The boundaries in the plan, the thickness of the removal and the places of storage of soils of the fertile soil layer are determined by the project. Before removing the soil layer, it is necessary to perform a breakdown, which consists in setting out the cutting and contours of the storage shafts.
To remove and move the fertile soil layer, a special unit is organized, equipped with a bulldozer on a tractor with a traction class of 100 kN, an excavator with a bucket with a volume of 0.5-1.25 m 3, a loader with a carrying capacity of 2 tons and dump trucks with a carrying capacity of at least 7 tons. depends on the distance that the soil is moved to the place of use.
The thickness of the layer to be removed in the Central region of the EChS is approximately 8-12 cm in soddy areas, 15-18 cm in arable areas, 15-20 cm in forested areas, less often 25 cm. Additionally, the thickness of the layer to be removed is specified directly at the work site.
There are the following schemes for cutting and moving the fertile soil layer: a) shuttle with shafts of cut soil arranged in a checkerboard pattern; b) transverse with shafts on both sides of the subgrade; c) cross-sectional; d) longitudinal-transverse.
The first scheme is used for one-sided cutting of the fertile layer on a strip up to 25 m wide. The cut soil is laid in the form of longitudinal shafts at a distance from the bottom of the embankment (when it is erected from imported soils), which ensures the passage of road vehicles and trucks. A bulldozer cuts the fertile layer from one edge of the cutting strip and moves it to the opposite edge, where the soil is laid in longitudinal shafts. The speed of the bulldozer in the opposite direction is 1.5 times greater than when cutting. To increase the productivity of the bulldozer, the soil should be cut down a slope.
The length of the longitudinal shaft is calculated based on its volume and the need for soil to strengthen one half of the subgrade. Excess soil is laid on the opposite side, the lack is made up for with imported peat or silt.
The second scheme, i.e. transverse with shafts located on both sides of the subgrade along its entire length, is applicable if the cutting width is more than 25 m. Unlike the first scheme, the fertile soil layer is cut off and moved by a bulldozer only from the street axis, first to one and then the other way.
Rice. 8.1. Cross-sectional diagram of the removal of the fertile soil layer by a bulldozer with a fixed blade during the construction of deep excavations or high embankments n is the thickness of the removed fertile soil layer; A - shafts of fertile soil on both sides of the axis of the street; m - lane for the passage of earth-moving machines and construction vehicles; L - bulldozer blade width; 1-26 - bulldozer passes 
Rice. 8.2. Longitudinal-transverse scheme of removing the fertile soil layer using bulldozers with a universal and conventional blade B - a roller of cut soil; c - bulldozer with a universal blade; g - the same, with the usual; The rest of the designations are the same as in Fig. 8.1
The third, cross-sectional scheme (Fig. 8.1), is used with a cutting width of up to 40 m or a significant thickness of the cut fertile layer. The soil is cut and moved along the length of the transverse cutting strip in 3-4 steps.
The fourth, longitudinal-transverse scheme is appropriate for strips with a width of more than 44 m, a significant thickness of the fertile layer and the presence of a universal bulldozer. Longitudinal passages of a bulldozer with a blade set at an angle to the axis of the street cut off the fertile layer along the entire length of the grip; intermediate soil rollers are formed (Fig. 8.2). In the future, it is also possible to use a conventional bulldozer, which will move the soil perpendicular to the axis of the street outside the cutoff strip. If the volume of soil within the transverse lane exceeds the volume taken by the bulldozer in one pass, then the direction of its movement is changed: the soil is moved at an angle to the road axis of more than 45 °, taking it as much as the bulldozer is able to move.
The length of the capture depends on the power of the bulldozer blade, the thickness of the cut fertile layer, its moisture content and density, as well as on the daily output, which does not allow overdried soil to be laid in the shafts. The cutting area is determined by the thickness of the cut layer and the volume of soil moved by the bulldozer in one pass. With a well-turfed surface, the volume of soil taken by a heavy bulldozer reaches 4 m 3 (in a loose state). If humus soil is cut, for example rich black soil with a size of soil particles less than 25-30 mm, then the volume is reduced to 3 m 3 .
With a lack of soil for finishing and strengthening works, peat is added to the shafts and mineral fertilizers to get high quality compost. The costs associated with its preparation are always paid off; at the same time, the layer of subgrade cladding can be successfully reduced by 20-30% compared to current standards.
The working cycle of the bulldozer is considered to be the cutting of the fertile layer across the design cleared strip to the total width of the dump and the additional width of the strip (0.5-0.6 m), on which the remaining soil is cut with simultaneous stripping and selection.
Reducing the loss of soil when moving a bulldozer and thereby increasing the Kp coefficient is achieved by using a blade with openings and a visor, as well as by performing work according to a trench scheme (see Chapter 12).
Using the calculated performance values when clearing a lane for the construction of a carriageway and sidewalks, a line graph is compiled for each specific section of the street (city road).
When conducting any construction, a need necessarily arises. At the same time, the price of soil development has a significant impact on the overall level of costs for the developer. In this regard, it is very important to properly organize and carry out these types of work, which may include preparation for laying communications, digging wells, etc. The soil in the process of work finds a new use or is disposed of.
The cost of excavation work depends on a number of factors. Including its size is influenced by the amount of work performed, the complexity of the relief. Also, the price of soil development with slopes largely depends on the technology of work.
Prices for the development of soil for 1m3 in a mechanized way
|
Soil development mechanized way |
Price |
|
Breakdown and layout of the base, m2 |
|
|
Mechanized excavation with an excavator into a dump, m3 |
|
|
Cutting the vegetation layer (up to 250 mm thick) with a bulldozer, m3 |
|
|
Mechanized excavation, m3 |
|
|
Removal of developed soil by mechanized means with loading onto vehicles, m3 |
|
|
Removal of developed soil by road |
|
|
Soil compaction, m3 |
|
|
Mechanized excavation by excavator with loading into dump trucks, m3 |
negotiable |
|
Backfilling of soil by mechanized means, m3 |
|
|
Backfilling of soil in the sinuses of trenches and pits with thrombation and watering, m3 |
|
|
Soil excavation by mechanized method to design marks with loading and removal of soil up to 1 km. |
from 110 rub. |
|
Excavation of a pit in a mechanized way to design marks with loading and removal of soil up to 1 km. and dump content |
from 200 rub. |
|
Development of a pit by a mechanized method to design marks with loading and removal of soil up to 20 km. |
from 350 rub. |
|
Development of a pit in a mechanized way to design marks with loading and removal with confirmation of INTUS (coupons) of soil up to 20 km. |
from 400 rubles |
|
Departure of a specialist for budgeting and consultation |
Is free |
|
Development of a master plan for earthworks |
From 70000 rub. |
|
Development of a Production Plan (PPR) for earthworks |
negotiable |
|
Cleaning of the territory, preparation of the territory for construction, m2 |
From 45000 rub. |
|
From 130 rub. |
|
|
Backfilling of soil with layer-by-layer compaction, m3 |
From 300 rub. |
|
Sand bedding (cushion 100-150 mm), m3 |
From 700 rub. |
|
Movement of soil in a mechanized way, m3 |
From 750 rub. |
|
Cleaning the bottom and walls of trenches and pits manually, m2 |
From 180 rub. |
|
Immersion of supports, pipes, sheet piles up to 20 m, linear meter |
From 750 rub. |
|
From 270 rub. |
Soil development - we will choose the best method
The choice of technology depends on the individual characteristics of the soil on the site and other features. Also, the method used is selected based on considerations of economic feasibility, since the cost of developing 1 m3 of soil is different for each of the methods.
There are the following main ways of working in construction and road construction:
- - using earthmoving equipment. Most often used for this purpose different kinds excavators.
- hydromechanical method. Provides for the development of soil with a jet of water with its transformation into pulp. Used in device artificial reservoirs, installation of hydraulic structures, construction of road and other embankments and excavations.
- explosive method. The development is carried out by performing drilling and blasting of the soil. It is used when it is necessary to work on rocks or frozen ground. The prices for the development of soil by this method are quite high.
- Drilling - development using special drilling machines.
- Combined method. Provides for the joint use of two or more of the listed methods. The most common work is carried out jointly by explosive and mechanical methods.
Prices for soil development for 1m3 manually
|
Cutting of vegetable soil to a depth of 300 mm. manually, m3 |
|
|
Manual digging of a pit and trenches into a dump |
|
|
Digging frozen soil by hand |
|
|
Backfilling of trenches and bosoms of pits manually with compaction |
|
|
Backfilling trenches and bosoms of pits manually |
|
|
Manual excavation, m3 |
|
|
Manual territory planning, m3 |
|
|
Cleaning the bottom and walls of pits and trenches manually, m3 |
|
|
Manual loading of developed soil onto a dump truck, m3 |
|
|
Backfilling the trench with soil manually, m3 |
|
|
Device for crushed stone preparation manually, m3 |
|
|
Digging land for a garden / vegetable garden, 100 m2 (weave) |
|
|
Manual soil transfer up to 20 meters |
|
|
Manual soil transfer up to 40 meters |
|
|
Manual soil transfer up to 60 meters |
|
|
Manual soil transfer up to 80 meters |
|
|
Manual soil transfer up to 100 meters |
|
|
Manual arrangement of sand and gravel foundations, m3 |
|
|
Moving soil manually across the territory with leveling and compaction, t |
From 130 rub. |
The most common is . It is used in more than 80% of cases. This method is generic. It is well suited for various types soil, can be used with a rather complex relief of the site, including in rather cramped conditions.
It allows you to excavate the soil with its simultaneous loading into the body of the vehicle. Also, the excavator can form a dump or embankment. If necessary, the development of trenches of considerable length is carried out with the involvement of chain (depth up to 3.5 meters) or rotary excavators (depth up to 1.5 meters).
Also, when performing earthworks, graders and are often used, with the help of which the site is leveled, and the previously removed soil is moved a certain distance. The composition of the special equipment used and its functionality affect how much the development of soil costs for the owners of the facility.
Favorable cost of soil development per 1 cubic meter. from professionals
Earth-moving machines are expensive special equipment, the purchase and maintenance of which is impractical for private developers and small construction companies.
With a one-time or episodic performance of work, the cost using our own equipment will be unreasonably high. Therefore, the best solution in such cases would be to rent special equipment under the control of qualified operators. This will ensure high-quality performance of work with an acceptable price for the development of m3 of soil.
Our company also offers other special equipment for earthworks of any level of complexity. We have favorable prices - soil development in Moscow is available to individuals and organizations. At the same time, an extensive fleet of vehicles allows us to ensure high efficiency in the execution of each order.
In addition, we can provide our own vehicles with the necessary approvals. Thus, complete solution tasks to prepare the site for construction or installation work. The price of soil development with loading and removal is optimal for our customers.
Removal of plant soil. The fertile soil layer, including the sod-vegetation layer, must be removed over the entire area occupied by embankments, excavations, reserves, quarries and other structures of the road complex. The boundaries in the plan, the thickness of the removal and the places of storage of soils of the fertile soil layer are determined by the project. Qualitative indicators and norms for removing the fertile soil layer are established by GOST 17.5.3.06-85.
The breakdown of soil removal works consists in setting out the boundaries of cutting and the contours of storage stacks. To break down the boundaries of the cut, poles 1.0-1.5 m high are used, installed every 20-25 m. The contours of the storage shafts are marked with stakes; cutting border before the start of work - a furrow (plow or ripper).
In order to prevent breakage or backfilling, the previously installed signs of project removal to the area should be protected with fences of three rails, fastened with the upper ends “into a tent”, or marked with special poles. After the completion of the removal of the fertile soil layer, the breakdown established for this work is removed.
If the layer to be removed has a high density or roots remain in it after the removal of the forest, the layer is loosened before cutting or plowed with multi-furrow plows.
The fertile soil layer is removed, as a rule, in a thawed state. In case of difficult terrain of machines, it is allowed to remove the soil in the spring when the soil thaws to the appropriate depth.
The fertile soil layer is cut off and moved to storage sites by bulldozers or motor graders, using the following work schemes:
when erecting embankments from imported soil, when the width of the strip from which the soil layer is to be cut does not exceed 25 m, use shuttlescheme transverse movement of soil in relation to the axis of the road;
when erecting embankments from lateral reserves or high embankments, as well as when developing deep cuts, when the road lane has a width of 30-40 m or more, cutting and moving the soil should be done first from one half of the lane, starting cutting from the axis, and then from it the other half, according to the so-called transverse or cross-sectional traffic pattern;
with large volumes of work to remove the soil layer (thick layer, large width of the road strip), the soil is first cut with a motor grader or bulldozer with a rotary blade into longitudinal shafts, from which the soil is later moved by bulldozers outside the road strip. At the same time, the transverse movement of the soil at half the width of the road strip is carried out by oblique passages of the bulldozer (at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the road), so that at each pass the bulldozer is fully loaded, corresponding to its power. Such a scheme is called longitudinal-transverse.
When removing soil from areas of large width, a scheme is used with the formation of shaft-stacks in the contour of the structure. Prior to the start of the next type of work, the soil soil must be taken out to the places of storage established by the project by trucks with loading by loaders.
In the case of vertical planning of areas and strips with a grass cover wider than 50 m, it is allowed to collect soil into transverse shafts within the contour, followed by distribution over a planned area.
Soil stacks are placed taking into account the terrain and other local conditions with a strip width of up to 25 m, as a rule, on one side; with a larger width - on both sides with gaps for the passage of construction vehicles, runoff surface water. In forest areas, on arable lands and other valuable lands, soil storage is carried out on areas specially allocated for these purposes.
When removing, storing the fertile soil layer, measures must be taken to prevent its loss (washout, swelling), as well as a decrease in its quality (mixing with underlying layers, roots, forest waste, pollution, etc.). With a storage period of more than a year, the surface of the soil shafts is strengthened by sowing grasses or by other methods provided for by the project.
The main activities for the preparation of the base of the subgrade. Prior to embankment construction, the prepared base surface must be leveled by a bulldozer. Pits, trenches, pits and other local recesses in which water can stagnate are filled in layers with compaction to the required density for the base (SNiP 2.05.02-85, Table 22). To ensure drainage in horizontal sections, a transverse slope from the axis is given not less than the coating established for the surface.
When using highly compressible non-draining soils (peat, silt, clays of low density, etc.) as a base, and draining soils in an embankment, when leveling, a construction rise should be created in the middle part, the value of which should be greater than the calculated settlement of the base provided for by the project .
Consolidation of the subgrade of low embankments and soil layers under the bottom of the working layer of pavement in recesses and zero places is carried out in cases provided for by SNiP 2.05.02-85 and SNiP 3.06.03-85. The base soils are compacted immediately before the filling of the overlying layers of soil or layers of pavement (airfield pavement).
If the required compaction depth exceeds the thickness of the layer effectively compacted by the means used, the excess soil layer should be removed with a bulldozer and compaction of the underlying layer should be carried out. After compaction and leveling of the lower layer, the removed soil is returned and compacted to the required density.
During the reconstruction of roads using the existing embankment, the vegetative soil from the roadsides and slopes of the reconstructed embankment is removed and moved to the edge of the right of way for subsequent reclamation. If it is impossible to use its biological properties, it is distributed at the base of the additional part. Before filling additional layers, the surface of the old embankment should be loosened to a depth of 10-15 cm with compaction together with the next layer. The need for disassembly and removal of layers of old pavement is established by the project.
Before the embankment is erected, culverts and communication pipes, as a rule, must be completely completed and backfilled on both sides to a width of at least 4 m on each side, from above - with a layer of a thickness not less than specified in the project, with layer-by-layer compaction to the required density . In this case, the movement and leveling of the soil, as well as compaction with rollers, is carried out by machine passages longitudinal in relation to the pipe, while building up the embankment on both sides. It is necessary to constantly monitor the approach of the machine to the pipe wall in order to avoid its displacement or possible destruction. The thickness of the soil layer over the pipe, at which it is possible to compact the backfill soil and let machines and vehicles through, must be indicated in the pipe design, but not less than that provided for by current standards.
The fertile soil layer is removed from the entire area allocated for the construction of the road, and placed in dumps for further use. The thickness of the removed fertile soil layer is set by the project on the basis of prior agreement with land users. The thickness of the vegetation layer in soddy areas is noticeably 8...12 cm, arable - 15...18 cm and forested - 15...25 cm.
There are the following schemes for removing the vegetative soil layer: a) transverse with soil rollers arranged in a checkerboard pattern with a strip width of less than 20 ... 25 m; b) transverse with rollers on both sides of the subgrade with a strip width of more than 20 ... 25 m; c) longitudinal-transverse with a cutting strip width of more than 35 m and a significant thickness of the vegetative soil layer (Fig. 3.4.1).
Rice. 3.4.1. Scheme of cutting and moving plant soil:
a - in a transverse way on a strip 20 ... 25 m wide; b - the same, on a strip with a width of more than 20 ... 25 m; c - in a longitudinal-transverse way; I - shaft of vegetable soil; 1, 2, 3...n - bulldozer passes
Bulldozers or motor graders are used to cut and move the vegetation layer of the soil. The method of performing this work is chosen depending on the width of the strip from which it is necessary to cut the soil and the thickness of the cut layer. If the width of the strip is less than 20 ... 25 m, which happens during the construction of a subgrade from imported soil, the vegetable soil is cut off and moved by a bulldozer immediately to the full width (Fig. 3.4.1, a). Each cycle of cutting and moving the soil is carried out with an overlap of the previous layer by 20 ... each time cutting from the axis (Fig. 3.4.1, b).
With a large amount of work, a longitudinal-transverse scheme of cutting and moving the soil is used: the soil is cut off with longitudinal passages of the bulldozer and collected into shafts, then it is moved outside the cutting strip with transverse passages. It is rational to carry out this work by using a motor grader and a bulldozer at the same time: the first one is for cutting the soil and laying it in longitudinal shafts, the second one is for transverse movement of the vegetable soil outside the strip of vegetation layer removal. It is also possible to cut the soil with a scraper, moving it over a distance of more than 50 m. The scraper removes the vegetation layer with longitudinal passages, parallel to the axis of the road, on a cutting strip equal to the grip, but not less than 200 ... .8 m 3 is 20 ... 25 m with a chip thickness of about 10 cm, after which the scraper is transferred to the unloading position and the soil is unloaded into the transverse roller. Continuing to move, the scraper cuts the soil again until the bucket is full and unloads it again in the neighboring area. Similar operations are repeated until the end of the grip, where the scraper, having turned by 180°, continues to cut the vegetation layer during the reverse movement. Then the transverse soil rollers are moved by a bulldozer outside the cutting strip.
Bulldozer Performance P, m 3 / shift, when cutting and moving the vegetative layer of soil is
(3.4.1)
where T- shift duration, h;
Q- the volume of soil moved in one cycle, m 3;
K in- coefficient of use of time;
K i- coefficient taking into account the presence of a slope;
K p- coefficient taking into account the loss of soil during its movement;
t- time spent on one cycle, h;
K r- coefficient of soil loosening.
Plant soil is placed in temporary dumps or taken immediately to the place of use as a fertile soil layer. Temporary dumps are located along the edges of the ROW or on special sites allocated for this purpose.
Land reclamation or restoration of the fertile soil layer is carried out where it was damaged or completely destroyed during the construction process. Such places include territories occupied by temporary roads, parking lots of road cars, soil, sand or gravel pits, side reserves.
If it is necessary to remove plant soil with an uneven and insignificant thickness (up to 10 cm) and move it to a distance of up to 50 m, it is advisable to use a motor grader (grader) to cut the soil, and a bulldozer to move it. The plant soil is cut off and placed into the shafts by a motor grader along the grip. After the plant soil is laid into the shafts throughout the grip, the passages of the bulldozer across the grip move it outside the grip.
Almost anything can be done with a bulldozer. technological processes for the removal, movement and registration of plant soil into shafts. It is expedient to use a bulldozer at a distance of soil movement up to 50 m and a vegetation layer thickness of more than 10 cm.
In the presence of flat terrain, cutting should be done at the most remote end of the site and the soil should be moved along the surface of the vegetation layer, which will prevent it from mixing with mineral soil.
At uneven surface it is advisable to make the first cut closer to the place of laying the soil so that the subsequent soil can be moved along the leveled surface in the trench formed by the previous cuts.
It is possible to remove vegetable soil with a thickness of more than 10 cm and move it to a distance of 50-500 m using scrapers. In this case, special attention must be paid to ensure that mineral soil is not cut off with the scraper along with the vegetable soil. With a thickness of plant soil up to 10 cm, it should first be cut with motor graders and placed in rollers, after which the scrapers, moving along the rollers, pick up the soil.
The plant soil removed by scrapers can be laid in layers in prisms. Having dumped the first layer over the entire area of the base of the prism, they start dumping the second and subsequent layers from the edge of the prism to the middle with a retreat from the edge of the lower layer by an amount equal to 1.5-2.0 of the layer thickness.
When backfilling prisms, smooth entry and exit at their ends should be ensured with a slope of no more than 1: 10. Surface planning) of prisms and slopes is carried out by bulldozers.
At a distance of more than 500 m, plant soil is advisable; transported by dump trucks or tractor trailers. Loading of soil into vehicles should be carried out by grader-elevators with a thickness of vegetative soil of more than 20 cm, or by excavators from prisms or heaps created by bulldozers.
Restoration of vegetative soil can only be started after completion of work with mineral soil and careful planning of the excavation or embankment surface according to geodetic marks. When delivering soil by dump trucks or tractor trailers, it is advisable to level the soil with a bulldozer, and plan with a motor grader. In the absence of a bulldozer, the vegetable soil can be distributed from the piles by a motor grader with a knife extended to the side to prevent the front wheels of the graders from colliding with the piles, or by using interchangeable equipment (mounted bulldozer), which some brands of motor graders are equipped with.
For plant soil, light trailed rollers without ballast on pneumatic spikes or with smooth rollers can be used.
