Biology presentation "respiratory movements". Biology presentation "Respiratory movements" View the contents of the document "Presentation for the lesson" Respiratory movements

Lesson Objectives:

• to deepen and generalize knowledge on the respiratory system, to study the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation, to learn how to protect the air environment.

Lesson objectives:

Educational: repeat the material about tissue and pulmonary respiration, consider the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation, determine the role of protective reflexes, explain the dangers of smoking and the need to protect the environment;

Developing: to continue the formation of students' intellectual skills, creative thinking and speech;

Educational: gaining experience in following the rules of respiratory hygiene, studying the positive role of physical labor.

Basic terms:

inhale- the initial phase of breathing, during which air enters the lungs.

Exhalation- a separate expulsion of air from the lungs during breathing.

Air environment- a complex set of interrelated and interacting factors that have a constant impact on the body of an animal and a person.

During the classes:

Checking homework.

Give short answers to the questions:

1. What role does oxygen play in the human body?

2. What is breathing and why do we need it?

3. What is the main function of the respiratory system?

4. What organs is it formed by?

5. In what body respiratory system does gas exchange take place? What are the structural features of this organ?

6. How does the air in the respiratory tract change? Why should you breathe through your nose and not through your mouth?

7. What are the types of breathing?

8. What is the upper respiratory tract?

9. What is related to the lower respiratory tract?

Mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation.

The lungs are in the chest cavity. Muscle movements that change the volume of this cavity cause the movement of air into and out of the lungs, alternately increasing or decreasing the volume of the chest. This is due to rhythmic contractions of the respiratory muscles, as a result of which inhalation and exhalation are carried out - the intake and removal of air from the lungs, their ventilation. In picture 1 you can see the lungs.

Rice. 1. Lungs and breathing.

When inhaling, the intercostal muscles raise the ribs, and the diaphragm, contracting, becomes less convex, as a result, the volume of the chest increases, the lungs expand, the air pressure in them becomes lower than atmospheric pressure and the air rushes into the lungs - a calm breath occurs. With a deep breath, in addition to the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm, the muscles of the chest and shoulder girdle simultaneously contract. Figure 2 shows the inspiratory mechanism.

Rice. 2. Inspiratory mechanism

When exhaling, the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax, the ribs descend, the bulge of the diaphragm increases, as a result, the volume of the chest decreases, the lungs contract, the pressure in them becomes higher than atmospheric pressure and air rushes out of the lungs - a calm exhalation occurs. Deep exhalation is due to the contraction of the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles. Figure 3 shows the exhalation mechanism.

Rice. 3. Exhalation mechanism

In Figure 4, you can see which muscles are involved during inhalation and exhalation.

Rice. 4. Inspiratory and expiratory muscles

Thus, the rhythmic increase or decrease in the volume of the chest cavity acts as a mechanical pump, forcing air into and out of the lungs. The mechanism of inhalation and exhalation can be traced using the Donders model, which is shown in Figures 5 and 6.

Rice. 5. The mechanism of inhalation and exhalation on the Donders model.

Fig.6. Donders model

Let's watch a video about why breathing is so important to us:

Breathing regulation.

Conclusions.

1. The mechanism of inhalation: contraction of the respiratory muscles (intercostal and diaphragm); an increase in the volume of the chest cavity; decrease in pressure in the chest cavity and in the cavity of the lungs; intake of atmospheric air through the airways

2. Exhalation mechanism: lowering the ribs and relaxing the diaphragm; a decrease in the volume of the chest cavity and lung cavity; increased pressure in the lungs; pushing some of the air out.

3. The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata. It consists of centers of inhalation and exhalation, which regulate the work of the respiratory muscles. The collapse of the pulmonary alveoli, which occurs during expiration, reflexively causes inspiration, and the expansion of the alveoli reflexively causes exhalation.

4. The work of the respiratory centers is also influenced by other centers, including those located in the cerebral cortex. Due to their influence, breathing changes when talking and singing. It is also possible to consciously change the rhythm of breathing during exercise.

control block.

1. What is the function of the diaphragm during inspiration?

2. Why does the volume of the lungs increase during inhalation?

3. Where does the exhalation mechanism begin?

4. What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation and why?

5. What does the respiratory center consist of, and what do these components do?

6. What happens to the muscles of inhalation and exhalation when holding the breath?

7. What happens when oxidation processes are intensified?

Homework.

Solve problems:

1. Knowing that the inhaled air contains about 20% oxygen, determine how much O2 a person passes through the lungs per day with calm breathing.

2. Knowing that the exhaled air contains 4% carbon dioxide, determine how much CO2 the student emits in 1 minute, in 1 hour, how much - all students in the class in 1 hour. Individual task: prepare messages for the next lesson. Message 1. "Breathing on Elbrus". Message 2. "The effect of smoking on breathing."

It's interesting to know that.

Artificial respiration is used in the provision of first aid to drowned people, in case of electric shock, lightning, carbon monoxide poisoning and other accidents. Artificial respiration allows you to resume the activity of the respiratory center and save a person from death. To do this, it is necessary to ensure the patency of the respiratory tract by cleaning the mouth and pharynx from foreign bodies. Figure 11 shows an example of artificial respiration while helping a drowning person.

Rice. 11. Artificial respiration. Help a drowning man

Let's watch a video on how to do artificial respiration:

Bibliography:

1. Lesson on the topic "The meaning of breathing. Organs of the respiratory systems" Vasilyeva I.N., biology teacher, secondary school No. 19.

2. Nikishov A.I., Rokhlov V.S., Man and his health. didactic material. M., 2011.

Edited and sent by Borisenko I.N.

Worked on the lesson:

Vasilyeva I.N.

Borisenko I.N.

Zaporozhets A.

Ask a question about modern education, express an idea or solve an urgent problem, you can Education Forum where an educational council of fresh thought and action meets internationally. Having created blog, You will not only improve your status as a competent teacher, but also make a significant contribution to the development of the school of the future. Education Leaders Guild

PURPOSE: to form knowledge about the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation, neurohumoral regulation of respiration; show the negative effect of nicotine on the respiratory system; to form the foundations of a healthy lifestyle, to acquaint with the methodology for determining the state of one's health.

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Biology lesson. 8th grade.

Topic: "Mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation. Regulation of breathing"

Lesson Objectives:

Educational: to introduce students to the mechanisms of entry and exhalation and to reveal negative influence harmful factors on the work of the respiratory system;to deepen and evaluate students' knowledge on the topic, to consolidate the skills of working with the text of the textbook and visual material.

Educational: continue to develop teamwork skills and foster a sense of responsibility for one's health.

Developing: continue the development of students' creative activity, the formation of interest in the subject.

Planned results:Students learn about the mechanism of breathing.

Personal significance of the lesson:maintaining your own health.

Teaching methods: problem

What is the secret of the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation? Why do muscleless lungs follow the movements of the chest? What factors negatively affect the respiratory system?

Forms of work: group.

Equipment: homemade Donders model, tables depicting the respiratory system, human torso model, presentations, DER.

During the classes:

Org.moment Hello guys. Please, have a seat. My name is Alsu Infirovna. Today we will work together, and I really look forward to your support and cooperation.

Introductory conversation

A fragment of the song by V. Vysotsky "The Ballad of Love" sounds

Guys, how do you understand the words of the sounded song.

(Life is impossible without breathing.)

Right. We know that without food and water a person can live for several days, and without air it can be from 2 to 10 minutes and no more.

2. Actualization of students' knowledge

Let's remember what you already know about breathing.

Task 1 group. Arrange the respiratory organs in sequence, starting with the nasal cavity:

Trachea, nasal cavity, larynx, nasopharynx, bronchi, lungs

(Air enters the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs)

Task 2 group. From the list of body organs, select the respiratory organs:heart, nasal cavity, stomach, arteries, nasopharynx, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, aorta, lungs.(slide1)

Well done, you did a great job.

3. Learning a new topic

What do you associate with the concept of "breathing"

Breathing is usually associated with inhalation and exhalation.

How does air enter the airways?

(we inhale and exhale)

The theme of our lesson is the study of the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation. (Slide2)

Question. What is the purpose of the lesson? Understand the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation.(slide3) To achieve our goals, we must apply

tasks: - to find out what underlies the mechanism of respiration; How does the mechanism of respiration work? -meaning correct breathing to improve human health.

The epigraph of our lesson will be the words: “To breathe means to live!”(slide 4) , since breathing is the most precious and protected "thread" on which our earthly existence depends

Problem question:What is the secret of inhalation and exhalation? (slide 5)

To answer the question, let's do an experiment.

Try to inhale or exhale so that the diaphragm and pectoral muscles do not contract. Why is this not possible? (Because the volume of the chest does not change)

Consider how the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation occurs on the Dordens model.simulates the chest cavity, the neck of the bottle - the trachea with the bronchus, and the ball inside the funnel is light, the rubber bottom depicts the diaphragm. (slide6)

Secret of inhalation and exhalation

If the intercostal muscles contract, then the chest rises, the diaphragm moves in, there is more space in the chest cavity, and the lungs expand -inhalation occurs. (slide 7)

When the intercostal muscles relax, the chest descends, the diaphragm moves forward, there is less space in the chest cavity, and the lungs are compressed -exhalation takes place. (slide8)

Task2.

Place your hand on your chest area and take a few breaths in and out. What do you feel?

(chest up and down)

One breathing movement consists of inhalation and exhalation.Respiratory movements - inhalation and exhalation - are carried out with the participation of the chest. The intercostal muscles also participate in the act of breathing. But most of the ventilation of the lungs is provided by one organ. What kind of body it is, we will find out by completing the following task. Envelopes need to be collected in front of you word-organ playing leading role in the act of breathing.

It turned out the word-diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays a major role in the respiratory act.

Why do muscleless lungs follow the movement of the chest?

The lungs themselves cannot pump or expel air, because there is no muscle tissue in the lungs and therefore they cannot actively contract. Since the pressure in the slit-like space between the lungs and the walls of the chest cavity is less than the air pressure in the lungs, the lungs are always compressed and therefore follow the chest. They only passively follow the change in the volume of the chest cavity. An active role in the act of inhalation and exhalation belongs to the respiratory muscles: the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
Guys, we found out that the lungs are involved in the process of inhalation and exhalation, and what function do they perform? (organ of excretion). Let's try and prove it.

Everyone has a mirror on the table, inhale a small portion of air into yourself and hold your breath for 2-3 seconds, and then exhale the air on the mirror. What do you see on the mirror? Why did they appear?

Do you think the rhythm of breathing, the strength of inhalation and exhalation change or not and why. Let's install it.We work according to the instructions, the results are recorded in the evaluation sheet. For this task, we need a clock with a second hand. Place your hand on your chest and, at my signal, use your watch to count the number of breaths in 30 seconds. Remember that inhaling and exhaling is one breath. Record the results in a table.

Effect of exercise on breathing rate

Working process. count the number of breaths in 30 seconds. after 5 squats at a fast pace. Record the results in a table.

Conclusion: after exercise, the number of respiratory movements increased, since energy is consumed, it can be replenished by the oxidation of organic substances. Whoever has the same conclusion, put a plus. How should it be normal? With calm breathing 17-22 times, who has a plus. At physical activity 24-28 times, who has a plus.

Do you think the composition of inhaled and exhaled air is different?? (slide9 ) (yes, oxygen and carbon dioxide content)

Let's test this experimentally.

4.2. Conducting experience

After work, the guys conclude that lime water becomes cloudy, because carbon dioxide entered it when air was exhaled,

Guys, what do you think regulates the breathing process? (slide 10)

(Nervous and humoral system)(slide 11)

Nervous regulation.( slide 12) Regulation is carried out by the respiratory center, located in the medulla oblongata of the brain. It consists of centers of inhalation and exhalation.

In addition to nervous regulation, the respiratory system is also controlled by the humoral system..(slide13) The humoral system maintains the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen at a certain level.

With an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood, the activity of the respiratory center increases and the person begins to breathe more often and deeper.

What are the protective reflexes of the body? (slide 14)

The form of respiratory activity is sneezing and coughing. They are regulated by protective respiratory reflexes. What causes sneezing and coughing. We work with the textbook on page 180. find answers(slide 15)

Cough - a sharp reflex exhalation through the mouth, resulting from irritation of the receptors of the larynx

Sneezing is a strong and very fast reflex exhalation through the nostrils, resulting from irritation of the receptors of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. During sneezing, substances that irritate are removed (dust, substances with a pungent odor

Guys, I know some health secrets. Do you want me to share with you?
A significant part of people incorrectly inhale and exhale - most have a thoracic or mixed type of breathing. And the diaphragmatic type or breathing with the stomach is correct, when the chest is in less movement, the abdominal muscles contract. This is the little secret of health. Would you like me to teach you how to breathe properly?
Place one hand on your chest and the other on your stomach. On a count of 1-2, you should inhale through your nose, lips closed. And at the expense of 1-2-3-4, a smooth exhalation, while the chest should be in less movement, and the abdominal muscles, on the contrary, in movement. Does everyone understand? Then take a comfortable position on a chair, lower your shoulders, put your feet on a full foot, relax the muscles of your face, neck, arms, legs. Relax completely. At this time, we save energy, free ourselves from negative emotions. At the expense of 1-2 breaths, the abdominal muscles are in motion. 1-2-3-4 smooth exhalation.

We must take care of our body, protect it from negative influences, diseases)

Problem question: (slide 16) What factors can negatively affect the activity of the human respiratory system (effect of nicotine on the respiratory system, vehicle exhaust gases

What about air pollution in the classroom?

Dust.

Offer the simplest way to keep students productive and smart(Ventilate the classrooms, because the amount of carbon dioxide by the end of the 6th lesson increases, which affects the mental abilities and working capacity of students)

3. Consolidation of educational material. Grab the score sheets and take the test.

- Does breathing require pure oxygen or air?(air ).

What gases make up atmospheric air?

(oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide).

Do you think the composition of inhaled and exhaled air is different? (yes, oxygen and carbon dioxide content

4. Reflection. (slide 17)I suggest you rate how you learned the topic a little in an unusual way. You have balloons on the tables, please inflate them according to the rating you give yourself:

Red, pink - "5"

Blue, purple, blue - "4"

Yellow, orange - "3"

I want to end this lesson with the words of the poet (Leonid Derbenev)

We have been given a lot in this world,
Grow, seek and err,
But the main thing is to breathe.
Love, find and never give up!
Thank you for the lesson.

Homework (slide 18) (2 minutes) read § 28 material; answer questions 4-7

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Slides captions:

Respiratory tract: Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs

The topic of the lesson is the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation. Breathing regulation.

The purpose of the lesson: To get acquainted with the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation; how nervous and humoral regulation is carried out

Epigraph "To breathe is to live!"

Problematic question: What is the secret of inhalation and exhalation?

Mechanism of inhalation intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract ribs rise, diaphragm descends thoracic cavity volume increases lung volume increases air is sucked into the lungs inhalation occurs

Exhalation mechanism Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax Ribs descend, diaphragm rises Chest cavity volume decreases Lungs contract Air is forced out of them Exhalation occurs

What do you think regulates the breathing process?

Respiratory regulation Nervous Humoral

Nervous Involuntary regulation of the frequency and depth of breathing Arbitrary regulation of the frequency and depth of breathing Carried out by the Respiratory center of the medulla oblongata Cortex of the cerebral hemispheres Impact on cold, pain and other receptors can stop breathing We can arbitrarily speed up or stop breathing

Humoral regulation Respiratory rate and depth Accelerates Excess CO 2 Slows Lack of CO 2

What are the protective reflexes of the body?

Sneezing is a defensive reaction of the body through the nose. Cough is a defensive reaction of the body through the mouth.

Problematic question: What factors can negatively affect the activity of the human respiratory system?

Reflection. Please inflate the balloons according to the score you give yourself: Red, pink - "5" Blue, purple - "4" Yellow, orange - "3"

Thanks for attention

Preview:

Application No. 1

EVALUATION PAPER

Full name of student(s) _________________________________________________

Task 1. Influence of physical exercises on the frequency of respiratory movements

Task 2.

Test.

1 option.

1. The process of air entering the body:

A) exhale

B) inhale

B) diffusion.

2. The rhythm of breathing and the strength of inhalation and exhalation:

A) change depending on the needs of the body

B) do not change

3. Breathing movements consist of:

A) inhale

B) exhale

B) inhale and exhale

4. The shape of the diaphragm during contraction:
A) flat B) domed C) elongated D) concave

5. What remains on the mirror when you exhale:

A) carbon dioxide

B) water

6. Correct type breathing:

A) chest type

B) diaphragm type

B) mixed type

Application №2

Instruction card No. 1

Changes in respiratory movements in different conditions.

Working process:

1. Place your hand on your chest and at the teacher's signal, hold your breath, and use your watch to count the number of breaths in 30 seconds. Record the results in a table.

2. Stand up and, at the signal of the teacher, do 5 squats.

Sit down and count the number of breaths again. movements in 30 sec. Record the results and draw a conclusion. The number of respiratory movements in a normal state in 30 seconds.

The number of respiratory movements after exercise in 30 seconds.

Output: …………………………………………………………………….………………………………………

Task2. Test

Option 2.

1. The process associated with the release of air from the lungs:

A) exhale

B) inhale

B) diffusion.

2. The lungs are an excretory organ because

A) excrete salts

B) release ammonia

B) release water

3. When inhaling and exhaling, the following happens:

A) changes in the circumference of the chest

B) the circumference of the chest does not change

4. The respiratory center is located in:
A) medulla oblongata B) cerebellum C) diencephalon D) cerebral cortex

5. How to breathe correctly

A) mouth

B) nose

6. To determine breathing in case of accidents, what is used:

A) a mirror

B) handkerchief