Every craftsman who deals with wood is armed with chisels. This tool is used to process wooden parts. The blade in this case can have a different shape, which depends on the complexity of the thread. You can buy a ready-made set of wood chisels, but craftsmen with extensive experience often make high-quality fixtures on their own - this way the tool turns out to be adapted to the needs of a particular carver.
Description and varieties
The chisel is a professional fixture of a carpenter or carpenter, used to remove layers of wood and apply a wide variety of ornaments, including threaded ones. The very design of the tool includes a handle made of wood or plastic (often used for electric chisels) and a sharply ground blade.
With the help of chisels, craftsmen process wood products and decorate certain products. For this, devices with different configurations of blades are used. Wood is processed with the following types of chisels:
The described types of chisels for woodcarving in various quantities are used by professionals. In addition, they have a lot of modifications, for example, figured chisels for woodcarving. Tool kits contain several options at once. However, it also happens that there is no device in the kit that would be suitable for specific purposes. Therefore, some craftsmen decide to make the device themselves.
Making a chisel
Materials and tools
First of all you need to choose the right materials. As a blade you can use:
So now you need prepare everything necessary materials and tools:
- Cutter for metal processing;
- Forceps or pliers;
- Vessel with cooling water;
- Handle made of wood or plastic.
Milling.
A homemade chisel from a cutter is made according to the following scheme:
From a drill.
To make a tool with your own hands, you need to use the following instructions:
- First you need to flatten the tip of the drill and cut it off.
- The blade needs to be given the necessary shape.
- The handle is made in exactly the same way as described above.
Devices for cutting wood from a drill can often be seen by many craftsmen: they are made easily and simply, and most importantly, in exact shape and size.
From a file.
For this purpose, you will need a grinding wheel. The file must be sharpened at a certain angle. With the help of a file having a square section, you can make a corner fixture. However, for this you need to acquire a high-quality abrasive for metal.
From files-needles you can make a device even for cutting complex shapes. At the same time, you can make it right in your kitchen over the stove.
- We clamp the needle file with tongs by the central part and hold it over the gas burner until it turns red.
- We quickly but carefully bend the heated part to the required shape, after which we lower it into the cooling water.
- We carefully wipe the device with a cloth and begin to sharpen.
Angle tool.
To create tools of the angular type, you can take an ordinary metal profile. We cut off excess material and sharpen the workpiece at the required angle. A chisel can also be made by bending a part, but it is not suitable for processing hard wood species.
- Wood carving technique
- Let's make it ourselves
- Blade
- Lever
- sharpening
Wood carving knives are a must-have accessory in the arsenal of a craftsman who makes decorative items from natural wood.
Such tools can be of various types and shapes, which directly affects the specifics of processing individual parts. The most famous cutter, which is very popular among our craftsmen, is the Bogorodsk knife.
Wood carving technique
Woodcarving is a complex but very interesting technique for decorating products, known since ancient times. The beginning of work, as a rule, consists in creating a blank, or, more simply, a deck or blank. Next, a rough surface treatment is performed, during which it is leveled and all kinds of defects are eliminated. Then comes the turn of artistic work, which the master carries out with the help of cutters for woodcarving. Technically, such a process looks like a sample of a piece of wood, which allows you to give the workpiece a relief and volume. This stage can be called the main one, because it depends on it what the final look of the product will be. Finishing decorative object consists in grinding wood and impregnating it with antiseptics and paints and varnishes.
For execution handmade This type can be used with cutting tools with different blade configurations. The purity of the ornament on wood depends on their quality no less than on the skill of the carpenter, so it is necessary to ensure that the blade of the chisel is strong, sharp and has no nicks. If experienced craftsmen can determine the type and quality of carpentry knives with their eyes closed, then the choice of wood cutters for beginners can be challenging task. For those who are not yet fully familiar with the features of the choice and manufacture of incisors, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with their main varieties and methods of application in more detail. You can also learn how to make wood cutters yourself by setting them to the required size and shape.
Kinds
It is believed that virtuoso masters can get by with one or two cutters, however, as practice shows, a good set of special carpentry tools, which includes chisels with blades of various shapes, will help to achieve the best result and facilitate work. Experts in this industry recommend replenishing your arsenal with the following positions:
Along with devices for cutting openwork elements, there are additional items that no carpenter can do without. These tools include hacksaws, jigsaws, drills, wood saws can be designed for rough or finishing work (saber, bow).
Those craftsmen who work with large-sized structures acquire not only hacksaw tools, but also include hatchet cutters, or, as they are also called, curly adzes in their arsenal. Their principle of operation is similar to that of smaller cutting tools, with the difference only in the scale and purity of the process. Beginners who are just starting to comprehend the craft do not understand the varieties of the instrument as thoroughly as experienced craftsmen, so the main thing here is to follow the golden rule - quality is above all. Since buying solid knives can be expensive, many people make cutters on their own, especially since today it is easy to find on the Internet suitable videos and photo lessons. Next, we will tell you how to make knives for curly carving with your own hands from improvised materials.
Let's make it ourselves
Let's make a reservation right away that the high price does not always force the carpenter to take drastic measures. Often a good experienced craftsman cannot choose for himself such a tool that would meet his requirements, and this also becomes a reason for independent work above the incisor. In principle, this problem is solved quite successfully, the main thing is to know what to make cutters from and what technology to apply in this case.
Blade
In most cases, as a raw material for self-harvesting, plain canvas on wood or metal. From such a material you can get an excellent jamb knife - just break it off manually or cut off a segment of the blade on a lathe, and then form a cutting edge. Worthy characteristics suitable for our product also have a saw blade for wood, because it is very important what steel the jamb knife is made of, and here we are dealing with carbon metal, which is easy to sharpen and remains sharp for a long time even when working with hard rocks tree.
If your future homemade cutter will be designed for sampling wood, it should have a semicircular blade shape, and in this case it is better to make it from a punch, which can be found in almost every home workshop. In private carpentry workshops, you can find homemade bearing cutters, which have also proven themselves well in work.
Lever
When the cutting part of the chisel is ready, you can begin to manufacture an equally important part of the tool - the handle. Here we need a wooden block, and it is better if it is hardwood, from which we will need to cut a holder with a hole in the end. Please note that the shape of the hole must correspond to the same parameter of the metal shank of a woodcarving knife, made from canvas or a disk with your own hands.
In the event that a two-piece handle is used to make a wood cutter, it is recommended that the blade be additionally fixed with fasteners, and the gluing process should be carried out using a vice or clamps.
sharpening
A carver will be able to achieve a worthy result in an artistic craft only if the tool made is sharp. When carving wood, knives tend to become dull, so a properly sharpened joint can work for a long time without re-processing.
Hello to all homemade lovers, every specialist knows well that the tool plays a big role in the work, namely its reliability and build quality. Thinking about this topic, thoughts arise to make the perfect handy tool with your own hands, in this case, these are wood cutters, and carving patterns with their help is quite an exciting activity, which cannot but rejoice. The main thing in creating incisors is to be more careful, since you will have to work with sharp objects, namely with the cutting part. The idea of the author to make wood cutters with his own hands was accompanied by the fact that there was no such tool in the vicinity, and there were none in local stores either.
Properties that should be good knife for woodcarving the following:
High-quality steel, which increases the life of knives and maintains sharpness for a long time.
Ergonomic (comfortable) handles.
Relative ease of manufacture.
Reliability.
To create this homemade product, you don’t need any hard-to-reach materials, they shouldn’t be here, since it was planned in advance that all the details were easily accessible to most carpenters and woodworking enthusiasts.
Required materials and tools:
* Pieces band saw, made of durable steel, which from experience confirms their long shelf life of sharpening.
* Remains of oak planks left over from past works, since oak itself is durable, beautiful and technologically advanced in its own way.
Of the tools you will need:
* Electric sharpener.
* Belt sander with a grit of about 40, as well as sanding paper (grit 80, and for finishing - 240, 800 and 1000).
* Hacksaw.
* Respiratory protection - respirator (gauze mask).
* Joiner's glue.
That's all the details with the necessary tools are ready, now let's proceed to the phased assembly.
Step one.
The first step is to make a blade. From pieces of a saw blade about 8 cm long, the author turned metal blanks of blades of the desired shape, and supplied shanks for the blanks, their length was about 4.5-5 cm, these dimensions guarantee sufficient strength for attaching the blade to the handle.
For greater reliability of fixation (protection against loosening and falling out of the knife from the handle), I made semicircular cutouts on the sides of the shank.
The cross section of the knife blade has a wedge narrowing, the angle of which ranges from 10 to 15 degrees from the butt to the cutting edge, which is the descent of the blade. Well, the cutting edge is given this shape with a small chamfer, i.e. a large narrowing, and therefore an angle already at 25-30 degrees near the blade of the blade.
A large chamfer on the knives must be done even before the moment when the shank is not glued into the handle. The shape of the chamfer must be given on both sides, while observing a certain angle, the grinding of the metal must occur symmetrically. It is known from materials science that during intensive turning, the metal heats up, which causes it to be tempered, and this leads to the fact that the metal becomes softer and loses its ability to maintain sharpening. To prevent this from happening, the workpiece to be turned must be periodically cooled in water, thereby avoiding overheating. It is most convenient when the container with cold water is nearby and lowering the workpiece is not difficult. To finally form the blade, as well as sharpen and polish it, you need to install the handle, which actually will be next.
Step two.
After long work with metal, we proceed to the manufacture of the handle, oak bars were well suited for this, the dimensions of which were 12 by 22 mm in cross section, and the length was slightly more than 120 mm. These bars were selected so that the surfaces to be glued were even. To simplify the work, we make a selection of the socket for the shank in one of the halves of the future handle.
First, the shank is processed with a grinder along the edges in order to get rid of burrs. Then, attaching the shank to the prepared bar, we circle it with a pencil. With the help of chisels, we select the nest to a depth that is equal to the thickness of the workpiece, periodically assembling the structure assembly dry to check the fit of the bars to each other. In case of insufficient depth of the socket, the handle will either not stick together or, if the connection is poor, it will simply split when used. Also, too deep a socket will cause the blade to walk from side to side, which leads to undesirable consequences, namely cracking of the handle or deformation of the shank. Therefore, when selecting a socket for a shank, show maximum accuracy.
After you have made sure during the “dry” control assembly that all the parts are tightly seated, in this case the shank, and also in the absence of gaps between the bars-halves of the handle, you can start gluing. We apply the carpenter's ley on the surface of the bar and into the nest under the shank, since it is unrealistic to achieve accuracy in depth when manually selecting the nest, then just in case it is better to fill it with glue, after which the shank dries out due to its hardness, in case of inaccuracy. Glue must also be applied to the adjacent part of the handle, but with a smaller layer.
Step three.
Then we combine the parts (you need to connect the ends of the bars located closer to the blade as accurately as possible), and tighten them with clamps. Remove excess glue with a damp cloth and leave for 12 hours until completely dry.
Step four.
Now let's adjust the handle suitable shape for a cutting tool, usually a slight bend on the back to stop thumb.
But you can’t do without the features of these pens, they differ in that
their back part is wider and more rounded than the one closer to the blade, because of this, all the blanks for the handles in the first stage of processing look more like a truncated elongated pyramid, and there is also a recess for the index finger.
After gluing the workpiece, the back part is sawn off with a hacksaw, to a size of 12 cm.
Then tape grinder we grind the ends of the handles, do not forget to use personal protective equipment - goggles and a respirator, since oak dust can cause allergies.
Grinding is carried out to start with a grit of 40, and then in ascending order until the workpiece is smooth.
Coated with nitro lacquer.
Step four.
We finish the cutting part, we need a small chamfer, the sharpening angle of which is approximately 25-30 ° for these knives. To form a small bevel, the author uses sandpaper of different grits, gradually increasing the grit, starting from 240, moving to 800, and then to 1000, eventually everything is polished on a leather belt clamped on a bar. If the sharpening is successful, then the wood should be cut both along and across the fibers without much effort, while the cut surface should be even and shiny, the so-called "oil" cut.
Several knives were made using this manufacturing template, in general they are quite reliable and easy to use, which is very decent for a non-professional.
Even in ancient times, the profession of cabinetmaker was highly valued. Nowadays, specialists who are able to create beautiful wood carvings are also in a special position, because for them this occupation is not only an opportunity to provide themselves with a good income, but also a chance to enjoy such work. However, in order to actually enjoy the work of creating wood products, you need to take care of the availability of a special tool.
In modern conditions, the cabinetmaker must have in his arsenal a certain set of devices that will help him perform the following types of work:
- thread;
- sawing off;
- splitting and trimming;
- planing;
- turning;
- chiselling.
It is important to understand how woodworking is done. You can learn about this from the following material, which describes the relevant tools.
Woodworking tools
Generally speaking, the devices available today that allow you to work with wooden surfaces, are combined into a common group called incisors. This list includes cutting blades, saws, axes, chisels, special planes, etc. A feature of any of these tools is its purpose: they are all designed to perform a special type of processing of a wooden product.
Deciding the issue with the tool for work, the cabinetmaker proceeds primarily from his requests and tastes. In the event that a person is only taking the first steps in this matter and getting acquainted with the basics of wood processing, then the recommendations of experienced craftsmen will be useful to him.
Wood cutting accessories
When starting to create a wooden product, the first step is to cut the workpiece. Here it is necessary to use incisors, which look like sharp blades, when used for processing wood, waste is generated, represented by chips or sawdust. If work with wooden surfaces is carried out manually, then most often masters opt for tools such as saws, jointers, one-handed planers etc.
A feature of these tools is that with their help you can do the work "on your own". In other words, when using them, the master's hand moves in the opposite direction to the body.
At the same time, in most foreign countries, the “on oneself” method has become most widespread, in which the main movements are carried out towards the body of the master. Most often, when performing wood processing according to this scheme, tools with an appropriate design are used. These can be specially made hacksaws, saws, etc. These can be considered double-sided cutters, two-handed plows and spoon cutters.
Features of work
At the same time, it is necessary to mention important rule, which every cabinetmaker observes: if you have to deal with a wooden surface that has a large area, then for work use the self method. This allows you to spend less effort on moving the tools used - an ax, saw or planer. But it is undesirable to use an adze for this purpose, which is intended for the “on itself” method.
How to cut blanks
Faced with the task of sawing a tree, craftsmen most often resort to the help of multi-cutter devices that have a special name - saws. Within these tools, several types can be distinguished:
- longitudinal;
- transverse;
- universal.
For example, if we talk about saws that are designed for cross cutting, then their design provides for sharp triangular teeth, and they all have two edges for right and left threads. A feature of saws intended for longitudinal sawing is the presence of teeth made in the form of a chisel. The use of such a form makes it possible to hold the sawdust between the teeth, removing them from the body of the wood.
As for multi-purpose saws, their teeth made in the form of a right angle. Due to their structure, they can cut fibers in any direction - transverse, longitudinal, inclined.
Varieties of saws
All saws offered today can be classified into several types:
- simple;
- hacksaws;
- one-handed.
Within the framework of mechanical saws, several subspecies can be distinguished:
- tape;
- two-handed;
- gasoline-engine;
- circular.
Most often, when sawing a workpiece, cross saws are used. If there is a need for crosscutting, then the choice is stopped on one-handed or two-handed instruments. For processing, hacksaws of a circular or bow type are usually used. To perform rough wood processing, preference is given to saws with large incisors. In order to perform precise machining in the best possible way, it is effective to use tools equipped with fine teeth.
Splitting and trimming wood
If the cabinetmaker faces the task of creating blanks from bars, ridges or trunks, then it is best to use these types of wood cutters:
- axes;
- cleavers.
The cleaver is massive ax, with the help of which it is possible to effectively perform the cutting of the ridge. Often the cleaver is used in combination with steel or wooden wedges, the latter are hammered into the base of the tree, due to which it is possible to simplify the procedure for splitting it. Processed blanks are hewn, for which household light axes are used. They are attractive in that they can be attached to the belt in special cases.
If it is necessary to trim the surface of a wooden blank, then one has to resort to the help of an adze, which is a kind of ax, in which the blade is located at a right angle to the ax handle. Using this cutter, it is quite effective to create concave or curly products. In some cases, the adze can be made independently, for which a thick metal plate is used, which should have a sharply sharpened and curved edge.
Planing straight and curly surfaces
Under the planing procedure, it is customary to understand the removal from the surface of the tree thin layers of chips. To cope with this task with minimal physical effort, it is recommended to use hand or turning tools of the following types:
- knives;
- two-handed plows equipped with straight or semicircular blades;
- planes;
- sherhebels.
When performing final planing, special planes are most often used, equipped with a single or double blade, which is fixed in a metal or wooden case.
Removable chips can have different thickness. The determining role here is played by the distance to which the blade or body is extended. With a decrease in this distance, thinner wood chips can be obtained.
If the task is to create curved or rounded elements, say, staves for a barrel, then usually preference is given to special planers, which in their configuration resemble a convex knife. If you have to deal with workpieces that are curved across the plane, then the choice stops at humpback planers. A special variety is formed by planers designed to create edges and narrow grooves when processing panels or boards.
Types and purpose of chisels
Craftsmen who are professionally engaged in wood processing most often use a tool such as chisels. Usually, wood cutting is performed using devices that have type of metal rods, which are distinguished by the presence of a flat surface, a sharp cutting blade and a shank. The last element is located on a wooden handle with a ring.
Each type of chisel is designed to perform its own task. For example, with the help of straight and wide fixtures, it is effective to clean or cut convex or even workpieces. It makes sense to resort to narrow tools when the task of processing wood in narrow sections of parts arises. As for straight chisels equipped with round blades, they should be used in a situation where you have to deal with hard wood or horn knots.
If it becomes necessary to clean a tree that has hollow or deep cavity, usually resort to the help of a chisel-chisel equipped with a thick steel rod. In addition to this, this operation should be performed in combination with a tool such as a mallet. It will be used to drive the chisel deep into the wood.
Although with the help of chisels it is possible to quite effectively remove unnecessary fractions from wood, nevertheless, initially these tools were created for cutting complex products. If the master had the task of creating gutters in the body of the workpiece, then cranberries will have to be used to complete this work. These are chisels equipped with curved or grooved blades. With their help, it will be possible to make a recess of the required radius and depth. At the first stage, you need to use the widest cranberry and create a hole. After that comes turn of smaller cranberries, then move on to using an even smaller one, etc.
Use of special cutters
The tools described above are not the only ones that should be in the arsenal of a wood carving master. Often, the cabinet maker is faced with the task of volumetric cutting, which has to be performed when creating works of art. In such situations, you can not do without spoon incisors.
It is worth noting that these devices were created a hundred years ago. Working with these devices consists in using the “pull-on” method, and you can move the tool both in the longitudinal and transverse directions relative to the fibers.
But not only the spoon device is a common tool for carving masters. Often you have to use a double-sided cutter, "T" shaped. Most often, it is used to process the workpiece when creating large-sized products. The main purpose of spoon-type cutters is to cut wooden circles, which will later serve as the basis for creating plates, as well as other utensils and other products.
Conclusion
Regardless of your experience in such a business as wood carving, first of all, you need to take care of having the required tool to perform this manual work. That is why hand carving cutters should be present in your arsenal. It should be borne in mind that they differ in their performance and purpose, so you should choose these devices, focusing on the operations that you have to perform.
The general classification of tools available today for working with wooden surfaces combines them into a common group called cutters. This list includes cutting blades, saws, axes, chisels, special planers and other tools. The main feature of any tool from this list is to perform a specific type of wood processing.
Wood lathe cutters
Turning cutters for wood are necessary for manual processing part that rotates in the machine. Such wood cutters consist of two main parts: a working (metal) and a handle (most often made of wood).
In the working part there are:
- cutting edge or blade. This is the part to be sharpened, it is she who interacts with the workpiece
- the body is the main part for which the turner holds the cutter with his “non-working” hand on the armrest of the machine
- the shank is the narrow part into which the body smoothly passes. A handle is attached to the shank.
The handle consists of two parts:
- the base, which is a large part that the master holds in the "working" hand
- the neck, which is a small cylindrical part with a metal fastening ring that prevents the handle from cracking when it is stuffed onto the shank of the working part.
Depending on the type of processing, turning tools come in different configurations. Note that with an increase in the complexity of the work, their design becomes more complicated, which also determines the specific sharpening of the blade. For a young master, two types of incisors are enough: reyer and meisel.
These two tools will help to carry out turning work of an average level of complexity. Basically, the processing of the outer surface is carried out. In some cases, it is possible to work with the internal surfaces of the product.
What other wood turning tools are there? The video below demonstrates the work various kinds turning cutters.
Work on a lathe
Today, wood lathes are often used to produce multifunctional furniture parts. In addition, this machine will help you create attractive and unusual decorative elements, for example, candlesticks, cups, toys, spinning tops and more.
Lathes are different sizes. First of all, you need to choose the most suitable machine. To date, there is a fairly wide range of desktop lathes, ideal for small project. Larger devices are used to create balusters, which are used to make furniture and railings.
Parameters by which lathes differ:
- bed length. It determines the maximum length of the processed bar
- turning diameter over bed is the maximum bar diameter
- horsepower - the power of the power unit, which determines the mass of the bar for turning without load on the cutter and machine
- engine revolutions per minute. Most machines have a constant speed. Devices having a low speed mode can be used to process workpieces irregular shape. And higher speeds help to polish the product.
When buying, pay attention to the weight and material from which the machine is made. The options with a cast-iron bed and a steel frame are quite durable, but not mobile. They cannot be transferred to another place of work.
Turning cutters are characterized by a long curved handle. It is designed to make it convenient for the master to hold the tool. As a result of the presence of such a handle, the master accurately controls the blade, but at the same time does not feel fatigue. Hand cutters are not suitable for machine work because they have a short handle.
Work with wood cutters
Woodcarving is a complex, but rather interesting technique for decorating products, which has been known since ancient times. At the beginning of work, it is necessary to create blanks, in other words, decks or blanks. After that, a rough surface treatment is carried out, during which the surface is leveled and all kinds of defects are eliminated.
After that, you can proceed to the artistic work, which is carried out with the help of cutters for woodcarving. In fact, this is a selection of a part of wood, which allows you to give the workpiece a relief and volume. This is the main stage, because it depends on it appearance subject. The finishing of the decorative product consists in grinding the timber and impregnating it with antiseptic agents and paint and varnish coatings.
To implement this type of manual work, cutting devices with different blade configurations are used. Their quality has a direct impact on the purity of the ornament, for this reason it is necessary to carefully monitor that the blade of the chisel is sharp and without notches.
Wood carving chisels are an indispensable tool in the arsenal of the master, who is engaged in the manufacture of decorative objects from wood. These tools are various types and shapes, which affects the specifics of the processing of some parts.
Some believe that virtuoso masters work with one or two cutters, but in practice it turns out that only a complete set of special carpentry tools, which should contain chisels with blades of various shapes, will help to achieve the best result and ensure easy work.
Wood cutting tools include:
Sharpening wood cutters
in the process of wood processing, the used cutters and chisels remove the layer of wood. After some time, the tool becomes dull, which affects the quality of processing. For this reason, tool sharpening is a very important issue.
There are two ways to sharpen a tool:
- manual method. In this case, the mechanization of the process is completely absent, that is, everything is done manually from beginning to end. This method is characterized by low productivity. In addition, it is quite difficult to achieve the desired result.
- mechanical sharpening using special machines that have a stone for removing metal.
Both of these methods are used in production. Using the manual method, you can sharpen the tool in a short time. If the cutting edge is slightly worn and there are no mechanical damages. A special machine makes it possible to restore the cutting surface, to eliminate various defects.
The most popular sharpening machines are:
- a device with two grindstones. It allows you to install two different abrasives in order to speed up the processing procedure. To avoid the need to frequently rearrange the abrasive, these machines are equipped with two output shafts on which the wheel is mounted.
- device with a bath for cooling the surface of the abrasive. Such a system prevents the tool from burning metal during processing. Due to strong friction, the surface is very hot, the metal can change its performance during heating. Metal burning should be avoided by using a cooling bath of water.
Each master who works with wood has carpentry chisels in his arsenal. A wood chisel is very useful in works that are associated with the processing of wooden blanks. An ideally sharpened blade of various shapes is used for carving of any complexity. In construction stores, you can buy both ready-made sets of fixtures and chisels by the piece.
August 14
