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Completed by a student of grade 11 b Darina Osipova Head: geography teacher Zakharycheva Valentina Petrovna
"Pollution of the oceans" 900igr.net On the topic:
Introduction At present, the problem of pollution of the aquatic environment is very relevant, because. now people are beginning to forget the well-known expression “water is life”. A person cannot live without water for more than three days, but even realizing the importance of the role of water in his life, he still continues to harm water bodies, irrevocably changing their natural regime with discharges and waste. The bulk of the water is concentrated in the oceans. Water evaporating from its surface gives life-giving moisture to natural and artificial land ecosystems. The closer an area is to the ocean, the more precipitation falls there. The land constantly returns water to the ocean, part of the water evaporates, part is collected by rivers, which receive rain and snow water. The exchange of moisture between the ocean and land requires a very large amount of energy: it takes up to 1/3 of what the Earth receives from the Sun.
The water cycle in the biosphere before the development of civilization was balanced, the ocean received as much water from the rivers as it consumed during its evaporation. If the climate did not change, then the rivers did not become shallow and the water level in the lakes did not decrease. With the development of civilization, this cycle began to be violated, as a result of irrigation of agricultural crops, evaporation from land increased. The rivers of the southern regions became shallow, the pollution of the oceans and the appearance of an oil film on its surface reduced the amount of water evaporated by the ocean. All this worsens the water supply of the biosphere. Taking into account the importance that water has for human life and all life on Earth, we can say that water is one of the most precious treasures of our planet.
The Earth's Hydrosphere The hydrosphere is an aquatic environment that includes surface and groundwater. Surface water is mainly concentrated in the World Ocean, which contains about 91% of all water on Earth. The surface of the World Ocean (water area) is 361 million / km square. It is about 2.04 times the land area - an area that occupies 149 million / km square. If the water is evenly distributed, it will cover the Earth with a thickness of 3000 meters. The water in the ocean (94%) and underground is salty. The amount of fresh water is 6% of the total water on Earth, and a very small proportion of only 0.36% is available in places that are easily accessible for extraction.
Each inhabitant of the Earth on average consumes 650 cubic meters of water per year (1780 liters per day). However, to meet physiological needs, 2.5 liters per day is enough, i.e. about 1 cubic meter per year. A large amount of water is required for agriculture (69%) mainly for irrigation; 23% of water is consumed by industry; 6% is spent in everyday life. Taking into account the need for water for industry and agriculture, water consumption in our country is from 125 to 350 liters per day per person (St. Petersburg 450 liters, and in Moscow 380 liters). Water is not only a condition for the life of an individual organism. Without it, the existence of the biosphere, life on Earth, would not be possible, since the circulation of substances and energy in the biosphere is possible only with the participation of water. During the water cycle, 453,000 cubic meters per year evaporate from the surface of the oceans. m. of water
Pollution of the World Ocean Every year, more than 10 million tons of oil enter the World Ocean, and up to 20% of the World Ocean is already covered with an oil film. First of all, this is due to the fact that oil and gas production in the oceans and seas has become the most important component of the oil and gas complex. In 1993, 850 million tons of oil were produced in the ocean (almost 30% of world production). About 2,500 wells have been drilled in the world, of which 800 are in the USA, 540 are in Southeast Asia, 400 are in the North Sea, and 150 are in the Persian Gulf. This mass of wells has been drilled at depths of up to 900 meters. Pollution of the oceans water transport occurs through two channels: firstly, sea and river vessels pollute it with waste resulting from operational activities, and, secondly, emissions in case of accidents, toxic cargoes, most of oil and oil products. The power plants of ships (mainly diesel engines) constantly pollute the atmosphere, from where toxic substances partially or almost completely enter the waters of rivers, seas and oceans.
Oil and oil products are the main pollutants of the water basin. On tankers carrying oil and its derivatives, before each next loading, as a rule, containers (tanks) are washed to remove the remnants of the previously transported cargo. Rinsing water, and with it the rest of the cargo, is usually dumped overboard. In addition, after the delivery of oil cargoes to the ports of destination, tankers most often go to the new loading point without cargo. In this case, to ensure proper draft and navigation safety, the ship's tanks are filled with ballast water. This water is polluted with oil residues, and before loading oil and oil products, it is poured into the sea. Of the total cargo turnover of the world's maritime fleet, at present 49% will fall on oil and its derivatives. Every year, about 6,000 tankers of international fleets transport 3.5 billion tons of oil (2000). With the growth of oil cargo transportation and accidents, more and more oil began to fall into the ocean. According to 1988 data, about 20 billion tons of garbage were dumped into all the seas of the world. 98,000 tons of garbage were dumped into the North Sea alone. Pollution of the oceans
A serious environmental threat to life in the oceans and, consequently, to humans is the disposal of radioactive waste (RW) on the seabed and the discharge of liquid radioactive waste (LRW) into the sea. Western countries(USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, etc.) and the USSR since 1946. began to actively use the ocean depths in order to get rid of radioactive waste. From 1966 to 1991, the USSR dumped liquid radioactive waste into the Far Eastern seas (mainly near the south-eastern part of Kamchatka and in the Sea of Japan). The Northern Fleet annually dumped 10,000 cubic meters of such waste into the water. Up to 2 million seabirds and 100,000 marine animals, including up to 30,000 seals, die every year by swallowing any plastic products or getting entangled in pieces of nets and cables.
Up to 2 million seabirds and 100,000 marine animals, including up to 30,000 seals, die every year by swallowing any plastic products or getting entangled in pieces of nets and cables.
The main routes of hydrosphere pollution The main routes of hydrosphere pollution Pollution by oil and oil products Pollution by sewage Pollution by heavy metals Pollution by acid rain Radioactive pollution Thermal pollution Mechanical pollution Bacterial and biological pollution
1. Pollution by oil and oil products. It leads to the appearance of oil slicks, which impedes the processes of photosynthesis in water due to the cessation of access to sunlight, and also causes the death of plants and animals. Each ton of oil creates an oil slick on an area of up to 12 square kilometers. Restoration of affected ecosystems takes 10-15 years; 2. Pollution by sewage as a result industrial production, mineral and organic fertilizers as a result of agricultural production, as well as communal - domestic waste. Leads to eutrophication of water bodies - their enrichment with nutrients, leading to excessive development of algae and the death of other ecosystems of water bodies with stagnant water (lakes and ponds), and sometimes to swamping of the area; 3. Pollution with heavy metals. Violates the vital activity of aquatic organisms and humans; 4. Pollution by acid rain. Leads to acidification of water bodies and the death of ecosystems;
6. Radioactive contamination. Associated with the release of radioactive waste; 7. Thermal pollution. It is caused by the discharge of heated water from thermal power plants and nuclear power plants into water bodies. Leads to the mass development of blue-green algae, the so-called water bloom, a decrease in the amount of oxygen and negatively affects the flora and fauna of water bodies; 8. Mechanical pollution. Increases the content of mechanical impurities; 5. Bacterial and biological contamination. Associated with various pathogenic organisms, fungi and algae. The world economy discharges annually 1500 km3 of cubic wastewater of various degrees of purification, which require 50-100-fold dilution to give them natural properties and further purification in the biosphere. This does not take into account the water of agricultural production. World river flow (37.5 - 45 thousand cubic meters per year) is insufficient for the necessary dilution of wastewater. Thus, as a result of industrial activities, fresh water has ceased to be a renewable resource. Consider in turn the pollution of oceans, seas, rivers and lakes, as well as methods of wastewater treatment.
The biological factors of self-purification of the reservoir include algae, molds and yeast fungi. Representatives of the animal world can also contribute to the self-purification of water bodies from bacteria and viruses. Each mollusk filters more than 30 liters of water per day. The purity of reservoirs is unthinkable without the protection of their vegetation. Only on the basis of a deep knowledge of the ecological state of each reservoir, effective control over the development of various living organisms inhabiting it, it is possible to achieve positive results, ensure transparency and high biological productivity of rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Other factors also adversely affect the processes of self-purification of water bodies. Chemical pollution of water bodies with industrial waste and inhibits natural oxidative processes, kills microorganisms. The same applies to the discharge of thermal wastewater from thermal power plants.
multi-stage process, sometimes stretching for long time– self-cleaning from oil. Under natural conditions, the complex of physical processes of self-purification of water from oil consists of a number of components: evaporation; settling of lumps, especially those overloaded with sediment and dust; adhesion of lumps suspended in the water column; floating lumps forming a film with inclusions of water and air; reduction in the concentrations of suspended and dissolved oil due to settling, floating and mixing with clean water. The intensity of these processes depends on the properties of a particular type of oil (density, viscosity, coefficient of thermal expansion), the presence of colloids in water, suspended particles of plankton, etc., air temperature and sunlight.
Protection of the World Ocean In 1983, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Marine Environment came into force. In 1984, the states of the Baltic basin signed the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment in Helsinki. Baltic Sea. It was the first international agreement at the regional level. As a result of the work carried out, the content of oil products in the open waters of the Baltic Sea has decreased by 20 times compared to 1975. In 1992, the ministers of 12 states and a representative of the European Community signed a new Convention for the Protection of the Baltic Sea Environment.
Protection of the World Ocean In 1972, the London Convention was signed, prohibiting the dumping of radioactive and toxic chemical waste on the bottom of the seas and oceans. Russia also joined this convention. Warships, in accordance with international law, do not need permission to dump. In 1993, the dumping of liquid radioactive waste into the sea was prohibited. In 1982, the III UN Conference on the Law of the Sea adopted the Convention on the Peaceful Use of the World Ocean in the Interests of All Countries and Peoples, which contains about 1,000 international legal norms governing all major issues of the use of ocean resources. Article 58 of the Constitution Russian Federation: Everyone has an obligation to conserve nature and environment take care of natural resources.
The main water pollutants:
Lean use Waste-free production Wastewater treatment
Wastewater treatment system: Grids Sand-grease separators Primary clarifiers Aerotanks Screen out large debris Retain grease and sand Retain sediment Activated sludge oxidizes organic pollutants
Taking water samples
Settling ponds
Before being supplied to the city, the quality of water undergoes numerous checks, even its smell is evaluated.
Conclusion: Careful use of fresh water, timely and effective wastewater treatment, protection of water resources, reduce their scarcity and increase the possibility of their use.
Sustainable use of water “Water stands apart in the history of our planet. There is no natural body that could compare with it in terms of its influence on the course of the most grandiose geological processes. There is no earthly substance, mineral, rock, living body that does not contain it. All earthly matter ... is permeated and embraced by it. IN AND. Vernadsky
Water Water is one of the most important natural resources, largely determining the technical and social progress of certain regions and countries. The amount of fresh water consumed is hundreds of times greater than the consumption of all other types of natural resources combined. It is the water cycle that forms the basis of the technogenic circulation of substances and the transformation of energy associated with it in ecological and economic systems. Our planet is rich in water resources, but fresh water accounts for about 2%, and suitable (and convenient) for use - only 0.01%. Antarctica contains three times more water than all the rivers of the world, and Baikal contains 10% of all fresh water in the world, and of the highest quality.
The basis of Russia's water resources is river runoff. In average water years, it is 4262 km 3, of which about 90% falls on the river basins flowing into the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. More than 80% of Russia's population and its main industrial and agricultural potential are concentrated in the river basins flowing into the Caspian and Azov Seas. The five largest rivers in Russia: the Yenisei (630 km 3), Lena (532), Ob (404), Amur (344) and Volga (254 km 3). They provide 46% of the total fresh water flow from the territory of our country.
The physiological need of a person for water is 2-3 liters. per day. The social norm of water consumption in Moscow is 135 liters. in a day. The specific water consumption in residential buildings in Moscow in 2005 was 357 l/day. (at the standard - 135 l.). The average level of water consumption in Europe is, in l / day: Germany - 130, Denmark - 134, the Netherlands - 158, England - 170, France - 175, Italy - 230.
The distribution of volumes of water consumed (in %) by industry is shown below: woodworking19.4 chemical industry18.3 electric power industry14.4 ferrous metallurgy9.5 coal industry8.8 mechanical engineering8.6 non-ferrous metallurgy6.5 oil refining3.1 defense industry2.3 light industry2.0 food industry industry1.7 building materials industry1.7 oil production0.3 gas industry0.08
Main rivers: The main rivers: Volga, Don, Kuban, Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Pechora, are assessed as "polluted", their major tributaries: Oka, Kama, Tom, Irtysh, Tobol, Miass, Viset, Tura, as heavily polluted. The water in the Moskva River is classified as dirty and extremely dirty. Main pollutants: Main pollutants: compounds of copper, iron, nitrate nitrogen, oil products. Below the discharges of the Kuryanovskaya and Lyuberetskaya aeration stations, ammonium nitrogen and formaldehyde were found in the river water, the average annual concentration of which reached 8–22 MPC.
Creation of closed water circulation systems The annual flow of the Volga is 254 km3. The volume of wastewater entering the Volga basin is about 22 km3. exhaustion of the neutralizing (self-purifying and diluting) capacity of water bodies; economic benefits
If the cost of a 90% degree of wastewater treatment is taken as a unit, then treatment at 99% will cost about 10 times more, and treatment at 99.9%, which is often required to achieve MPC, will be 100 times more expensive. As a result, local wastewater treatment for the purpose of their reuse in production in most cases turns out to be much cheaper than their full treatment in accordance with the requirements of sanitary standards. In general, recycling turns out to be more profitable than a once-through water supply system.
Basic principles for the creation of closed water circulation systems A matter of paramount importance in the creation of closed water circulation systems is the development of science-based requirements for the quality of water used in all technological processes and operations. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the maximum allowable limits of the main water quality indicators, which are mainly determined by the following factors:
The quality of the resulting product should not deteriorate; trouble-free operation of the equipment must be ensured; it should not collapse due to corrosion, deposits should not appear on the walls, etc.; not affect the health of service personnel by changing the toxicological or epidemiological characteristics of water.
The main methods of processing (purification) of wastewater Classification of methods: methods based on the separation of impurities without changing the latter, such as sedimentation or filtration - physical or mechanical methods; methods based on the transformation of impurities into other forms or states, physical and chemical: - coagulation; – flotation; – crystallization; – formation of poorly soluble compounds; – oxidation or reduction; – membrane processes; – ion exchange; – extraction, etc. biochemical methods (aerobic and anaerobic).
Removal of organic substances Aerobic process For the vital activity of living organisms, it is necessary to maintain the appropriate conditions: process temperature C; medium pH 6.5-7.5; the ratio of biogenic elements BOD n: N: P is not more than 100:5:1; oxygen mode - not lower than 2 mgO 2 /l; the content of toxic substances is not higher: tetraethyl lead - 0.001 mg / l, compounds of beryllium, titanium, hexavalent chromium and carbon monoxide - 0.01 mg / l, compounds of bismuth, vanadium, cadmium and nickel - 0.1 mg / l, copper sulfate - 0 .2 mg/l, potassium cyanide - 2 mg/l, etc.
Anaerobic process In this case, biological oxidation of organic substances occurs in the absence of free oxygen due to chemically bound in such compounds as SO 4 2-, SO 3 2- and CO. The main technological parameters of the process are: temperature in mesophilic conditions C, thermophilic C; pH from 6.7 to 7.4 (an increase in pH causes a decrease in the rate of the fermentation process, and at a pH above 8 it stops); the concentration of organic substances (according to BOD) is usually above 5000 mgO 2 /l, however, at a high concentration of microorganisms (1-3%), the anaerobic process also proceeds at a lower content of organic substances - up to 1000 mgO 2 /l; microbes are sensitive to the presence of certain compounds, especially peroxides and chlorine- and sulfur-containing derivatives, so in some cases they have to be removed beforehand.
Cleaning from inorganic substances Cleaning methods: 1. Distillation. 2. Membrane (electrodialysis and reverse osmosis). Electrodialysis is based on the directed transfer of ions of dissociated salts in a direct current field through selective membranes made of natural or synthetic materials. Reverse osmosis. Separation process aqueous solutions by filtering them through semi-permeable membranes under pressure much higher than osmotic pressure. 3. Ion exchange. Ion exchange still remains the main method for preparing deeply demineralized water for nuclear power plants and thermal power plants with high, ultrahigh and critical pressure steam boilers, as well as for obtaining ultrapure and demineralized water for chemical, electronic and some other industries.
North-west of the Russian Plain - the lake region; North-west of the Russian Plain - the lake region; The southeast of the Russian Plain, the Central Russian Upland, the Urals are experiencing a lack of water. The southeast of the Russian Plain, the Central Russian Upland, the Urals are experiencing a lack of water. Siberia is rich in water resources (man uses mainly river water). Siberia is rich in water resources (man uses mainly river water). Placement of water resources
Composition of the hydrosphere Volume of water, thousand km 3 Share of each part in the total volume, % World Ocean,96 Groundwater,12 Including zones of active water exchange 40000.65 Glaciers,65 Lakes 2800.019 Soil moisture 830.006 Atmospheric vapor 140.001 River water 120.001 Fresh water reserves, according to the latest data, amount to 35 million km 3, i.e. only 2% of the total reserves, and taking into account some of the fresh water inaccessible for use, conserved in the form of ice in polar glaciers, 0.3 volume of the hydrosphere
Source of fresh water Volume of fresh water, thousand km 3 Share of each source in the total volume Glaciers Groundwater Lakes and reservoirs 1550.6 Soil moisture 830.3 Atmospheric vapor 140.05 River water 120.0004 For the renewal of fresh water resources, the circulation is of decisive importance water that binds together all parts of the hydrosphere. In the water cycle, such basic elements as atmospheric, oceanic and continental are distinguished. Under the action of the heat radiated by the sun, water evaporates from the surface of the World Ocean, seas, lakes and rivers and then settles on the surface of water basins and land. The volume of water evaporating from the surface of the oceans exceeds the volume of precipitation by about a thousand km 3 Academician A.E. Fersman called fresh water the most important mineral on Earth. Distribution of fresh water resources
Each inhabitant of the European part of Russia has 8500 m 3 of water per year. For one inhabitant of Siberia, m 3 per year. In the southern regions of Russia, there is a shortage of water. The water problem is very acute in the Urals, since the rivers of the Urals are shallow. Inventory data
Water use Water consumption 1. Fisheries 1. Industry 2. Hydropower 2. Agriculture 3. River transport 3. Municipal 4. Bathing in the river economy 5. Fishing on the shore with a fishing rod. with a fishing rod. Water use Water users pollute water, worsen its quality. As a result, water consumption becomes less, i. its quantity decreases, the quality of water changes due to runoff.
Features of water resources: Features of water resources: Mainly fresh water is used; Mostly fresh water is used; Multipurpose use; Multipurpose use; Used locally; Used locally; Uneven placement; Uneven placement; Updated as a result of the world cycle. Updated as a result of the world cycle.
APPROXIMATE DISTRIBUTION OF MODERN VOLUMES OF WATER CONSUMPTION BY WATER-INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES OF THE RF TECHNOLOGICAL FRESH TURNOVER VOLUME, W T WATER, W SW WATER, W ABOUT HOUSING AND UTILITIES; 19.5 km3; 17.9 km3; 1.6 km 3 AGRICULTURE; 13.3 km 3; 12.6 km 3; 0.8 km 3 INDUSTRY; 166 km 3; 39.7 km 3; 127 km 3
1. Pursuing a water saving policy based on: reducing the water intensity of industries reducing the water intensity of industries Reducing water losses (due to closed circulating water supply) Reducing water losses (due to closed circulating water supply)
2. Involvement of additional fresh water resources due to: increase in the volume of groundwater use; increasing the use of groundwater; desalination sea water; desalination of sea water; collection of melt and rainwater in underground storages; collection of melt and rainwater in underground storages; regulation of river flow through the construction of reservoirs; regulation of river flow through the construction of reservoirs; transfer of river runoff. transfer of river runoff.
State of water resources One of the most important issues in the water management justification of projects is the analysis of the transformation of natural resources into disposable ones. The ratio of natural and available water resources depends on the hydrological regime (natural variability of annual runoff, intra-annual distribution); scope and regime of requirements and its compliance with the hydrological regime; the share of runoff that is obligatory for conservation in the interests of the environment, sanitary release, etc. on the one hand, and the possibility of regulating the runoff by reservoirs and its territorial redistribution. One of the most important issues in the water management justification of projects is the analysis of the transformation of natural resources into disposable ones. The ratio of natural and available water resources depends on the hydrological regime (natural variability of annual runoff, intra-annual distribution); scope and regime of requirements and its compliance with the hydrological regime; the share of runoff that is obligatory for conservation in the interests of the environment, sanitary release, etc. on the one hand, and the possibility of regulating the runoff by reservoirs and its territorial redistribution.
It is obvious, therefore, that the available resources are determined both by natural causes and by the availability of financial resources. It is obvious, therefore, that the available resources are determined both by natural causes and by the availability of financial resources.
Among the measures to increase and save available resources are, first of all, their rational use, which provides for water-saving technologies, primarily recycling and reuse of the water supply system; combating unproductive water losses; reduction of specific norms of water consumption; introduction of progressive irrigation methods; saving resources through alternative measures, for example, the creation of a system of low-pressure waterworks to ensure navigation, eliminating the need for high navigation flows. Among the measures to increase and save available resources are, first of all, their rational use, which provides for water-saving technologies, primarily recycling and reuse of the water supply system; combating unproductive water losses; reduction of specific norms of water consumption; introduction of progressive irrigation methods; saving resources through alternative measures, for example, the creation of a system of low-pressure waterworks to ensure navigation, eliminating the need for high navigation flows.
The most water-consuming industries include: energy, mining, metallurgical and chemical. For example, for smelting * 1 ton of pig iron and processing it into steel and rolled products, about 300 m 3 of water are consumed, for the manufacture of 1 ton of aluminum 1500, copper 500, paper 900, synthetic rubber, artificial fiber 4000 m 3. Agriculture consumes even more water . At present, water consumption in irrigated agriculture is estimated by experts at 1400 kmE/year. So for production herbal products consumes about 6 times more water than all other types of water consumption combined.
Planning measures for water supply requires a reliable forecast of future water consumption. Mathematical extrapolation of the processed data of the retrospective period is not very reliable. The reason is the lack of reliable information about the actual water consumption. Planning measures for water supply requires a reliable forecast of future water consumption. Mathematical extrapolation of the processed data of the retrospective period is not very reliable. The reason is the lack of reliable information about the actual water consumption. Reducing water consumption
Correct forecasting is possible only on the basis of a survey of typical objects of different sectors of the economy in different natural and economic zones. In parallel, the reliability of the measuring equipment used, the technology of measurements and the method of their processing are evaluated. Correct forecasting is possible only on the basis of a survey of typical objects of different sectors of the economy in different natural and economic zones. In parallel, the reliability of the measuring equipment used, the technology of measurements and the method of their processing are evaluated. The forecast of water consumption should take into account the change in the range of products, the dynamics of scientific and technological progress, the desire to reduce material and labor resources, the complete or partial elimination of the consequences of a negative impact on the environment. The forecast of water consumption should take into account the change in the range of products, the dynamics of scientific and technological progress, the desire to reduce material and labor resources, the complete or partial elimination of the consequences of a negative impact on the environment.
Environmental aspects The main reasons for the qualitative depletion of water resources are their pollution and clogging. Water pollution is their saturation with harmful substances in such quantities or combinations that the quality of water deteriorates and the water body is recognized as polluted in accordance with accepted standards. In contrast to pollution, clogging of waters is understood as the entry into a reservoir of foreign, water-insoluble objects that do not change the quality of water, but affect the qualitative state of the channels of reservoirs. The main sources of pollution are wastewater from the oil, petrochemical, chemical, coal, pulp and paper and metallurgical industries. The intensification of agricultural production, associated with the introduction of large doses of mineral fertilizers, the use of chemical plant protection products, the organization of livestock complexes, also leads to a significant increase in pollution of water bodies and watercourses.
About 160 km 3 of industrial wastewater is discharged into rivers every year around the world. It is assumed that by the year 2000 the discharge of sewage will reach 2400 km 3. The main water pollutants are oil and oil products. According to experts, oil inflows into the World Ocean amount to about a million tons per year. Water pollution by oil occurs as a result of its natural outcrops to the surface in areas of occurrence, during extraction, transportation, processing and subsequent use. The flow of oil into the World Ocean from the areas of natural occurrence of oil reservoirs is approximately 0.5 million tons/year.
Regional ecological and economic problems of Russia should be solved not only at the level of international environmental activities. A significant contribution to the resolution of the problem is called upon to make actions for the rational implementation of economic activity, which are considered in the course of economic geography and regional studies in the aspect of the problem of structural restructuring of the economy of regions with a high concentration of productive forces and a large anthropogenic load. Along with the process of formation of organic matter in the biosphere, the process of its consumption and decomposition by heterotrophic organisms into initial mineral compounds (CO2, HiO, etc.) proceeds. Heterotrophs use ready-made organic substances for their nutrition. These include humans, all animals, some plants and microorganisms (most bacteria, etc.). On the basis of these processes, with the participation of all organisms inhabiting the biosphere, the circulation of organic matter is carried out, which is called the small, or biological, circulation of substances and the flow of energy, which forms the basis of the biosphere. There is also a large, or geological, circulation caused by solar energy and most clearly manifested in the circulation of water and the atmosphere. The geological cycle is the exchange of matter between the oceans and land. Both of these cycles are interconnected. The intensity of the biological cycle depends on natural conditions and manifests itself through emerging (in relation to these conditions) ecosystems. An ecosystem (from the Greek ecos a dwelling, a residence and systema a whole made up of parts) is a single natural complex formed by living organisms and their habitat (atmosphere, soil, water, etc.), in which living and inert (inorganic) components are interconnected by the exchange of substances and energy. Often, the term "biogeocenosis" is used as a synonym for the ecosystem.
Practically in all economically developed regions, a depressed state of aquatic ecosystems and a decrease in their biological productivity are observed. To a large extent, this is due to large-scale hydraulic engineering construction and a sharp increase in wastewater volumes. Practically in all economically developed regions, a depressed state of aquatic ecosystems and a decrease in their biological productivity are observed. To a large extent, this is due to large-scale hydraulic engineering construction and a sharp increase in wastewater volumes.
From the materials of the report “Ecological state and monitoring of water bodies; Protection of Fresh Waters from Pollution and Depletion” at the VI International Hydrological Congress Koskin S.S., Nikanorov A.M., Moiseenko T.I., Shelutko V.A. (Water Resources Agency) Percent distribution of wastewater discharged to surface sources Percent distribution of wastewater discharged to surface sources
The main task of the rational and integrated use of water is the formation of a complex natural-technogenic system. The main task of the rational and integrated use of water is the formation of a complex natural-technogenic system. A feature of such artificial systems is a large number of factors, parameters and elements of the system, characterized by a close relationship. Optimal (or close to optimal) control of such a system is possible only as a result of a deep study of all relationships in the process of system operation. A feature of such artificial systems is a large number of factors, parameters and elements of the system, characterized by a close relationship. Optimal (or close to optimal) control of such a system is possible only as a result of a deep study of all relationships in the process of system operation. Methodology for rational and integrated use and protection of water resources
The apparatus for solving such problems is system analysis (a set of methodological tools used to prepare and justify decisions on a whole range of problems of a political, military, social, economic, environmental and scientific nature). The apparatus for solving such problems is system analysis (a set of methodological tools used to prepare and justify decisions on a whole range of problems of a political, military, social, economic, environmental and scientific nature). When the choice of factors requires the analysis of complex information of various physical nature in the arsenal of system analysis tools, both mathematical models that describe the process of system functioning and methods for making reasonable, so-called. "volitional decisions". When the choice of factors requires the analysis of complex information of various physical nature in the arsenal of system analysis tools, both mathematical models that describe the process of system functioning and methods for making reasonable, so-called. "volitional decisions". Mathematical models that simultaneously describe both natural processes and the mode of their interaction with water management complexes is a rather complicated task. The application of system analysis in this case consists in carrying out water management calculations, one of the main components of which is the water management balance. Mathematical models that simultaneously describe both natural processes and the mode of their interaction with water management complexes is a rather complicated task. The application of system analysis in this case consists in carrying out water management calculations, one of the main components of which is the water management balance.
The problem of the Baltic Sea Every year about a million tons of nitrogen and almost 40 thousand tons of phosphorus are discharged into the Baltic Sea. The main pollutants are domestic wastewater and agriculture (fertilizers). The biggest polluter among the Baltic states is Poland with its large-scale agriculture. The agricultural policy of the EU stimulates the development of large agro-combines that use artificial mineral fertilizers. Poland and the countries of the Baltic region receiving agricultural subsidies could double the total amount of nitrogen entering the sea in the coming years. The Swedish government is going to change the current state of affairs - Stockholm intends to introduce quotas for the discharge of phosphorus and nitrogen into the sea. The model will be taken to limit carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Sweden proposes to install windmills at the bottom of the sea to mix the water, and to grow mussels that intensively assimilate nitrogen and phosphorus from the water.
Aims and objectives of the lesson: Consider the importance of water in human life, assess the water resources of Russia and their distribution in time and space. Consider the importance of water in human life, assess the water resources of Russia and their distribution in time and space. To consolidate knowledge about the inland waters of Russia (concepts, types of water). To consolidate knowledge about the inland waters of Russia (concepts, types of water).
For daily needs, a person consumes liters of water, and about a cubic meter per year. m of water.
Russia is rich in water resources, but they are unevenly distributed: the northwest of the Russian Plain is a lake region, very well supplied with water, and the southeast of the Russian Plain, the Central Russian Upland, and the Urals are experiencing a lack of water. The main reserves of fresh water are concentrated in lakes, glaciers and groundwater. A person uses mainly river water, these are annually renewable water resources, which Siberia is rich in. Russia is rich in water resources, but they are unevenly distributed: the northwest of the Russian Plain is a lake region, very well supplied with water, and the southeast of the Russian Plain, the Central Russian Upland, and the Urals are experiencing a lack of water. The main reserves of fresh water are concentrated in lakes, glaciers and groundwater. A person uses mainly river water, these are annually renewable water resources, which Siberia is rich in.
Human impact on water resources, water consumption. Water use: 1. Fisheries 2. Hydropower 3. River transport 4. Bathing in the river 5. Fishing on the shore Water users pollute water, worsen its quality streets As a result, water consumption is decreasing, water quality is changing due to runoff
Water protection, recycling water supply system. How to keep water clean for us and future generations of Russians? 1. Build treatment facilities, and reconstruct many treatment facilities. 2. Improve production technology at enterprises. For example, introduce a circulating water supply system. Waste water is treated and reused at the same enterprise. 3. Saving water consumption, payment for each cubic meter according to the meter.
