Installation of fire detectors, of course, implies their connection to a fire alarm loop. The connection diagram for fire detectors is shown below. Considered two-wire (most commonly used)
- fire smoke detectors (DIP),
- thermal fire detectors (IP),
- manual fire detectors (IPR).
The wiring diagram for security detectors is shown on another page.
The fire alarm loop can simultaneously contain detectors of one or more (combined alarm loop) of the specified types. In addition, the connection diagram of fire detectors may provide for the activation of a fire alarm control panel (generation of a "fire" notification) when only one fire alarm loop sensor is triggered or when two or more fire detectors are triggered. (such an organization of the fire alarm loop, after the operation of one detector, generates an "attention" signal).
Addressable fire detectors also have their own connection scheme. I want to note that the connection diagram of fire alarm sensors may vary (depending on the type of control panel), however, the differences are insignificant, mainly affecting the ratings (values) of additional (ballast), terminal (remote) resistors.
In addition, various types of control panels allow the connection of a different maximum number of smoke detectors in one alarm loop - this value is determined by the total current consumption of the sensors. Remember - the current consumption of a smoke detector depends on its type.
All types of conventional two-wire smoke detectors use the same pin numbering: (1,2,3,4).
The wiring diagrams for the outputs of smoke detectors from different manufacturers may visually differ slightly (options 1.2), but, from the point of view of the electrician, they are identical, because the outputs 3.4- are short-circuited inside the detector housing.
However, the second option has a serious drawback - when the detector is removed from the socket, the control device will not detect its absence and will not generate a "malfunction" signal. Therefore, it is better not to use it.
Note!
- Even for one specific type of fire alarm control panel, resistors Rdop. may have different values (determined by the current consumption various types smoke detectors, read the device data sheet carefully).
- The wiring diagram shown fireman manual call point valid when normally closed electrical contacts are its actuating element. For example, for IPR 3 SU, this connection scheme will not work.
- Thermal fire detectors are connected according to the above diagram if they have normally closed contacts (most of them).
- A situation may arise when an IPR connected according to the scheme shown (recommended by the device passport) for an alarm loop that provides for triggering by two sensors, when triggered, causes the signal "attention" instead of "fire" to be generated by the receiving control device. Then try to reduce the value of the resistor (Rdop), through which this IPR is connected to the alarm loop.
- Before connecting (installing) addressable detectors, their address must be pre-programmed.
- The connection of smoke detectors requires compliance with signaling loop polarity.
Timely detection of a fire can save the lives of many people and save valuable property. For this, a fire alarm is used, the circuit and components of which may vary depending on the type of building and the tasks assigned to the system. Its main function is to promptly signal an outbreak of fire, after which it can be quickly localized.
- sensory devices - sensors and detectors located in different places of the building and fixing environmental indicators;
- devices that receive and process data coming from sensory devices;
- a central computer or other control equipment that controls the operation of all other equipment;
- systems for informing people about an emergency.
- sound and light alarms;
- message printers that print service and alarm information;
- Remote Control;
- short circuit isolation module.
- 1. Active - constantly emit a signal and fix its immutability. If any changes occur in it, the situation is treated as a fire hazard.
- 2. Passive - react to changes in the environment, possibly caused by fire.
- infrared;
- magnetic red;
- combined;
- reacting to glass breaking;
- enabling active switches on the perimeter.
- fixing the achievement of the limit value of heating;
- analyzing the rate of temperature increase.
- gives information on how to reproduce the circuit;
- contains the composition of the system components and data on the features of their functioning.
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Purpose of the alarm
Methods for notification of emergency situations have existed since ancient times. Many centuries ago, people transmitted information at a distance with the help of bonfires, light signals, the ringing of bells or other far-reaching sounds.
V modern world play such a role different kinds alarms. The principle of operation of a fire alarm is to record data on the state of the premises using numerous sensors. If any indications differ from the norm, they are transferred to the duty service, which arrives at the scene as soon as possible and extinguishes the fire.
Quick test of alarm loops
Among the additional functions of the OPS ( security and fire alarm) may include:
Since the outbreak of fire carries with it a danger to human lives and material assets, laws regulate the installation of systems counter fire safety in administrative buildings. If there are no relevant regulations, the owners of the premises themselves can decide whether to install an OPS or not.
Devices used
There are many devices in the fire alarm system. They can be divided into the following categories:
The control panel can be connected to individual peripherals. Here are some of them:
Arduino + IP212 fire detector (fire alarm)
The general alarm scheme is quite simple: the sensors record the beginning of a fire, transmit this information to the processing program, which reports the situation to the monitoring center.
The sensors involved in the system can be divided into two main types:
The mechanism of action of these devices may also differ. According to the internal structure, they can be divided into:
Types of fire detectors
There are three main ways to understand that a fire has started: to fix the rise in temperature, the appearance of smoke, or a flash of bright light. There are other algorithms of work, but these factors are used most often. Based on this parameter, fire detectors are divided into four types:
Such devices can only collect data and transmit it to the control system. Other types of devices are engaged in their analysis and response to the situation.
Signaling Summer resident how to connect yourself "
Smoke detectors
Since smoke rises to the top of the room when a fire breaks out, smoke detection devices are usually placed on the ceiling.
The internal part of the device consists of an optical system, an electronic board and a detachable housing. These three elements are created in factories separately, automatically, and then manually assembled.
To detect the appearance of smoke, an optical system consisting of a photocell and an LED is used. From the LED, light always comes out, directed to a certain point. The photocell is located slightly away from the light beam emitted by the LED and converts the light flux falling on it into an electrical signal.
The principle of operation of the sensor is simple. When the air entering the device is clean and there is no smoke in it, the beam of light hits exactly where it was directed. However, with the appearance of smoke, the rays scatter and begin to spread in different directions, including falling on the photocell. At this point, it is triggered and this signal is read by the electronic circuit, which transmits information to the fire alarm command post.
Due to the design of the device, it can work even when there was no fire, but instead of smoke, gases or water vapor got into it. In this case, the light flux will also be distorted, and a fire signal will be sent to the main computer. Therefore, when installing sensors, environmental conditions must be taken into account. The wrong place for them is the bathroom, shower room or kitchen. In addition, if the area is constantly smoked, this can also cause a false alarm.
Since not all types of fire are accompanied by instantaneous and strong smoke, and the detector does not react to changes in light and heat, it is mounted in those rooms where fabrics are most likely to catch fire or insulation will be damaged electrical wires. These businesses include electrical laboratories and substations, rooms with a large number of working electrical equipment in factories, and warehouses where various goods are stored.
Thermal appliances
They are installed on the ceiling, where heat rises when ignited, and there are two types:
Initially, devices of the first type were invented, responding to temperatures above a given mark. The models were triggered when the electrical circuit was broken due to the leakage of low-melting material from the fuse. After that, a message about a fire was transmitted. Such detectors were disposable, since the very first accident spoiled them forever. More advanced types are now being produced in which the fusible elements can be replaced after they have been used. Other principles of operation of such devices are also possible.
The second type is integral detectors. They measure the rate at which the electrical resistance of a metal changes when it is heated. The power supply supplies a constant voltage to the terminals of the heat control element. After that, a current flows through the resistor and the measuring device, the value of which depends on the applied resistance. Under normal conditions, its value practically does not change.
But after the start of the fire, the resistance of the sensor increases, and the current strength also changes with it. When its fluctuations exceed a critical value, usually set at five degrees per second, a signal is sent to the receiving module to start a fire. Best of all, such sensors detect fires of carbon fuel, oil products, and solid flammable materials. They are installed in various industrial buildings such as warehouses for flammable materials or storage areas for flammable liquids.
Flame detectors
These devices are able to respond to the occurrence of an open fire that is not accompanied by smoke. They are equipped with a special photocell that reacts to a certain area or a whole range of the wave spectrum.
Such devices are also not protected from false positives. The simplest models can mistake the light of fluorescent lamps, a welding arc, and even the bright rays of the sun for a fire. In addition, in their work, electromagnetic interference of the optical spectrum is possible. To counter all this, you can use special filters. Flame detectors are very rarely used in residential buildings due to their high cost. Their main field of application is gas and oil industry.
Combined Variations
Any types of sensors are capable of giving a false alarm, catching a signal that does not indicate the onset of a fire. Therefore, the most reliable are those that combine several traps of various data at once. Most often, smoke and heat sensors are combined, sometimes they are supplemented with a flame detection function.
In such devices, there are immediately optical, thermal and infrared sensors. Usually they can be configured both for signaling when one of the parameters is exceeded, and for a combined action, which includes the simultaneous appearance of all signals.
There is also a more advanced technique that is additionally capable of capturing the appearance of carbon monoxide. Such four-channel detectors are usually used in industrial enterprises with a high degree of danger.
Actions in case of fire
The fire alarm is designed in such a way that after a signal is received about the start of a fire, a pre-developed action plan begins to be implemented. It consists of the following items:
Wiring diagram
In order to protect people as much as possible in the event of a fire, the fire alarm connection diagram must be drawn up correctly. With it, you can create a security system that will be safe and effective. As a rule, it should be attached to the set of signaling devices. It must be strictly followed, observing even the smallest details of the operation of the equipment. Correct scheme answers the following questions:
Using it, you can not only correctly install all the elements, but also successfully modify or repair the alarm if necessary. A properly designed alarm scheme will help preserve people's health and avoid material losses.
The statistics of a large number of fires is confirmed by the daily response of fire brigades. The causes of a fire can be varied - from smoking in the wrong place to short circuits and arson. warns of a fire and allows you to eliminate the source in time.
What is a fire alarm
Primary recording devices - sensors - are designed for timely and rapid detection of the first signs of fire and smoke. The sensor can either independently activate the alarm, or activate the warning system, turn on fire extinguishing and transmit data to the emergency department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. The fire alarm system is the combination described above. technical means primary detection and informing.
Proper configuration and timely testing of fire detection systems play an important role. Time sensors long-term operation can get dirty, fail, which affects their performance and, as a result, the safety of life and property of people. Rapid detection of a fire source and interpretation of information about its location can solve various problems:
- Activation of the fire extinguishing system and informing the fire brigade of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
- Evacuation of people.
- Localization of the source of fire.
- Decrease in financial expenses.
- Minimize injuries and deaths among people.
Types of fire alarm
Components of modern fire systems may vary. The principle of operation and the type of alarm determine the choice necessary equipment- cables, sensors, power supplies, etc. According to the structural diagram, fire alarms are:
- Threshold with a radial train.
- Threshold with modular construction.
- Addressable analog.
- Address-survey.
- Combined.
Addressable analog systems
To collect and analyze information received from humidity, temperature, smoke and other sensors, analogue addressable fire systems are being created. Control panel reads in real time the readings of the sensors, each of which is assigned a specific location address. The information received from different sensors is analyzed, after which the location of the ignition source is determined by means of address signaling and a signal is given on fire. The structure of the address loops is ring-shaped, up to 200 sensors and devices are connected to each of them:
- Manual and automatic detectors.
- Relay.
- Control modules.
- Notifiers.
Advantages of the addressable analog fire alarm:
- Almost no false alarms.
- Rapid fire detection.
- Ability to adjust the sensitivity of the sensors.
- Minimum expenses to connect the fire alarm circuit and its subsequent Maintenance.
Address polling
In addressable and threshold systems, the fire signal is generated by the sensor itself. The information exchange protocol is implemented in the loop in order to determine the triggered sensor. Unlike the address-analogue system, the algorithm of the address-interrogation is simpler. Signals are sent from the sensors to the control panel, then the detectors are cyclically polled to find out their status. The disadvantage of such systems is the increase in the time of detection of the ignition source.
Benefits of alarms:
- The optimum ratio of price and quality.
- Informativeness of received signals.
- Control settings and functionality of detectors.
Threshold
A fire alarm system with a circuit in which each sensor-detector has a certain sensitivity threshold. The alarm signal in it is triggered by the number of one of the sensors. Such fire systems are installed at small facilities - in kindergartens and shops. Their disadvantage is the minimum information content - only the sensor is triggered - and the lack of indication of the location of the source of ignition. The advantages include the low cost of the alarm itself and the process of its installation.
Fire systems design
The scheme of the security and fire alarm system is represented by sensors that signal the appearance of smoke, a system for collecting, controlling and transmitting data. Each of the elements of the fire system is responsible for specific tasks:
- Security and fire panel - activates the system.
- Sensors - detect smoke and give an appropriate signal.
- Reception and control panels - collect and process incoming information, transmit signals to the relevant services.
- Peripheral equipment - provides communication lines, power supply, activation of the fire extinguishing system, information methods.
- Equipment central control OPS - fire and security alarm - receives alarms from various objects and collects information for departments of the Ministry of Emergencies.
Principle of operation
The system operates on the basis of sequential interrogation of all sensors and detection of the fact of operation of one of them in the case of threshold systems or changes in the environment parameters in the case of addressable analog systems. Threshold systems, when the sensor is triggered, cut off the entire loop, which indicates the presence of a fire in the area of \u200b\u200bthis loop. Irrigation activation in the smoke zone occurs in automatic systems extinguishing after receiving the appropriate signal, which also gives an alarm and sends a call to the central console.
Fire system sensors
The main function of the alarm is rapid reaction to change the environment settings. Sensors differ from each other in terms of the principle of operation, the type of controlled parameter, and the method of transmitting information. The principle of functioning can be of two types - passive and active: the first implies only operation, the second - operation and monitoring of environmental parameters. Depending on the threat level, active detectors send different signals to the automatic control post.
Air sampling, delivery and analysis are carried out. Sensors differ from each other in controlled physical parameters, according to which they are divided into several categories:
- Thermal.
- Smoke.
- flames.
- Natural/carbon monoxide leaks.
- Water leaks.
The principle of operation of the smoke detector
The smoke detector, part of the fire alarm circuit, is designed to determine the source of ignition by detecting smoke in the part of the building where it is located. Sensors of this type are optical - the generation of an electrical signal occurs by fixing the light from the LED by the photocell of the air chamber. When it smokes, a smaller amount of light enters the photocell, which leads to the sensor being triggered. The operating temperature range of the sensors is from -30 to +40 degrees.
Installation guidelines
Fire alarms are carried out in accordance with official documentation - fire safety standards NPB 88-2001, which specify the rules for the design, installation and operation of such systems. The process of creating various fire extinguishing complexes is regulated by these rules. For example, the area and height of the ceilings of a room determine the number of point smoke detectors and their location relative to each other.
Fire alarm sensors connection diagram
Sensors are combined into a single system by means of wires. Some types of detectors can transmit signals to the control unit without wiring.
The connection of the fire alarm circuit is carried out after determining the required number of sensors. Immediately before installation, the locations of the control unit, manual fire detectors and the warning system are marked. Places with open access are suitable for this: in the event of a fire, nothing should prevent getting to the detectors and other elements of the system.
Most fire alarm systems involve mounting the detectors to the ceiling. Their disguise finishing materials possible as long as their performance is maintained.
The sensors are connected to the control unit.
Fire alarm installation
The first stage of installation includes the selection of the fire alarm circuit, the main and additional equipment and the security system. The combination of fire and security systems creates a security and fire complex. Installation and connection of a fire alarm at the object chosen by the customer is carried out in several stages:
- Designing a fire alarm circuit.
- Laying of cables and loops.
- Installation of sensors.
- Carrying out start-up and adjustment works.
Before placing the alarm, the area of \u200b\u200bthe room in which the installation will be carried out is estimated. For this, the range of the detectors is determined. This is best done in collaboration with experts.
Third-party irritants should not interfere with the operation of installed detectors: for example, smells from the kitchen can provoke a reaction. Thermal sensors should be placed at a distance from sources of artificial heat.
Multi-sensor sensors increase the efficiency of the fire alarm, especially if it is installed in a multi-storey building. A variant is possible, in which a combined scheme of fire alarm sensors is provided, communicating with each other by means of radio control.
The warning system is installed in such a way that the alarm signal can be heard by all people in the room or building.
The main recommendation is timely maintenance of the alarm. To do this, the systems are periodically checked and reconfigured. Some models are equipped with protection against insects, dust, moisture and other irritants.
The complete set of fire-fighting systems includes the instruction for installation and operation. If the recommendations of the manufacturer are followed, the devices can serve long time.
Fire alarm scheme "Bolid"
A wide range of security systems is presented on the Russian market, but the Bolid security and fire alarm is considered the most popular and widespread.
The Bolid security and fire system is a set of technical means, the action of which is aimed at collecting data from various annunciators and sensors and converting them into information transmitted to operators in the event of a fire or penetration of third parties into the protected area.
Bolid alarm functionality allows you to:
- Monitor the facility on a regular basis using CCTV cameras.
- Alarm signaling in case of equipment failure.
- Determination of the place of violation of the protected perimeter.
- Automatic activation of the fire extinguishing system in the event of a fire.
- Quick detection of the fact of temperature increase, smoke in the room or ignition.
Fire safety comes first in any home or apartment. Today, when almost all devices are powered by electricity, accidental ignition of wiring is a fairly common occurrence. Of course, a fire alarm cannot prevent a fire, but it is within its competence to give a signal to the relevant services. Before you go to the store, let's look at what types of fire alarms are, and what to do if there is a catastrophic lack of funds to purchase it?
The purchase of a fire alarm must be taken very responsibly. Remember that the safety of your property in case of fire depends on this. Each model has its own advantages and disadvantages, so understanding their characteristics is simply necessary.
The principle of operation of all fire alarms is based on two types of sensors:
- smoke sensor;
- heat sensor.
Depending on the type of power, all systems can work:
- from an autonomous energy source;
- from a remote control device or circuit.
Depending on their structure, fire systems can be:
Advantages and disadvantages
Depending on what requirements you impose on a fire alarm, the choice of its model will depend. Each product has its own advantages and disadvantages in a given situation, so you will have to focus on your home.
Threshold systems, radial
Systems of this class are considered the most budgetary, but their installation is expensive. If you have special skills and education, then it is quite possible to do it yourself and then register the system in special services. If there is no such knowledge, then you will have to fork out to invite specialists to install this alarm.
But this is not the only drawback. The very first disadvantage that most consumers face is false signals. To avoid this, it is necessary to duplicate the sensors, which leads to an increase in costs. 
The next disadvantage of such a system can be called a certain response threshold, while the health of the system can hardly be controlled by software. If these malfunctions themselves did not manifest themselves at the right time, then they can only be detected during a manual check. 
Modular Threshold Systems
Systems of this class are more advanced. Any breakdown can be tracked on the computer, which will allow you to immediately take action and eliminate problems.
The disadvantages include the high cost of installation and the threshold signal problems that are typical for the first type of fire alarms. 
Address polling and analog systems
Systems of this class have a completely different principle of operation. The differences are that all sensors are assembled into one common module, which allows you to better check the operation of the system. Compare, it is easier to send one signal to all sensors at the same time, or to do it with each element in turn.
But such a system also has its drawbacks. An alarm signal in this design is received with a slight delay, and in case of a fire, one cannot lose even a second.
The address-analogue design differs from the address-interrogation system in the number of sensors. In her case, there may be about 200 pieces. This allows you to assess the surrounding situation and transmit data to the control point, which, in turn, detects a fire threat and transmits the appropriate signal. The malfunction of any sensor is also determined according to this principle, while the system will be fully operational. 
Combined security and fire systems
Systems of this class are considered the most expensive devices to warn of a fire situation. But such costs are fully justified, since such a design has more opportunities for solving problems.
Maintenance and installation of such systems is also an additional cost, but you get the ability to connect up to 1000 sensors to the fire safety cable, which allows you to justify the cost-effectiveness of the device. 
Based on the data presented, we can conclude that, regardless of the cost of the device, its installation can cost you many times more. Therefore, calculate your financial capabilities when choosing a fire system.
You can see how the fire alarm is connected with your own hands in the video presented.
DIY fire alarm
If you decide to equip your house or apartment with a fire alarm, then the right decision would be to purchase it. But what to do if your financial capabilities do not allow you to buy it, especially when the connection service is not cheap. The only way out of this situation is to make a fire alarm with your own hands.
By law, you can design such a device yourself, but it will not interact with the Ministry of Emergency Situations or the police. An alarm signal will be sent to your phone, and you will be able to send the appropriate message to the fire department.
Sensors
Let's start with the sensors. They are a key node of the fire system, determining its reliability and efficiency. For their connection, it is recommended to use signal two- and multi-core cables in a round winding. Usually they are laid along the walls in such a way as not to spoil appearance premises. Alternatively, they can be hidden under decorative trim.
First of all, pay attention to the reed sensor. For equipping an apartment with a fire alarm, reed "caps" are suitable, which everyone must have seen. For the kitchen, it is recommended to use a chip sensor that reacts to heat and smoke. If you store valuables or papers in the room, then in their immediate vicinity it is necessary to install full-featured sensors, with motion detectors. 
For the equipment of a private house, it is recommended to take sensors with motion detectors with a built-in SPU installed on a lantern. In addition to scaring off uninvited guests, you yourself will never stumble on uneven surface in the evening, as SPU will also provide you with lighting.
Most sensors are equipped with an LED, which is very convenient. You do not have to check each element with a tester in case of system malfunctions. A damaged sensor, or one that has become unusable, will not glow. A malfunction can be indicated by both the glow of the sensor and its extinction. It all depends on the chosen model.
Accommodation
For the placement of fire alarm sensors, special standards have been developed that are considered quite liberal. Take a look at the picture below, it is convenient for a specific fire system configuration, but in fact, everything is much more serious.
When placing them on the wall, remember that the distance from them to the ceiling should not be less than 0.2 m. If you ignore this rule, then the sensor ends up in the smoke pocket, and reacts, as a result, you get a false call.
If the ceiling has beams, then the sensors must be installed on their lower edge, and not on the sides or in the space between the beams. This will also help avoid false signals.
Unfortunately, the sensor cannot control the entire hemisphere, moreover, its sensitivity will depend on the distance between the device and the fire source.
The height of the ceiling affects the controlled area of the sensor, which can be seen from the data presented.
Smoke sensor:
- With a floor-to-ceiling distance of 3.5 m, the controlled area is 85 sq. m.;
- from 3.5-6 m - the sensor controls up to 70 sq. m.;
- from 6-10 m - up to 65 sq. m.;
- from 10 m - up to 55 sq. m.
Heat sensor:
Connection
To connect the sensors, you must use the instructions for them. The resistor always ends the ray of the loop. Its value is always specified in the instructions, but its default value is 470 ohms, although in some cases 680 ohm or 910 ohm resistors may be needed. Let's look at a few examples.
In the first case, it is necessary to connect IP-212 five-terminal sensors, which have proven themselves well in a two-wire loop. This can be done based on the proposed scheme. 
In the second case, it is necessary to connect conventional sensors with one terminal block. In this case, the wires should enter and exit in a mirror image of the previous diagram.
In the third case, it is necessary to connect sensors with two terminal blocks. The left block is intended for a loop. And the right block is designed for autonomous activation of the SPU. To understand the connection method, you can use the diagram. 
How to turn off the fire alarm
In some cases, the fire alarm may go off falsely. In order not to frighten the neighbors with frightening sounds, you need to figure out how to turn off the device.
- First, you need to find the reason why the alarm went off. If there are grounds for this, there may be excessive smoke in the room, then it must be urgently ventilated.
- Secondly, if the alarm went off for no good reason, then you just need to turn it off. If you have simple design, it will be enough to remove the power supply from the sensors. If the device is more modernized, then you will have to go to the control panel and enter the appropriate code.
As a conclusion, we can say that installing a fire alarm can solve the problem of saving your property. The main thing is to choose the right model, according to your requirements. If the system accidentally worked and took you by surprise, and you don’t know how to turn it off, you can use the radical method, bite the wires to the alarm itself. Of course it's not the best solution, since you will have to make considerable efforts to restore it, but it helps to solve the problem.
