The relief of the earth's surface or topographical relief. Classification of forms of the earth's surface Relief of the earth's surface landforms

Relief - the totality of all the irregularities of the earth's surface.

The surface of the Earth, of course, is not completely flat. The height difference on it from to the Mariana Trench reaches two tens of kilometers. The relief of our planet continues to form even now: they collide, crushing into the folds of mountains, volcanoes erupt, rivers and rains wash away rocks. If we were on Earth in a few hundred million years, we would no longer recognize the map of our home planet, and all the plains and mountain systems during this time would have changed beyond recognition. All processes that form can be divided into two large groups: internal and external. Otherwise, internal can be called endogenous. These include subsidence and uplift of the crust, earthquakes, and plate movement. External are called exogenous - this is the activity of flowing waters, winds, waves, glaciers, as well as animals and plants. The surface of the planet is also increasingly influenced by man himself. The human factor can be divided into another group, calling it anthropogenic forces.

landform

lowlands - up to 200 m
elevations - 200-500 m
plateaus - more than 500 m

low - 500-1000 m
medium - 1000 - 2000 m
high - 2000 - 5000 m
the highest - more than 5000 m

Relief of the oceans

hollows
mid-ocean ridges
island arcs

Formation of the Earth's relief

Features of the Earth's relief

Goals:

students learning new material on the topic of the lesson and consolidating the knowledge gained;
formation of ideas about the forms of the earth's surface;
the formation of an emotionally positive attitude to the subject.

Tasks:

introduce children to the main forms of the earth's surface; with the structure of hills and mountains;
development of the ability to analyze and draw conclusions, defend one's point of view, the ability to apply accumulated knowledge;
educate the ecological culture of schoolchildren.

Equipment: technical support: personal computer, demonstration screen, multimedia projector.

Literature: textbook O.T. Poglazova " The world" Grade 2, workbook "The World Around" by O.T. Poglazova, A. Dietrich "Why", M. "Pedagogy", 2000, "Children's Encyclopedia. Earth", M., "Pedagogy", 2002.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizing time

Well check it out buddy
Are you ready to start the lesson?
Everything is in place
Is it all right
Pen, book and notebooks?
Is everyone seated correctly?
Is everyone watching closely?
Interesting questions
The daredevils are expected.
I wish them good luck.
Come out!
Who is ready?

II. Checking homework

Work No. 5 is being carried out in test tasks.

III. Lesson topic message

1. A trained student reads a poem:

My land is my land
Native spaces!
My land, how great you are!
From border to border.
And a fast train straight ahead
Doesn't fit in a week.

Look at presentation (slide 2). Before you is a physical map of Russia. What color do you see on it? (Blue, yellow, green.) What do you think is marked on the physical map, blue or light blue, brown and green? (Sea, lakes, rivers, mountains, plains.)

This is what the plains and mountains look like on the map. Today in the lesson we will talk about the forms of the surface of our country, we will learn how to find and distinguish them on the map. Slide 3. (Lesson topic). Let's try to complete the chart. slide 4
Now look at the pictures on the slides. Slide 5. (Plain and mountains.) Here you can see the main forms of the earth's surface - plains and mountains. Try to explain what it is. (Children try to explain why they are so named.)
- What do you think, what part of the earth's surface is called a plain? (Smooth.) Slide 6. (Plain image and definition.)
A plain is a flat area of the earth's surface that occupies a large area and has small differences in height.
The teacher shows a slide depicting "Hilly and flat plains". Slide 7. On the slide you see images of two plains, try to determine how they differ? (height)
Plains are flat and hilly. What surface is shown in the first illustration? (Hilly.) In the second illustration? (flat)
Explain why the plains got such names? (A flat plain has a flat surface; a rolling plain has elevations.)

III. Working with the map

Find on the map all the plains in our country, name them. Pay attention to what color they are shown on the map. (Plains on the map are indicated in green or light yellow). Slide 8. (Physical map, plains, will be highlighted.) (East European, West Siberian Plain, Central Siberian Plateau.)
Why is the Central Siberian Plateau indicated on the map in yellow and green? (There are elevations). Elevations in the plain are hills. Slide 9 ("Hill") appears. Can any of you name the parts of the hill? In the structure of the hill, the following parts are distinguished: the sole (or foot) is the lowest part of the hill, this is the place where it begins; the summit is the highest place. There is a slope between the top and the bottom. It can be gentle and steep. On slide 10 - parts of the hill.

IV. Reading A. Shatalov's poem "The Hill" by a well-read student.

I climbed the hill, looked around -
In this gloomy hour I did not recognize the plain.
Fog floated from the swamp, advancing on the meadow,
And above it rose the tops of the trees.
And below, in the distance, at the foot of the hill,
Where in the ravine the stream meandered, playing,
Darkness has already taken over everything.
I went down there, stepping carefully,
The fresh smell of grass and the evening mist,
Sleeping birds lonely sobs -
Night for us created a heady dope.
I swayed and sat down under a spreading lime tree.

V. Work in a notebook on a printed basis.

Physical education minute

The children were walking in the forest (children march in place)
Watching nature. (The palm is applied to the eyes)
Looked up at the sun (raise their heads up, "reach for the sun")
And their rays warmed.
Butterflies flew
Wings flapped (wave hands)
We clap together (clap hands)
We stomp our feet! (stomp their feet)
Well we walked (march, breathe in and out)
And a little tired! (Children sit in their seats)

VI. Continue learning new material.

We talked about elevations on the plains - hills. But, in addition, on the plains there are recesses with steep slopes - these are ravines. The teacher shows Slide 11 ("The Ravine").

On the plains, a person plows up the land and plants cultivated plants. But sometimes on the plains there can be not only elevations, but also depressions. Such depressions are ravines. How are they formed? The prepared student speaks.

"The formation of a ravine begins with a small ravine. Melt and rain waters wash it away, and the ravine gradually increases. The ravines can be shallow, several meters deep, and deep - several tens of meters. The bottom of the ravine is always narrower than its upper part. Often along the bottom of the ravine a river or stream flows in. If a lot of grasses and shrubs grow along the edges of the ravine, then it turns into a swamp.

Ravines bring harm to a person, as they destroy the upper, fertile layer soil. To combat the growth of ravines, people plant trees and shrubs along their edges. The roots of plants do not allow the soil to collapse.

Video clip 13."On how the elevations and depressions of the earth's surface appear."

Solve the riddle.
In the hot summer I stand
I take out the winter with a hat.
What do you think it is? (Mountain.)

That's right, it's a mountain. Look at the image on Slide 12, what part of the earth's surface do you think is called a mountain? (Elevations.) Mountains are very uneven areas of the earth's surface that rise strongly above the surrounding area.
It is very cold and snowy on the tops of the mountains.
slide 13. (Parts of the mountain) Each mountain, like a hill, has its parts, try to name them. (Sole or foot, slope and top.)
Have any of you been to the mountains? Listen to my story about the Caucasus Mountains. Slide 14 will help you better imagine this. (Mountains of the Caucasus)
The main mountainous region of the Caucasus - the Greater Caucasus - is a grandiose mountain uplift, consisting of numerous ridges. It stretches from northwest to southeast. Approaching the Caucasus Range from the north, for another 200 kilometers you see on the southern side of the horizon the outlines of Elbrus (slide 15), which turns white on a clear morning over the plain. The height of Elbrus is 8848 meters. This is the highest mountain.
The vegetation of the Caucasus Mountains (Slide 16) is a complex world in which height plays a big role. Ascent for every 200 meters in the mountains means a drop in temperature by 1-2 degrees. Therefore, moving towards sky-high heights, we observe a rapid change of vegetation and finally find ourselves in the region of eternal snows, where frost and snowstorms are as rampant as in the Far North of our country.
The North Caucasus is one of the main resort centers in Russia. Anapa is the largest children's resort with a convenient sandy beach. (Slide 17)
Another major resort is the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody in the Stavropol Territory. (Slide 18). Pushkin was here twice. Lermontov was exiled here. Here, in Pyatigorsk, in 1841 he was killed in a duel. Many memorable places in Pyatigorsk are associated with this Russian poet. Listen to the verses in which the poets describe the Caucasus.

A trained student reads an excerpt from A. Pushkin's poem "Prisoner of the Caucasus".

In the early morning chill
He fixed a curious look
To the distant masses
Gray, ruddy, blue mountains.
Great pictures!
Thrones of eternal snows,
Their peaks seemed to the eyes
A motionless chain of clouds.
And in their circle a two-headed colossus,
In a crown of shining ice,
Elbrus is huge, majestic
White in the blue sky...

A trained student reads M. Lermontov's poem "The Caucasus".

I greet you, gray-haired Caucasus!
I am not a stranger to your mountains.
And for a long time I dreamed from now on
All the sky of the south and the cliffs of the mountains.
You are beautiful, the harsh land of freedom,
And you, eternal thrones of nature.

With these beautiful lyrical lines we will finish our acquaintance with the mountains.

VII. Working in pairs with 105–106.

VIII. Textbook work

- illustrations p.105;
- conclusion p.107;
- familiarity with the terms "continents", "oceans", "islands", peninsulas.

IX. Lesson summary

- What forms of the earth's surface did you get acquainted with? (mountains and plains)
What are the plains? (Flat and hilly).
What shape of the earth's surface is called a hill?
What shape of the earth's surface is called a ravine? What mountains of our country can you name?
What plains do you know?

As a result, a diagram appears on the board. "Forms of the Earth's Surface". Slide 19. (Scheme)

X. Homework

pp.104-107 questions, conclusion. TPO No. 27, 28.

As we already know, the earth's crust is mobile.

And this movement is determined by the movement of the substance of the mantle. As a result of such movement, mountains, oceanic depressions, and island arcs arise in the most mobile parts of the earth's crust. For stable areas of the earth's crust, flat surfaces are characteristic. All this we call the relief of the Earth.
Continents and oceans- the main, largest landforms of the Earth. Their formation is due to tectonic, cosmic and planetary processes.
The mainland (continent) is the largest massif of the earth's crust, which has a three-layer structure: a sedimentary layer, a "granite" layer and a "basalt" layer. The average thickness of the continental crust is 35-45 km. Most of the surface of the mainland protrudes above the level of the oceans. In the modern geological era, there are six continents: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica.
The World Ocean is a continuous body of water surrounding the continents. The world ocean is divided by continents into four oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic. The share of land accounts for only 29% of the Earth's area. Everything else is the World Ocean.
Mountains and plains, as well as continents and oceans, are the main landforms of the Earth. Mountains are formed as a result of tectonic processes in zones of active tectonic activity, and plains - in areas that are little subject to mountain-forming processes.
Plains- large areas with a flat or hilly surface. They vary in height. An example of a lowland is the Amazonian lowland - the largest on Earth. It happens that the lowlands are located below sea level - these are depressions. The Caspian lowland is located 28 m below sea level. At an altitude of 200-500 m above sea level, there are uplands, for example, Central Russian, and above 500 m - plateaus. An example of such a plain is the Central Siberian Plateau.
The mountains- areas of the earth's surface elevated above sea level to a height of more than 500 m. Mountains are considered low if their height is from 500 to 1000 m; medium - from 1000 to 2000 m and high - over 2000 m. The highest mountain on Earth - Chomolungma (Everest) has a height of 8848 m. You can determine the height of the mountains on a physical map using the height scale.
Mountains differ not only in height, but also in shape. A linearly elongated group of mountains is called a mountain range. The mountains of the Caucasus have this shape.
There are also mountain belts (Andean belt), mountain systems (the system of mountains of Southern Siberia) and mountainous countries. Pamir is an example of a mountainous country.
Mountains and plains are located both on the continents and in the oceans. Mid-ocean ridges are an example of mountains in the ocean.
landform- the result of the struggle of internal and external forces. The internal forces of the Earth form large landforms: continents and oceans, mountains and plains. They not only form them, but also change and destroy them. External forces work constantly and slowly. They also destroy mountain ranges, fill up deep depressions, form hills, valleys, gullies, ravines, form riverbeds, i.e., form smaller landforms.
The destruction and change of rocks under the influence of fluctuations in air temperature, moisture and living organisms is called weathering.
Here are some examples of weathering. In the mountains, these are landslides, landslides, mudflows, rockfalls, deep gorges cut by mountain rivers, and moraine deposits of glaciers. For plains, typical examples of weathering are ravines and river valleys.

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2.

map of our country.

It shows the plains

theory

3.

Look at
lowlands, mountains, hills. Ups and downs
the earth's surface form its topography.

4.

The surface of the Earth is very diverse.

Look at
map of our country. It shows the plains
lowlands, mountains, hills. Ups and downs
the earth's surface form its topography.

5.

The surface of the Earth is very diverse. Look at
map of our country. It shows the plains
lowlands, mountains, hills. Ups and downs
the earth's surface form its topography.

6.

The surface of the Earth is very diverse. Look at
map of our country.

It shows the plains
lowlands, mountains, hills. Ups and downs
the earth's surface form its topography.

7.

The surface of the Earth is very diverse.

Look at
map of our country. It shows the plains
lowlands, mountains, hills. Ups and downs
the earth's surface form its topography.

8.

The surface of the Earth is very diverse.

Look at
map of our country. It shows the plains
lowlands, mountains, hills. Ups and downs
the earth's surface form its topography.
The mountains

9.

The surface of the Earth is very diverse. Look at
map of our country. It shows the plains
lowlands, mountains, hills.

Ups and downs
the earth's surface form its topography.

10.

The surface of the Earth is very diverse.

Look at
map of our country. It shows the plains
lowlands, mountains, hills. Ups and downs
the earth's surface form its topography.
hills

11.

Plains often alternate with small
hills - hills that have
varied form.

Height of hills from 10 -
20 meters to 200 meters.

12.

gently sloping
slope
Vertex
steep slope
Sole
Output
The mountains
Map

13.

14.

steep slope

15.

16.

gently sloping
slope

17.

The endless expanses of the plain are interrupted
high-lying areas of land - mountains.
High mountains - peaks
covered with snow and ice
Middle mountains - slopes
and rocky peaks
Low mountains with gentle
slopes, the top is covered
vegetation

18.

Mountains are not usually found alone, but
form
groups,
which
called
mountain ranges.
Output
hills
Map

19.

20.

hill outline
n
lo
ck
ck
lo
n
vertex
sole

21. Ravines

skl
about
is he
skl
n
Ravine scheme
bottom

22.

Thanks for attention.
.

English RussianRules

World around 4th grade

Over the plains and mountains

Label the hill and the mountain on the diagram. Finish drawing up the diagram: indicate with arrows the parts of the hill and the mountain.

Fill in the table using the map of the textbook "World around 4th grade".

The height of the mountains of Russia

List the mountains in order of increasing height; in descending order of height.

Ask your desk mate to check you out.

Make drawings showing the shapes of the earth's surface in your region, or place a photograph.

With the help of additional literature, the Internet, prepare a message about any plains or mountains of Russia, your region (optional).

Write down the basic information for your message. Specify the source of information.

West Siberian Plain- the third largest after the Russian Plain of the world.

Its area is about 2.6 million km2. From the harsh coast of the Kara Sea, it stretched to the foothills of the mountains of Southern Siberia and the semi-deserts of Kazakhstan for 2500 km, and from the Urals to the Yenisei - for 1900 km.
Nowhere else in the world can one find such a huge space with such a flat relief, as if descending towards its center. Crossing the plain in a train from Tyumen to Novosibirsk, you see boundless planes - no hillock, no ridge. Such a relief was formed by loose deposits of rivers and ancient glacial sediments.
When the glacier receded, the north of the plain was conquered by tundra and taiga, although before there were broad-leaved forests inhabited by mammoths, woolly rhinos, and giant deer.
Minerals are very diverse.

The oil and gas reserves of such fields as Urengoy, Yamburg, Medvezhye, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk make Western Siberia one of the world leaders. 60% of the total peat reserves of Russia are also concentrated on its territory. The richest salt deposits are located in the south of the plain. Deposits of brown coal are associated with ancient sedimentary rocks of the Triassic and Jurassic age.
However, the main wealth Western Siberia are oil and gas deposits.

It has been established that this plain is a uniquely rich oil and gas province of the Earth.
The great wealth of Western Siberia is its water resources. except surface water- rivers and lakes, - found huge reservoirs of groundwater.
The economic importance of the biological resources of the tundra and forest-tundra is great - this zone, it would seem, is not rich in life.

It produces a significant amount of furs and game, and there are a lot of fish in its rivers and lakes. In addition, the tundra is the main breeding area for reindeer. The taiga of Western Siberia has long been famous for the extraction of furs and timber.

Source of information: V.P. Maksakovskiy, I.I. Barnov, V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rom, N.N. Petrov "Geography".

Earth surface shapes

The concept of relief. Absolute and relative altitude

Relief. The earth's surface is extremely uneven. It has land and ocean.

Within their limits there are grandiose mountain ranges and deep oceanic depressions, vast plains and underwater plateaus, lowlands, gullies, hollows, dunes, etc. The relief is constantly changing, which is due to geological processes occurring under the influence of internal (movements of the earth's crust) and external (work of flowing waters, ice, winds, etc.) causes.

The most important characteristics of the relief are the absolute and relative height.

Absolute altitude is the height of any point on the earth's surface above sea level. It can be positive (the area is above sea level) or negative (the area is below sea level). Most of the land has a positive absolute height.

Examples of negative absolute height are less common on land: the Kattara Basin, Africa (-133m), Death Valley, North America (-85m), the Atlantic regions of the Netherlands, etc.

In Russia, absolute heights are measured from the level Baltic Sea at Kronstadt.

Relative height is the excess of one point on the earth's surface above another. It shows how much one point on the earth's surface is above or below another. Absolute and relative heights characterize the dissection of the relief.

Distinguish between positive and negative landforms. The largest negative landforms on Earth are the depressions of the oceans, the positive ones are the continents. These are landforms of the first order. Landforms of the second order are mountains and plains (both on land and at the bottom of the oceans). The surface of mountains and plains has a complex relief, consisting of smaller forms.

Plains, lowlands, uplands, plateaus

Plains and mountains are the main forms of the earth's surface.

They were formed as a result of geological processes that have shaped the face of the Earth throughout geological history. Plains are vast spaces with a calm, flat or hilly terrain and a relatively small fluctuation in relative heights (no more than 200 m).

The largest lowlands: Amazonian, La Plata, Mississippi, Indo-Gangetic, German-Polish.

The Russian plain is an alternation of lowlands (Pridneprovskaya, Black Sea, Caspian, etc.) and uplands (Valdai, Central Russian, Volyn-Podolsk, Volga, etc.). Plateaus are most widespread in Asia (Central Siberian, Arabian, Deccan, etc.), in Africa (East African, South African, etc.), and in Australia (West Australian).

Fig.1. Atherton Plateau in Queensland (Australia)

The plains are also subdivided according to their origin.

On the continents, the majority (64%) of the plains formed on platforms; they are composed of layers of sedimentary cover. Such plains are called stratal, or platform. The Caspian Lowland is the youngest plain, the East European Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau are ancient platform plains, their surface has been largely altered by flowing waters and other external processes.

The plains that arose as a result of the demolition of the products of the destruction of mountains (denudation) from the destroyed base of the mountains (basement) are called denudation, or basement, plains.

The destruction of mountains and the transfer of rocks usually occurs under the influence of water, winds, ice and gravity. Gradually, the mountainous country is smoothed out, leveled off, turning into a hilly plain. Denudation plains are usually composed of hard rocks (Kazakh upland).

Plains are subdivided according to absolute height. Plains with an absolute height of no more than 200 m are called lowlands, or lowlands (West Siberian). Plains, the absolute height of which is from 200 to 500 m, are called elevated, or hills (East European, or Russian).

Plains whose height is more than 500 m above sea level are called high, or plateaus (Central Siberian).

The plains formed in the process of accumulation (accumulation) of material, including loose sedimentary rocks, in which large relief depressions forming a leveled surface are filled with sediments, are called accumulative plains (Great Chinese, Indo-Gangetic, Mesopotamian, Padan, etc.) .

Depending on the origin, they are marine, lake, river, glacial, volcanic.

The relief of the plains is also varied. Thus, on the plains subjected to continental glaciation, the relief of the areas of glacier feeding, its spreading and the flow of melt water is distinguished - moraine and terminal moraine ridges and ridges. The plains of the tundra and sandy deserts have a special relief.

At the bottom of the ocean, deep-water (abyssal) plains are distinguished; at the foot of the continents - sloping plains; on the shelf - shelf plains.

Mountains, highlands and highlands

Mountains - vast areas of land or ocean floor, significantly elevated and strongly dissected.

In appearance, the mountains are divided into mountain ranges, chains, ridges and mountainous countries. Separate mountains are rare, representing either volcanoes or the remains of ancient destroyed mountains. The morphological elements of mountains are: the base, or sole; slopes; peak or ridge (near ridges).

The sole of the mountain is the boundary between its slopes and the surrounding area, and it is quite clearly expressed. With a gradual transition from the plains to the mountains, a strip is distinguished, which is called the foothills.

The slopes occupy most of the surface of the mountains and are extremely varied in appearance and steepness.

The peak is the highest point of the mountain (mountain ranges), the pointed peak of the mountain is the peak. Mountain countries (or mountain systems) are large mountain structures that consist of mountain ranges - linearly elongated mountain rises intersecting with slopes.

The points of connection and intersection of mountain ranges form mountain nodes. These are usually the highest parts of mountainous countries. The depression between two ridges is called a mountain valley. Highlands - areas of mountainous countries, consisting of heavily destroyed ridges and high plains covered with destruction products.

There are three types of mountains according to the absolute height.

Low mountains - the absolute height is from 500 to 800 m, the steepness of the slopes is 5-10 °, rounded, smoothed forms of peaks and slopes.

But there are also sharp, rocky forms. Rounded mountains - the Middle Urals, Cis-Urals, the Kola Peninsula and Karelia, with sharp forms - the spurs of the Tien Shan, the ridges of the Transcaucasus, the foothills of the Main Caucasian Range.
Medium-altitude mountains (middle mountains) with a height of 800 to 2000 m. The average steepness of the slopes is 10-25 °, the relief forms are very diverse. Soft relief forms are characteristic of the mountains of the Southern and Northern Urals, the Crimean, Kopet-Dag, etc. Pointed, peaked peaks, sharp ridges, steep rocky peaks - the mountains of the Polar Urals, Novaya Zemlya, etc.

Fig.2.

Konzhakovsky stone and Sharp Kosva (Northern Urals)

High mountains (highlands) - above 2000 m, the steepness of the slopes is more than 25 °. The high-altitude zone is entirely rocky, the ridges are jagged, sharp peaks and glaciers are characteristic. Individual mountain peaks rise especially high.

For example, the greatest height is reached in the Himalayas by Chomolungma (Everest) - 8848 m, Chogori - 8611 m.
Mountains are divided into young and old. Young mountains are those that, from a geological point of view, have arisen relatively recently (the Alps, the Caucasus, the Pamirs, etc.). These mountains continue to grow, which is accompanied by earthquakes, and in some places volcanism. In the ancient mountains, internal processes have long ceased, while external forces continue to carry out their destructive work, gradually leveling them (Scandinavian mountains, the Urals, etc.).

By origin, the mountains are divided into tectonic, erosional and volcanic. The most common type of mountains is tectonic (up to 90%), resulting from mountain-building movements of the earth's crust. Tectonic mountains are subdivided into folded, blocky and folded-blocky.

Folded - mountains that arise in areas of the earth's crust, characterized by great plasticity and mobility. Here, for a long geological time, there is a powerful accumulation of sedimentary rocks, which leads to the subsidence of these areas.

The emerging counter lateral pressures lead to the crushing of sedimentary strata into folds and the general uplift of the entire area. Moreover, large blocks of the earth's crust rise in a peculiar way: one slope is steep, and the second is gentle. The uplift is accompanied by the formation of a piedmont trough, which is located nearby and is a consequence of the subsidence of the lithosphere. The asymmetric structure of folded mountainous countries and foothill depressions can be traced in all mountainous countries.

In the mountains of the Greater Caucasus, the Cordillera, the Alps, the Carpathians, the Himalayas, the Urals, the Andes, the Pyrenees, the rock layers lie obliquely, curved. The main characteristic feature of folded mountains is their elongation in the form of chains of high mountain ranges over long distances, hundreds and thousands of kilometers.

Blocky mountains - uplifts of the earth's surface, limited by faults.

They consist of layers of rocks crumpled into folds, have flat surfaces of peaks and steep rocky slopes of valleys. Blocky mountains arise as a result of faults, i.e. displacement of rocks along a vertical or steep crack, forming one or more fault steps with a displacement of 1-2 km. These are the Dragon Mountains in Africa, the Western and Eastern Ghats in India. When dumping, peculiar processes occur - horsts and grabens are formed. Horsts - raised areas of the earth's crust, limited by faults: mountains Harz, Tarbagatai, ridges of Central Africa.

Grabens are parts of the earth's crust lowered along faults. Many of them host the largest lakes of the Earth (Baikal, the Great North American, a number of lakes in Africa).

Fig.3.

Dragon Mountains (Africa)

Folded-blocky mountains appeared on the site of sections of the earth's crust that underwent mountain building in the distant past, but, collapsing, they turned into hilly plains. The earth in these areas has lost plasticity, acquired rigidity and stability.

Then these areas underwent repeated mountain building, which was accompanied by faults, faults, uplifts and subsidence of individual blocks (reborn mountains). These are mountains with flat peaks and sheer cliffs - the Urals, Tien Shan, Altai, Sayan Mountains, the Transbaikal Ranges, the Central French Massif, the Appalachians, the East Australian Mountains, etc.

Volcanic mountains are composed of products of volcanic eruptions (bulk) and are isolated formations.

In their height, volcanic mountains are not inferior to tectonic ones. Thus, the highest volcano on Earth, Aconcagua (South America), has a height of 6960 m. Erosive mountains are formed as a result of tectonic uplifts and their subsequent deep dissection by watercourses. The modern relief of erosional mountains has been created mainly by the activity of flowing waters. The importance of relief in human economic activity is very high. The choice of a settlement site, planning of cities, the most convenient places for the construction of hydraulic structures, nuclear power plants is accompanied by a detailed study of the relief, especially in areas of permafrost, karst and landslide phenomena, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

According to the structure of the layers, one can judge the nature of minerals in a given area, the resolution of water supply issues.

According to the types and forms of relief, areas favorable for Agriculture, placement of pastures, hayfields, irrigation and drainage of land. The relief plays an important role in the formation of landscapes and climate. Plateaus and uplands, in comparison with lowlands, due to their considerable height, usually have a more dissected surface and rugged relief. Elevated plains with a flat surface are called plateaus.

Home » Ural » South Ural

Southern Urals.

Southern Ural: mountains, peaks, main ranges, map, geographical position, climate, rivers, lakes, relief.

Southern Urals- the widest southern part of the Ural Mountains. The mountains of the Southern Urals are the remains of the old mountain system, which, along with the entire territory of the modern Chelyabinsk region, covered a significant adjacent part of modern Bashkortostan and the territory to the east of the region.

Southern Urals extends from the southern latitudinal section of the Belaya River to the upper reaches of the Ufa River (R.

Ufaley). This is the widest (up to 150 km from east to west) part of the Ural Mountains. Up to 10 mountain ranges stretch parallel to each other from the northeast to the southwest, gradually bending to the south. On the eastern slope of the Ural Range stretches a conditional border between two parts of the world - Europe and Asia.

The Southern Urals is located on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Chelyabinsk region, and the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the Orenburg region (Southern Cis-Urals) and the Kurgan region (Southern Trans-Urals).

The Ural Mountains are very ancient and heavily destroyed, in fact, these are only the foundations of the former mountains. The relief of the Southern Urals is very diverse. Over the course of thousands of years, it either collapsed to the state of a hilly plain, then rose again, acquiring a mountainous character.

Currently, there are landforms from lowlands and rolling plains to mountain ranges and peaks.

Vertices: Big Yamantau (1640 m), Big Iremel (1582 m), Big Shelom (1427 m), Nurgush (1406 m), Transverse (1389 m), Kashkatura (1342 m), Wide (1332 m), Yalangas (1298 m) , Karatash (1171) (1171 m), Kruglitsa (1178 m), Otkliknoy ridge (1155 m), Veselaya (mountain) (1153 m), Raspberry (1152 m), Karatash (1118 m), Arvyakryaz (1068 m), Two Brothers (1067 m), Reel (1043 m), Masim (1040 m), Turnip (1032 m), Kurtashtau (1019 m), Kurkak (1008 m), Yurma (1003 m).

Main ridges: Zigalga, Nara, Mashak, Kumardak, Nurgush, Big Bitch, Avalyak, Urenga, Big Taganay, Uraltau, Berry Mountains, Zilmerdak, Karatau, Bakty.

The longest ridge of the Southern Urals is Urenga, with the Yagodny ridge about 100 km.

The Southern Urals is a typical middle mountain. The absolute heights of the mountains are from 1000 to 1500 m above sea level. The highest peaks are Mt. Yamantau (1640m) and Mt.

Big Iremel (1582m). The mid-mountain erosion-tectonic relief of the Southern Urals is characterized by flat (Iremel) and dome-shaped (Kruglitsa) peaks. These are the remains of ancient leveling surfaces, uplifted by several hundred meters by new tectonic movements of the earth's crust.
Some ridges and peaks are rocky ridges (Otkliknoy ridge in the Bolshoi Taganay ridge). On the slopes and peaks of many mountains there are separate rocks - remnants (mt.

Yurma, Iremel, etc.).
Above the forest border, all the Ural Mountains are almost entirely covered with stone placers - kurums. But only in the Southern Urals, kurums stretch for kilometers along the bottom of some valleys. These are the famous stone rivers.

Karst is developed along the river valleys, there are caves (Kapova), (Ignatievskaya and others).

The bowels of the Southern Urals are rich in various minerals. here there are ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, coal, chemical raw materials, various Construction Materials, stones are gems. In total, more than 300 commercial-scale deposits have been explored.
More than 20 deposits contain iron ore (Magnitogorskoye, Bakalskoye, etc.). Large deposits of copper ore are Karabash, Verkhneuralskoye.

Nickel and cobalt deposits are concentrated in the Upper Ufaley region. There is aluminum, gold, talc, phosphorites, pyrites, salts, magnesite, clays, marls, limestones, marbles, dolomites, sands, kaolin, graphite. Precious and ornamental stones are found in Ilmeny and the Kochkar region.
The Ilmensky Mountains is a natural museum of gems, there are amazonite, hyacinth, amethysts, opal, topaz, granites, malachite, corundum, jasper, sapphire, ruby, sunflower, selenite, etc.

Diamond crystals are found in the Kochkar region. There are coal, peat, building stone, crystal, rare earth elements, etc.

The Southern Urals is called the land of lakes - there are more than 3,000 of them.

Small lakes predominate, but there are also large ones - Zyuratkul, Turgoyak, Uvildy, etc. In general, the Southern Urals has a rich network of rivers and lakes. The rivers belong to the basins of the Kama, Tobol, Ural, but their upper reaches are mainly located in the region, so the rivers are not large. Main rivers: Belaya, Ural, Ufa, Sim, Sakmara, Dema, Yuryuzan, Ai, Inzer, Zilim, Lemeza, Nugush, Miass.

In the Southern Urals you can find the most diverse types of landscapes.

Zonality (vertical zonality) is clearly expressed, three prevail: mountain-taiga dark coniferous forests, subalpine and alpine forests. Species predominate: larch, spruce, pine, birch, aspen, linden; in the extreme west, maple, elm, oak, mountain ash, etc.

The Southern Urals is located in the forest-steppe and steppe zones.

Forest-steppe and steppe cover the plains and foothills adjacent to the mountains. The mountains themselves are overgrown with forest from the foot to heights of 1000 - 1200 m. Above - mountain tundra, alpine meadows, rocks.
Vegetation types are confined to certain soil zones:
– vegetative zone of tundra soil height more than 1000m
– mountain-tundra alpine meadows 800 – 1000m
– mountain-meadow light forest 800 – 900m
– mountain-meadow podzolized spruce-broad-leaved 700 – 800m
- dark gray forest spruce-small-leaved and pine-birch up to 700 - 800m
- mountain sod-forest steppe areas up to 500 - 700 m mountain chernozems.

The nature of the Southern Urals is very diverse.

Due to the fact that the Southern Urals includes many climatic zones, the animal world is also very diverse. Typical representatives of the forest (chipmunk, marten, hare, lynx, fox, wolf, roe deer, wild boar, elk, bear) and steppe inhabitants (marmot, ground squirrel, etc.) live here. In winter, the snowy owl also flies to the Southern Urals. Of the mammals, the most characteristic are: bear, wolf, fox, lynx, marten, badger, otter, elk, roe deer, deer, shrews, mole, hedgehog, hare, squirrel, chipmunk, etc.

Among birds, you can often find capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, waterfowl, cranes, representatives of the passerine family (more than 120 species), falcon, kestrel, owl, woodpeckers, etc. Of the fish, there are chebak, perch, ruff, predatory and even salmon fish. Trout is found in the Kialim River. There are many reptiles - lizards, common vipers, snakes.

The climate of the Southern Urals is sharply continental: cold winters, hot summers.

Precipitation falls from 350 to 700-800 mm per year. Long rains in summer are rare. The formation of climate is significantly influenced by the Ural Mountains - an obstacle to the movement of air masses.

In winter, the weather is determined by the Asian anticyclone, which invades from Siberia, and in summer, arctic air masses come from the Barents and Kara Seas, as well as tropical winds from Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The continentality of the climate increases from the northwest to the southeast. The average January temperature is -15 -18 degrees, from July +16 +27. The annual amplitude can reach 50 - 70 degrees.
Precipitation is distributed quite unevenly: on the peaks - up to 800 mm, and on the eastern slopes - up to 500 mm. The largest amount of precipitation occurs in June-August. The snow cover is thick (up to 50 cm) and long (up to 170 days).

Middle Ural " :: » Ural Mountains

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