Large consumers of electricity. Large consumers of electricity will have to pay extra

The Ministry of Energy proposes to introduce the principle of "take or pay" for electricity consumers who use less than the declared capacity

The Ministry of Energy has come up with a mechanism for loading capacities that are in reserve with consumers, but are not used. The proposals are contained in a draft government decree published on Friday. The document has already been sent out for interdepartmental approval, there are no comments on it yet, says a representative of the Ministry of Energy.

Now consumers pay only for the capacity actually used, and they have no incentive to reduce the reserve. In the meantime, networks are forced to build new substations, which is becoming increasingly difficult in the face of tariff freezes. And some of the capacities that are not used still have to be serviced, and the fee for this is included in the tariff for all consumers.

Now, according to the draft resolution will have to pay for unused capacity large consumers (with a capacity of 670 kW), in 70 regions of the country they keep in reserve on average 58% maximum power of substations, according to the materials of the Ministry of Energy. Large consumers will be able to use the reserve free of charge only if during the year it did not exceed 40% of the maximum capacity. If the volume is larger, the consumer will have to pay 20% of the reserved capacity. For consumers first and second categories reliability (for them, a short-term interruption in power supply can be dangerous to people's lives or lead to significant material losses) "Free" reserve increased to 60% of maximum power. At the same time, the amount paid by the consumer is not included in the required gross proceeds. network company on the next year, this will lead to a reduction in the transmission tariff for other consumers.

Economic effect The Ministry of Energy calculated on the example of the Belgorod, Kursk and Lipetsk regions. On average, in the three regions, more than 40% of the capacity is not used by 73% of consumers, according to the presentation of the ministry (Vedomosti has it). In each of the regions, they will have to pay an additional 339,000 rubles on average. (if the changes were in effect in 2013), and the required gross revenue of grid companies would decrease by an average of 3.5%. How their income will change in this case - the presentation of the Ministry of Energy does not say.

In the event of the introduction of a fee for the reserve, the price of energy transmission for large consumers will increase by about 5% (+10 kopecks / kWh), Gazprombank analyst calculated Natalia Porokhova. At the same time, according to her, the reserve fee rate of 20% will not discourage consumers from further construction of their own generation, although it will increase the payback period for such projects by another year. “Now large consumers are leaving the market en masse, preferring to build their own stations. In this way, they save on expensive transmission tariffs, but do not disconnect from the grid, saving on extreme case reserve," the analyst recalls. According to her, payment for 40-50% of unused capacity would significantly worsen the economics of building own generation, and paying 100% of the reserve would deprive it of its meaning. As part of the proposals of the Ministry of Energy, the cost own power plants will increase for consumers by only 20 kopecks/kW h, calculated Porokhova.

The representative of "Rosseti" did not specify whether the company agrees with the proposed project. “The document has been posted for public discussion, and so far we are sending comments and suggestions to the Ministry of Energy,” he says. But, according to the presentation of Rosseti (Vedomosti has it), the company offered for five years increase the share of the paid reserve up to 100%, and gradually introduce fees for other categories of consumers.

Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the NP Community of Energy Consumers and NLMK Vice President for Energy Alexander Starchenko does not believe in the good intentions of Rosseti. “If the holding bears any additional costs for servicing underloaded substations, then they are minimal, so paying for the reserve will only lead to an increase in the income of the grid company” Starchenko says. In his opinion, it is necessary to introduce economic incentives to release "locked" capacities only in certain regions where consumers really "stand in line" for technical connection.


Nuclear power (NPP)

Share nuclear plant in the global energy industry grew to 17% in 2002, but by 2016 it had slightly decreased to 13.5%:

Total number of operating nuclear reactors:

The world nuclear power industry is recovering after the crisis caused by the accident at the Japanese nuclear plant Fukushima. In 2016 on nuclear plant about 592 Mtoe of electricity was generated. vs. 635 million toe in 2006. World energy production per nuclear plant(million tons toe):

The largest electricity producers in nuclear plant(more than 40 million toe) are USA, France, China And Russia. Until recently, this list included Germany And Japan.


As can be seen from the graph, nuclear power is developing most actively today in China And Russia. Currently, it is in these countries that the largest number of nuclear plant:

Number of operating nuclear reactors by country:

Age of operating nuclear reactors:

Number of switched on and off nuclear reactors:

Majority nuclear plant work about 80% of their time:

It is believed that uranium (fuel for nuclear plant) is also an exhaustible resource. production and consumption of uranium for 2015:

The main uranium producers in 2007-2016:

World reserves of uranium:

Currently in Russia the direction of fast neutron nuclear power plants (closed cycle) is being developed, which will allow solving the problem of spent fuel and reducing the consumption of uranium many times over. In addition, the possibility of extracting uranium from ocean water is being discussed. Uranium reserves in ocean water are estimated to be about 4.5 billion tons, equivalent to 70,000 years of modern consumption.

At the same time, thermonuclear fusion technologies continue to develop. At present, since 2013, France an experimental thermonuclear facility is under construction ITER. Total costs for international project are estimated at $14 billion. The plant is expected to be completed in 2021. The start of the first tests is scheduled for 2025, and the full-scale operation of the facility is scheduled for 2035. After creation ITER it is planned to create an even more powerful thermonuclear reactor by the middle of the 21st century DEMO:

You can read more about the development of the direction of nuclear and thermonuclear reactors in the blog.

Hydroelectric power plants (HPP)

Hydropower is currently the largest source of renewable energy. World hydropower generation has increased several times since the middle of the 20th century (2.8% growth in 2016 to 910 toe compared to an average annual growth of 2.9% in 2005-2015):

At the same time, the share of hydropower in the global energy sector increased from only 5.5% to 7% over the specified period:

The largest producers of hydropower are China, Canada, Brazil, USA, Russia And Norway.
Of these countries, 2016 was a record year for hydroelectric generation for China,Russia And Norway. In other countries, the maximums occurred in previous years: Canada(year 2013), USA(1997) Brazil(2011).

The global hydro potential is estimated at almost 8,000 terawatt-hours (in 2016, hydropower generation was about 4,000 terawatt-hours).

SA - North America, EV - Europe, YAK - Japan and the Republic of Korea, AZ - Australia and Oceania, SR - former USSR, LA - Latin America, BV - Middle East, AF - Africa, CT - China, SA - South and South -East Asia.

Cheap (category 1) are hydro resources that ensure the production of electricity at a cost no higher than coal-fired thermal power plants. For more expensive resources, the cost of electricity increases by 1.5 times or more (up to 6-7 cents/kWh).⋅ h). Almost 94% of the yet unused cheap hydro resources are concentrated in five regions: former USSR, Latin America, Africa, South and Southeast Asia and China (Table 4.10). It is quite likely that pDuring their development, a number of additional problems will arise, primarily environmental and social ones, associated, in particular, with the flooding of large areas.

A feature of the hydropower industry in Russia, Latin America, Africa and China is the great remoteness of areas rich in hydro resources from the centers of electricity consumption. In South and Southeast Asia, significant hydro potential is concentrated in the mountainous regions of the mainland and on the islands of the Pacific Ocean, where there are often no adequate consumers of electricity.

More than half of the remaining cheap hydro resources for development are located in the tropical zone. As the experience of the hydroelectric power stations existing here shows, the construction of large reservoirs in such areas inevitably gives rise to a complex of severe environmental and social (including medical) problems. Rotting algae and "blooming" of stagnant water deteriorate its quality to such an extent that it becomes unfit for drinking not only in the reservoir, but also downstream.

In a tropical climate, reservoirs are the source of many diseases (malaria, etc.).
Taking into account the noted circumstances and limitations can transfer some of the cheap resources into the category of expensive ones and even take them out of the economic class.

20 countries with the largest reserve for:



Location map of the largest HPPs in 2008 and 2016:



Locations of the largest under construction and planned hydroelectric power station for 2015:

Tables of the largest current and under construction hydroelectric power station:

Construction hydroelectric power station faces great resistance from environmentalists who doubt the feasibility of this type of power plant due to the flooding of large areas during the creation of reservoirs. So in the top ten largest artificial reservoirs (according to total area) there is not one that was created after the 70s of the 20th century:

The situation is similar among the largest reservoirs by volume:

Creation of the largest reservoir in terms of area Ghana(Lake Volta) led to the resettlement of about 78 thousand people from the flood zone. Projects for diverting rivers to the south existed not only in the USSR, but also in USA. So in the 50s a plan was developed NAWAPA (North America Water and Power Alliance) which provided for the creation of navigable routes from Alaska before Hudson's Bay, and transferring water to the southwestern dry states USA.

One of the elements of the plan was to be 6 GW hydroelectric power station on the river Yukon with a reservoir area of ​​25 thousand km2.

biofuel

Biofuel production is also characterized by rapid growth. In 2016, biofuel production amounted to 82 Mtoe. (growth by 2.5% compared to 2015). For comparison, in the period from 2005-2015, the production of biofuels grew by an average of 14%.

From 1990 to 2016, the share of biofuels in global energy increased from 0.1% to 0.62%:

The largest producers of biofuels are USA And Brazil(about 66% of world production):

Currently, about 30 million hectares of land are used for the production of biofuels. This is approximately 1% of all agricultural land on the planet (about 5 billion hectares, of which about 1 billion hectares are arable land). The structure of the agricultural land of the planet:

By the beginning of the 19th century, the world area of ​​artificially irrigated land was 8 million hectares, by the beginning of the 20th century - 40 million, and by the present time - 207 million hectares.

At the same time in USA more than a third of the grain crop is spent on the production of biofuels:

World cereal production in 1950-2016:

The growth in grain production in the world was mainly associated with an increase in yields with slight changes in the acreage:

Wind energy (WPP)

World production of this type of energy is also growing rapidly over time. In 2016, the growth was 15.6% (from 187.4 to 217.1 Mtoe). For comparison, the average annual growth in 2005-2015 was 23%.

The share in global energy increased to 1.6% in 2016:



The largest producers of wind energy are China, USA, Germany, India and Spain:

Rapid growth in wind energy production continues in all of these countries except Germany And Spain. In them, the maximum production of energy from wind was achieved in 2015 and 2013, respectively. Other countries with large wind energy production:

The average load factor in the world is 24-27%. For different countries this parameter varies greatly: from 39.5% for New Zealand(34-38% in Mexico, 33-36% in USA, 36-43% in Turkey, 36-44% in Brazil, 39% in Iran, 37% in Egypt) up to 18-22% in China, India And Germany. It is estimated that the potential of wind energy is 200 times greater than the current needs of mankind (second place after solar energy):

The whole point is that this energy is very unstable.

Solar energy (SES)

Energy production sun is growing rapidly: between 2015 and 2016 alone, it increased from 58 to 75 Mtoe. (by 29.6%). For comparison, the average annual growth for 2005-2015 was 50.7%.

By 2016, the share of solar energy in the global energy industry has grown to 0.56%:

The largest producers of solar energy are China, USA, Japan, Germany And Italy:

Of these, energy production has slowed in Germany And Italy: from 8.8 and 5.2 to 8.2 and 5.2 million AD in 2015 and 2016 respectively. Also, the rapid growth of solar energy production is observed in other countries:

The average load factor for the world is about 10-13%. At the same time, it varies greatly from 29-30% for Spain and 25-30% for South Africa up to 11% in Germany. It is believed that solar energy has the greatest resource potential:

The whole question lies in the impermanence of this energy.

Production of energy from biomass (biogas), geothermal energy and other exotic areas of energy (for example, tidal energy)

Report BP shows a significant growth in such areas over the past decades:

In 2016, the growth compared to the previous year was 4.4% (from 121 to 127 million tons of oil equivalent). For comparison, the average annual growth for the period 2005-15 was 7.7%.The share of this direction in the world energy sector increased from 0.03% in 1965 to 0.96% in 2016:

The largest producers of such energy are USA, China, Brazil And Germany:

In addition, a large production of such energy is carried out in Japan, Italy And UK:


Global warming:

In addition to the listed energy sources, climate change is an important factor in world energy. In the future, global warming can significantly reduce the cost of civilization for heating, which is one of the main energy costs for the northern countries. The warming is the strongest for the northern countries, and it is in the winter months (the coldest months).

Map of average annual temperature trends:

Map of temperature trends for the cold season (November - April):

Map of temperature trends for the winter months (December - February):

Global Emissions CO2:

The maximum emissions were reached in 2014: 33342 million tons. Since then, there has been some decline: in 2015 and 2016, emissions amounted to 33,304 and 33,432 million tons, respectively.

Conclusion

Due to the limited size of the post, I was not able to cover in detail the fastest growing areas of global energy ( SES And WES), where there is an annual growth of tens of percent (together with huge potential resources for development). If there is a desire of readers, then it will be possible to consider these areas in the following posts in more detail. In general, if we take the dynamics for the last year (2015-2016), then the world energy sector increased by 171 million tons of oil equivalent during this period. Of these:
1) + 30 million toe - WES
2) + 27 million toe - HPP
3) + 23 million toe - oil
4) + 18 million toe - natural gas
5) + 17 million toe - SES
6) + 9 million toe - NUCLEAR PLANT
7) + 6 million toe - exotic RES (biomass, biogas, geothermal power plants, tidal power plants)
8) + 2 million toe - biofuel
9) - 230 million toe - coal

This ratio shows that the struggle for ecology in the world is gaining momentum - the use of fossil fuels is declining (especially coal) while increasing the use of fossil fuels. RES. At the same time, the problem of inconstancy and high cost remains. RES(there are still no available technologies to store this energy), the development of which is largely stimulated by government subsidies. In this regard, the opinion of readers about what source of energy will become the main one by the middle of the 21st century is interesting (now it is oil - 33% of world energy in 2016).

What energy source will be the main source of energy in the world in 2050?

Draft Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On determining the cost of transmission services electrical energy taking into account the payment of the reserved maximum capacity” already exists. These changes will affect consumers, the maximum power of power receiving devices of which, within the boundaries of the balance sheet, is at least 670 kW.

According to the Decree, the reserved maximum power is defined as the difference between the maximum power of power receiving devices, set in the documents, and the actual power consumed.

It should be noted that the maximum power is specified in the power supply contract with the guaranteeing supplier, it should not exceed the permitted power in the documents issued to the consumer by the grid organization in the process of technological connection.

After the entry into force of the Decree, if the consumer actually consumes less than the maximum power for any reason (for example, a temporary decrease in production), the consumer must still pay for it.

Thus, after the entry into force of the new changes, medium and large consumers may significantly overpay for electricity.

In order to foresee cost reduction on the part of customers, PJSC TNS energo Voronezh calls on all medium and large consumers to reconsider their maximum capacity, weigh all the pros and cons.

– At the moment, legislators are actively discussing the possibility of a real introduction of payment for the maximum power reserve,- explains the Deputy Director of the Department for work with consumers and technical audit of PJSC "TNS energo Voronezh" Roman Brezhnev. – And if these tariffs are high, then many consumers will have a significant overpayment for electricity. In order to avoid this, consumers whose maximum power of power receiving devices within the balance sheet is at least 670 kW., In the near future, must agree on the maximum power value with the grid organization. In case of its reduction - to sign the corresponding agreement. And immediately send these changes to the energy sales organizations with which energy supply contracts have been concluded.

In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 442 dated 04.05.2012, PJSC TNS energo Voronezh, as an electricity supplier, calculates and, for informational purposes, indicates the amount of reserved maximum power in invoices for payment. Therefore, all consumers know their volumes and it will not be difficult for them to calculate the planned maximum power.

Experts say that the introduction of payment for this indicator will finally make large electricity consumers think about optimizing their maximum capacities and restructuring the power grid in order to reduce the cost of paying for the reserved maximum capacity.

Company info:

PJSC TNS energo Voronezh is a guaranteeing supplier of electricity in the city of Voronezh and the Voronezh region. The company serves more than 24 thousand legal entities and more than 1 million residential subscribers. The controlled market share in the region is about 80%.

PJSC GK TNS energo is an entity of the wholesale electricity market, and also manages 10 suppliers of last resort serving about 21 million consumers in 11 regions of the Russian Federation: PJSC TNS energo Voronezh (Voronezh Region), JSC TNS energo Karelia (Republic of Karelia ), PJSC TNS energo Kuban (Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea), PJSC TNS energo Mari El (Republic of Mari El), PJSC TNS energo NN (Nizhny Novgorod region), JSC TNS energo Tula (Tula region) , TNS energo Rostov-on-Don PJSC (Rostov region), TNS energo Yaroslavl PJSC (Yaroslavl region), TNS energo Veliky Novgorod LLC (Novgorod region) and TNS energo Penza LLC (Penza region).

Prior to the 2008 reform, most of the energy complex of the Russian Federation was managed by RAO UES of Russia. This company was established in 1992, and by the beginning of the 2000s, it had practically become a monopoly on the Russian generation and transmission market.

The reform of the industry was due to the fact that RAO "UES of Russia" was repeatedly criticized for the incorrect distribution of investments, as a result of which the accident rate at electric power facilities increased significantly. One of the reasons for the dissolution was an accident in the energy system on May 25, 2005 in Moscow, as a result of which the activities of many enterprises, commercial and state organizations were paralyzed, and the operation of the metro was stopped. And besides, RAO "UES of Russia" was often accused of selling electricity at deliberately inflated tariffs in order to increase its own profits.

As a result of the dissolution of RAO "UES of Russia", natural state monopolies in network, distribution and dispatching activities were liquidated and created. Private was involved in the generation and sale of electricity.

To date, the structure of the energy complex is as follows:

  • JSC "System Operator of the Unified Energy System" (SO UES) - carries out centralized operational and dispatch control of the Unified Energy System of the Russian Federation.
  • Non-profit partnership "Market Council for the organization effective system wholesale and retail trade in electric energy and power” - unites sellers and buyers of the wholesale electricity market.
  • Electricity generating companies. Including state - "RusHydro", "Rosenergoatom", managed jointly by the state and private capital OGKs (wholesale generating companies) and TGKs (territorial generating companies), as well as representing completely private capital.
  • OJSC "Russian Grids" - management of the distribution grid complex.
  • Energy supply companies. Including JSC "Inter RAO UES" - a company whose owners are government agencies and organizations. Inter RAO UES is a monopoly in the import and export of electricity in the Russian Federation.

In addition to the division of organizations by type of activity, there is a division of the Unified Energy System of Russia into technological systems operating on a territorial basis. United Energy Systems (UES) do not have a single owner, but unite energy companies of a particular region and have a single dispatch control, which is carried out by SO UES branches. Today, there are 7 ECOs in Russia:

  • IPS Center (Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Tver, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula, Yaroslavl energy systems);
  • IPS of the North-West (Arkhangelsk, Karelian, Kola, Komi, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov and Kaliningrad energy systems);
  • IPS of the South (Astrakhan, Volgograd, Dagestan, Ingush, Kalmyk, Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kuban, Rostov, North Ossetian, Stavropol, Chechen energy systems);
  • IPS of the Middle Volga (Nizhny Novgorod, Mari, Mordovia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Tatar, Ulyanovsk, Chuvash energy systems);
  • IPS of the Urals (Bashkir, Kirov, Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Udmurt, Chelyabinsk energy systems);
  • IPS of Siberia (Altai, Buryat, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuzbass, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Khakass, Trans-Baikal energy systems);
  • IPS of the East (Amur, Primorsk, Khabarovsk and South-Yakutsk energy systems).

Key Performance Indicators

The key performance indicators of the energy system are: installed capacity of power plants, electricity generation and electricity consumption.

The installed capacity of the power plant is the sum of the nameplate capacities of all the generators of the power plant, which may change during the reconstruction of existing generators or the installation of new equipment. At the beginning of 2015, the installed capacity of the Unified Energy System (UES) of Russia was 232.45 thousand MW.

As of January 1, 2015, the installed capacity of Russian power plants increased by 5,981 MW compared to January 1, 2014. The growth amounted to 2.6%, and this was achieved due to the introduction of new capacities with a capacity of 7,296 MW and an increase in the capacity of existing equipment, by re-marking by 411 MW. At the same time, generators with a capacity of 1,726 MW were decommissioned. In the industry as a whole, compared to 2010, the growth in production capacity amounted to 8.9%.

The distribution of capacities across the interconnected energy systems is as follows:

  • IPS Center - 52.89 thousand MW;
  • UES of the North-West - 23.28 thousand MW;
  • UES of the South - 20.17 thousand MW;
  • UES of the Middle Volga - 26.94 thousand MW;
  • UES of the Urals - 49.16 thousand MW;
  • IPS of Siberia - 50.95 thousand MW;
  • IPS of the East - 9.06 thousand MW.

Most of all in 2014, the installed capacity of the URES of the Urals increased by 2,347 MW, as well as the UES of Siberia - by 1,547 MW and the UES of the Center by 1,465 MW.

At the end of 2014, 1,025 billion kWh of electricity was produced in the Russian Federation. According to this indicator, Russia ranks 4th in the world, yielding to China by 5 times, and the United States of America by 4 times.

Compared to 2013, electricity generation in the Russian Federation increased by 0.1%. And in relation to 2009, the growth was 6.6%, which in quantitative terms is 67 billion kWh.

Most of the electricity in 2014 in Russia was produced by thermal power plants - 677.3 billion kWh, hydroelectric power plants produced - 167.1 billion kWh, and nuclear power plants - 180.6 billion kWh. Electricity generation by interconnected energy systems:

  • IPS Center – 239.24 billion kWh;
  • IPS of the North-West -102.47 billion kWh;
  • IPS South -84.77 billion kWh;
  • UES of the Middle Volga - 105.04 billion kWh;
  • UES of the Urals - 259.76 billion kWh;
  • IPS of Siberia - 198.34 billion kWh;
  • IPS East - 35.36 billion kWh.

Compared to 2013, the largest increase in electricity generation was recorded in the IPS of the South - (+2.3%), and the smallest in the IPS of the Middle Volga - (-7.4%).

Electricity consumption in Russia in 2014 amounted to 1,014 billion kWh. Thus, the balance sheet amounted to (+ 11 billion kWh). And the largest consumer of electricity in the world in 2014 is China - 4,600 billion kWh, the second place is occupied by the United States - 3,820 billion kWh.

Compared to 2013, electricity consumption in Russia increased by 4 billion kWh. But in general, the dynamics of consumption over the past 4 years remains approximately at the same level. The difference between electricity consumption for 2010 and 2014 is 2.5%, in favor of the latter.

At the end of 2014, electricity consumption by the interconnected energy systems is as follows:

  • IPS Center – 232.97 billion kWh;
  • IPS of the North-West -90.77 billion kWh;
  • IPS South – 86.94 billion kWh;
  • UES of the Middle Volga - 106.68 billion kWh;
  • IPS Urals -260.77 billion kWh;
  • IPS of Siberia - 204.06 billion kWh;
  • IPS of the East - 31.8 billion kWh.

In 2014, 3 UES had a positive difference between the generated and generated electricity. The best indicator is for the IPS of the North-West - 11.7 billion kWh, which is 11.4% of the generated electricity, and the worst is for the IPS of Siberia (-2.9%). The balance balance of electricity in the IPS of the Russian Federation looks like this:

  • IPS Center - 6.27 billion kWh;
  • IPS of the North-West - 11.7 billion kWh;
  • IPS South - (- 2.17) billion kWh;
  • UES of the Middle Volga - (- 1.64) billion kWh;
  • IPS Urals - (- 1.01) billion kWh;
  • IPS of Siberia - (- 5.72) billion kWh;
  • IPS East - 3.56 billion kWh.

The cost of 1 kWh of electricity, according to the results of 2014 in Russia, is 3 times lower than European prices. The average annual European figure is 8.4 Russian rubles, while in the Russian Federation the average cost of 1 kWh is 2.7 rubles. The leader in terms of the cost of electricity is Denmark - 17.2 rubles per 1 kWh, the second place is occupied by Germany - 16.9 rubles. Such expensive tariffs are primarily due to the fact that the governments of these countries have abandoned the use of nuclear power plants in favor of alternative sources energy.

If we compare the cost of 1 kWh and the average salary, then among European countries, residents of Norway can buy the most kilowatt / hour per month - 23,969, Luxembourg ranks second - 17,945 kWh, the third is the Netherlands - 15,154 kWh. The average Russian can buy 9,674 kWh per month.

All Russian energy systems, as well as the energy systems of neighboring countries, are interconnected by power lines. To transmit energy over long distances, high-voltage power lines with a capacity of 220 kV and above are used. They form the basis of the Russian energy system and are operated by intersystem power grids. The total length of transmission lines of this class is 153.4 thousand km, and in general, 2,647.8 thousand km of power transmission lines of various capacities are operated in the Russian Federation.

Nuclear power

Nuclear power is an energy industry that is engaged in the generation of electricity by converting nuclear energy. Nuclear power plants have two significant advantages over their competitors - environmental friendliness and efficiency. If all operating standards are observed, nuclear power plants practically do not pollute the environment, and nuclear fuel is burned in a disproportionately smaller amount than other types and fuels, and this allows saving on logistics and delivery.

But despite these advantages, many countries do not want to develop nuclear power. This is primarily due to the fear of an environmental catastrophe that may occur as a result of an accident at a nuclear power plant. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, close attention of the world community was riveted to nuclear power facilities around the world. Therefore, nuclear power plants are operated, mainly in technically and economically developed states.

According to 2014 data, nuclear energy provides about 3% of the world's electricity consumption. To date, power plants with nuclear reactors operate in 31 countries around the world. In total, there are 192 nuclear power plants with 438 power units in the world. The total capacity of all nuclear power plants in the world is about 380 thousand MW. The largest number of nuclear power plants is located in the United States - 62, France ranks second - 19, Japan is third - 17. There are 10 nuclear power plants in the Russian Federation and this is the 5th indicator in the world.

Nuclear power plants in the United States of America generate a total of 798.6 billion kWh, which is the best indicator in the world, but in the structure of electricity generated by all US power plants, nuclear power is about 20%. The largest share in the generation of electricity by nuclear power plants in France, nuclear power plants in this country generate 77% of all electricity. The production of French nuclear power plants is 481 billion kWh per year.

According to the results of 2014, Russian NPPs generated 180.26 billion kWh of electricity, which is 8.2 billion kWh more than in 2013, the percentage difference is 4.8%. The production of electricity by nuclear power plants in Russia is more than 17.5% of the total amount of electricity produced in the Russian Federation.

As for the generation of electricity by nuclear power plants through interconnected energy systems, the largest amount was generated by the Center's nuclear power plants - 94.47 billion kWh - this is just over half of the country's total generation. And the share of nuclear energy in this unified energy system is the largest - about 40%.

  • IPS Center - 94.47 billion kWh (39.8% of all generated electricity);
  • IPS of the North-West -35.73 billion kWh (35% of all energy);
  • IPS South -18.87 billion kWh (22.26% of all energy);
  • UES of the Middle Volga -29.8 billion kWh (28.3% of all energy);
  • UES of the Urals - 4.5 billion kWh (1.7% of all energy).

Such an uneven distribution of generation is associated with the location of Russian nuclear power plants. Most of the capacities of nuclear power plants are concentrated in the European part of the country, while they are completely absent in Siberia and the Far East.

The largest nuclear power plant in the world is Japan's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, with a capacity of 7,965 MW, and the largest European nuclear power plant is Zaporozhye, with a capacity of about 6,000 MW. It is located in the Ukrainian city of Energodar. In the Russian Federation, the largest nuclear power plants have a capacity of 4,000 MW, the rest from 48 to 3,000 MW. List of Russian nuclear power plants:

  • Balakovo NPP - capacity 4,000 MW. Located in the Saratov region, it has been repeatedly recognized as the best nuclear power plant in Russia. It has 4 power units, was put into operation in 1985.
  • Leningrad NPP - capacity 4,000 MW. The largest nuclear power plant in the North-Western IPS. It has 4 power units, was put into operation in 1973.
  • Kursk NPP - capacity 4,000 MW. It consists of 4 power units, the beginning of operation - 1976.
  • Kalinin NPP - capacity 4,000 MW. Located in the north of the Tver region, it has 4 power units. Opened in 1984.
  • Smolensk NPP - capacity 3,000 MW. Recognized as the best nuclear power plant in Russia in 1991, 1992, 2006 2011. It has 3 power units, the first was put into operation in 1982.
  • Rostov NPP - capacity 2,000 MW. The largest power plant in the south of Russia. The station put into operation 2 power units, the first in 2001, the second in 2010.
  • Novovoronezh NPP - capacity 1880 MW. Provides electricity to about 80% of consumers in the Voronezh region. The first power unit was launched in September 1964. Now there are 3 power units.
  • Kola NPP - capacity 1760 MW. The first nuclear power plant in Russia, built beyond the Arctic Circle, provides about 60% of the electricity consumption of the Murmansk region. It has 4 power units, was opened in 1973.
  • Beloyarsk NPP - capacity 600 MW. Located in the Sverdlovsk region. It entered service in April 1964. It is the oldest operating nuclear power plant in Russia. Now only 1 power unit out of the three provided by the project is operating.
  • Bilibino NPP - capacity 48 MW. It is part of the isolated Chaun-Bilibino energy system, generating about 75% of the electricity it consumes. It was opened in 1974 and consists of 4 power units.

In addition to the existing nuclear power plants, Russia is building 8 more power units, as well as a low-capacity floating nuclear power plant.

hydropower

Hydroelectric power plants provide a fairly low cost per generated kWh of energy. Compared to thermal power plants, the production of 1 kWh at hydroelectric power plants is 2 times cheaper. It is related to pretty simple principle operation of hydroelectric power plants. Special hydraulic structures are being built that provide the necessary water pressure. Water, falling on the blades of the turbine, sets it in motion, which in turn drives generators that produce electricity.

But the widespread use of hydroelectric power plants is impossible, since a necessary condition for operation is the presence of a powerful moving water flow. Therefore, hydroelectric power plants are being built on full-flowing large rivers. Another significant disadvantage of hydroelectric power plants is the blocking of the riverbed, which makes it difficult to spawn fish and flood large amounts of land resources.

But despite the negative consequences for the environment, hydroelectric power plants continue to operate and are being built on the largest rivers in the world. In total, there are hydroelectric power stations in the world with a total capacity of about 780 thousand MW. It is difficult to calculate the total number of HPPs, since there are many small HPPs in the world that work for the needs of a separate city, enterprise, or even a private economy. On average, hydropower generates about 20% of the world's electricity.

Of all the countries in the world, Paraguay is the most dependent on hydropower. 100% of electricity in the country is generated by hydroelectric power plants. In addition to this country, Norway, Brazil, Colombia are very dependent on hydropower.

The largest hydroelectric power plants are in South America and China. The largest hydroelectric power plant in the world is Sanxia on the Yangtze River, its capacity reaches 22,500 MW, the second place is occupied by the HPP on the Parana River - Itaipu, with a capacity of 14,000 MW. The largest hydroelectric power station in Russia is Sayano-Shushenskaya, its capacity is about 6,400 MW.

In addition to the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, there are 101 more hydroelectric power plants in Russia with a capacity of more than 100 MW. The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia:

  • Sayano-Shushenskaya - Capacity - 6,400 MW, average annual electricity production - 19.7 billion kWh. Date of commissioning - 1985. The hydroelectric power station is located on the Yenisei.
  • Krasnoyarskaya - Capacity 6,000 MW, average annual electricity production - about 20 billion kWh, put into operation in 1972, also located on the Yenisei.
  • Bratskaya - Power 4,500 MW, located on the Angara. On average, it produces about 22.6 billion kWh per year. Commissioned in 1961.
  • Ust-Ilimskaya - Capacity 3,840 MW, located on the Angara. Average annual productivity 21.7 billion kWh. Was built in 1985.
  • Boguchanskaya HPP - Capacity of about 3,000 MW, was built on the Angara in 2012. Produces about 17.6 billion kWh per year.
  • Volzhskaya HPP - Capacity 2,640 MW. Built in 1961 in the Volgograd region, the average annual productivity is 10.43 kWh.
  • Zhigulevskaya HPP – Capacity about 2,400 MW. It was built in 1955 on the Volga River in the Samara Region. It produces about 11.7 kWh of electricity per year.

As for the interconnected energy systems, the largest share in the generation of electricity using hydroelectric power plants belongs to the IPS of Siberia and the East. In these IPSs, hydroelectric power plants account for 47.5% and 35.3% of the total electricity generated, respectively. This is due to the presence in these regions of large full-flowing rivers of the Yenisei and Amur basins.

According to the results of 2014, Russian HPPs produced more than 167 billion kWh of electricity. Compared to 2013, this indicator decreased by 4.4%. The largest contribution to the generation of electricity using hydroelectric power plants was made by the IPS of Siberia - about 57% of the total Russian one.

Thermal power engineering

Thermal power engineering is the basis of the energy complex of the vast majority of countries in the world. Despite the fact that thermal power plants have a lot of disadvantages associated with environmental pollution and the high cost of electricity, they are used everywhere. The reason for this popularity is the versatility of TPPs. Thermal power plants can operate on various types fuel and when designing, it is necessary to take into account which energy resources are optimal for a given region.

Thermal power plants produce about 90% of the world's electricity. At the same time, TPPs using petroleum products as fuel account for the production of 39% of all world energy, TPPs operating on coal - 27%, and gas-fired thermal power plants - 24% of the generated electricity. In some countries, there is a strong dependence of CHP plants on one type of fuel. For example, the vast majority of Polish thermal power plants operate on coal, the same situation is in South Africa. But most thermal power plants in the Netherlands use natural gas as fuel.

In the Russian Federation, the main types of fuel for thermal power plants are natural and associated petroleum gas and coal. Moreover, the majority of thermal power plants in the European part of Russia operate on gas, and coal-fired thermal power plants prevail in southern Siberia and the Far East. The share of power plants using fuel oil as the main fuel is insignificant. In addition, many thermal power plants in Russia use several types of fuel. For example, Novocherkasskaya GRES in the Rostov region uses all three main types of fuel. The share of fuel oil is 17%, gas - 9%, and coal - 74%.

In terms of the amount of electricity produced in the Russian Federation in 2014, thermal power plants firmly hold the leading position. In total, over the past year, thermal power plants produced 621.1 billion kWh, which is 0.2% less than in 2013. In general, the generation of electricity by thermal power plants of the Russian Federation decreased to the level of 2010.

If we consider the generation of electricity in the context of the IPS, then in each energy system, TPPs account for the largest production of electricity. The largest share of TPPs in the UES of the Urals is 86.8%, and the smallest share is in the UES of the North-West - 45.4%. As for the quantitative production of electricity, in the context of the ECO, it looks like this:

  • IPS Urals - 225.35 billion kWh;
  • IPS Center - 131.13 billion kWh;
  • IPS of Siberia - 94.79 billion kWh;
  • UES of the Middle Volga - 51.39 billion kWh;
  • IPS of the South - 49.04 billion kWh;
  • IPS of the North-West - 46.55 billion kWh;
  • IPS of the Far East - 22.87 billion kWh.

Thermal power plants in Russia are divided into two types of CHP and GRES. A combined heat and power plant (CHP) is a power plant with the possibility of extracting thermal energy. Thus, the CHPP produces not only electricity, but also thermal energy used for hot water supply and space heating. GRES is a thermal power plant that produces only electricity. The abbreviation GRES remained from Soviet times and meant the state district power plant.

Today, about 370 thermal power plants operate in the Russian Federation. Of these, 7 have a capacity of over 2,500 MW:

  • Surgutskaya GRES - 2 - capacity 5,600 MW, fuel types - natural and associated petroleum gas - 100%.
  • Reftinskaya GRES - capacity 3,800 MW, fuel types - coal - 100%.
  • Kostromskaya GRES - capacity 3,600 MW, fuel types - natural gas - 87%, coal - 13%.
  • Surgutskaya GRES - 1 - capacity 3,270 MW, fuel types - natural and associated petroleum gas - 100%.
  • Ryazanskaya GRES - capacity 3070 MW, types of fuel - fuel oil - 4%, gas - 62%, coal - 34%.
  • Kirishskaya GRES - capacity 2,600 MW, fuel types - fuel oil - 100%.
  • Konakovskaya GRES - capacity 2,520 MW, fuel types - fuel oil - 19%, gas - 81%.

Prospects for the development of the industry

Over the past few years, the Russian energy complex has maintained a positive balance between generated and consumed electricity. As a rule, the total amount of energy consumed is 98-99% of the generated energy. Thus, it can be said that the existing production capacity completely cover the country's electricity needs.

The main activities of Russian power engineers are aimed at increasing the electrification of remote areas of the country, as well as at updating and reconstructing existing capacities.

It should be noted that the cost of electricity in Russia is significantly lower than in the countries of Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, therefore, the development and implementation of new alternative energy sources is not given due attention. The share in the total electricity production of wind energy, geothermal energy and solar energy in Russia does not exceed 0.15% of the total. But if geothermal energy is very limited geographically, and solar energy in Russia does not develop on an industrial scale, then neglecting wind energy is unacceptable.

Today in the world, the capacity of wind generators is 369 thousand MW, which is only 11 thousand MW less than the capacity of power units of all nuclear power plants in the world. The economic potential of Russian wind energy is about 250 billion kWh per year, which is about a quarter of all electricity consumed in the country. To date, the production of electricity with the help of wind turbines does not exceed 50 million kWh per year.

It should also be noted the widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies in all types of economic activity, which has been observed in recent years. In industries and households, various devices are used to reduce energy consumption, and in modern construction actively use thermal insulation materials. But, unfortunately, despite the adoption in 2009 of the Federal Law "On Energy Saving and Increasing Energy Efficiency in the Russian Federation", in terms of energy savings and energy saving, the Russian Federation is very far behind the countries of Europe and the USA.

Stay up to date with all important United Traders events - subscribe to our

Aluminum production enterprises are the largest consumers of electricity in the world. They account for approximately 1% of all electricity produced per unit of time and 7% of the energy consumed by all industrial enterprises in the world

At the Krasnoyarsk Economic Forum, Oleg Deripaska could not answer the question of residents why his enterprises minimize the tax burden to indecent figures, why they poison cities, pay too small salaries and pensions, but he said that RusAl could soon announce a large-scale program for the construction of new generating capacities.

"In the near future we will announce a program for the construction of new capacities of about 2 GW," he said. The program is connected with the commissioning of the Boguchansky complex in 2012-2013 and the development of its own generation to ensure the consumption of RusAl enterprises in Siberia.

At what cost and at whose expense will these plans be implemented?

Some answers to this question will be clear from the following materials of the report published by the International Rivers Network back in 2005 and later translated into Russian by M. Jones and A. Lebedev

Aluminum production enterprises are the largest consumers of electricity in the world. They account for approximately 1% of all electricity produced per unit of time and 7% of the energy consumed by all industrial enterprises in the world. Almost all of the electricity that is needed in the production of aluminum (2/3 of the energy consumption of the entire world industry) is consumed during the melting of aluminum ingots in smelters. The total electricity consumption in the production of primary aluminum, i.e. its ingots in smelters varies from 12 to 20 MW / h per ton of aluminum, which is 15.2-15.7 MW / h per ton of the total world industry.

About half of all electrical energy consumed by the aluminum industry is produced by hydroelectric power plants, and this figure will increase in the coming years. Other energy sources are: 36% - coal, 9% - natural gas, 5% - nuclear, 0.5% - oil. Hydroelectric power plants for aluminum smelting are common in Norway, Russia, Latin America, the USA and Canada. Coal is mainly used in Oceania and Africa.

Over the past 20 years, many aluminum smelters in industrialized countries have been closed. The old smelters have been replaced by new smelters where cash and labor costs are lower than energy costs. It remains the main component of the cost of primary aluminum, but still accounts for 25%-35% of total production costs. Companies that pay more than $35 per MWh are uncompetitive and forced to shut down their operations or rethink their energy cost structure, according to data from aluminum smelters.

Less costly is access to the raw material, bauxite, which can be transported by sea for a relatively small fee. Aluminum production is gradually "migrating" from the USA and Canada, Europe and Japan to the countries of Asia and Africa, which have a strong production potential.

Despite significant shifts in the energy sector in many industrialized countries, such as privatization and enterprise deregulation, the role of the state still plays an important role in pricing and subsidizing energy producers. This results in the release of huge amounts of cheap energy into the market, which, together with privatization and deregulation, significantly influences decisions on the location of new aluminum smelters. Subsidies actually complicate efforts to improve the efficiency of aluminum production and reduce energy consumption.

For example, the coal industry receives direct grant support from the state in the UK and Germany. The energy used by aluminum smelters in Australia and Brazil is subsidized by the governments of those countries. In addition, international development banks are offering lucrative loans to hydropower plants associated with the aluminum industry in Argentina and Venezuela.

A study of the construction of the dam at Tucurum in Brazil by the World Commission on Dams found that the AlbrAs/Alunorte and Alumar smelters received between $193 million and $411 million in annual energy subsidies from the company, owned by the state. The smelters have recently adopted a new strategy: they are threatening to shut down and move production out of the country in order to secure new long-term energy subsidies at rates well below what other smelters have to pay. At the same time, more than 70% of the aluminum produced from these plants is exported.

There are many examples showing the sharp drop in the profitability of aluminum companies after the end of electricity subsidies. Kaiser's Valco smelter cut production after a contract with the government of Ghana expired: the country produces the world's cheapest energy at 11 cents per kWh, or 17% of the real cost of producing a unit of energy. In January 2005, Alcoa signed a memorandum of understanding with the government of Ghana to reopen the smelters at undisclosed energy rates.

The provision of subsidies to energy-intensive enterprises has a significant negative impact on the development planning of the country's energy sector. Despite the fact that only 4.7% of the population of Mozambique has access to electricity, the aluminum production of BhpBilliton, Mitsubishi and IDC "sMozal has doubled its capacity, which means that their energy consumption will be 4 times the amount of electricity used for other purposes throughout the country.

Aluminum contributes to the warming of the Earth's climate

Climate warming gases often enter the atmosphere from aluminum smelters, in particular CO2, CF4 and C2 F6. The main source of CO2 emissions is the production of energy needed for aluminum smelting and obtained through the combustion of fossil fuels. In addition, it turned out that hydroelectric power plants located in tropical ecosystems also emit significant amounts of greenhouse gases.

Australia is a prime example of this, as Australian aluminum production receives electricity from coal-fired stations. These stations emit 86% of CO2 from the total volume of this gas entering the atmosphere from smelters, or 27 million tons per year. This is 6% of all greenhouse gas emissions in Australia. However, it should be taken into account that the aluminum industry accounts for only 1.3% of GDP, which is accounted for by industrial production in Australia. Aluminum and its products are the second most important commodities, after coal, in the country's export sector. This circumstance had a negative impact on the country's policy on the use of renewable energy sources and the development of CO2 emissions trading - the main market mechanisms to reduce Australia's "contribution" to global warming. For example, Australia currently occupies one of the leading positions among countries that are characterized by a high amount of greenhouse gas emissions per capita.

Australian aluminum production has increased by 45% since 1990 and is likely to continue to grow in the future. While actual "direct" emissions of greenhouse gases decreased by 24% compared to 1990 (to 45% per tonne), "indirect" emissions of these gases from electricity generation increased by 40% over the same period . Thus, an increase in aluminum production actually indicates an increase in CO2 emissions into the atmosphere by 25%.

Aluminum smelting based on fossil fuels is not environmentally viable. Australian industries produce 5 times more greenhouse gases than Agriculture, 11 times more than the mining industry and 22 times more than any other industry per dollar of the national economy. Globally, the aluminum industry produces an average of 11 tons of CO2 per tonne of primary aluminum by burning fossil fuels.

PFCs are one of the most dangerous greenhouse gases and are formed as a result of the so-called polarization phenomenon in electrolytes, when the electrolyte is dissolved in aluminum oxide during melting. PFCs are able to stay in the atmosphere for quite a long time - up to 50,000 years, and at the same time are considered 6500 - 9200 times more dangerous than other greenhouse gases, in particular CO2. It is estimated that aluminum production was responsible for 60% of the world's PFC emissions in 1995, despite the fact that over the past 20 years, thanks to emissions control, the volume of these gases per tonne of aluminum has decreased.

Climate warming is one of the most urgent problems today. Now that the Kyoto Protocol has entered into force, activists in all countries need to raise the question of the validity of aluminum production projects, given the volume of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere by these enterprises. This should be the decisive argument when considering options for the industrial development of a particular country. National and regional companies should work with international companies that create barriers to government subsidies for large aluminum smelters and fossil fuel power plants and offer environmentally friendly alternatives economic development. In addition, more research is needed to estimate the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by tropical areas, since most of the smelters are powered by electricity generated here by hydroelectric power plants.

Glaciers and aluminum
New dam and smelter projects across Iceland and Chile threaten the last clean ecosystems on the planet. Alcoa is building the KarahnjukarHydropower hydroelectric complex, which is a series of large dams, reservoirs and tunnels. They will negatively affect the environment of the central highlands of Iceland - the second largest area of ​​untouched nature in Europe, and this impact may be irreversible. The Karahnjukar project will consist of 9 hydroelectric power plants that will block and force several ice age rivers to change course in the region of Europe's largest glacier, Vatnajoekull.
Alcoa will use the generated energy in an aluminum smelter built on the Icelandic coast, which will have a capacity of 322,000 tons of aluminum per year. This area is characterized by a large species diversity of flora and fauna, in particular, the pink-footed goose, crimson hawker and phalarope nest here. Ecologists are concerned about the problems of siltation of the territory and the placement of a dam in a volcanically active area. The project is underway, but strikes by workers against Impregilo have significantly disrupted the project schedule: unions talk about violations of Icelandic law due to the use of cheap labor from other countries on construction, Alcoa is obliged by the decision of the Icelandic court to conduct a new assessment of the impact of the project on the environment.

The Canadian company Noranda plans to start construction of a smelter with a capacity of 440,000 tons / year and a cost of $ 2.75 billion in Patagonia (Chile). To supply the Alumysa enterprise with electricity, the company proposed to build 6 HPPs with a total capacity of 1,000 MW. The complex will also include a deep-sea port and power lines, which will negatively affect the state of the territory, declared by environmentalists and operators of ecotours as a reserve to protect "glacial" rivers, natural forests, coastal waters and endangered species. As a result, the Chilean environmental authorities have put the project on hold for the time being.

In the case of Iceland, the influence of local and international environmental organizations was not enough to stop the construction of the aluminum complex, although activists continue to lobby for the idea of ​​closing the project at all levels - state environmental authorities, international financial institutions, etc. In relation to Alumysa, a well-organized domestic campaign involving international activists, including Canadian ones, and monitoring organizations created significant obstacles for Noranda (Noranda). The success of the campaign was due, in part, to the level of funding available to the activists, exposure to Canadian and international media, the participation of "stars", and exposure to the firm from its home government. However, in the situation with Alcoa in Iceland, even the fact that an environmentalist was present on the Board of Directors of the enterprise did not have the desired effect: the dangerous project nevertheless began to be implemented.

Glenn Sweetkes, International River Network

Translation by A. Lebedev and M. Jones

Groups: ISAR - Siberia

Similar articles