Separating pronouns in English. Pronouns Pronouns in English

Pronoun(Pronoun) - a part of speech that denotes persons, objects, phenomena that have already been previously mentioned in a speech or text, without naming them. Thus, pronouns allow you to avoid repeating the same nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech.

V English language There are several groups of pronouns. This article will cover personal, possessive, returnable and expressive pronouns.

Other types of pronouns are discussed in other articles: reciprocal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, indefinite pronouns.

PERSONAL SEATS. PERSONAL PRONOUNS		POSSESSIVE PLACES. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS		RETURNS (EXPRESSIVE) PRONOUNS
Them. case Who? What?	Object case To whom? Whom? By whom? What? How?	Front existing nouns	Without existing nouns	RETURNS (EXPRESSIVE) PRONOUNS
Singular
I I am	me me, me, me	my my, my, my, my	mine my, my, my, my	myself myself, myself
you you	you you, you, you	your yours, yours, yours, yours	yours yours, yours, yours, yours	yourself yourself, you yourself
he he	him him, him, them	his his	his his	himself himself, himself
she she	her her, her, her	her her	hers her	herself herself, she herself
it it	it him, him, them	its him, that	its (not used)	itself itself, it is
Plural
we we	us us, us, us	our ours, ours, ours, ours	ours ours, ours, ours, ours	ourselves ourselves, ourselves
you you	you you, you, you	your yours, yours, yours, yours	yours yours, yours, yours, yours	yourselves yourself, you yourself
they they	them them, them, them	their their	theirs their	themselves themselves, they themselves

Them. case Who? What?	Object case To whom? Whom? By whom? What? How?
I I am	me me, me
you you	you you, you
he he	him him, him, them
she she	her her, her, her
it it	it him, him, them
we we	us us, us, us
you you	you you, you, you
they they	them them, them, them

Before nouns	No noun
my my, mine, mine	mine my, mine, mine
your yours, yours, yours	yours yours, yours, yours
his his	his his
her her	hers her
its him, that	its (not used)
our ours, ours, ours, ours	ours ours, ours, ours, ours
your yours, yours, yours, yours	yours yours, yours, yours, yours
their their	theirs their

reflexive pronouns

myself
myself, myself

yourself
yourself, you yourself

himself
himself, himself

herself
herself, she herself

itself
itself, it is

ourselves
ourselves, ourselves

yourselves
yourself, you yourself

themselves
themselves, they themselves

Personal pronouns

Main purpose personal pronouns(Personal Pronouns) - substitution of nouns, if it is clear from the context what or who is being discussed. Personal pronouns are divided into pronouns in nominative and object cases.

Pronouns in nominative case are the subject of the sentence and indicate the one who performs the action.. These are pronouns I(I am), we(we), you(you you), he(he), she(she), it(it, it) they(they).

John is the manager.- John is a manager.
He is a good guy.- He is a good guy.

We listen to him. We are listening to him.
They tell her stories. They tell her stories (hang noodles on her ears).

I, We

Pronouns I and we refer to the speaker. I stands in the singular form, we- in the plural form and correspond to the Russian pronouns " I am" and " we».

I am ill.- I got sick.
I can speak 5 languages.– I can speak five languages

We are late.- We are late.
We are going to the zoo tomorrow. We will go to the zoo tomorrow.

In English, always, when talking about oneself and about someone else, oneself is mentioned last, after other people.

My friends and I went to the club yesterday. Me and my friends went to the club yesterday.
Richard and I are old friends. Richard and I are old friends.

You

In English, the pronoun you points to the only you) and plural ( you). Accordingly, the verb after you always follows in the plural form. into Russian pronoun you passed as " you" or " You» ( polite form) depending on the context.

You are my friend.- You're my friend.
You, students, have to stay here. You students must stay here.
Would you be so kind to pass some bread?“Would you be so kind as to pass me some bread?”

He, She

Pronouns he(they she(she) are only used to refer to people in the third person singular.

He is a nice guy!- He is a good guy!
He won the Nobel prize.- He won the Nobel Prize.

She is really beautiful.– She is really beautiful.
She has already done all her homework. She has already done her best homework.

It

Pronoun it(this, it) denotes all inanimate objects, events, phenomena, concepts. Also it used to refer to animals.

I had a dream. It was about you.- I had a dream. It was about you.
I put this figurine on the table but it fell. I put this figurine on the table, but it fell.
If I had a dog it would be big. – If I had a dog, he would be big.

Pronoun it can also be used with people when the speaker is trying to identify another person.

It was my sister I went to the restaurant with, not my girlfriend. I went to the restaurant with my sister, not with my girlfriend.
I saw you with someone yesterday. Was it your friend?. - No it wasn't.– I saw you with someone yesterday. Was it your friend? - No, not him.

Pronoun it used in disjunctive questions when the subject is expressed in words nothing(nothing, nothing) everything(all), this(this), that(that).

Nothing has changed, has it ?“Nothing has changed, has it?
Everything is alright, isn't it?- It's OK, really?
This isn't your car, is it? This is not your car, is it?
That was a good day, wasn't it?- It was a good day, wasn't it?

Pronoun it can be used in impersonal sentences as a formal subject. In such sentences, there is no person performing the action, and the subject or object is expressed with an infinitive or a subordinate clause. For example, this occurs in statements about time, weather, temperature, distance, and so on. In this case it can be translated as " it' or go down.

It is cloudy today.- It's cloudy today.
It was six o'clock when I came back. It was six o'clock when I returned.
It will take some time to go there.– It will take some time to go there.
It was a very productive day.– It was a very productive day.
It is really hard to find flowers you like. It is difficult to find flowers that you love.

They

Pronoun they(they) is used to refer to both a multitude of people and things.

Luckily I have found my keys. They were in your pocket. Luckily I found the keys. They were in your pocket.
I saw some people in front of our city office. They were protesting against something.“I saw a few people in front of City Hall. They were protesting against something.

Objective case

Objective case in English corresponds to the genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional cases in Russian.

The pronoun and noun in the objective case answer the questions: whom? to whom? by whom? about whom? In a sentence, the object case acts as an object or pronoun in short sentences.

I love you and you love me.- I love you, and you love me.
Don't blame us for your own mistakes. Don't blame us for your own mistakes.
Jack asked him some personal questions. Jack asked him some personal questions.
I need to talk to Kate, call her, please.- I need to talk to Kate, call her, please.
Don't tell my mom about it. Don't tell my mom about this.
I can't find my keys, so probably I have lost them . I can't find my keys, that's probably why I lost them.

Who did that? Jack? - Not him!- Who did this? Jack? - Not him!
I'm so exhausted. - Me too.- I'm so tired. - And I.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns(Possessive Pronouns) in English express belonging and answer the question " Whose? Possessive pronouns can take relative and absolute form.

Relative form

Relative form possessive pronouns used in conjunction with the word to which it refers, usually a noun. This form of the pronoun performs the function of definition in the sentence. Possessive pronouns in relative form are also sometimes called possessive adjectives(Possessive Adjectives).

My friends will come soon.- My friends will be here soon.
Where is your family?- Where is your family?
His ideas are not new.“His ideas are not new.
Their daughter is beautiful.“Their daughter is beautiful.

English possessive pronouns are not translated into Russian when they are combined with nouns denoting parts of the body or personal belongings of the owner.

Mark came in with his coat in his hands. Mark entered with a cloak in his hands.
Kate braided her hair. Kate braided her hair.

In English reflexive pronouns(Reflexive Pronouns) are used when the action is directed at itself, when the subject and object in the sentence are the same person. They can be translated into Russian by adding a particle - Xia or - camping to the verb or reflexive pronoun " myself».

I cut myself while cooking.- I cut myself when I was cooking.
You are not a child. You should take care of yourself.- You're not a child. You must look after yourself.
They told themselves to calm down and relax. They told themselves to calm down and relax.
We prepared ourselves for the worse.“We set ourselves up for the worst.

Unlike Russian, in English some verbs are not used with reflexive pronouns. For example, these are verbs that indicate actions that people usually do themselves: wash(wash), shave(to shave), dress(dress), feel(feel, feel) and others. The use of such verbs is best checked in a dictionary.

I feel bad today. - I don't feel well today.
He can't afford buying it. He can't afford to buy this.
These flowers are beautiful that's why they are selling well. These flowers are beautiful, so they sell well.
We tried to concentrate on the problem.- We tried focus on the problem.

reflexive pronouns can sometimes be used instead of personal pronouns after words: as(how), like(like, like) but (for)(but, except) and except (for)(except for) to express politeness:

This organization was found to protect people like yourselves . This organization was founded to help people like you.
Everybody had fun on that party but myself. Everyone was having fun at that party except me.

Expressive pronouns

Expressive pronouns(Intensive Pronouns) are used to emphasize that an action is performed independently, without outside help. The form of expressive pronouns completely coincides with the form reflexive pronouns, but they can be used with almost all verbs. They are translated into Russian as " myself», « itself», « self», « themselves". They may come after the noun they refer to, or at the end of a sentence. Sometimes they can be used with prepositions by, for(for) and others.

Behave yourself!- Behave yourself!
Janice cooked a big meal herself. Janice cooked a big dinner herself.
Janice cooked a big meal for herself. Janice cooked a big dinner for herself.
I did my homework (by) myself.– I did my homework myself.
The dog itself can't open this door. The dog itself cannot open this door.

Pronouns are one of the most extensive sections of English grammar: there is a classification according to which pronouns in English are divided into several categories. We will look at some of them:

Personal
Possessive
Absolute
indefinite
Refundable

Each of these groups has its own meaning and scope, which will be discussed below. For ease of memorization and greater clarity, a table is placed at the end of each section devoted to a particular group of pronouns.

English pronouns

Of course, in order to learn all kinds of English pronouns, you need to do oral and written exercises for practice.

Personal Pronouns

This is the very first group of pronouns that every person who starts learning English gets acquainted with. English personal pronouns correspond to Russian ones: they serve in the same way to indicate animate and inanimate objects. Personal pronouns answer the questions "who?" and “what?”, and also have the form of an indirect case (Objective Case): in English it replaces all Russian cases, except for the nominative.

note: In English, inanimate and animated objects are of great importance: the pronouns he and she correspond to the animate, only it to the inanimate.

Examples:

She is my best friend. I love her. - She is my best friend. I love her.

He is my best friend. I love him. - He is my best friend. I love him.

Here is a window. It is big. Open it, please. - Here is the window. It is big. Open it please.

Possessive Pronouns

They indicate the ownership or possession of an object and answer the questions “Whose? Whose? Whose?". Possessive pronouns in English have a number of differences from Russian. They:

Don't bow down
Do not have a plural form

Examples:

She is my mother. - She is my mother.

They are my parents. “They are my parents.

She loves her pets. She loves her (her) pets.

Ann and Mike have their breakfast at 8 o'clock. Anna and Mike have breakfast at 8 o'clock.

Our cat cares of its kittens. Our cat takes care of her (her) kittens.

Please note: in English there is no word "own": it is replaced in meaning by a suitable possessive pronoun.

Absolute pronouns (Absolute Pronouns)

Absolute pronouns are a phenomenon that is completely absent in the Russian language, so their perception and use may at first present a certain difficulty. They, in fact, are practically the same as possessive pronouns (that is, they answer the questions “Whose?”, “Whose?”, “Whose?”), But do not require after themselves the names of objects whose belonging is determined.

Items are meant to be:

- Whose umbrella is it? - My (umbrella).

Just like possessive pronouns, absolute pronouns do not change by case and do not have plural forms. Most absolute pronouns are formed with the ending -s added to the possessive, but three of them have their own form:

mine (my, mine, mine, mine), its (his, her inanimate) and his (his).

Examples:

Whose umbrella is it? - It's mine. Whose umbrella is this? - My.

Whose books are these? – They are hers. Whose books are these? - Her.

Whose house is this? - It's theirs. Whose is this house? - Their.

Whose parents are they? – They are his. Whose parents are these? - His.

It is very common to use absolute pronouns in sentences where constructions with the preposition of are used, which refer to the ownership of something.

For instance:

It's my house = It's the house of mine. This is my home.

She's my best friend = She's the best friend of mine. She is my best friend.

In any grammar book there are exercises on the use of absolute pronouns, so over time you can learn how to use them correctly in speech.

Indefinite Pronouns

I've always wondered why anyone doesn't do something about it. And then I realized, I am this someone.

This is a whole group of pronouns that correspond to Russian ones that have in their composition -nibud, -to: somewhere, someone, someone, something, something. Indefinite pronouns in English are of two types - simple and complex. Simple ones have one syllable, and complex ones have two.

Simple pronouns are 'some' and 'any'. ‘Some’ denotes a certain number of items (several), and also has the meaning of “some”.

For instance:

There is some milk in the glass. There is milk in the glass (a little, a certain amount).

Give me some magazine to read. (Give me a magazine to read).

Note:

- ‘some’ can only be used in affirmative sentences or in those that contain a polite invitation to eat or drink something:

— Would you like some cola? - Do you want cola?

in negative and interrogative sentences instead of 'some' use 'any'. ‘Any’ has an independent meaning “any, everyone, anyone” and can be used both in affirmative sentences (in this meaning), and in interrogative and negative sentences instead of ‘some’.

For instance:

Any child knows it. Any child knows this.

Is there any book on the shelf? – Yes, there's some. – Is there a book on the shelf? - Yes, there is some.

English indefinite pronouns can denote both animate and inanimate objects - their method of formation depends on this.

The method of formation of pronouns denoting animated concepts:

They are made up of two parts:

- some, any (the part that translates as "some", "some")

- body (the part that translates as "body")

For instance:

Somebody - someone

Anybody - anyone

There is somebody in the room. - There is someone in the room.

Is there anyone in the room? – Is there anyone in the room?

Note:

‘some’ is used to form forms only in affirmative sentences. In interrogative sentences, it is replaced by ‘any’.

Formation of pronouns denoting inanimate objects:

They consist of two parts:

- thing (this word is translated as "thing")

For instance:

Something - something, something

Anything - something, anything (in negative and interrogative sentences)

There is something on the floor. - There is something on the floor.

Is there anything on the floor? - Is there anything on the floor?

With the help of some, any, pronouns are also formed, denoting indefinite places and distances: somewhere (somewhere, somewhere), anywwhere (somewhere, somewhere).

For instance:

She lives somewhere in the South. She lives somewhere in the south.

I don't go anywhere. - I'm not going anywhere.

Are you going anywhere? – Are you going somewhere?

By completing exercises of varying degrees of difficulty, you can learn how to use pronouns correctly in different situations. The table below gives examples with transcription, as reading them can be a bit difficult for beginners:

Reflexive Pronouns

I love myself

They are used by analogy with the Russian "himself", "himself", formed from personal pronouns in the indirect case and the suffix -self (in the singular) or -selves (in plural).

The only exceptions are myself, myself and yourself (selves) - they are formed from the forms of possessive pronouns.

For instance:

Myself - myself, myself (I) Itself - myself, myself, myself, myself (he, she, it)

Themselves - themselves, themselves (they) Herself - herself, herself (she)

I can do it myself. - I can do it myself (myself).

She can do it herself. She can do it herself.

They can do it themselves. “They can do it themselves.

He hates himself for that. He hates himself for it.

The types of pronouns discussed above are only the most basic and most used in speech. Other groups and their derivatives are a topic for another article.

Tutorial →

Personal pronouns in English differ in person, gender, and number.

SUBJECT	OBJECT
I AM	I	me, me, my	me
we	we	you, you, you, you	you
you you	you	him, him	him
he	he	her, her	her
she	she	him, her (inanimate)	it
it	it	us, us	us
they	they	them, them	them

The pronoun I (I) is always capitalized.
Pronouns in English

The pronouns he and she usually refer to people, while the pronoun it refers to other animate and inanimate objects.
The pronoun they is common to all plural nouns.
The pronoun you means both "you" and "you".

Possessive pronouns-adjectives

my, my, my, my	my
yours, yours, yours	your
his	his
her	her
him, her (inanimate)	its
their	their

Possessive pronouns-adjectives are used as a definition with a noun and are placed in a sentence before it.

The above possessive pronouns are used if they are followed by a noun. For example: His book - His book.
If they are not followed by a noun, then the so-called possessive pronouns-nouns are used.

Possessive pronouns-nouns

mine	my, my, my, my
yours	yours, yours, etc.
his	his
hers	her
its	him, her (inanimate)
ours	our
theirs	their

Example: My eyes are blue and yours are green. My eyes are blue and yours are green.

Pronouns in English

Do you want your speech to sound not only competent, but also concise, beautiful? So you should not duplicate the same noun in every sentence. Try to replace it, especially since in English grammar there is such a part of speech as a pronoun.

The Pronoun replaces a noun or an adjective. Sometimes it is quite clear from the context who or what is being said, or maybe we need to point to a certain object or show that it belongs to someone. In these cases, we use the pronoun.

Classification

The number of pronouns in English is quite large, which allows you to choose the right one based on the situation. But there is a small problem. How to understand everything? Remember? After all, some of them absolutely do not correspond to the Russian translation, and their use has so many features. But there is nothing complicated here. First, let's get acquainted with the classifications that you need to learn.

1. Personal or Personal. In another way, they can be called noun pronouns that have two cases: nominative and objective: I - me, she - her, he - him, we - us, they - them. The first of them are used as the subject, the second - additions (corresponding to the Russian accusative case: me, him, them, us).

2. Possessive pronouns in English or Possessive Pronouns answer the question whose? (whose?) and show to whom and what belongs. They also have two forms, which depend on the place in the sentence and the accompanying words: I - my, mine; he-his, his; she-her-hers; we - our, ours; you - your, yours; they - theirs, theirs.

3. Another group is distinguished returnable (Reflexive) , which are formed by attaching the endings self (singular) or selves (plural) to personal pronouns. They can be translated as sam, sama, sami, or they can be transmitted in Russian by the endings of the verb: defended Xia, bruised s.

4. K mutual (reciprocal pronouns) pronouns refer to each other, one another.

5. Demonstrative or demonstrative pronouns in English they call those that indicate one or another object, person, phenomenon, and correspond to Russian ones: those, these, that, this. This group has a number (singular and plural): this - these, that - those.

6. Interrogative pronouns (Interrogative Pronoun) : who, whom, which, what, whose. They are used as nouns or adjectives. Depending on the context, they can stand together with prepositions.

7. To the category indefinite pronouns (Indefinite Pronoun) include: some, any, something, anything, somebody, something; one, no, none, nothing, nobody, no one, much, many, few, little, all, both, either, neither, each, every, other. How much! All of them belong to this group, since they do not indicate, do not designate something or someone specific, but convey the meaning of something unknown, indefinite, generalized.

Main characteristics and categories of English pronouns

The whole difficulty in studying this part of speech is that they cannot be lumped under the same brush. After all, some of them have certain properties, and some do not.

Number. Some pronouns have the category of number: this - these (this is these), that - those (that - those). The rest can be characterized either only singular or plural.
Case. Like nouns, some indefinite pronouns (somebody, anybody, nobody) can take the possessive (adding ‘s) and common. Personal can stand in the nominative or object cases (I - me). But the majority, nevertheless, does not accept this category.

English pronouns in a sentence

Just want to note that they are very significant in any phrase. So, these parts of speech perform the functions:

1. Subject- are in the first place (pronouns-nouns).

He is a shy boy with a lot of hang-ups. - He is a timid guy with many complexes.

2. Nominal part of the predicate- are one with the verb.

This car is mine. - This is my car.

3. Can act as a direct additions, indirect with and without a preposition.

I haven't visited him today. But I am going to. I didn't visit him today. But I'm going.

I didn't speak to him. - I did not talk to him (indirect with a preposition).

Give me your skirt, please. - Give me your skirt, please (indirect without preposition).

4. Well, one more function is definition.

I can paint your house. — I can paint your house (whose?).

This is basic information. All pronouns in English are VERY often used in speech, sometimes two or three at once, but of course different types. Therefore, carefully consider and analyze each case.

Grammar → Pronoun in English (The Pronoun)

Pronoun in English (The Pronoun)

Definition and structure of pronouns in English

Definition and structure of pronouns in English - Inspeak.ru more

Groups of pronouns by meaning in English

Groups of pronouns by meaning in English (Groups of pronouns) – Inspeak.ru more

Reciprocal pronouns in English

Reciprocal Pronouns in English: Usage Examples, Rules, Table of Reciprocal Pronouns – Inspeak.ru more

Relative pronouns in English

Relative Pronouns in English: rules, table, examples of the use of relative pronouns (Relative Pronouns) – Inspeak.ru more

Indefinite pronouns in English

Indefinite Pronouns in English: rules, table, examples of the use of Indefinite Pronouns – Inspeak.ru more

Negative pronouns in English

Negative Pronouns in English: rules, table, examples of the use of negative pronouns (Negative Pronouns) – Inspeak.ru more

Separative pronouns in English

Separative pronouns (Other, another) in English: rules, table, examples of the use of separate pronouns - Inspeak.ru more

Universal pronouns in English

Universal pronouns (Universal Pronouns) in English: rules, table, examples of the use of universal pronouns - Inspeak.ru more

Pronouns in English

Pronouns in English in English: rules, examples of use more

Table of pronouns in English

Table of pronouns in English: rules, examples of use more

Absolute form of pronouns in English

The absolute form of pronouns in English: rules, examples of use more

Personal pronouns in English

Personal pronouns in English: rules, examples of use more

Cases of personal pronouns in English

Cases of personal pronouns in English: rules, examples of use more

Personal pronouns in the objective case in English

Personal pronouns in the objective case in English more

Object case of pronouns in English

Object case of pronouns in English: rules, examples of use more

Possessive pronouns in English

Possessive pronouns in English: rules, examples of use more

Demonstrative pronouns in English

Demonstrative pronouns in English: rules, examples of use more

Reflexive pronouns in English

Reflexive Pronouns - Reflexive pronouns in English more

Possessive pronouns in the absolute form are used in order not to repeat the already named noun, or to place a special emphasis on belonging to someone. It must be remembered that absolute pronouns apply only to people. Therefore, the forms its("it", in the sense of "belongs to the subject") does not exist.

Pronoun mine stands for "my, mine, mine":

In this case, we could say " This is your pen. Where is my pen?- "This is your pen - Where is my pen?", but in order not to repeat the noun "pen" twice, we used the absolute form: " Where is mine?" - "Where is my?"

We can also use this form of the pronoun to emphasize that the item belongs to this particular person:

Table of pronouns in absolute form

Possessive pronouns in the absolute form are used in order not to repeat the already named noun, or to place a special emphasis on belonging to someone. It must be remembered that absolute pronouns apply only to people. Therefore, the form its (“it”, in the sense of “belongs to the subject”) does not exist. Let's see some examples.

The pronoun Mine means "mine, mine, mine." For example, "This is your pen. Where is mine? - "This is your pen - Where is mine?". In this case, we could say “This is your pen. Where is my pen?" - “This is your pen - Where is my pen?”, but in order not to repeat the noun “pen” twice, we used the absolute form: “Where is mine?” - "Where is my?"

We can also use this form of the pronoun to emphasize that the item belongs to this particular person. For example, This computer is his. This computer is his.

Unclear

Topic 6.1. Pronouns in English. Demonstrative pronouns and personal pronouns. Pronouns much / many, all, each, every. Pronouns (a) few, (a) little. Indefinite pronouns some, any, no and their derivatives. Pronouns other /another. Cases of use, features of translation.

Personal pronouns in English

Personal pronouns in English include the following pronouns:

I, you, he/she/it, we, they, me, him, her, it, us, them

Personal pronouns refer to persons or things in terms of their relation to the speaker. For example, I denotes the speaker himself, we denotes a speaker together with another person or persons, and they denotes someone other than the speaker and his interlocutor.

They can change by person, number, gender (only in the 3rd person) and case (nominative and object).

Table of personal pronouns in English

Number	Face	case
nominative	object
The only thing	1st	I (I)	me (me, me)
2nd	you (you)	you (you, you)
3rd	he / she / it (he, she, it)	him / her / it (him, her, him, her)
plural	1st	we (we)	us (us, us)
2nd	you (you)	you (you, you)
3rd	they (they)	them (them, them)

Nominative and object cases of personal pronouns

Personal pronouns in the nominative case usually play the role of the subject in a sentence:

I am Peter.

and in the object case - additions (object):

This ice cream was bought for me.

Also, the object case can be used when there is nothing else in the sentence besides the personal pronoun:

Who called me? I did. / Me.

Who called me? I AM.

Order of personal pronouns in English

If several personal pronouns belong to one verb, then their order is usually this: third and second person before the first:

He and I both like sailing.

He and I both love sailing.

second person before third:

You and she should make it up with each other, you were such a nice couple.

You and her should make up, you were such a wonderful couple.

Choosing the case of personal pronouns

If there are several personal pronouns, it can sometimes be difficult to choose between options like "He and I" and "He and me". To solve this problem, you need to understand what pronouns are - subject or object. In the example "He and I both like sailing" the pronouns act as the subject and are therefore used in the nominative case. If it were an addition, the object case would have to be used:

Our teacher had a question for Jane (her) and me to answer.

Our teacher wanted Jane and I to answer one question.

Sometimes in this situation it is easier to drop the second pronoun: the sentence "Our teacher had a question for I to answer" sounds clearly wrong.

Personal pronouns and the gender of inanimate nouns

Pay attention to how personal pronouns reflect gender. As a rule, he/she (him/her) refers to animate objects, but in fiction and poetry they can also be used in relation to some inanimate objects:

He: Sun, wind, fear, love.

She: Earth, Moon, ship, boat, car, hope, justice, modesty, peace.

In addition, the pronoun She can cover the names of some countries:

I grew up in England. She will always remain in my memory.

I grew up in England. She will forever remain in my memory.

Exceptions are country names with a common noun, such as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the United States of America.

Demonstrative pronouns in English

Demonstrative pronouns in English include the following pronouns:

this, that, these, those, such

Demonstrative pronouns are used to indicate objects that are nearby (this, these) or at some distance (that, those) from the speaker.

This house is not mine, mine is that green cottage next to it.

They have both singular and plural forms.

Table of demonstrative pronouns

Please note that it is considered impolite to use a demonstrative pronoun to directly refer to a person, except in a situation of acquaintance:

This is our secretary.

This is our secretary. (somewhat disrespectful)

Mom, dad, this is Jennifer, my girlfriend.

These pronouns can describe not only proximity in space, but also in time, for example, the pronoun this denotes the moment of a conversation or the current period of time:

This summer is so rainy.

That describes time in the past or future:

Many small companies went bankrupt that summer.

This country, this city

In phrases such as this country, this city, etc., the pronoun this refers to the country in which the speaker is located, so context must be taken into account when translating it.

I find the system of education in this country too confusing. (from British newspaper)

In addition, demonstrative pronouns include such, which indicates a certain quality of the subject.

Such small details will make your flat look cozy.

Separative pronouns in English

Separating pronouns in English include the following pronouns:

With the help of separating pronouns (other, another), one object is separated from other objects of the same type:

One of the dogs was black and the other - grey.

These two pronouns change by case (other's, another's), other can also be pluralized others.

The pronoun (the) other replaces a noun with definite article, that is, when it comes to a limited set of items:

If I'm not mistaken Mary has two kids. The younger is 4, what about the other? (the kid)

If this noun is given in the plural, then you need to use the form others:

I'm working alone in the office now, others are on vacation.

Another replaces a singular noun with an indefinite article, that is, when the set of items is not limited:

I've read many books about Zorro and yesterday I found another. (a book).

Indefinite pronouns in English

Indefinite pronouns in English include the following pronouns:

some, something, somebody, someone, anyone, anything, anyone, anyone

Indefinite pronouns are used when you don't know or don't want to say exactly

some face. They denote an indefinite object or objects.

English pronouns ending in -body and -one are the same:

Somebody is laughing. / Someone is laughing.

Some, Any

The pronouns some and any can mean quantity:

Can I have some juice?

or item quality:

There is some strange man in front of your house.

Any is usually used in explicit negative sentences:

She does not like any of them.

implied negation:

Jenny is so reluctant to get acquainted with any new people.

and in questions:

I need paper for printer. Do you have any?

Someone, something, somebody

The pronouns someone, somebody and something can be used in affirmative sentences:

Somebody will help us.

as well as questions, if they offer something:

Do you want something to eat?

Anyone, anything, anyone

Anyone, anything and anybody are used in negative sentences:

I did not notice anything unusual.

v general issues:

Did anyone help you?

and conditional sentences:

If anyone calls, say I'm busy.

They can also be used in both affirmative and negative sentences in the sense of "everyone, anyone":

Anybody can become famous.

It does not matter how small is your donation, anything will help.

Pronouns each and every

The pronoun each ("everyone") is used in relation to a limited number of persons or objects and can act as both an adjective pronoun and a noun pronoun.

As an adjective pronoun, each is placed before a singular countable noun. As a noun determiner, each excludes the use of the article before the noun to which it refers:

There are new houses on each side of the street.

Each student in our group has a Russian-English dictionary.

When each is used as a noun pronoun, it is often followed by the preposition of:

There were four students in the room, and I gave a ticket to each (of them).

Each of us received a ticket to the concert.

The pronoun every ("each, everyone"), in contrast to each, is used when a limited number of persons or objects is not meant. As an adjective pronoun, every is placed before a singular countable noun. As a noun determiner, every eliminates the use of the article before the noun to which it refers:

Every big plant in Russia has its own polyclinic.

I see him every day.

The Russian expression each of us (you, them) cannot be translated into English with "every". In this case, the pronoun each or everyone is used: each of us (you, them), everyone of us (you, them).

Hello dear friends!
Has it happened to you that you watch two English words in the dictionary, you see the same translation. You think that means they can be used in the same way, but no. These include divisive pronouns in English. For example, other and another both translate as "other", but their function in a sentence is different.

Remember two words

So what is it? Separating pronouns are those that oppose an object or person to a class similar to it, separate it from others. The list is short and easy to remember:

Other used with uncountable nouns and plural nouns. In the cases below, it is the defining word. By the way, have you already seen my new lesson about ?

For example, Information about the prices can be found on the official web site. Other information is available by calling the phone number (Price information can be found on the official website. Other information is available by phone) - before uncountable.
What other Michael Jackson's songs do you know? (What other Michael Jackson songs do you know?) - songs are plural.
It can also be used before a word in the singular, but in this case it must be placed before article the or possessive pronoun.

Sara has two daughters. One is 5 years old her other daughter is 7 (Sarah has two daughters. One is 5 years old, the other daughter is 7).
This T-shirt is too big for me. Can I try the other T-shirt on? (This T-shirt is too big. Can I try on another T-shirt?).
It should be remembered that it does not have a plural as a defining word.
Helen and Mary went shopping, the other girls stayed in the café (Helen and Mary went shopping, the rest of the girls stayed in the cafe).
Helen and Mary went shopping, the other girls stayed in the café.

Is a distributive pronoun when used in place of a noun:

I like my new phone more than any other (I like my new phone more than any other). Replaces "telephone" here.
In this case, it has a plural when it refers to more than one object or person:
Some people take care of the environment; others don't (Some people care about environment, others do not).2. Another means "one more, another, alternative".

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As a defining word, it is used before singular nouns. It's as simple as .
Is there another supermarket nearby? (Is there another supermarket nearby?)
It can also be used as a divisive pronoun:
I’ve finished reading the 4th Harry Potter book and going to start another soon (I have finished reading the fourth Harry Potter book and will start another soon).
Other, another, the other

Getting rid of common mistakes

If other comes before a singular noun, it must be preceded by a qualifying word:
I've put the first poster on the wall in front of the window. What shall I do with that other poster? (I hung the first poster on the wall opposite the window. What should I do with the other one?)
What shall I do with other poster?

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Another is never used with plural nouns. In this case, you should use other.
I’ve tidied up the sitting room, I’ll do another rooms later (I did the cleaning in the living room, in other rooms later).

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I was with you, a philologist of the English language, Ekaterina Martynova.
Good mood to you all!