Depending on the amount of drained water, you can choose suitable option:
- a pit without a bottom (drain) is a suitable option to make a drain in the bath;
- sealed cesspool - for a large number of drains;
- septic tank - for partial treatment and draining of wastewater.
Which is better - a sealed or drain cesspool?
If the daily amount of discharged water does not exceed one cubic meter, you can use drain hole. This is convenient, for example, when organizing a drain in a bath. It is enough to dig a pit with a volume of 3 m³, lay a pillow of 30 cm of sand and 50 cm of stones on the bottom, strengthen its walls with brick, concrete or even tires and close the hole.
If much more water is drained, it does not have time to seep and be cleaned. Then you can make a completely sealed cesspool. Ready-made containers are sold, which can be immediately buried.
The only drawback of such a pit is the monthly pumping of waste.
A septic tank is the best cesspool
If the amount of drain exceeds one and a half cubic meters per day, but it is unprofitable to order a monthly pumping out of the pit, the best way out is to make a septic tank in a private house. It filters waste quite well, polluting the environment much less than the usual latrine with a pit. Ready-made systems are sold, which are enough to bury on the site, or you can do it completely on your own.
Advantages and disadvantages of a homemade septic tank
A do-it-yourself septic tank has a number of advantages over ready-made solutions:
The final cost is significantly lower;
+ does not require a large area for the organization of the filtration field;
+ you can organize one septic tank for two houses;
+ depending on the type of wastewater, pumping is required every few years;
+ It is possible to carry out a complete cleaning once every ten years.
But the disadvantages of such a septic tank are also present:
- significant labor costs - it is problematic to cope with the device of a septic tank alone;
- time - pouring cement into the formwork and its hardening takes about a month;
- additional equipment - to simplify the process, you will need a concrete mixer or a drill with a mixer.
Site selection
The requirements for a septic tank are the same as for a cesspool - no closer than 15 meters from the well and 30 meters from the reservoir. At the same time, do not forget about the neighbors - the distance to their well should also not be less. But to the house it can be placed almost close - 3 m from the foundation with a one-story building, and 5 m - with a two-story building. In addition, this is how the issue of insulating the drain pipe is solved - the greater the distance to the pit, the deeper you will have to dig a trench and insulate the pipe.
Be sure to take into account the direction of groundwater and flood water - they should not go from the septic tank to the house or well. At the same time, it is also undesirable to arrange a septic tank in the lower part of the site - melt and runoff water will flood it. To protect the septic tank from flooding or raise above the level ground water, it can not be buried completely in the ground, insulating the above-ground part to prevent freezing.
Step by step instructions on how to make a septic tank
After choosing a place for a septic tank, work begins on its organization. It is necessary to calculate the required volume of the main chamber and the overall dimensions of the pit. So, for four people, the main chamber will be at least 150x150 cm, and for five or six - 200x200 cm. In this case, the depth should be at least 2.5 m, but not deeper than 3 m. This is done for the convenience of future pumping. The second, or drainage, chamber cannot be less than a third of the main one.
If there is a shower in the house and it is used daily, the size of the chambers must be increased by another 50%. It is also better to leave a small margin, since the filling of the working chamber should not exceed 2/3 of the total volume per day. In addition, the drains in the working chamber should settle a little, and not immediately overflow into the drainage chamber. The optimal volume of a septic tank is the daily amount of drained water multiplied by 3.
- After determining the size of the chambers, markings are made and a foundation pit is dug. Upper fertile layer removed - it can be used to cover the septic tank and the device beds.
- The trench for the drain pipe is dug at the same time as the pit. The slope of the pipe is 3 degrees per meter. So that the masses do not stagnate, the pipe must be laid without straight and sharp corners.
- It is desirable to get to sandy or sandy soil. On the clay soil a sand and gravel pad is being made. First, 30 cm of sand is poured and tamped, and then the same amount of crushed stone of a fraction of 5 cm. Thus, for a septic tank 2.5 m deep, you will have to dig a pit 3.1 m deep.
- The rest of the formwork is done on top of the pillow. The formwork along the walls is one-sided - the second side is the earth.
- A drain pipe with a diameter of 100 mm is inserted into the formwork at a height of at least 80 cm from the bottom. If it is above freezing of the soil, the pipe must be insulated.
- A tee is inserted into the wall formwork between the chambers, through which settled water will drain into the drainage chamber. It should be 20 cm below the drain pipe.
- Concrete can be kneaded both manually in a trough with a chopper, and a concrete mixer. To give the mixture elasticity and frost resistance, you can add a tablespoon of ordinary washing powder to each bucket of water.
- Concrete mixed with crushed stone and stones is poured into the formwork different sizes, and the mixture itself is bayoneted, removing air bubbles. The pipe and the tee are poured so that after the formwork is removed, there is a monolithic wall around them.
- As soon as the concrete hardens, you can make the top floor. It is most convenient to use corrugated board for formwork. It is laid so that it goes halfway onto the walls of the septic tank - so that when pouring, the roof and walls merge into a monolith.
- A technical hatch with a diameter of 1 m is made, around which formwork is installed. It is necessary to make two holes above the chambers and insert pipes. In the main chamber - a pipe with a diameter of 100 mm and a reverse slope for pumping out sludge, which does not reach the bottom by 20 cm. A vacuum relief hole is made at the end of such a pipe. A ventilation pipe with a diameter of 50 mm is inserted into the second.
- An overlap with a minimum thickness of 15 cm is poured with the obligatory addition of stone and bayonet. After hardening, the septic tank is covered with waterproofing and it can be completely covered with earth, leaving only a technical hatch. So that in winter the septic tank does not freeze through this hatch, it is covered with foam plastic and covered with another lid.
An improved do-it-yourself cesspool is ready to go. After some time, the bottom of the main chamber becomes silted, bacteria develop there, increasing the filtration capabilities of the pillow, and the final cleaning of the drain water takes place in the second chamber.
And how to make a simple cesspool is described step by step in the video:
V country houses in most cases, it is not possible to connect to a centralized sewer, so the owners have to look for options on how to properly equip it so that it performs its functions efficiently.
One of the simplest and convenient ways is a cesspool. It is economical compared to autonomous sewers, allows residents country houses enjoy all the achievements of civilization.
Two cesspools
But the cesspool requires proper care, in the absence of which residents face very unpleasant problems. This is a fetid smell on the site and in the house, sewage overflow with sewage, flooding of the territory with sewage. In some cases, they decide to bury the old hole, and dig a new one next to it. You can go the other way and install two cesspools on your site that would complement each other's work.
During operation, the cesspool is constantly clogged with solid waste that accumulates at the bottom. If the water goes into the ground, then the fecal matter remains at the bottom, fat accumulates on the walls. Periodically, the cesspool must be cleaned independently or with the help of professional equipment. The call of vacuum trucks is becoming more frequent every time, the functioning cesspool deteriorates, it no longer absorbs liquids as effectively, even if it has only recently been cleaned. The thing is, it gets dirty. drainage system and soil that loses its throughput.
In this case, it is worth considering that. You can bury the old one, or you can use both to increase productivity sewer system.
New cesspool
Note! The construction of a second cesspool will be needed in areas where clay soil or loam prevails. In this way, the carrying capacity of the soil can be improved, as a result of which the cesspool will cope with the processing and absorption of waste faster and more efficiently.
How two cesspools work
The principle of operation of two cesspools is quite simple. The advantage of this method is that now pumping and cleaning can be carried out much less frequently, the possibility of overflowing the cesspool and all the unpleasant consequences of this phenomenon is excluded. How do two cesspools work on the site?
- Solid and liquid sewage through the sewer pipe enters the old pit.
- Solid waste settles at the bottom of the tank, liquids overflow through the connecting pipe into the second pit.
- In the second cesspool, liquid waste passes through the drainage layer, is cleaned and goes deep into the ground.
During operation, only the first cesspool needs to be cleaned, since all solid waste, fecal masses are retained there. The second tank is used for the disposal of only liquid sewage, it becomes clogged very rarely, cleaning may be needed every two to three years.
Building
To build a sewer system that involves the use of two cesspools for waste processing, you need to know some design features such structures. First of all, you should determine the distance between the two cesspools. It depends on the nature of the soil. On sandy soils, this distance should be greater than on clay soils. You should also take into account the location of other economic structures and a residential building.
Material selection
It is best if both tanks are made of the same material. Most often used for this. They are strong, reliable, durable, resistant to microorganisms, resistant to deformation, resistant to chemicals. In addition, concrete rings perfectly strengthen the ground.
Sometimes, for the construction of a sewer system with two cesspools, they use brickwork, but this option is more expensive and not as reliable.
Sequence
There is nothing complicated about how to make a second cesspool. If one cesspool already exists, you need to dig a second container. The distance between them should be small so that it is convenient to connect two cesspools. To do this, you can use plastic or metal pipes. The bottom of the second pit should be covered with a filtration layer. This is crushed stone with sand, construction debris.
Two cesspools on site
Two cesspools are a convenient, economical solution. This design will ensure against the occurrence of unpleasant problems, for example, the spread of an unpleasant odor throughout the site, the overflow of the cesspool. The only thing to remember is the observance of sanitary and hygienic standards, in particular, how far the sewerage can be from a well, wells and a residential building.
The lack of central sewerage brings with it a number of difficulties. The drain pit that replaces it quickly overflows and requires constant pumping.
Advantages of a pit with overflow: rare use of sewage equipment, reuse of water (for watering the garden), no unpleasant odor, the possibility of using water in the house in unlimited volumes, the absence of gurgling sounds from the sink and toilet bowl when the pit is overflowing.
The best option for giving or country house is a cesspool with overflow.
You should learn about the advantages, device and method of building an overflow pit before starting its construction.
: what is it needed for?
Installation features.
Installation of sewer pipes.
Advantages
The cesspool accumulates in itself not only human waste, but also domestic waste water. More precisely, water takes up most of it. Washing and dishwasher, showers and bathtubs discharge a large amount of dirty water, which cannot be reused without prior deep cleaning.
If the family living in the house consists of 4 or more people, then the sump fills up very quickly and you often have to resort to the services of sewers. In these cases, it is better to immediately think about the construction of such a structure as an overflow cesspool. Its advantages:
- rare use of sewage equipment;
- reuse of water (for watering the garden);
- no unpleasant odor;
- the possibility of using water in the house in unlimited volumes;
- the absence of gurgling sounds from the sink and toilet bowl when the pit is overflowing.
In order for the drain pit to be useful, it must be properly arranged.
Device
The cesspool overflow structure consists of 2 settling pits interconnected by a T-shaped overflow pipe. The water used in the house and human waste come through pipes laid at an angle of 1.5-2° towards the drain, into the first drain pit. Heavy waste settles to the bottom, and the water, having reached the level of the T-shaped pipe, overflows into the second pit.
The second container has no bottom and consists of several layers:
- geotextile;
- crushed stone and broken brick;
- geotextile;
- sand;
- geotextile.
Passing through all the layers, the water is purified and goes into the ground without doing any harm to it.
For better decomposition of organic components, special preparations with bacteria are added to the first pit. For better job a biological product in the lid is left a hole to admit air.
It is possible to completely fill the second pit with rubble. Geotextiles and a layer of black soil are laid on top, plants with a small root system are planted. This method is only available on loose or sandy soils. Otherwise, the rubble will silt and require updating.
Building
Standard construction of a sealed cesspool with a concrete bottom,
For work you will need materials and tools:
- concrete rings for the first pit;
- red brick for the second pit;
- crushed stone;
- sand;
- geotextile;
- plastic sewer pipes;
- T-shaped pipe or corner to prevent sewage from entering the second pit;
- bayonet shovel;
- shovel;
- bucket;
- rope;
- chisel;
- hammer.
To dig the first hole, it is necessary to install a concrete ring for its future permanent place. Climb inside the ring and start digging evenly over the entire area. Under its own weight, the ring will begin to fall. When the first ring is level with the ground, the second one is installed on it and the digging work continues. Unnecessary soil is taken out with the help of a bucket, a rope and a reliable comrade standing above.
After installing all the necessary rings, pipes are inserted into the finished cesspool, through which sewage will be drained. The hole in the ring is made with a chisel and a hammer.
At a distance of 0.5 m from the first hole, a second one is dug. Its walls are laid out of red brick without the use of concrete mortar. In the masonry, large gaps are left between the bricks. The depth is about 4 m.
2 pits are interconnected by a plastic sewer pipe, which has either a bend or a T-shaped end at the end. This is required to prevent foam and other impurities from the surface of the first pit from entering the second container.
The pipe is installed at an angle of 2° towards the second pit and is located below the level of the inlet drain pipe.
Geotextile is laid on the bottom of the second vessel, a layer of sand 1 m is poured on it, then again geotextile and a layer of crushed stone 1.5 m. The layers should not be higher than the connecting pipe.
When creating a variant with a complete filling of the pit with gravel, the connecting overflow pipe goes into the middle of the layer, and the crushed stone is covered from above with geotextiles and black soil.
Absence of gurgling sounds from the sink and toilet bowl when the pit is overflowing.
A properly made cesspool will make it easier to live in a house that does not have a central sewer.
A modern apartment is already good because there are no problems with the discharge of wastewater. Private house in this regard, it lags far behind, because there is no central drainage system in it. The only way to ensure comfortable living in the house is to equip a cesspool into which all the waste products of people living in this house could be dumped.
Therefore, a cesspool in a private house is of paramount importance if there is water in the house. In the absence of a pit, wastewater discharged to adjoining territory, can pollute the earth very quickly, harming not only nature, but also people.
First of all, it is necessary to decide on the type of cesspool, because its design can vary significantly.
The simplest pit is a tank with an earthen bottom
through which water is absorbed. Such a pit does not require frequent pumping and is the most popular option. But with a large water consumption, an earthen filter may simply not be able to cope with its cleaning functions.
In addition, such a pit may be unsafe for the natural environment, especially if drains from the toilet are dumped into it. Of course, if the pit is dug in clay soil, then the water from it will drain extremely slowly or even require regular drainage by a special machine.
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Cesspool of sealed type absolutely safe for the environment, but requires frequent cleaning. With a solid consumption of water by the residents of the house, the need to pump out the pit can occur almost every week. This concrete cesspool is ideal for modern cottages not equipped with a drain system. For its construction, mainly ready-made concrete rings are used, which are installed on top of each other and sealed.
The most advanced type of cesspool is a septic tank. Its bottom is lined with large stones, cinder block, gravel, broken red brick. Such a filter is able to mechanically purify water, which does not further pollute the soil. The hole itself fills up rather slowly.
It should be noted that thanks to the drainage from stone rocks, water is purified by bacteria, so the septic tank can be considered the most modern type of toilet for a private house.
How to make a drain hole in a private house
The construction of a drain pit begins with calculations. It is necessary to determine the level of groundwater in the area.
If, for example, this level is 5-7 meters, then the depth of the pit can be 2-2.5 meters. Making a deeper hole is not recommended, as problems may arise when pumping it out.
You also need to decide on the size of the hole.
The average water consumption per person per day is 150 liters.
Therefore, this figure is multiplied by the number of family members, getting the expense for one day. The cesspool should have a volume of at least 4 times this indicator.
How to make a cesspool yourself? To do this, a hole of given dimensions is dug.
The thickness of future walls should be taken into account, so the dimensions of the pit should exceed the calculated ones.
If the pit is made airtight, then its bottom is concreted.
The walls of the pit are laid out with red brick, reinforced concrete columns, or simply poured with concrete. You can use ready-made concrete rings that are stacked on top of each other.
There is a very simple way to deepen concrete rings into the ground. The ring is simply located on the surface of the soil in a given location. With a shovel with a short handle, soil is selected from the middle of the concrete ring. The ring itself gradually descends. Then a second ring is placed on it and the soil is selected again.
In order to avoid distortion of the ring when lowering, its verticality is periodically checked by the building level.
When laying walls, it is necessary to provide for the entry of sewers into the cesspool, which should preferably be located below the freezing level of the soil.
Exposed walls must be sealed with outer side, for this purpose use:
- oily clay,
- ruberoid,
- bitumen.
From above, the cesspool is closed with a concrete cover, in which there must be a hole for pumping out the contents of the pit. You can cover the pit with sheets of corrugated slate, laying boards or beams as a support.
Concrete rings are ready-made blanks for the construction of a cesspool. Concrete is more resistant to aggressive environments than brick, and round form pits are not so conducive to siltation.
For the manufacture of the overflow pit, pits are prepared for two containers from concrete rings. Concrete rings are laid in these containers, the joints of the rings are sealed and the soil is compacted around the containers.
The top rings of each pit must have holes for laying sewer pipes. If there are no such holes, then they are punched with a perforator.
Pipes run into concrete wells. It is best to use plastic pipes, as they are not clogged with deposits and are resistant to aggressive environments.
Adjacent concrete tanks are interconnected by drain pipes so that the drain outlet from the first tank is 20-30 centimeters below the entrance to the pipe tank from the house. Such a distance in height between the pipes is necessary to avoid clogging the inlet pipe with floating sewage.
How to make a toilet pit
The toilet also needs a cesspool. Usually, a small hole is dug for this, to which they provide access when it is cleaned. The pit can be lined with bricks or filled with concrete around the entire perimeter.
The ideal option is to use concrete rings.
The depth of the pit for the toilet is chosen arbitrary, depending on the underlying soil. It is advisable to dig a hole to a sandy layer that will absorb liquid. It is recommended to cover the bottom of the pit with gravel, broken bricks or crushed stone, which will help to better clean the contents of the pit.
The width and length of the cesspool are determined on site, taking into account the dimensions of the toilet. Ventilation is desirable. For this purpose, you can use ventilation pipe, rising above the toilet roof to a height of 50-70 cm.
When it comes to arranging a sewerage system in a private house, two options can be considered - a storage cesspool and a cesspool with overflow.
The latter type of construction is used today much more often, because it has many significant advantages:
Cesspool with overflow
- no need for frequent use of the services of a sewage truck;
- the possibility of processing large volumes of wastewater;
- absence of unpleasant odors;
- the ability to reuse purified water, for example, for irrigation.
Cesspool device with overflow
You can even equip such a drain pit with your own hands - this is another plus.
Pit design with overflow
In order to get a better idea of what a cesspool with overflow is, you should consider the features of its device.
It consists of the following elements:
So you can understand that the design of the drain pit with overflow is quite simple.
These are two or three containers connected by pipes. The last container usually does not have a bottom.
But, it should be borne in mind that the water obtained at the outlet does not differ perfect cleanliness, is considered simply clarified.
It can pollute the environment.
In order to achieve higher cleaning rates, it is recommended to make three chambers, and add special biological preparations, accelerating the process of processing wastewater, making it more efficient.
Cesspool with overflow from 4 tanks
When designing a cesspool with overflow, you should remember that you need to accurately determine the volume of the receiver, as well as the location of the pit itself. Here you should be guided by the norms of SNiP.
They note that the cesspool should be located at least 5 meters from the house, 1 meter from outbuildings and at a distance of 30 meters from the well.
It is also very important to observe the slope sewer pipe, along which drains will move - the average is 1.5 cm per meter of pipe.
Scheme of a cesspool with overflow according to SNIP
Budget options for arranging a pit with overflow
The cost of arranging a cesspool with overflow will vary widely. It depends on the volume of the pit, as well as on the materials used in its construction.
If we talk about the most budgetary options, then there will be several of them:
