The hero of Khudyakov recalls a case that. He carried me for eight kilometers (according to the text of M. Khudyakov) (USE in Russian)

Answers to tasks B1-B3 write down in words.

Indicate the way of forming the word HELELESS from sentence 7.

V2 I From sentence 7 write out all the prepositions.

From sentences 15-17 write out a subordinating phrase with a connection 1 CONSOLIDATION.

Write down the answers to tasks B4-B8 in numbers.

V4 | Among sentences 16-21, find a complex one that includes a one-part impersonal sentence. Write the number of this compound sentence.

rd Among sentences 22-28, find a sentence with a separate application. Write the number of this offer.

V0 Among sentences 10-20, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses. Write the number of this compound sentence.

27 Among sentences 22-25, find one that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A28-A30, B1-B7. This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should be in the place of the gap, write the number 0. The sequence of numbers in the order in which they are written by you in the text of the review in the place of the gaps, write down in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number B8, starting from the first cell. Write each number in a separate cell in accordance with the samples given in the form. Numbers when transferring separate with commas. Put each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers.

“The hero of M. Khudyakov recalls an incident that made him think about many things.

Techniques such as (“carried me eight kilometers”, “eight

kilometers... carried me" in sentences 1, 13, 31; "remember" in sentence 5) and

(sentences 3-4), combined with comparative turnovers

set an alarmingly tense tone throughout the text. The inconsistency of the act

Earrings Leontiev emphasizes such a lexical device as

(“saved” - “betrayed” in sentence 32), and such a trope as

(“the heart bleeds” in sentence 33) conveys the hero’s shock.”

List of terms:

1 )	contextual antonyms	6 ) dialectism
2 )	metaphor	7) a number of homogeneous members
	a rhetorical question	8 ) epithet
	parceling	9) lexical repetition
	litotes

To answer the task of this part, use the answer sheet No. 2. First write down the number of task C1, and then write an essay.

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid over-quoting).

Formulate the position of the author. Write whether you agree or disagree with his point of view. Explain why. Argument your answer, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Option 26

Part 1

When completing the tasks of this part, in the answer form No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing (A1-A30), put a sign "X"in the cell, the number of which corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen.

| In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel correctly highlighted?

CEMENT 2) laid 3) calls 4) received

D2 | In which answer is the underlined word used incorrectly?

Leaping out of bed at the same time as the alarm rang, Anton quickly put on a tracksuit and sneakers, and a minute later he was running down the stairs, cheerfully whistling some kind of march.

This outstanding physicist considered himself a complete Ignorant in literature.

The young teacher excitedly caught the GRATEFUL glances of the children and continued to speak heartfeltly about everything that had accumulated in his soul.

Good and trusting relations were established between schoolchildren and teachers already in the first days.

Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form.

five kilos of rice

lie down

over seven hundred fifty thousand

distant villages

Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

By using the adjective,

sentence structure must be taken into account.

the grammatical structure of the sentence is important.

sentence structure must be taken into account.

often the structure of the sentence is not taken into account.

Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).

1) Meadows spread all around, fragrant with the aromas of flowers and herbs.

Everyone who has seen the sea on moonlit southern evenings often remembers it.

The officer demanded from the stationmaster that he needed horses.

For a long time the development of our industry proceeded along the line of amalgamation of enterprises.

In which sentence the subordinate clause of a complex sentence cannot be

replace separate definition, expressed by participial turnover?

A novel by A.I. Herzen "The Past and Thoughts", which was called "an essay novel, an epic, an encyclopedia of essayism."

In our time, the volume of information that is transmitted over global trunk lines is constantly growing.

The purpose of the abstract is to convey the main, essential, new information contained in the referenced document.

Read the text and complete tasks A7-A12.

... (2) First of all, she herself refers to them sea water, whose reserves today are truly colossal and account for 96.5% of the total volume of the hydrosphere.

(H) Sea water is a kind of "living ore" containing seventy-five chemical elements. (4) So, even the ancient Egyptians and Chinese learned how to extract salt from it, which is now obtained in large quantities. (b) It is interesting that the salt mines on the Chinese coast have existed for more than five thousand years and cover an area of over four hundred thousand hectares, and the annual salt production here reaches twenty million tons. ( 6 )... sea water is also an important source of magnesium, bromine, iodine and other chemical elements.

Which of the following sentences should befirst in this text?

Most commercial fish and animals in the oceans need protection.

The ocean is a huge storehouse of natural resources.

Scientists managed to unravel the mystery of the oceans.

The main wealth of the deep-sea bed of the Ocean is the deposits of iron and manganese.

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap insixth offer?

Contrary to this 3) On the contrary,

In addition, 4) Therefore

What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of the complex sentence of the text?

salt is received (sentence 4)

the Egyptians learned (sentence 4)

interesting then (sentence 5)

water serves (proposal6 )

Indicate the correct description of the second (2) sentence of the text.

complex with allied coordinating and allied connection between parts

complex with allied subordinating and allied connection between parts

complex

complex unionless

Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word ALSO from the sixth

text suggestions.

conjunction 2) particle 3) pronoun 4) adverb

Indicate the meaning of the word RECEIVE in sentence 4.

mine 2) test 3) acquire 4) import

In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which one letter H is written?

Some paintings by the artist Savrasov were small; written (1) by them within one or two hours, they are marked (2) by the charm of inspiring (3) improvisations.

1) 1, 2 2) 2 3) 3 4) 2, 3

In which row is the unstressed checked vowel of the root missing in all words?

dol..aunt, vet..wound, burn..ganie

architectural

brilliance, remove ..rat, incident

collate, separate, update

In which row in all words is the same letter missing?

e.g. stop, e..cook, unquestioningly

without..skusny, without..initiative, super..gra

not .. seized, pr .. be silent, r..replace

ro .. stroke, not .. bendable, and .. subtly

In which row in both words is the letter I written at the place of the gap?

perekol „sh, studded .. 3) hear .. sh, invisible .. my

sawed .. sew, glued .. 4) saw .. sew, built ..

In which answer option are all the words where the letter I is omitted?

A. step .. vat B. mocking C. bean .. out D. withstand

1) B, C, D 2) A, B, D 3) A, C, D 4) B, C

In which sentence is NOT written together with the word?

Since the middle of the 19th century, Russian scientists have (more than once) organized expeditions to the volcanoes of Kamchatka.

The (un)understandable behavior of the hero is explained by the author in the last chapter.

(Not) everyone is able to behave naturally in a conversation with unfamiliar people.

In which answer option are both underlined words spelled together?

The eldest son, Anisim, came home very rarely, only on big holidays, (FOR) TO often sent gifts with fellow countrymen and SO (SAME), like the middle one, Stepan, short letters.

Sergeev knew his work and loved it (FOR) THAT it was given to him, (FOR) THAT, and they considered him a good master at the factory.

(BY) WHAT do you judge a person's culture - by his manners, tastes, habits? And (FROM) WHAT are you so demanding of him?

They were sometimes silent for hours, FOR (THAT) each felt that both of them felt good - and (FOR) THAT is why it is good that they are together.

Indicate the correct explanation for the use of a comma or its absence in the sentence:

Antiquity in Greece appeared before V.A. Serov in its purest form () and the artist perceived this country as a dream of great art realized.

A compound sentence, before the union And no comma is needed.

A compound sentence, before the union And a comma is needed.

A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the union And no comma is needed.

A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the union And a comma is needed.

A magnificent view opened before us: the river winds (1) dimly blue through the foggy distance (2 ) through watery-green meadows, and a person (3) embraced by the bright breath of spring (4) grows stronger, breathes more freely, more joyfully in his soul.

1) 1 2) 1, 2 3) 3, 4 4) 1, 2, 3, 4

In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which commas should be in the sentences?

In late autumn or winter, flocks of melodiously chirping or sharply screaming birds appear on the streets of cities (1) (2). Here (3) apparently (4) for this cry, the birds got their name - waxwings, because the verb "to whistle" meant "to whistle sharply, scream."

3, 4 2) 1, 3 3) 1, 2 4) 1, 2, 3, 4

Specify the sentence in which you need to put one comma. (No punctuation marks.)

There were no decorations on the walls or windows.

Among the artisans were weavers and gunsmiths and bone carvers.

The powerful “fur coat” around our planet consists of free protons and electrons and is divided into two belts.

Cases and cases are completely tortured.

How do you explain the use of a colon in the following sentence?

In 1720, Peter I approved new rules for uniforming troops: the caftan received

small cloth collar, pocket flaps with three buttons, drawstring

left shoulder and10 buttons on the side.

The generalizing word comes before the homogeneous parts of the sentence.

The second part of the non-union complex sentence explains, reveals the content of what is said in the first part.

The second part of the non-union complex sentence is opposed in content to what is said in the first part.

The first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the time of doing what is said in the second part.

Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Now all the living scenes of the journey were included in the poem (1) the plot (2) of which (3) was rather vague.

1) 1 2) 2 3) 1, 3 4) 2, 3

Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

He continued on his way (1) but (2) when only twelve miles remained (3) the tire suddenly whistled and sank (4) because a sharp pebble again fell under the wheel.

2, 3 2) 1, 3, 4 3) 1, 4 4) 1, 2, 3, 4

Read the text.

When we look at a painted object, we see not its own color, but the color of the light that is reflected from this object. Most of the sunlight (and this is a mixture of all colors) falling on an object is absorbed, remains inside. And only the reflected light enters our eyes, and we perceive it as the color of the object.

Which of the following sentences correctly conveyshome information contained in the text?

Looking at a painted object, a person perceives the sunlight reflected by the object as its color.

Sunlight is a mixture of all colors absorbed by an object.

When we look at an object, we see the colors of sunlight absorbed by it.

Most of the sunlight enters the human eye.

Read the text and complete tasks A28-A30; B1-B8; C1.

One day in the winter, the TV screens of Omsk sounded an appeal from doctors to the audience: an injured person urgently needed donated blood.

People sat in warm cozy apartments, no one knew about each other's affairs, no one was going to, and could not control human actions. (Z) Any person could then say: I didn’t watch TV, I didn’t hear the appeal.

But the majority still had a controller. (5) The highest moral controller is conscience. (6 ) But after all and only! (7) Yes, and only. (8 But this "only", this single selectivity turned out to be the main one in the following minutes, when a person began to act. (9) On trams, buses, taxis, people got to the hospital. (Yu) The nurses on duty came out to meet them. (11) 320 people came to the hospital in 30 minutes. (12) The victim was saved.

I wanted to meet at least some of these people. (14) I went into their houses, talked, finding out the motives of the act, painfully looked for words and felt how these words were not enough not only for me, but also for the donors themselves ... (15) I still feel the awkwardness of those conversations, clarifications . (16) After all, the main thing was different. (17) The main thing was and is that these people acted on the basis of their usual ideas about moral duty. (18) They had no other motives. (19) Moral duty is their main motive. ( 20 ) The act of these people is not a bright flash, but the norm of behavior, and it was truly absurd to try out the motive for an action aimed at helping a person in trouble.

In fact, it is necessary, first of all, to investigate the moral atmosphere, the environment that makes it possible to instill in people a similar understanding of a sense of duty, a similar responsiveness. (22) This is really necessary, because it is important that the manifestation of the humane properties of the human soul become a natural need for everyone. (23) For everyone!

With particular clarity, I remember the faces of my old interlocutors at the moments when their act was characterized by many journalists as a feat. (25) No, these people knew well that a feat is one thing, and the fulfillment of a moral duty is another. (26) The journalist should have known this too. (27) As well as the fact that each of these people, in general, every person who is able to transgress personal well-being in order to help another person, is capable of much more. (28) It is such a person who will not allow a collision, a conflict between personal interest and public interest.

(29) One originates in the other. (ZO) Big - in small, great - in big.

(According to G.N. Bocharov*)

*Gennady Nikolaevich Bocharov (born in 1935) - journalist, publicist, political commentator.

In what sentences does the author explain the motives of the act of voluntary donors?

2, 3 2) 14, 15 3) 17, 19 4) 29, 30

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Sentences 9-12 present the narrative.

Sentences 17-19 present reasoning.

24 sentence of the text contains a descriptive fragment.

Sentence 30 explains the content of sentence 29 of the text.

Which sentence uses phraseology?

5 2) 17 3) 21 4) 24

Part 2

When completing the tasks of this part, write down your answer in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number (B1-B8), starting from the first cell. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form. Separate words or numbers with commas when listing. Put each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers. preserve the structure, ... inequalities. Informatics In years) Each rural ... top center write Trial USE-2012 . Russianlanguage OPTION - All secondary schools must ... commissions to verify the trial USE on Russianlanguage should arrive at 12. ...

Preparation for writing an essay based on the text of M. Khudyakov, taking into account the requirements for task C with a detailed answer to the exam in the Russian language. Grade 11.

Goals:

prepare students for writing an essay-reasoning on a given text;

to form the skills and abilities to build a text, taking into account the requirements for the task from the Unified State Examination in the Russian language; generalize and consolidate knowledge about the style and type of speech; to improve the skills of constructing a coherent monologue statement, the ability to develop speech-thinking activities of students;

to form the skills to correctly and convincingly substantiate one's point of view; develop a sense of responsibility.

Means of education: text according to Khudyakov, explanatory dictionary by I.S. Ozhegov, Russian-Tatar dictionary, slides with statements of prominent people about friendship, plan for parsing the text.

Method: analytical conversation.

Lesson type: improvement and deepening of knowledge and skills in writing an essay-reasoning.

Epigraph:

The text is an object for research and thinking.

M. Bakhtin

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizing time

3. Introductory speech of the teacher:

- Today is another lesson in the development of speech, the task of which will be to work on the text and write an essay-reasoning. According to the definition of the famous philologist M. Bakhtin, the text "is an object for research and thinking."(Reading the epigraph)
So, we must analyze the text of M. Khudyakov. Table material. Let's read the text carefully.

Original text:

(1) He carried me eight kilometers. (2) Eight thousand meters on hot ground. (3) I still remember his hot back, sweat, which, like acid, corroded the skin on his hands. (4) And the white distance, like a starched hospital sheet ... (5) I remember all this, I remember in detail, in detail , in colors. (6) But I still can’t understand anything. (7) And today, many years later, when I remember that incident, my wisdom, having lost its balance, helplessly gets stuck in a thick quagmire.
(8) We were thirteen then - me and minebosom friend Seryozhka Leontiev. (9) We went fishing far away to an old, shallow pond. (10) I suddenly felt the urge to freshen up, and I climbed into the water, but before I could take a step, I cried out from a sharp pain in my leg.
(11) Seryozhka rushed to me, he dragged me ashore. (12) I saw with horror that a fragment of a bottle neck was sticking out of the heel, thick blood was dripping onto the grass. (13) Eight kilometers Seryozhka carried me on himself.
- (15) No! - croaked a friend. (16) It was like in a movie: a friend takes a wounded friend out of the battlefield. (17) Bullets are whistling, shells are exploding, and at least henna to him. (18) He is ready to sacrifice his life, give his heart, his soul, ready to give everything in the world ... (19) I was dizzy from weakness, and suddenly, I don’t know why, I said to Seryozhka:
- (20) Seryon, if I die, then say hello to Galka Korshunova from me! (21) Tell her that I loved her.
(22) Seryozha, blowing drops of sweat from his face, tore his T-shirt into shreds and from fatigue, it seems, he no longer understood what I was saying. (23) He dragged me to the hospital, then, breathing heavily, sat on the couch and watched the doctor treat my wound.
(24) And the next day, when I, limping, went out into the yard, everyone already knew that before my death I asked to say hello to Galka Korshunova. (25) I became the laughingstock of the whole school. (26) My appearance now caused convulsions of mocking giggles in everyone, and I, a naturally cheerful boy, became withdrawn and shy to the point of pain.
(31) He carried me eight kilometers along the sun-drenched road. (32) But I still don’t know if he saved me or betrayed me.
(33) The scar on my leg has almost completely healed, but my heart is still bleeding. (34) And when they say to me: “So-and-so said hello to you,” I freeze with horror and goosebumps run down my back.

Let's do some vocabulary first:

- The quagmire.
- Frail.
- Convulsion.
- Chill.

- What is this text about?
- About friendship.
- About childhood,
- About the betrayal of a friend,
- About resentment, which turned into pain.
- About a wound that can be made by a word ...

What impression did the text make on you?
- The text made me think about the fact that the secrets and secrets of a friend must be kept.
- He accomplished a feat for the sake of a friend, then there is no need to disclose it.
- A word can hurt more than a weapon.

- Really. Lose bosom friend is a big loss. But tell me, how do you understand the meaning of this word?
- A bosom friend is the closest friend,
He is ready for everything for you

Read an excerpt from the text (sentences No. 8-21)

- Guys, what do you personally mean by such concepts as “friend”, “friendship”?
- My friend is a person close to me, to whom I can entrust my secrets, even the most intimate ones, which I don’t tell my parents about,
- My friend comes to my rescue when necessary, he can sacrifice himself ...
- A task was given at home: to prepare proverbs about friendship. Let's listen to them Annex 1 , slide 6)

1 group:

There are many friends, but there is only one friend.

Money can't buy a friend.

2 group:

A friend not tested - that a nut is not chipped.

Look for a friend, and if you find - take care.

3rd group:

Friendship is like glass: if you break it, you can't fix it.

Friendship lead - do not spare yourself.

An old friend is better than two new ones.

- We have seen what folk wisdom says about such moral categories as friend and friendship. The wisest book on friendship says: “A true friend is a strong defense: whoever finds him has found a treasure. A true friend has no price and there is no measure of his kindness.(Sirach)

- The other group had to make an association with the word "friendship"( Annex 1 , slide 7)

Outstanding people of all times and peoples also thought about what friendship is and who is a true friend. Listen to some sayings:
( Annex 1 , slide 8)

Blessed is he who is lucky with a true friend.(Menander, poet-comedian)

Losing a friend is the greatest of losses.(Publius Sir, poet)

Without true friendship, life is nothing.(Cicero, politician, orator, poet)

Remember, friend: it is more difficult to find a friend than a girlfriend. Cheating on a friend is a crime. No excuse, no forgiveness.(Lopé de Vega, Spanish playwright)

Die yourself, but save a comrade(A.V. Suvorov)

Slides with statements are projected on the screen. Students read.

Problem comment . What is the text about? How did you understand the content? (gives a summary)
- Seryozhka Leontiev, carried eight kilometers on his friend's back. It was like in the movies: a friend carries a wounded friend from the battlefield. Bullets whistle, shells explode. He carried his friend to the hospital. On the way, he told about his secret. And the next day, when a friend came to school, he found out that everyone knew his secret. From that moment on, he became withdrawn and shy. And he considered his friend a traitor. Now many years have passed, but this event still torments him.

- Guys, what can we say about Seryozha's first act, how did he appear before you?
- His first act causes our respect, he is a hero who accomplished a feat.
- But the second act of Seryozha makes us think. He announced to the entire school his request to say hello to the girl, because of which he became the laughingstock of the entire school.
- What is your assessment of this act of Seryozha?
- He did wrong. The second act does not paint him.
- That is, at the beginning of the story we see a strong, faithful friendship, which consistently turns into betrayal.
- What question worries the author most of all, causes his reflection?
- The question of the complexity and inconsistency of human actions.
- So, what problem does the author touch upon?
- The problem of the complexity and inconsistency of human actions.
- The next problem raised by the author in the text?
- The problem of betrayal.
- What is the position of the author on this issue
- Life, like human relationships, is complex. One and the same person can be capable of both a heroic deed and a betrayal.
- Now we have to express our opinion on this matter. You can agree or disagree with the opinion of the author. Your opinions, please.

It is necessary to give at least 2 arguments, based on knowledge, life or reading experience. What can be considered a life experience, and what - a reader's?

Let's look at the table posted on the board.

- What arguments can you give? (Students' stories)
- We have a literature that has said so much about human values. What heroes can we bring from fiction?
- In the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Shvabrin is the lowest person. First, out of vindictiveness, he offends the honor of the girl Masha Mironova. At every opportunity, he slanders everyone, saving his own skin. And this act, when he informs Grinev's father about the duel, causes only contempt for him. We know that Grinev received a proper upbringing in childhood, therefore it is important for him to observe such concepts as honor and conscience. And Shvabrin, apparently (we know nothing about his childhood), did not master these concepts.

- Today at the lesson we talked about such problems that are relevant in our modern world. From everything we talked about, we can conclude that finding a true friend is difficult. And if you find it, take care of it.

Homework: complete an essay - reasoning, check according to the USE criteria and put an approximate score (in pencil)

For students, each on a desk.

(7) And today, many years later, when I remember that incident, my wisdom, having lost its balance, helplessly gets stuck in a thick quagmire ...: our whole life seems incomprehensible and strange to me, especially if you try to understand it.

(8) We were thirteen then - me and my bosom friend Seryozhka Leontiev. (9) We went fishing far away to an old, shallow pond. (10) I suddenly felt like refreshing myself, and I climbed into the water, but before I could take a step, I cried out from a sharp pain in my leg. (11) Seryozhka rushed to me, he dragged me ashore. (12) I saw with horror that a fragment of a bottle neck was sticking out of the heel, and thick blood was dripping onto the grass.

(13) Eight kilometers Seryozhka carried me on himself.

- (14) Seryon, leave me! I whispered with dry lips.

- (15) No! - croaked a friend. (16) It was like in a movie: a friend takes a wounded friend out of the battlefield. (17) Bullets are whistling, shells are exploding, and at least henna to him. (18) He is ready to sacrifice his life, give his heart, his soul, ready to give everything in the world ... (19) I was dizzy from weakness, and suddenly, I don’t know why, I said to Seryozhka:

- (20) Seryon, if I die, then say hello to Galka Korshunova from me! (21) Tell her that I loved her.

(22) Seryozhka, blowing drops of sweat from his face, tore his T-shirt into shreds and from fatigue, it seems, he no longer understood what I was saying. (23) He dragged me to the hospital, then, breathing heavily, sat on the couch and watched the doctor treat my wound.

(24) And the next day, when I, limping, went out into the yard, everyone already knew that before my death I asked to say hello to Galka Korshunova. (25) And I became the laughingstock of the whole school. (26) My appearance now caused convulsions of mocking giggles in everyone, and I, a naturally cheerful boy, became withdrawn and shy to the point of pain.

(27) Why did he tell them about my hello? (28) Maybe he just outlined all the details of that case, not assuming that my request would make everyone laugh so much? (29) Or maybe he wanted his heroism to look more impressive against the background of my frail acting? (30) I don't know!

(31) He carried me eight kilometers along the sun-drenched road. (32) But I still don’t know if he saved me or betrayed me. (33) The scar on my leg has almost completely healed, but my heart is still bleeding. (34) And when they say to me: “So-and-so said hello to you,” I freeze with horror and goosebumps run down my back.

(According to M. Khudyakov)

Mikhail Georgievich Khudyakov (1894-1936) - historian, archaeologist, folklorist, author of a number of ethnographic and archaeological essays on the history of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples.

Problems:

friendship

betrayal

the line between friendship and betrayal

The problem of caring for the feelings of people. Why are mental wounds so terrible for a person?

1. Introduction		Have you ever thought about what lies behind this or that act and what consequences it can have in your or someone else's life? In my opinion, these questions concern each of us.
2. Statement of the problem	betrayal the line between friendship and betrayal The problem of caring for the feelings of people. Why are mental wounds so terrible for a person?	It's about human actions M. Khudyakov reflects, raising the problem of the impossibility of their unambiguous explanation.
3. Comment to the problem		The author, obviously, relies on his own life experience, describing an incident that happened on a fishing trip with him and his friend, or rather a former friend. The actions of the latter are very difficult for the narrator to explain: first, he saves the main character, and then exposes him to a laughing stock in front of the whole school, talking about the secret entrusted in an extreme situation. A case from distant childhood still excites the hero. Indeed, how to explain the act of Seryozhka Leontiev: saved or betrayed? Why, having committed a heroic deed in general, does he then commit meanness?
		Khudyakov believes that in such a situation it is impossible to understand the true causes and motives of the act. ... It seems to me that our whole life is incomprehensible and strange, ”he writes.
5. Your position
6. Literary argument		Each of us combines positive and negative principles, and it is not known which will become dominant in a certain moment. So, Rodion Raskolnikov, the hero of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky, obeying the impulse of the soul, gives his last money to the Marmeladov family, shortly before that, having committed the murder of an old money-lender.
7. Any other argument		Tolstoy's favorite heroes are people who get confused, make mistakes, do not always understand why they do certain things. Let's remember Pierre Bezukhov ("War and Peace"), who asks himself how he could pronounce the words of Helen's love.
8. Conclusion		Yes, we are different, and our actions are a reflection of our essence, which is often contradictory. So, there will always be questions over which we will rack our brains. Although, as M. Khudyakov noted, this is also problematic: “our whole life seems incomprehensible and strange to me, especially if you try to understand it.”

- (14) Seryon, leave me! I whispered with dry lips.

-(15)No! - croaked a friend. (16) It was like in a movie: a friend takes out from the battlefield

wounded friend. (17) Bullets are whistling, shells are exploding, and at least henna to him. (18) He is ready to sacrifice his life, give his heart, his soul, ready to give everything in the world ... (19) I was dizzy from weakness, and suddenly, I don’t know why, I said to Seryozhka:

- (20) Seryon, if I die, then say hello to Galka Korshunova from me!

(21) Tell her that I loved her.

(27) Why did he tell them about my greetings? (28) Maybe he just outlined all the details of that case, not assuming that my request would make everyone laugh so much? (29) Or maybe he wanted his heroism to look more impressive against the background of my frail acting? (30) I don't know!

(31) He carried me eight kilometers along the sun-drenched road. (32) But I still don’t know if he saved me or betrayed me.

(3) The scar on my leg has almost completely healed, but my heart is still bleeding. (34) And when they say to me: “So-and-so said hello to you,” I freeze with horror and goosebumps run down my back.

(According to M. Khudyakov*)

* Mikhail Georgievich Khudyakov (1894-1936) - historian, archaeologist, folklorist, author of a number of ethnographic and archaeological essays on the history of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples.

Betrayal. What could it be? It is this problem that is raised by M.G. Khudyakov in the text proposed for analysis.

Reflecting on the question posed, the author of the text recalls an example from the life of a thirteen-year-old boy and talks about how he cut himself badly while fishing, and a friend carried him on himself “eight thousand meters on hot ground.” As M.G. Khudyakov, a wounded boy, exhausted from weakness, asked his friend to tell Galka Korshunova that he was in love with her. The author with undisguised excitement says that in the end the whole school found out about it. As the historian emphasizes, everyone laughed at the boy as soon as they saw him. And the hero is still suffering from this incident, as can be seen from sentence 3. On the one hand, a friend saved him by taking him home, on the other hand, he betrayed him, since he revealed someone else's secret to everyone. A friend was asked to convey greetings and a love confession only to Galka Korshunova, but everyone found out about it.

The author does not directly express his point of view regarding the problem posed, however, we, the readers, are well aware that M.G. Khudyakov is convinced that betrayal may consist in the unauthorized disclosure of someone else's secrets.

My agreement with the author's position can be substantiated by the following literary example. Let us recall the autobiographical work of A. Schweitzer "Life and Thoughts", which tells how the hero, in early childhood, knew the pain received from betrayal. The boy somehow did not like the new teacher Fraulein Gogel, and he called her a cripple, not understanding what this word means. It seemed to him that the word "crippled" expressed a strong dislike for someone. And in secret, the hero told his friend that Fraulein, in his opinion, was a cripple, and asked not to tell anyone about it. The friend promised not to tell. But soon they quarreled, and a friend betrayed the main character, which caused the latter terrible pain. The author considers this case the most painful of all that he had. All because a friend betrayed his trust, broke his promise. The hero sincerely believed him, but it turned out that in vain ... Thus, the unauthorized disclosure of a friend's secret is a betrayal.

Let me give you one more literary example that shows: revealing someone else's secret can be a very terrible betrayal. Recall the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". In this work, the main character Andrei Sokolov, having been captured by the Nazis, witnessed an unpleasant conversation. A soldier by the name of Kryzhnev wanted to hand over the platoon leader to the Germans as a communist in order to save his life. Without a doubt, Kryzhnev is a traitor, and betrayal deserves the most severe punishment. Andrey Sokolov came to this conclusion and strangled Kryzhnev. In this case, the proclamation of someone else's secret was a betrayal of the Motherland - one of the most terrible betrayals that exists in the world. Therefore, revealing someone else's secret can be a very serious betrayal.

In conclusion, I emphasize once again: the unauthorized declaration of someone else's secret is indeed a betrayal, because it is a deception of the trust of the one who trusted. And betrayal deserves universal condemnation.

Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“The hero of M. Khudyakov recalls an incident that made him think about many things. Techniques such as (A) _____ (“carried me eight kilometers”, “eight kilometers ... carried me” in sentences 1, 13, 31; “remember” in sentence 5) and (B) _____ (sentence 3 -4), in combination with comparative phrases, set an alarmingly tense tone throughout the text. The inconsistency of Seryozhka Leontiev’s act is emphasized by such a lexical device as (B) _____ (“saved” - “betrayed” in sentence 32), and such a trope as (D) _____ (“heart bleeds” in sentence 33) conveys the shock of the hero " .

List of terms:

1) contextual antonyms

2) metaphor

3) rhetorical question

4) parceling

6) dialectism

7) a number of homogeneous members

9) lexical repetition

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	V	G

- (14) Seryon, leave me! I whispered with dry lips.

I said to Sergei:

- (20) Seryon, if I die, then say hello to Galka Korshunova from me! (21) Tell her that I loved her.

(31) He carried me eight kilometers along the sun-drenched road. (32) But I still don’t know if he saved me or betrayed me.

(33) The scar on my leg has almost completely healed, but my heart is still bleeding. (34) And when they say to me: “So-and-so said hello to you,” I freeze with horror and goosebumps run down my back.

(According to M. Khudyakov*)

*Mikhail Georgievich Khudyakov(1894-1936) - historian, archaeologist, folklorist, author of a number of ethnographic and archaeological essays on the history of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Let's fill in the gaps.

“The hero of M. Khudyakov recalls an incident that made him think about many things. Techniques such as lexical repetition(in sentences 1, 13, 31 there is a lexical repetition of the words "carried", "eight kilometers". In sentence 5 there is a lexical repetition of the word "I remember") and parceling(parcellation is such a division of a sentence, in which the content of the statement is realized not in one, but in two or more intonation-semantic speech units, following one after another after a separating pause), in combination with comparative turns, they set an alarmingly tense tone throughout the text. The inconsistency of Seryozhka Leontiev's act is emphasized by such a lexical device as contextual antonyms(“saved” - “betrayed” in sentence 32), and such a trope as metaphor(metaphor - a hidden comparison, in sentence 33 there is a hidden comparison of experiences with heart bleeding), conveys the shock of the hero.

Answer: 9412.

Answer: 9412

Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression

ANALYSIS OF THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing a correspondence between the gaps indicated by the letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write down matches only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put "0" in place of this number. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc. It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; into the second figure of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 A TROPWORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A PORTABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSION. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: In the task, as a rule, it is indicated that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks a feature that is essential for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. From a simple definition, the epithet differs in artistic expressiveness and figurativeness. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphan land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I. A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative description of the subject: sorceress-winter; mother - cheese earth; The poet is a lyre, and not only the nurse of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs acting as circumstances: In the north stands wild alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tense elongated in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns expressing superlatives of one or another state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, more what kind! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participial phrases: Nightingale vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of ... scribblers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in the language, except for words, not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison- This is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binomial: it names both compared objects (phenomena, signs, actions).

Villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds, frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

The form of the instrumental case of nouns:

nightingale stray youth flew by,

wave in bad weather Joy subsided (A. V. Koltsov)

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative turnovers with unions like, as if, as if, as if, etc .:

Like a predatory animal, to a humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

Into the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

With the help of comparative clauses:

Golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond

Just like a light flock of butterflies

With fading flies to a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis. In contrast to comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared is given, the metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness of the use of the word. The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language("erased"): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, mountains to move, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual-author's, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

V painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND eyes blue, bottomless

Blooming on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not only single: it can develop in the text, forming whole chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, an integral artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through sleepy valleys, Sleepy mists lay down And only the horse's clatter, Sounding, is lost in the distance. The autumn day went out, turning pale, Rolling up fragrant leaves, Taste a dreamless dream Half-withered flowers. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(in translation from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a connection:

Between action and tool of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed swords and fires(A. S. Pushkin);

Between the object and the material from which the object is made: ... not that on silver, - on gold ate(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls ... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) is kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Most often, the transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not go ... (A. S. Pushkin);

Part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Paraphrase, or paraphrase(in translation from Greek - a descriptive expression), is a turnover that is used instead of a word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - "Peter's creation", "Beauty and wonder of midnight countries", "city of Petrov"; A. A. Blok in the verses of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8. Hyperbole(in translation from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N. V. Gogol)

And at that very moment couriers, couriers, couriers... you can imagine thirty five thousands one couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And marching importantly, in orderly calmness, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In large boots, in a sheepskin coat, In large mittens ... and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Where, smart, are you wandering, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 "Non-special" lexical figurative and expressive means of the language

Note: The tasks sometimes indicate that this is a lexical means. Usually in the review of task 24, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these funds are most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of one part of speech, different in sound, but the same or close in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lies, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive possibilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen cunning and clumsy

Cautious and reckless

Captivating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseological units (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in finished form, in which the integral meaning dominates the values of their components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, a bone of contention) have great expressive potential. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, the sword of Damocles, Achilles' heel);

2) the relevance of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of language means with a positive emotionally expressive coloring ( store as the apple of an eye - torzh.) or with a negative emotionally expressive coloring (without the king in the head is disapproved, the small fry is neglected, the price is worthless - contempt.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional and expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Church Slavonics): inspiration, coming, fatherland, aspirations, secret, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, spell, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, courageous; affectionate: sun, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: conjecture, bicker, nonsense; disparaging: upstart, delinquent; contemptuous: dunce, cramming, scribbling; swear words/

2) functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday-household): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary of limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialect vocabulary (words that are used by the inhabitants of any locality: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: goofball, bastard, slap, talker);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of the general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of jargons - youth: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; jargon of criminals: dude, raspberry);

Vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they designate: boyar, oprichnina, horse; archaisms are obsolete words that name objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: brow - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES based on special combinations of words that are beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and descriptiveness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format that indicates these means: they are called both syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expression, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16. Rhetorical question is a figure in which a statement is contained in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, who from a young age comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17. Rhetorical exclamation- this is a figure in which an assertion is contained in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations strengthen the expression of certain feelings in the message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was in the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! Oh the light of the sun! O fresh spirit of birch. (A. K. Tolstoy);

Alas! a proud country bowed before the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18. Rhetorical appeal- it stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like a soul, is unstoppable and eternal (A. S. Pushkin);

Oh deep night! Oh cold autumn! Silent! (K. D. Balmont)

19. Repeat (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to draw special attention to them.

The types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and catch-up.

Anaphora(in translation from Greek - ascent, rise), or monotony, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

lazily hazy noon breathes,

lazily the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

The clouds are lazily melting (F. I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(in translation from Greek - addition, final sentence of the period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely.

What is a day or a century

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

Paustovsky's two-volume book was brought to the bookstore joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

he fell down on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine,

Like a pine in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking side by side) - an identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, lines of poetry, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look to the future with fear

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was your ringing string

I was your blooming spring

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country - for business, but business - for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, reversal) - this is a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), to give the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding, or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition is after the word being defined: I am sitting behind bars in damp dungeon(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there was no swell on this sea; stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns are in front of the word, which includes: Hours of monotonous fight(monotonous strike of the clock);

22. Parceling(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonation-semantic units - phrases. At the place of division of the sentence, a period, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long. Ratny. The infantry regiment was destroyed. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is nobody outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important spheres of society's life! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary that the state remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on intentional omission, or, conversely, conscious repetition of unions. In the first case, when unions are omitted, speech becomes compressed, compact, dynamic. The depicted actions and events here quickly, instantly unfold, replace each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, rattle.

The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When polyunion speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and a repeated union highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But and grandson, and great-grandson, and great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I myself grow ... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of the theme and intonation splitting into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) goes with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a separating significant pause, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

Whenever I wanted to limit my life to a domestic circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a spouse, / If I were captivated by the family picture for at least a single moment, then, it would be true, except for you, one bride would not be looking for another. (A.S. Pushkin)

25. Antithesis, or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) - this is a turn in which opposite concepts, positions, images are sharply opposed. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general language and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet.(A. S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes

And now - everything is squinting to the side,

Yesterday, before the birds sat,

All larks today are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive and I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

"My dear, what have I done to you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26. Gradation(in translation from Latin - a gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a sign. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and influencing power of the text:

I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend(A. A. Blok);

Glowing, burning, shining huge Blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less often and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought the tar of death

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A. S. Pushkin)

27. Oxymoron(in translation from Greek - witty-stupid) - this is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradictory to each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence etc.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

There is melancholy cheerful in the scares of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory- allegory, the transfer of an abstract concept through a specific image: Must defeat foxes and wolves(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the excitement of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was not said: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...

In addition to the above syntactic expressive means, the following are also found in the tests:

-exclamatory sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences- sentences in which a member is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. Missing members of the sentence can be restored and context.

Including ellipsis, that is, skipping the predicate.

These concepts are considered in the school course of syntax. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.

Option 21

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3

(1) The main idea of the doctrine of the Earth's biosphere by the outstanding natural scientist Academician V.I. Vernadsky is that the highest form of development of matter on Earth - life - determines and subjugates all other processes. (2) It has a constant impact on the inorganic world, on chemical and other processes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, in the upper layers of the lithosphere. (3) it shapes the face of our planet.

1.Specify two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Life as the highest form of development of matter on Earth, according to Academician V.I. Vernadsky, affects the inorganic world and processes in it and forms the appearance of our planet.

2) V.I. Vernadsky is an outstanding scientist, the founder of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology.

3) Being the highest form of development of matter on Earth, life, according to Academician V.I. Vernadsky, influencing the inorganic world and processes in it, forms the appearance of our planet.

4) The highest form of development of matter on Earth is life.

5) Life has a constant impact on the inorganic world, on chemical and other processes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, in the upper layers of the lithosphere.

2. Which of the following words should be in place of the gap in the third (3)

text sentence? Write out this word.

for instance

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word LIFE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

LIFE, -and, wives.

1. The totality of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of the existence of matter. Origin of life on Earth. Life of the Universe. The laws life.

2. The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things. Give life to someone. (to give birth; high; also trans.). Plant life. Risk your life. A matter of life and death (most important). give away life for someone. (sacrifice yourself).

3. The time of such existence from its inception to the end, as well as in some. his period. Short, long life. At the beginning, at the end of life. My life in the village.

4 . The activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations.

Public life. Family life. Effervescent life.

5. Real reality. Implement the decision.

6. Revitalization, manifestation of activity, energy. The streets are full of life.

More life! (a call to act more energetically, livelier; colloquial)

4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the percussive sound was incorrectly highlighted. Write out this word.

encourage

adolescence

5. One of the suggestions below WRONG highlighted word is used. Correct the lexical error by choosing to the highlighted word paronym. Write down the chosen word.

You have chosen not the most SUCCESSFUL time to buy real estate: the prices are very high now.

Journalists who have worked in hot spots repeatedly were presented with state awards.

Summer in country house left SINGLE frames.

LONELY people often hide in the world of their own fantasies.

Tension, aggression, the presence of conflicts in the family have a negative impact on children.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly

OTTUDOVA

kilogram of Abkhazian MANDARINS

experienced ENGINEERS

couple of socks

NINETY rubles

7. Match between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Grammatical errors

Offers

A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

B) an error in the construction of a complex sentence

C) a violation in the construction of a sentence with

inconsistent application

D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

E) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms

1) Picking mushrooms, it was damp and cold in the autumn forest.

2) The meteorological center reports a cyclone approaching from the Sea of Japan and that there will be no more warm weather.

3) It has been noticed that those who in childhood spent more time not at home, but in the open, less often become short-sighted.

4) Slowly working with oars and listening to the fading ringing, we talked about the trip to Savoy.

5) Thanks to the efforts of the old director, the museum entered the top three best museums Moscow.

6) In the picture V.E. Borisov-Musatov "Spring" subtly conveyed the state of nature.

7) Large flakes of snow swirled in white cottony tufts, danced in the heavy humid air.

8) In the "Sorochinsky Fair", written by N.V. Gogol, the color of Little Russia is recreated.

9) Leafing through the pages of the great works of Russian literature, you understand that to what extent the novels of L. Tolstoy occupy a high place among them.

8. Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

vyp..melting

decorator

k..sat

k..mpanion

9. Find a row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.

pr..image, n..best

pr..acquisition, pr..light

in..cherish, both..roofed

vz..skately, po..skovy

p .. warm up, not .. eat

10. Write down the word in which the letter is written in the place of the gap E.

adjust..vat

confused .. out

peel off

sentry .. former

rod..howl

11 . Write down the word in which the letter is written in the place of the gap AND

Look for a puppy

sheep nibbling grass,

indescribable .. my joy

you see a friend,

waterproof .. my raincoat

12. Identify the sentence in which NOT is written SEPARATELY with the word. Open the brackets and write out this word

The hero, (not) seeing slavery, tries to change the relationship between people.

An (un)understandable rule is hard to remember.

You can still see the remains of (not) melted snow.

So the auditor who (not) appeared on the stage disturbs all the townsfolk.

The (un)voiced reproach shone in Sofya Nikolaevna's eyes.

13 . Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are written ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

(AND) SO, let's summarize everything that has been said: the forest is our healer, our wealth and, (AT) THE END, the best outfit of the earth.

It was necessary to wait for Semyonov no matter what (WHATEVER), (ON) BECAUSE that his arrival decided a lot.

The sky was frowning SO (SAME) as yesterday, the sea was stormy, (ON) THIS boat trip had to be postponed.

(B) DURING last summer, I had to live in an old manor near Moscow, (ADD) it did not look like ordinary estates.

Matryona Filimonovna (THAT) HOUR met with the clerk and on the FIRST (SAME) day drank tea with her and with the clerk under the acacias and discussed business.

14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which it is written N.

Some paintings by the artist Savrasov were small; writing (1) to them within one to two hours, they are noted (2) by the charm of inspiring (3) improvisations.

15. Set up punctuation marks. Choose two sentences in which you want to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Long and gray autumn weekdays came and imperceptibly dissolved memories of summer.

2) There was a constant shortage of specialist drivers both in the rear and at the front.

3) In the house of the Ehrenburgs, there are chandeliers and mirrors, and even kitchen table were works of art.

4) Stanislav did not hear the question or did not want to answer it.

5) I wanted a lot, but I didn’t catch anything.

16. Place punctuation marks:

Last year (1) rummaging through my home archive (2) I accidentally came across a rather voluminous bunch of letters (3) tied with blue ribbon (4) and decided to read them.

17 . Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.

Grammar (1) according to scientists (2) is a means of expressing thought. And it is necessary to be able to express one's thoughts in the best possible way and understand others' (3) undoubtedly (4) to every person, regardless of his specialty and profession.

18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

In his plays, Chekhov created images of people (1) whose life (2) (3) fell at a turning point in history.

19. Put punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Such fatigue set in (1) that (2) even if there were no order (3) to settle down to rest (4) people would not be able to take a single step further.

Read the text and complete tasks 20-25

- (14) Seren, leave me! I whispered with dry lips.

- (15) No! croaked a friend. (16) It was like in a movie: a friend takes a wounded friend out of the battlefield. (17) Bullets are whistling, shells are exploding, and at least henna to him. (18) He is ready to sacrifice his life, give his heart, his soul, ready to give everything in the world ... (19) I was dizzy from weakness, and suddenly, I don’t know why, I said to Seryozhka:

- (20) Seryon, if I die, then say hello to Galka Korshunova from me! (21) Tell her that I loved her.

(24) And the next day, when I, limping, went out into the yard, everyone already knew that before my death I asked to say hello to Galka Korshunova. (25) I became the laughingstock of the whole school. (26) My appearance now caused convulsions of mocking giggles in everyone, and I, a naturally cheerful boy, became withdrawn and shy to the point of pain.

(31) He carried me eight kilometers along the sun-drenched road. (32) But I still don’t know if he saved me or betrayed me.

(According to M. Khudyakov)

20. What word should be in place of the gap in sentence 7?

1) indifference

3) hate

4) perplexity

21 . What type(s) of speech is(-s) presented in sentences 27-30?

1) reasoning

2) description and reasoning

3) narrative and description

4) narration

22. Indicate the sentence in which the phraseological unit is used.

1) 1 2) 9 3) 22 4) 23

23. Among sentences 22 - 25, find one that connects with the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

24. Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20 – 23. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text.

Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps (A, B, C, D) with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write in the table under each letter the corresponding number. Write the sequence of numbers in the ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the task number 24, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters.

Write each number in accordance with the samples given in the form.

“The hero of M. Khudyakov recalls an incident that made him think about many things. A__________ ("carried me eight kilometers", "eight kilometers ... carried me" in sentences 1, 13, 31; "I remember" in sentence 5) and such a syntactic device as B__________ (sentences 3 - 4), in combination with comparative turns set an alarmingly tense tone throughout the text. The inconsistency of Seryozhka Leontiev’s act is emphasized by B__________ (“saved” - “betrayed” in sentence 32), and G__________ “heart bleeds” (sentence 33) conveys the shock of the hero.

List of terms:

1) contextual antonyms

2) metaphor

3) rhetorical question

4) parceling

5) ellipsis

6) gradation

7) expressively colored word

9) lexical repetition

Part 2

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argument your answer, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Answers to option

	Option 21



	encourage



	Tamer
	Warmed up undernourished
	Rod

	Not Appeared
	So finally