not characterized by narration, presentation. They are characterized by ideological and emotional expression.
6. Message (letter in verse). In Russian literature of the 18th century, this genre variety was extremely popular. The messages were written by Derzhavin, Kantemir, Kostrov, Lomonosov, Petrov, Sumarokov, Trediakovsky, Fonvizin and many others. In the first half of the 19th century they were also in use. They are written by Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Lermontov.
7. Romance. This is the name of a poem that has the character of a love song.
8. Sonnet is a solid poetic form. It consists of fourteen lines, which, in turn, break up into two quatrains (quatrain) and two three-line (tercet).
9. Poem. It was in the 19th and 20th centuries that this structure became one of the lyrical forms.
10. Elegy is another popular genre of melancholic lyric poetry.
11. Epigram - a short poem of a lyrical warehouse. It is characterized by great freedom of content.
12. Epitaph (tombstone).
Lyric genres of Pushkin and Lermontov
A. S. Pushkin wrote in different lyrical genres. This:
- Oh yeah. For example, "Liberty" (1817).
- Elegy - "The daylight went out" (1820).
- Message - "To Chaadaev" (1818).
- Epigram - "On Alexander!", "On Vorontsov" (1824).
- Song - "About the prophetic Oleg" (1822).
- Romance - "I am here, Inezilla" (1830).
- Sonnet, satire.
- Lyrical compositions that go beyond traditional genres - "To the Sea", "Village", "Anchar" and many others.
Pushkin's themes are also multifaceted: citizenship, the problem of freedom of creativity and many other topics are touched upon in his works.
The various genres of Lermontov's lyrics make up the main part of his literary heritage. He is a successor to the traditions of civil poetry of the Decembrists and Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Initially, the most favorite genre was a monologue-confession. Then - romance, elegy and many others. But satire and epigram are extremely rare in his work.
Conclusion
Thus, lyrical works can be written in various genres. For example, a sonnet, madrigal, epigram, romance, elegy, etc. Also, lyrics are often classified by subject. For example, civil, intimate, philosophical, religious, etc. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the lyrics are constantly updated and replenished with new genre formations. In poetic practice, there are genres of lyrics borrowed from related art forms. From music: waltz, prelude, march, nocturne, cantata, requiem, etc. From painting: portrait, still life, sketch, bas-relief, etc. In modern literature, there is a synthesis of genres, so lyrical works are divided into groups.
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To the question what types of lyrics are asked by the author ask for it the best answer is Lyrics and its types
In antiquity, and then in the era of classicism, they sought to clearly differentiate genres in form and content. The rationalistic views of the classicists determined the establishment of certain genre canons. In the future, many traditional types of lyrics did not receive their development (eclogue, epithalamus, pastoral), others changed their character, acquiring a different social meaning (elegy, message, epigram).
The most common classification is now based on the thematic principle. In accordance with it, the lyrics are distinguished into patriotic (for example, "Poems about the Soviet "passport" of Mayakovsky), socio-political ("Communist Marseillaise" by Poor), historical ("Borodino" by Lermontov), philosophical ("Man" by Mezhelaitis), intimate, (“Lines of Love” by Shchipachev), landscape (“Spring Thunderstorm” by Tyutchev).
>>>
* Hymn,
* praise,
* thought,
* idyll,
* Oh yeah,
* canzone,
* madrigal,
* song,
* message,
* romance,
* eclogue,
* elegy,
* epigram,
* epithalama,
* epitaph.
* Hymn - celebration,
* Elegy - sadness,
* Epigram - irony,
* Dithyramba - praise,
* Madrigal - love lyrics.
If you look closely, each direction is characterized by one human feeling.
Answer from I-beam[newbie]
Lyrics and its types
There were different principles of genre differentiation of lyrics.
In antiquity, and then in the era of classicism, they sought to clearly differentiate genres in form and content. The rationalistic views of the classicists determined the establishment of certain genre canons. In the future, many traditional types of lyrics did not receive their development (eclogue, epithalamus, pastoral), others changed their character, acquiring a different social meaning (elegy, message, epigram).
In poetry from the second half of XIX v. the distinctions between the preserved species became very conditional. The message, for example, often acquired the features of an elegy or an ode.
The classification based on the differentiation of poems by stanza has almost become obsolete. From it, in modern European poetry, only the allocation of sonnets remained, and in Eastern poetry - eight lines, gazelles, rubaiyas and some other stable strophic forms.
The most common classification is now based on the thematic principle. In accordance with it, the lyrics are distinguished into patriotic (for example, "Poems about the Soviet "passport" of Mayakovsky), socio-political ("Communist Marseillaise" by Poor), historical ("Borodino" by Lermontov), philosophical ("Man" by Mezhelaitis), intimate, (“Lines of Love” by Shchipachev), landscape (“Spring Thunderstorm” by Tyutchev).
Of course, this distinction is very arbitrary, and therefore the same poem can be attributed to various types. So, Lermontov's "Borodino" is a work both historical and patriotic. In the landscape poems of F. I. Tyutchev, his philosophical ideas are expressed (for example, in "Fountain"). "Poems about the Soviet passport" by Mayakovsky, usually referred to as patriotic lyrics, with no less reason can be considered both as an example of a socio-political and as an example of an intimate poem. In this regard, when determining the type, it is necessary to take into account the ratio in the lyrical work of various leitmotifs, determining which of them has the dominant role.
At the same time, lyrical poems continue to appear in modern poetry, corresponding to a greater or lesser extent to such traditional genre forms as an epigram, a message, an elegy, an ode.
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Here is another good classification.
Types of lyrical works in alphabetical order
* Hymn,
* praise,
* thought,
* idyll,
* Oh yeah,
* canzone,
* madrigal,
* song,
* message,
* romance,
* eclogue,
* elegy,
* epigram,
* epithalama,
* epitaph.
A few words about some species.
* Hymn - celebration,
* Elegy - sadness,
* Epigram - irony,
* Dithyramba - praise,
* Ode - solemnity and sublimity,
* Madrigal - love lyrics.
If you look closely, each direction is characterized by one human feeling.
Answer from fixture[guru]
Ode is the leading genre of high style, characteristic primarily for the poetry of classicism. The ode is distinguished by canonical themes (glorification of God, fatherland, wisdom of life, etc.), techniques (“quiet” or “rapid” attack, the presence of digressions, permitted “lyrical disorder”) and types (odes are spiritual, solemn - “pindaric”, moralizing - "Horatian", love - "Anacreontic").
A hymn is a solemn song based on programmatic verses.
Elegy - a genre of lyrics, a poem middle length, meditative or emotional content (usually sad), most often in the first person, without a distinct composition.
Idyll - a genre of lyrics, a small work that draws forever beautiful nature, sometimes in contrast with a restless and vicious person, a peaceful virtuous life in the bosom of nature, etc.
Sonnet - a poem of 14 lines, forming 2 quatrains and 2 tercets or 3 quatrains and 1 couplet. The following types of sonnets are known:
"French" sonnet - abba abba ccd eed (or ccd ede);
"Italian" sonnet - abab abab cdc dcd (or cde cde);
"English sonnet" - abab cdcd efef gg.
A wreath of sonnets is a cycle of 14 sonnets, in which the first verse of each repeats the last verse of the previous one (forming a “garland”), and together these first verses add up to the 15th, “main” sonnet (forming a gloss).
A romance is a short poem written for solo singing with instrumental accompaniment, the text of which is characterized by a melodious melody, syntactic simplicity and harmony, completeness of the sentence within the boundaries of a stanza.
Dithyramb - a genre of ancient lyrics that arose as a choral song, a hymn in honor of the god Dionysus, or Bacchus, later - in honor of other gods and heroes.
Madrigal is a short poem of predominantly loving-complimentary (less often abstract-meditative) content, usually with a paradoxical sharpening at the end.
Duma is a lyrical epic song, the style of which is characterized by symbolic pictures, negative parallelisms, retardation, tautological phrases, single-mindedness.
The message is a genre of lyrics, a poetic letter, the formal feature of which is the presence of an appeal to a specific addressee and, accordingly, such motives as requests, wishes, exhortation, etc. The content of the message, according to tradition (from Horace), is mainly moral-philosophical and didactic, but there were numerous narrative, panegyric, satirical, love messages, etc.
An epigram is a short satirical poem, usually with a sharp one at the end.
A ballad is a poem with a dramatic development of the plot, which is based on an extraordinary story that reflects the essential moments of interaction between a person and society or interpersonal relationships. Specific traits ballads - a small volume, a tense plot, usually saturated with tragedy and mystery, jerky narration, dramatic dialogism, melodiousness and musicality.
Lyrics is one of the three (along with epic and drama) main literary genres, the subject of which is the inner world, the poet's own "I". Unlike the epic, lyrics are most often plotless (not eventful), unlike drama, they are subjective. In lyrics, any phenomenon and event of life that can affect the spiritual world of a person is reproduced in the form of a subjective, direct experience, that is, a holistic individual manifestation of the poet's personality, a certain state of his character.
"Self-expression" ("self-disclosure") of the poet, without losing its individuality and autobiography, acquires in the lyrics due to the scale and depth of the author's personality a universal meaning; this kind of literature has access to all the fullness of expression of the most complex problems of being. A. S. Pushkin's poem "... Again I visited ..." is not limited to a description of rural nature. It is based on a generalized artistic idea, a deep philosophical thought about the continuous process of life renewal, in which the new comes to replace the departed, continuing it.
Each time develops its own poetic formulas, specific socio-historical conditions create their own forms of expression of a lyrical image, and for a historically correct reading of a lyrical work, knowledge of a particular era, its cultural and historical identity is necessary.
The forms of expression of experiences, thoughts of the lyrical subject are different. It can be an internal monologue, reflection alone with oneself (“I remember a wonderful moment ...” by A. S. Pushkin, “About valor, about exploits, about glory ...” by A. A. Blok); monologue on behalf of the character introduced into the text (“Borodino” by M. Yu. Lermontov); an appeal to a certain person (in a different style), which allows you to create the impression of a direct response to some kind of life phenomenon (“Winter Morning” by A. S. Pushkin, “The Sitting Ones” by V. V. Mayakovsky); an appeal to nature, which helps to reveal the unity of the spiritual world of the lyrical hero and the world of nature (“To the Sea” by A. S. Pushkin, “Forest” by A. V. Koltsov, “In the Garden” by A. A. Fet).
In lyrical works, which are based on acute conflicts, the poet expresses himself in a passionate dispute with time, friends and enemies, with himself (“The Poet and the Citizen” by N. A. Nekrasov). From the point of view of the subject, lyrics can be civil, philosophical, love, landscape, etc. For the most part, lyrical works are multi-dark, various motives can be reflected in one experience of the poet: love, friendship, patriotic feelings, etc. (“In Memory of Dobrolyubov” by N. A. Nekrasov, “Letter to a Woman” by S. A. Yesenin, “Bribed” by R. I. Rozhdestvensky).
There are various genres of lyrical works. The predominant form of lyric poetry of the 19th-20th centuries is a poem: a work written in verse, of a small volume, compared to a poem, which makes it possible to embody in a word the inner life of the soul in its changeable and many-sided manifestations (sometimes in literature there are small works of a lyrical nature in prose that use means of expression inherent in poetic speech: "Poems in prose" by I. S. Turgenev).
Message - a lyrical genre in poetic form in the form of a letter or appeal to a specific person or group of people of a friendly, loving, panegyric or satirical nature (“To Chaadaev”, “Message to Siberia” by A. S. Pushkin, “Letter to a Mother” by S. A Yesenin).
Elegy - a poem of sad content, which expresses the motives of personal experiences: loneliness, disappointment, suffering, the frailty of earthly existence ("Confession" by E. A. Baratynsky, "The flying ridge is thinning clouds ..." A. S. Pushkin, "Elegy" N. A. Nekrasova, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...” S. A. Yesenin).
A sonnet is a poem of 14 lines, consisting of two quatrains and two tertiary lines. Each stanza is a kind of step in the development of a single dialectical thought (“To the Poet”, “Madonna” by A. S. Pushkin, sonnets by A. A. Fet, V. Ya. Bryusov, I. V. Severyanin, O. E. Mandelstam, I. A. Bunin, A. A. Akhmatova, N. S. Gumilyov, S. Ya. Marshak, A. A. Tarkovsky, L. N. Martynov, M. A. Dudin, V. A. Soloukhin, N. N. Matveeva, L. N. Vysheslavsky, R. G. Gamzatov).
An epigram is a short poem that maliciously ridicules a person or social phenomenon (epigrams by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, I. I. Dmitriev, E. A. Baratynsky, S. A. Sobolevsky,
B. S. Solovyova, D. D. Minaeva). In Soviet poetry, the epigram genre was developed by V. V. Mayakovsky, D. Bedny, A. G. Arkhangelsky, A. I. Bezymensky, S. Ya. Marshak, S. A. Vasiliev.
A romance is a lyrical poem intended for musical arrangement. Genre features (without strict observance): melodious intonation, syntactic simplicity, completeness of a sentence within a stanza (poems by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, A. V. Koltsov, F. I. Tyutchev, A. A. Fet , N. A. Nekrasov, A. K. Tolstoy, S. A. Yesenin).
An epitaph is a tombstone inscription (usually in verse) of a commendable, parodic or satirical nature (the epitaphs of R. Burns translated by S. Ya. Marshak, the epitaphs of A. P. Sumarokov, N. F. Shcherbina).
Stanzas - a small elegiac poem in a few stanzas, more often meditative (in-depth reflection) than love content. Genre attributes are indefinite. For example, “Do I wander along the noisy streets ...”, “Stans” (“In the hope of glory and goodness ...”) by A. S. Pushkin, “Stans” (“Look how calm my eyes are ...” ) M. Yu. Lermontov, "Stans" ("I know a lot about my talent") S. A. Yesenin and others.
An eclogue is a lyrical poem in a narrative or dialogic form, depicting everyday rural scenes against the backdrop of nature (eclogues by A. P. Sumarokov, V. I. Panaev).
Madrigal is a small poem-compliment, often of a love-lyrical content (found in N. M. Karamzin, K. N. Batyushkov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov).
Each lyrical work, which is always unique, carries a holistic worldview of the poet, is considered not in isolation, but in the context of the entire work of the artist.
A lyrical work can be analyzed either holistically - in the unity of form and content - observing the movement of the author's experience, the poet's lyrical thoughts from the beginning to the end of the poem, or combine a number of works thematically, dwelling on the core ideas, experiences revealed in them (A. S. Pushkin, the theme of the poet and poetry in the works of M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov, V. V. Mayakovsky, the image of the Motherland in the works of S. A. Yesenin).
It is necessary to abandon the analysis of the poem in parts and from the so-called questions on content. It is also impossible to reduce the work to a formal list of visual means of the language taken out of context.
It is necessary to penetrate into the complex system of linking all the elements of the poetic text, to try to reveal the basic feeling-experience that permeates the poem, to comprehend the functions of language means, the ideological and emotional richness of poetic speech.
Even V. G. Belinsky in the article “Division of poetry into genera and types” noted that a lyrical work “can neither be retold nor interpreted, but it can only be made to feel, and then only by reading it the way it came out of under the pen of a poet; being retold in words or translated into prose, it turns into an ugly and dead larva, from which a butterfly shining with iridescent colors has just fluttered out.
Lyrics are a subjective kind of fiction, unlike epic and drama. The poet shares his thoughts and feelings with readers, talks about his joys and sorrows, delights and sorrows caused by certain events of his personal or social life. And at the same time, no other kind of literature evokes such a reciprocal feeling, empathy in the reader - both a contemporary and in subsequent generations.
If the basis of the composition of an epic or dramatic work is a plot that can be retold “in one’s own words”, a lyrical poem cannot be retold, everything in it is “content”: the sequence of depicting feelings and thoughts, the choice and arrangement of words, repetitions of words, phrases, syntactic constructions, style of speech, division into stanzas or their absence, the ratio of the division of the flow of speech into verses and syntactic articulation, poetic size, sound instrumentation, rhyming methods, the nature of the rhyme.
The main means of creating a lyrical image is language, the poetic word. The use of various tropes in the poem (metaphor, personification, synecdoche, parallelism, hyperbole, epithet) expands the meaning of the lyrical statement. The word in the verse has many meanings.
In a poetic context, the word acquires, as it were, additional semantic and emotional shades. Thanks to its internal connections (rhythmic, syntactic, sound, intonation), the word in poetic speech becomes capacious, compacted, emotionally colored, and as expressive as possible. It tends to generalization, symbolism.
The selection of a word, especially significant in revealing the figurative content of a poem, in a poetic text is carried out in various ways (inversion, transfer, repetitions, anaphora, contrast). For example, in the poem “I loved you: love still, perhaps ...” by A. S. Pushkin, the leitmotif of the work is created by the key words “loved” (repeated three times), “love”, “beloved”.
Many lyrical statements tend to be aphoristic, which makes them winged like proverbs. Such lyrical phrases become walking, memorized, used in relation to a certain mood of thought and state of mind of a person.
In the winged lines of Russian poetry, the most acute, polemical problems of our reality at different historical stages are focused, as it were. The winged line is one of the primary elements of true poetry. Here are some examples: “Yes, only things are still there!” (I. A. Krylov. "Swan, Pike and Cancer"); "Listen! lie, but know the measure ”(A. S. Griboedov. “Woe from Wit”); "Where are we going to sail?" (A. S. Pushkin. "Autumn"); “I look at the future with fear, I look at the past with longing ...” (M. Yu. Lermontov); “Here comes the master - the master will judge us” (N. A. Nekrasov. “The Forgotten Village”); “It is not given to us to predict how our word will respond” (F. I. Tyutchev); “So that words are cramped, thoughts are spacious” (N. A. Nekrasov. “Imitation of Schiller”); And eternal battle! We only dream of peace ”(A. A. Blok.“ On the Kulikovo field ”); “You can’t see faces face to face. Great things are seen at a distance "(S. A. Yesenin. "Letter to a Woman"); "... Not for the sake of glory, for the sake of life on earth" (A. T. Tvardovsky. "Vasily Terkin").
Introduction to Literary Studies (N.L. Vershinina, E.V. Volkova, A.A. Ilyushin and others) / Ed. L.M. Krupchanov. - M, 2005
