Ecology

The question of the benefits or harms of genetically modified products began to rise as soon as such products appeared in nature. Some defenders of such production began to say: "This is the only way to feed the poor! GM crops benefit farmers! GMO foods are safe!" and so on ... However, opponents of the use of such products find many rebuttals.

We invite you to learn about 10 reasons why you should avoid genetically modified foods, which he told Jeffrey Smith from Institute of Responsible Technologies. An expert in the field of GMOs will talk about the dangers that lie behind products produced using genetically modified organisms.

1) GMOs are very unhealthy food

American Academy of Environmentally Friendly Medicine urges doctors to protect patients from the use of products with GMOs. They cite studies that such foods harm the organs, digestive and immune systems accelerate the aging process and lead to infertility. Human studies show what such foods can leave in the body special material, which over a long period causes many health problems. For example, genes that are introduced into soybeans can be transferred to the DNA of bacteria that live inside us. Toxic insecticides produced by genetically modified corn enter the bloodstream of pregnant women and fetuses.

A large number of diseases appeared after the production of genetically modified foods began in 1996. In America, the number of people with three or more chronic conditions has increased from 7 percent to 13 percent in just 9 years. The number of food allergies and problems such as autism, reproductive disorders, digestive problems and others has skyrocketed. Although there have not yet been detailed studies that have confirmed that GMOs are to blame, the Academy experts warn that you should not wait for these problems to come and you should protect your health now, especially the health of children, who are at the greatest risk.

American Public Health Association and American Association Nurses are also warned that modified ruminant growth hormones increase levels of the hormone IGF-1 (insulin growth factor 1) in cow's milk that is associated with the development of cancer.

2) GMOs are on the rise

Genetically modified seeds are constantly spreading naturally around the world. It is impossible to completely clean up our gene pool. Self-propagating GMOs can survive the problems of global warming and the effects of nuclear waste. The potential impact of these organisms is very high, as they threaten future generations. The spread of GMOs can cause economic losses, leaving organic farmers vulnerable as they constantly struggle to protect their crops.

3) GMOs require more herbicide use

Most GM crops are designed to be tolerant of weed killers. From 1996 to 2008, US farmers used approximately 174,000 tons of herbicides for GMOs. The result was "superweeds" that were resistant to the chemicals used to kill them. Farmers are forced to use more and more herbicides every year. Not only is this harmful to the environment, but such products end up accumulating a high percentage of toxic chemicals that can lead to infertility, hormonal disorders, malformations, and cancer.

4) Genetic engineering has dangerous side effects

By mixing the genes of completely unrelated species, genetic engineering entails a lot of unpleasant and unexpected consequences. Moreover, regardless of the types of genes that are introduced, the very process of creating a genetically modified plant can lead to serious negative consequences, including toxins, carcinogens, allergies, and nutrient deficiencies.

5) The government turns a blind eye to dangerous consequences

Many of the health and environmental implications of GMOs are ignored by government regulations and safety analysis. The reasons for this may be political motives. US Food and Drug Administration, for example, did not require a single study confirming the safety of GMOs, does not require appropriate labeling of products, and allows companies to send genetically modified products to the markets without informing management.

They justify themselves by saying that they do not have information that GM products are significantly different from conventional ones. However, this is a lie. Secret memos that the FDA receives from the public who go to court show that most scientists working for the FDA agree that GMOs can cause unpredictable effects that are difficult to detect. The White House has instructed the Office to continue to work with biotechnology.

6) The biotech industry hides the facts about the dangers of GMOs

Some biotech companies are trying to prove that GMO products are completely harmless using superficial and falsified research data. Independent scientists have long since refuted these claims, finding evidence that this is not the case. It is beneficial for such companies to distort and deny information about the dangers of GMOs in order to avoid problems and stay afloat.

7) Independent research and reports are criticized and suppressed

Scientists who uncover the truth about GMOs are criticized, silenced, set on fire, threatened and denied funding. Attempts by the media to bring the truth about the problem to the public are censored.

8) GMOs are bad for the environment

Genetically modified crops and related herbicides harm birds, insects, amphibians, marine life and organisms living underground. They reduce species diversity, pollute water and are not environmentally friendly. For example, GM crops have supplanted monarch butterflies, whose numbers have fallen by 50 percent in the US.

Herbicides have been shown to cause birth defects development in amphibians, embryonic death, endocrine disruption and organ damage in animals, even at very low doses. Genetically modified canola (a type of rapeseed) has spread into the wild in North Dakota and California, threatening to transfer herbicide resistance genes to other plants and weeds.

9) GMOs do not increase yields and cannot help fight hunger.

While sustainable, non-GMO agricultural practices used in developing countries have increased crop yields by 79 percent, GMO practices, on average, do not increase yields at all.

International Organization for the Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology Development, citing the opinion of 400 scientists and the support of 58 countries, reported that the yield of genetically modified crops is "highly variable" and in some cases even starting to decline. She also confirmed that with the help of GMOs it is currently impossible to fight hunger and poverty, improve nutrition, health and livelihoods in rural areas, protect the environment, and help social development.

GMOs use the tools and resources that could be used to develop and use other safer methods and more reliable technologies.

10) By avoiding GMO foods, you can do your part to help get rid of negative effects.

Since GMOs do not provide any benefit to the consumer, many may refuse them, therefore, it will become unprofitable to produce such products and companies will stop offering them. In Europe, for example, back in 1999 they announced the danger of GMOs, warning about the potential harm of these products.

Kemerovo State Medical Academy

Department of General Hygiene

Abstract on the topic:

"Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)"

Completed:

Leshcheva E.S., 403 gr.,

Kostrova A.V., 403 gr.

Kemerovo, 2012

Introduction

What is GMO (history, goals and methods of creation)

Types of GMOs and their uses

Russian policy towards GMOs

Pros of GMOs

The danger of GMOs

Consequences of using GMOs

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The number of inhabitants of the Earth is steadily growing, thus, there is a huge problem in increasing food production, improving medicines and medicine in general. And in the world, in connection with this, social stagnation is observed, which is becoming more urgent. It is believed that with the current size of the world's population, only GMOs can save the world from the threat of hunger, since with the help of genetic modification it is possible to increase the yield and quality of food.

The creation of genetically modified products is now the most important and most controversial task.

What is gmo?

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genotype has been purposefully artificially altered using genetic engineering methods. This definition can be applied to plants, animals and microorganisms. Genetic changes are usually made for scientific or economic purposes.

The history of the creation of GMOs

The first transgenic products were developed in the US by the former military chemical company Monsanto back in the 80s.

Monsanto Company (Monsanto) is a transnational company, the world leader in plant biotechnology. The main products are genetically modified seeds of corn, soybeans, cotton, as well as the most common herbicide in the world, Roundup. Founded by John Francis Queenie in 1901 as a purely chemical company, Monsanto has since evolved into a high technology agricultural concern. The key moment in this transformation came in 1996, when Monsanto simultaneously launched the first genetically modified crops on the market: transgenic soybeans with a new trait, Roundup Ready, and insect-resistant cotton, Ballgard. The huge success of these and subsequent similar products in the US agricultural market stimulated the company to shift from traditional chemistry and pharmacochemistry to the production of new varieties of seeds. In March 2005, Monsanto acquired the largest seed company Seminis, which specializes in the production of vegetable and fruit seeds.

The largest number of these areas are sown in the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina and China. At the same time, 96% of all GMO crops belong to the USA. In total, more than 140 lines of genetically modified plants are approved for production in the world.

Goals of creating GMOs

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations considers the use of genetic engineering methods to create transgenic varieties of plants or other organisms as an integral part of agricultural biotechnology. The direct transfer of genes responsible for useful traits is a natural development of animal and plant breeding work, which has expanded the ability of breeders to control the process of creating new varieties and expand its capabilities, in particular, the transfer of useful traits between non-crossing species.

Methods for creating GMOs

The main stages of the creation of GMOs:

1. Obtaining an isolated gene.

2. Introduction of a gene into a vector for transfer to an organism.

3. Transfer of a vector with a gene into a modified organism.

4. Transformation of body cells.

5. Selection of genetically modified organisms and elimination of those that have not been successfully modified.

The process of gene synthesis is currently very well developed and even largely automated. There are special devices equipped with computers, in the memory of which programs for the synthesis of various nucleotide sequences are stored.

Restriction enzymes and ligases are used to insert a gene into a vector. With the help of restriction enzymes, the gene and the vector can be cut into pieces. With the help of ligases, such pieces can be “glued together”, connected in a different combination, constructing a new gene or enclosing it in a vector.

If unicellular organisms or cultures of multicellular cells are modified, then cloning begins at this stage, that is, the selection of those organisms and their descendants (clones) that have undergone modification. When the task is to obtain multicellular organisms, then cells with a changed genotype are used for vegetative propagation of plants or injected into the blastocysts of a surrogate mother when it comes to animals. As a result, cubs with a changed or unchanged genotype are born, among which only those that show the expected changes are selected and crossed with each other.

Modern methods of genetic engineering have made it possible to achieve significant success in their field. By artificially changing the genotype, we get a genetically modified organism or GMO.

GMOs can include microorganisms, animals and plants. Most modifications are carried out for economic and scientific purposes.

What is GMO?

GMOs, at their core, are organisms with altered DNA (genetic material). They are transplanted from other animal organisms. As a result of experiments, useful characteristics (resistance to diseases, resistance to pests, calorie content) become better. The cost of finished goods falls.

Examples of GMOs are:

• Strawberries and soybeans with inserted bacterial genes
• Tomatoes with implanted flounder genes
• Potato with earth bacterium genes
• Wheat with scorpion genes (very resistant to severe and prolonged droughts)

The list of GMOs today can be endless. They have become a panacea in the face of an ever-growing world population and an unstable, rapidly changing climate.

Cost is the main reason

Entrepreneurs who grow crops are paying more and more attention to genetically modified organisms. One of the criteria for their selection is the cost, which is 2-5 times lower.

Someone may consider that by excluding such plant foods from the diet, one can protect oneself. But everything is much more complicated. If bees pollinate GMO plants, this affects the quality of honey, if a cow is fed GM feed, this will affect dairy products, etc.

How to identify GMO foods?

In everyday life, a person often encounters GMOs when he buys food. As a rule, they are hidden in the composition after the letters E, but not all of them are transgenic.

The following GM additives are most widely used:

• Soy lecithin - E322
• Riboflavin - E101 (E101A)
• Xanthan - E415
• Caramel - E150
• Citric acid - E330

This list can be continued for a very long time. If someone is worried that genetically modified foods can harm the health of him and his loved ones, it is recommended that you take a closer look at such lists.

It is not possible to distinguish GM products by smell and taste. Their main difference from natural ones is that the ability does not deteriorate over a long period of time, they are practically not susceptible to pest infestation.

Is the beast so scary?

Many opponents believe that GMOs are beneficial only to those people who earn money and do not bring obvious benefits to humans. But they also have supporters who believe that GM organisms are the future: they will help in places where there is a shortage of food for one reason or another.

Both opposing sides will be right, but everyone makes a choice individually!

genetically modified organism

genetically modified organism (GMO) - an organism whose genotype has been artificially modified using genetic engineering methods. This definition can be applied to plants, animals and microorganisms. Genetic changes are usually made for scientific or economic purposes. Genetic modification is distinguished by a purposeful change in the genotype of an organism, in contrast to the random, characteristic of a natural and artificial mutation process.

The main type of genetic modification at present is the use of transgenes to create transgenic organisms.

IN agriculture and the food industry, GMO refers only to organisms modified by the introduction of one or more transgenes into their genome.

Currently, experts have received scientific data on the absence of increased danger of products from genetically modified organisms compared to traditional products.

Goals of creating GMOs

Use as single genes various kinds, and their combinations in the creation of new transgenic varieties and lines is part of the FAO strategy for the characterization, conservation and use of genetic resources in agriculture and the food industry.

In many cases, the use of transgenic plants greatly increases yields. It is believed that with the current size of the world's population, only GMOs can save the world from the threat of hunger, since with the help of genetic modification it is possible to increase the yield and quality of food. Opponents of this opinion believe that with the current level of agricultural technology and the mechanization of agricultural production, plant varieties and animal breeds that already exist, obtained in the classical way, are able to fully provide the population of the planet with high-quality food.

Methods for creating GMOs

The main stages of the creation of GMOs:

1. Obtaining an isolated gene. 2. Introduction of a gene into a vector for transfer to an organism. 3. Transfer of a vector with a gene into a modified organism. 4. Transformation of body cells. 5. Selection of genetically modified organisms and elimination of those that have not been successfully modified.

The process of gene synthesis is currently very well developed and even largely automated. There are special devices equipped with computers, in the memory of which programs for the synthesis of various nucleotide sequences are stored. Such an apparatus synthesizes DNA segments up to 100-120 nitrogenous bases in length (oligonucleotides).

If unicellular organisms or cultures of multicellular cells are modified, then cloning begins at this stage, that is, the selection of those organisms and their descendants (clones) that have undergone modification. When the task is set to obtain multicellular organisms, cells with an altered genotype are used for vegetative propagation of plants or injected into the blastocysts of a surrogate mother when it comes to animals. As a result, cubs are born with a changed or unchanged genotype, among which only those that show the expected changes are selected and crossed among themselves.

Application

In research

Currently, genetically modified organisms are widely used in fundamental and applied scientific research. GMOs are used to study the patterns of development of certain diseases (Alzheimer's disease, cancer), the processes of aging and regeneration, the functioning of the nervous system, and a number of other topical problems of biology and modern medicine.

In medicine

Genetically modified organisms have been used in applied medicine since 1982. This year, genetically engineered human insulin, obtained using genetically modified bacteria, is registered as a drug.

Work is underway to create genetically modified plants that produce components of vaccines and drugs against dangerous infections (plague, HIV). Proinsulin, derived from genetically modified safflower, is in clinical trials. A drug against thrombosis based on protein from the milk of transgenic goats has been successfully tested and approved for use.

In agriculture

Genetic engineering is used to create new varieties of plants that are resistant to adverse environmental conditions and pests, with better growth and taste qualities. The new breeds of animals being created differ, in particular, accelerated growth and productivity. Varieties and breeds have been created, the products of which have a high nutritional value and contain increased amounts of essential amino acids and vitamins.

Genetically modified varieties of forest species with a significant content of cellulose in wood and rapid growth are being tested.

However, there are restrictions on the use of genetically modified seeds. Either Terminator Technology or legal restrictions are used for this.

Other destinations

Genetically modified bacteria capable of producing clean fuel are being developed.

In 2003, the GloFish was launched on the market, the first genetically modified organism created for aesthetic purposes, and the first pet of its kind. Thanks to genetic engineering, the popular aquarium fish Danio rerio has received several bright fluorescent colors.

In 2009, the GM rose variety "Applause" with blue flowers goes on sale. Thus, the centuries-old dream of breeders who unsuccessfully tried to breed "blue roses" came true (for more details, see en: Blue rose).

Security

The technology of recombinant DNA (en: Recombinant DNA), which appeared in the early 1970s, opened up the possibility of obtaining organisms containing foreign genes (genetically modified organisms). This caused public concern and initiated a discussion about the safety of such manipulations.

Currently, experts have received scientific data on the absence of an increased risk of products from genetically modified organisms in comparison with products obtained from organisms bred by traditional methods (see the discussion in the journal Nature Biotechnology) . As noted in the report of the European Commission's Directorate General for Science and Information:

The main conclusion drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, spanning 25 years of research and conducted with the participation of more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnologies and, in particular, GMOs as such are no more dangerous than, for example, , traditional plant breeding technologies

Regulation

In some countries, the creation, production, use of products using GMOs is subject to state regulation. Including in Russia, where several types of transgenic products have been studied and approved for use.

List of GMOs approved in Russia for human consumption (as of 2008):

GMOs and religion

According to the Jewish Orthodox Union, genetic modifications do not affect the kosherness of a product.

see also

• Genpet is a prank created to draw attention to the moral issues of GMOs.

Links

• - V. Kuznetsov, A. Baranov, V. Lebedev, Science and Life No. 6, 2008
• V. Lebedev "The myth of the transgenic threat" - Science and life. - 2003, No. 11. - S.66-72; No. 12.- P.74-79.
• E. Kleschenko. GMOs: Urban Myths - Chemistry and Life. - №7, 2012

Literature

• Chirkov Yu. G. Living chimeras. Publishing house "Children's Literature". M.: 1991, 239 p. (children's popular science book about the creation of GMOs and the prospects of genetic engineering)

Notes

1. genetically modified organism // Glossary of biotechnology for food and agriculture: a revised and augmented edition of the glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering. Rome, 2001, FAO, ISSN 1020-0541
2. What is agricultural biotechnology? // The state of food and agriculture 2003-2004: The state of food and agriculture 2003-2004. Agricultural Biotechnology. FAO Agriculture Series No. 35. (2004)
3. Leshchinskaya I.B. Genetic Engineering (Russian) (1996). Archived
5. Jeffrey Green,Thomas Ried. Genetically Engineered Mice for Cancer Research: Design, Analysis, Pathways, Validation and Pre-clinical Testing. Springer, 2011
6. Patrick R. Hof, Charles V. Mobbs. Handbook of the neuroscience of aging. p537-542
7. Cisd2 deficiency drives premature aging and causes mitochondria-mediated defects in mice//Genes & Dev. 2009.23:1183-1194
8. Soluble insulin [human genetically engineered (Insulin soluble): instruction, application and formula]
9. History of the development of biotechnology (Russian). (unavailable link - history) Retrieved September 4, 2009.
10. Zenaida Gonzalez Kotala UCF professor develops vaccine to protect against black plague bioterror attack (30 July 2008). Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
11. Obtaining an anti-HIV drug from plants (Russian) (April 1, 2009, 12:35). Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
12. Plant-derived insulin undergoes human trials (Russian) . MEMBRANA (January 12, 2009). (unavailable link - history) Retrieved September 4, 2009.
13. Irina Vlasova Goat will be made for American patients (Russian) (February 11, 2009, 4:22 pm). (unavailable link - history) Retrieved September 4, 2009.
14. Matt Ridley. Genome: The Autobiography of a Species In 23 Chapters. HarperCollins, 2000, 352 pages
15. The Mission Impossible of Genetic Redesign For Longevity
16. Elements - science news: Transgenic cotton helped Chinese farmers defeat a dangerous pest
17. And Russia has overgrown with transgenic birches... | Science and technology | Science and technology in Russia
18. Monsanto Seed Saving and Legal Activities
19. Super-biofuel cooked up by bacterial brewers - tech - 08 December 2008 - New Scientist
20. MEMBRANE | World news | Real blue roses to be sold in Japan
21. B. Glick, J. Pasternak. Molecular Biotechnology = Molecular Biotechnology. - M .: Mir, 2002. - S. 517. - 589 p. - ISBN 5-03-003328-9
22. Berg P et. al. Science, 185, 1974 , 303 .
23. Breg et al., Science, 188, 1975 , 991-994 .
24. B. Glick, J. Pasternak. Control of the application of biotechnological methods // Molecular Biotechnology = Molecular Biotechnology. - M .: Mir, 2002. - S. 517-532. - 589 p. - ISBN 5-03-003328-9

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)are organisms in which artificially genetic material was added from other animal organisms to obtain improved characteristics of the original organism (calorie content, resistance to pests, diseases, weather, accelerated maturation, longer storage, greater fertility), which reduces the cost of products.

Drought tolerant wheat with the scorpion gene. A potato with the gene of an earthen bacterium that even kills Colorado beetles. Tomatoes with the genome of the sea flounder. Soy and strawberries with bacterial genes. This is probably a great salvation, in the face of an ever-growing population and other economic problems.

At the moment, there are studies proving that the frequent use of GMOs can lead to serious problems. According to some studies transgenes can linger in the body and integrate into the genetic apparatus of human intestinal microorganisms.

In addition, it has been observed that the cultivation of transgenic soybeans leads to genetic mutations companion plants that become immune to the effects of herbicides. It is also assumed that living organisms that feed on genetically modified plants can mutate.

GMO products.

Grocery list, which may contain GMO:

1. Soy and its products (beans, sprouts, concentrate, flour, milk, etc.).
2. Corn and its products (popcorn, flour, chips, cereals, butter, starch, syrups, and so on).
3. Potato and its products (chips, semi-finished products, crackers, dry mashed potatoes, flour, and so on).
4. Tomatoes and its products (tomato paste, puree, sauce, ketchup, and so on).
5. Zucchini and products from them.
6. Sugar beet, table beet, sugar from sugar beet.
7. Wheat and wheat products, including bread and bakery products.
8. Sunflower oil.
9. Rice and products containing it (flakes, flour, granules, chips).
10. Carrots and products with it.
11. Onions, shallots, leeks and other bulbous vegetables.

And, of course, there is a chance to find GMOs in products that are made using these plants.

The most frequently genetically modified are soybeans, rapeseed, corn, sunflowers, potatoes, strawberries, tomatoes, zucchini, paprika, and lettuce. Genetically modified soy is included in bread, biscuits, children food, margarine, soup, pizza, fast food, meat products, flour, candy, ice cream, chips, chocolate, sauces, soy milk and so on. Genetically modified corn (maize) most often in products fast food, soups, sauces, condiments, chips, chewing gum, cake mixes. Genetically modified starch is added to a very wide range of products, including yoghurts. You should also know that 70% of well-known baby food companies contain GMOs. Approximately 30% of tea and coffee is genetically modified. Most products from America or other foreign countries, which include soy, corn, rapeseed or potatoes, have GM components. If the product contains vegetable protein, then you can be almost sure that there is also genetically modified soy.

In addition, insulin, vitamins, antiviral vaccines may also contain genetically modified organisms.

Below is a list of some of the organizations that supply genetically modified raw materials to Russia or are themselves producers of:

• Central Soya Protein Group, Denmark;
• OOO "BIOSTAR TRADE", St. Petersburg;
• CJSC "Universal", Nizhny Novgorod;
• "Monsanto Co", USA;
• "Protein Technologies International Moscow", Moscow;
• LLC "Agenda", Moscow
• CJSC "ADM-Food Products", Moscow
• JSC "GALA", Moscow;
• CJSC "Belok", Moscow;
• Dera Food Technology N.V., Moscow;
• "Herbalife International of America", USA;
• "OY FINNSOYPRO LTD", Finland;
• LLC "Salon Sport-Service", Moscow;
• "Intersoy", Moscow.

Below is a list of organizations that apply GMOs in production:

• Kelloggs (Kelloggs) - breakfast cereals, corn flakes,
• Nestle (Nestle) - chocolate, coffee, coffee drinks, baby food,
• Heinz Foods (Heyents Fuds) - ketchups, sauces,
• Hersheys (Hershis) - chocolate, soft drinks,
• Coca-Cola (Coca-Cola) - Coca-Cola, Sprite, Fanta, Kinley tonic,
• McDonalds (McDonald's),
• Danon (Danone) - yogurts, kefir, cottage cheese, baby food,
• Similac (Similak) - baby food,
• Cadbury (Cadbury) - chocolate, cocoa,
• Mars (Mars) - chocolate Mars, Snickers, Twix,
• PepsiCo (Pepsi-Cola) - Pepsi, Mirinda, 7-Up,
• Daria - meat products,
• Campamos - meat products,
• Korona - meat products,
• Mikoyanovsky - meat products,
• Tsaritsyno - meat products,
• Lianozovsky - meat and dairy products,
• Volzhsky PK - meat products.

GMOs are often masked indices E. But this does not mean that all additives E contain GMOs. You just need to understand which E supplements can contain GMOs.

These additives are primarily soy lecithin or lecithin E 322: used as a fatty element in milk mixtures, cookies, chocolate; riboflavin (B2) or E 101 and E 101A. It is added to cereals, soft drinks, baby food and weight loss products. Caramel (E 150) and xanthan (E 415) can also be made from GM grains. Often, the names of additives are written in words on packages.

• E101 and E101A (B2, riboflavin)
• E150 (caramel);
• E153 (carbonate);
• E160a (beta-carotene, provitamin A, retinol);
• E160b (annatto);
• E160d (lycopene);
• E234 (lowlands);
• E235 (natamycin);
• E270 (lactic acid);
• E300 (vitamin C - ascorbic acid);
• E301 - E304 (ascorbates);
• E306 - E309 (tocopherol / vitamin E);
• E320 (VNA);
• E321 (VNT);
• E322 (lecithin);
• E325 - E327 (lactates);
• E330 ( lemon acid);
• E415 (xanthine);
• E459 (beta-cyclodextrin);
• E460 -E469 (cellulose);
• E470 and E570 (salts and fatty acids);
• ethers fatty acids(E471, E472a&b, E473, E475, E476, E479b);
• E481 (sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate);
• E620 - E633 (glutamic acid and glutomates);
• E626 - E629 (guanilic acid and guanilates);
• E630 - E633 (inosinic acid and inosinates);
• E951 (aspartame);
• E953 (isomaltite);
• E957 (thaumatin);
• E965 (maltinol).

Taste and smell genetically modified products does not differ from natural. But, products that are not spoiled, not damaged by insects, too beautiful products can arouse suspicion.

Since seeds are also modified, it is impossible to be sure of the naturalness of products on the markets.