Stomach and gastrointestinal tract. About diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, their symptoms and treatment

The human body is very dependent on the supply of essential substances from external environment with food. The work of organs and systems has a good reserve, is able to provide an increased load for a long time, but is interrupted if the energy balance is not supported. And calories are formed only as a result of complex biochemical processes.

"Reagents" for synthesis a person receives from food. No best medicines can replace the natural process of nutrition through the stomach and deliver the substances necessary for life.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the first areas of therapy in the oldest medical manuscripts, along with help for injuries. How to treat individual symptoms was taught even under Hippocrates and Avicenna.

Terms and classifications

The term "gastrointestinal tract" is very old, taken from anatomy. Means and justifies its name - the stomach and intestines. More precisely, let's say - from the place of attachment of the esophagus to the anus. This means that only the pathology of these organs should be considered diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Modern knowledge about the digestive system has accumulated a lot of facts about the inextricable links of the work of the stomach, the causes of intestinal pathology with the functioning of other organs - the liver, gallbladder and ducts, pancreas. The current medical worker more often uses the term "diseases of the digestive system", the old name means its expanded concept.

The International Statistical Classification has singled out a separate class of diseases and calls it "Diseases of the digestive system." However, let us explain the features of statistical accounting. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in this group exclude the pathology that we used to attribute to digestive problems:

The list of diseases will be incomplete without congenital anomalies, defects (for example, esophageal achalasia)

Therefore, when territories report a stable state of morbidity in the gastrointestinal tract, they separately take into account the growth of viral hepatitis, outbreaks of intestinal infections, the risk of cancerous degeneration and new cases of neoplasms detected.

According to statistics published by the Ministry of Health, in recent years the number of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract tends to decrease. Steadfastly held in 4-6 place in the total number after diseases of the respiratory system, genitourinary system, skin (excluding injuries).

However, target studies, appeal to medical institutions allow us to conclude that:

• up to 60% of the adult population suffer from disorders of the digestive system, and in large cities and metropolitan areas - up to 95%;
• among visits to therapists, gastrointestinal problems account for 37%;
• peptic ulcer is 3 times more likely than women to suffer from men under the age of 50:
• ulcerative changes in the duodenum exceed those in the stomach by 8–10 times;
• the population remains insufficiently informed about the possibilities of early detection and timely diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of the stomach and intestines.

The data of attending physicians indicate that 4.5–5% of people in the Russian Federation die every year from diseases of the digestive system. In the structure of oncological mortality, colorectal cancer ranks second, and stomach - third.

Treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is carried out by doctors of various specialties: therapists, pediatricians, gastroenterologists, infectious disease specialists, oncologists, surgeons.

What happens in the human digestive tract

The main functions of the digestive system are:

• motor-mechanical - allows you to crush, mix and move the food bolus along the sections of the tract, remove toxins from the body;
• secretory - responsible for the chemical processing of food particles with the connection of various enzymes that are in the juices of the organs concerned;
• suction - ensures the selection and assimilation from the contents of only the substances and liquids necessary for the body.

In recent years, another significance of the digestive organs has been proven - participation in the synthesis of certain hormones, elements of the immune system. Diseases of the stomach and intestines are caused by the failure of one or more areas.

Of particular importance is the sufficient functioning of the duodenum, liver, pancreas. According to the anatomical structure, these organs are very closely related to the gastrointestinal tract. Disruption of their work leads to dysfunction of the entire gastrointestinal tract.

The most important causes of gastrointestinal disorders

An important cause of diseases of the digestive system is malnutrition. Main mistakes:

• long breaks in food intake - disrupt the reflex mechanism for the production of digestive juices, allow a significant concentration of enzymes to accumulate in the stomach and intestines without food intake, which causes dangerous damage to one's own mucous membrane;
• the predominance of fatty meat foods, fried and smoked dishes, hot spices and sauces - contributes to the failure of the formation and flow of bile into the intestines, congestion in the bladder and increases the risk of stone formation;
• excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages - has a direct toxic effect on the liver cells, the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, leads to increased consumption of enzymes, atrophic processes, contributes to atherosclerotic vascular damage and malnutrition of the walls;
• consumption of dishes of contrasting temperatures - is an excessive irritant for the stomach, the habit of very hot drinks is important in the occurrence of gastritis.

Passion for vegetarianism - damages the supply of essential amino acids obtained only from animal proteins, and hence the construction of the cell membranes of the digestive organs themselves

As toxic substances with a damaging effect on the gastrointestinal tract can be called:

• industrial contact with pesticides, alkalis, salts of heavy metals, concentrated acids, domestic and suicidal poisoning;
• medicines of the class of antibiotics, some antifungal agents, cytostatics, hormonal preparations;
• nicotine and drugs.

After treatment of the gastrointestinal tract with antibacterial agents, it is necessary to use additional agents that restore beneficial microflora. Infectious diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract are caused by: different strains of Escherichia coli, staphylo- and streptococci, enterococci, Klebsiella, Proteus, salmonella, shigella, hepatitis viruses, herpes, helminths (ascariasis), amoebas, echinococci, lamblia.

High infection of the population with Helicobacter pylori is considered one of the factors in the spread of chronic inflammation of the stomach (gastritis).

The penetration of the infection through the stomach and intestines, the creation of a comfortable environment for living and reproduction is accompanied by damage to the whole organism, a toxic effect on the brain, cells of the hematopoietic system. As a rule, it is possible to cure such diseases only by specific means capable of purposefully destroying the infectious agent.

Injuries to the abdomen, wounds disrupt the blood supply to the internal organs, stomach, intestines. Ischemia is accompanied by vascular thrombosis, necrotic manifestations with rupture of intestinal sections. The negative effect of ecology, ionizing radiation is one of the first to disrupt the functioning of the secreting cells of the glandular epithelium. During treatment with chemotherapy and irradiation of tumors of various localization, the liver, intestines and stomach suffer.

Heredity among members of the same family is expressed in a predisposition to gene mutations when meeting with risk factors, which is expressed in structural anomalies, functional underdevelopment, and high sensitivity to other causes.

Ecological trouble in nature affects the stomach, intestines through poor quality drinking water, increased intake of pesticides, nitrates with vegetables, antibiotics, hormones, harmful preservatives with meat products.

An insurmountable stress load on a person can lead to digestive upsets. The spread of the pathology of the endocrine organs due to diabetes mellitus, diseases of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands disrupts the regulation of the secretion of juices and enzymes.

Great importance is attached to the violation of hygiene skills, sanitary illiteracy of children and adults, non-compliance with the rules of culinary processing and storage of products.

What diseases of the gastrointestinal tract do people have to meet most often?

Of the diseases caused by the pathology of the stomach and intestines, it should be noted that the most common diseases of inflammatory origin are the following pathologies.

Gastritis

inflammation proceeds from a more favorable surface, to the formation of erosions and atrophy of the inner shell, they are very different with increased and decreased acidity, dyspeptic phenomena are sure to join.

Violation of the motor function of the muscular layer of the stomach and sphincters

With a weakening of the upper cardiac sphincter, the formation of gastroesophageal reflux disease is possible with a back reflux of acidic contents and damage to the esophagus. If the contractility of the pyloric part changes, then pylorospasm or reflux of bile from the duodenum appears. This is how biliary reflux gastritis is formed.

Duodenitis

The duodenum is usually an addition and continuation of gastritis, somewhat changing the nature of the symptoms. The pains become "late", 1.5-2 hours after eating, there is an admixture of bile in the vomit.

gastroenteritis

The general name of diseases of the stomach and intestines, often caused by an infectious genesis, poisoning with low-quality products. They are acute with high fever, nausea and vomiting, pain of various localization, diarrhea. Children have dangerous symptom- dehydration.

Enterocolitis

Infectious and non-infectious lesions of the intestinal mucosa, possible manifestations of dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera. Patients are concerned about spastic pain in the left or right side of the abdomen, false urge to go to the toilet (tenesmus), and fever. The whole organism suffers from intoxication.

Appendicitis

Local inflammation of the appendix has its own symptoms, but always requires differential diagnosis due to the anatomical location.

Haemorrhoids

Disease of the veins of the rectum, which affects the majority of the adult population. In origin, the tendency to constipation, sedentary work, difficult childbirth in women matter. It is manifested by severe pain in the anus, itching of the skin, bleeding during defecation. Lack of treatment leads to the transition of inflammation from dilated veins to nearby tissues, infringement of venous nodes, the formation of cracks in the rectal mucosa, and cancer.

Dysbacteriosis

It is not considered an independent disease, but due to the nature of digestive disorders, the condition needs correction, additional therapy and a special examination of feces for intestinal flora. It can be caused both by the consequence of inflammation and by drugs.

A decrease in the proportion of beneficial bifidus and lactobacilli contributes to a violation of the digestion of food, activates opportunistic bacteria. Prolonged diarrhea is especially difficult for young children.

Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum

Persistent painful symptoms, seasonality and damage to the mucous membrane up to the muscle membrane, signs of bleeding are found in the feces. Severe complications are possible in the form of perforation of the ulcer into the abdominal cavity or into neighboring organs. Manifested by dagger pains, the patient's state of shock.

Neoplasms of different localization

These include polyposis growths, cancer. Tumors are formed under the influence and against the background of various gastroenterological diseases. It is known that colorectal cancer is transformed from colon polyps, gastric cancer - from atrophic gastritis.

If the tumor grows inward, then the manifestations are detected by a mechanical obstruction to the movement of feces (constipation). With external growth (exophytic), symptoms are not detected for a long time or have general intestinal manifestations (vague pains, unstable stools).

Quite rare diseases of the gastrointestinal tract include:

• Crohn's disease is a severe lesion of the entire digestive "tube" from the oral cavity to the rectum, in half of the cases - the ileum and rectum, by origin it is attributed to a hereditary pathology, autoimmune. The exact reason is unknown. Granulomatous growths grow through the entire thickness of the intestinal wall. The clinic is characterized by the manifestation of diarrhea, abdominal pain, prolonged fever. It proceeds according to the type of inflammation, spasm or perforation with the formation of fistulous passages.
• Whipple disease- mainly men suffer, it is considered an infectious disease (a bacterium-causative agent is isolated), but researchers emphasize the role of an excessive perverted reaction of the immune system. It is manifested by prolonged diarrhea, fever and general symptoms (joint pain, skin, heart, eye, hearing, neurological signs).

With a hiatal hernia, a protrusion into the chest cavity forms the esophagus and the upper edge of the stomach

The role of esophageal pathology

On the one hand, the esophagus is considered in the gastrointestinal tract simply as a connecting tube from the mouth to the stomach, so the state of the muscular basis for "pushing" food is important. But on the other hand, the connection with the stomach causes changes in the mucous membrane in the lower sections and leads to local disease. The pathologies described below are most often detected.

Esophagitis - inflammation with painful swallowing of liquid and solid food, burning sensation in the epigastric region, heartburn, belching. The culprit is acid reflux from the stomach. In severe cases, the disease is called reflux gastroesophageal.

Hiatal hernia - a pathology caused by a violation of the localization of the esophagus, displacement of the lower border, protrusion of the diaphragm from the esophageal opening. The disease can be inherited or formed as a result of prolonged inflammatory processes in the esophagus and stomach. The main manifestation is reflux of food into the esophagus with heartburn, belching, pain, bloody vomiting, and swallowing disorders. Treatment is surgical only.

Barrett's esophagus is the main cause of esophageal ademocarcinoma. Detected on fibrogastroscopy after biopsy examination. A sign such as prolonged heartburn is the reason for a mandatory examination. Typical detection of growth in place of the tissue of the esophagus of the squamous epithelium.

When detected, the affected areas are removed using a laser beam. There is still the possibility of preventing cancerous transformation.

Ulcerative non-infectious colitis of autoimmune etiology is attracting increasing attention due to its prevalence among children and adults.

Serious secondary disorders of the gastrointestinal tract lead to:

• viral and non-infectious hepatitis;
• cirrhosis with hepatic and renal insufficiency;
• diseases of the pancreas from functional disorders to pancreatitis and cancer;
• cholecystitis and cholelithiasis.

Symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases

Therapy of digestive diseases requires taking into account the pathogenetic mechanisms of the occurrence of disorders. It is most correct to carry out the treatment of the gastrointestinal tract according to clinical syndromes.

Dyspepsia

Dyspepsia syndrome includes subjective symptoms. It is customary to distinguish between gastric and intestinal types. Most diseases of the stomach are characterized by:

• pain in the epigastric region of varying intensity, but necessarily associated in time with food intake;
• feeling of fullness in the stomach;
• heartburn;
• nausea and vomiting;
• belching;
• loss of appetite.

The combination of these symptoms depends on the nature of the disease, the stage of the process and the degree of functional impairment.

So, according to the set of symptoms, dyspepsia is divided:

• on reflux - manifested by a burning sensation behind the sternum, belching, heartburn, impaired swallowing;
• ulcer-like - the patient has intermittent "hungry" pains, worsening can occur at night (late pains);
• dyskinetic - patients complain of heaviness in the epigastrium, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting;
• systemic - characterized by bloating, rumbling in the intestines, stool disorders, pain spasms are possible.

Dyspepsia of the human intestinal tract is accompanied by: flatulence, transfusion and rumbling in the intestines, spastic or arching pains in the abdomen without permanent localization, unstable stools. Symptoms occur when the function of the stomach and intestines is impaired. Observed with hypoacid gastritis, enterocolitis, tumors, adhesive disease, chronic pancreatitis, cholecystitis, hepatitis.

Signs of intestinal dyspepsia are constant, not associated with feeding, more intense in the afternoon, usually subside by night. They increase with the use of dairy products, vegetables with a high content of fiber (cabbage, beets). Patients associate the improvement in their condition with defecation and gas discharge.

hyperacid syndrome

Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease with increased acidity of gastric juice appear with gastritis, duodenitis, peptic ulcer, typical for heavy smokers. An increased concentration of hydrochloric acid is associated with increased secretion, insufficient neutralization, and delayed evacuation of the contents of the stomach into the duodenum.

Hyperacidity of the stomach is distinguished by the following symptoms:

• heartburn on an empty stomach, after eating, at night;
• belching sour;
• increased appetite;
• vomiting of sour contents;
• pain in the epigastrium and right hypochondrium "hungry", late at night;
• tendency to constipation due to spasm of the pylorus and slowing down the evacuation of food masses.

hypoacid syndrome

Occurs when the acidity of the gastric juice decreases. It is observed with stomach ulcers, atrophic gastritis, cancer, gastrointestinal infections, chronic cholecystitis, anemia, general exhaustion. Signs of hypoacidity:

• poor appetite (in severe cases, weight loss);
• intolerance to certain products;
• nausea;
• flatulence;
• "hungry" pain in the stomach;
• diarrhea (the pyloric opening is constantly gaping, so the intestinal mucosa is irritated by undigested food).

The nature of the pain is different (spastic or arching)

Syndrome of enteral and colitis insufficiency

Manifested by intestinal and general symptoms. Intestinal include: pain around the navel 3-4 hours after eating, dyspepsia and dysbacteriosis. The chair is liquid, frothy, fetid several times a day or constipation with atony in old age.

Common symptoms include:

• weight loss against the background of increased appetite;
• fatigue, insomnia, irritability;
• skin manifestations (dryness, peeling, brittle nails, hair loss);
• iron deficiency states, anemia;
• hypovitaminosis with bleeding gums, stomatitis, visual impairment, petechial rash (lack of vitamins C, B 2, PP, K).

General principles for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases

Treatment of the stomach and intestines is not complete without following a single scheme, which necessarily includes a diet, outside the acute stage of exercise therapy and physiotherapy, if the symptoms and examination results do not cause fear for cancerous degeneration.

Basic requirements for the menu:

• regardless of the nature of the pathology of the stomach or intestines, nutrition should be carried out in small portions 5-6 times a day;
• all mucosal irritants are excluded (alcohol, carbonated cart, strong tea and coffee, fried and fatty foods, canned food, smoked meats and pickles);
• the selection of the diet is carried out taking into account the type of gastric secretion of a particular patient; in the anacid state, stimulating dishes are allowed; in the hyperacid state, they are prohibited;
• in the first week of exacerbation, crushed, pureed food, liquid cereals on water are recommended;
• the expansion of the diet depends on the results of treatment of the stomach and intestines, the patient's well-being;
• the possibility of using dairy products is decided individually;
• it is necessary to cook food in stewed, boiled and steamed form.

Dyskinesias and functional disorders of the stomach and intestines are effectively removed by physiotherapy exercises

Medical treatment

Upon receipt of a conclusion on the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach, a course of eradication with antibiotics and bismuth preparations is recommended. Its effectiveness is controlled by repeated studies.
To support the secreting function of the stomach, drugs such as Pepsin, gastric juice, Plantaglucid are used.

At hyperacidity gastric secretion blockers (proton pump inhibitors), enveloping agents (Almagel, Denol, Gefal) are needed. To relieve pain, antispasmodics (No-Shpa, Platifillin) are prescribed. Cerucal helps with hypotonic lesions of the stomach and intestines, relieves nausea, vomiting, and activates peristalsis.

Riboxin, Gastrofarm, Solcoseryl, anabolic hormones are used to stimulate healing in gastric ulcers. In case of chronic damage to the intestines and stomach with symptoms of beriberi and anemia, injections of vitamins and iron preparations are prescribed.

Moderate signs of bleeding indicate the involvement of a small-diameter vessel in the process; general anti-inflammatory therapy helps to eliminate it. With bloody vomiting and black stools with symptoms of blood loss, signs of obstruction, surgery is necessary with resection of the damaged part of the stomach or intestines.

Cancer changes are treated with courses of chemotherapy and radiation. The amount of surgery depends on the stage. Physiotherapeutic procedures can improve the regeneration of the epithelium of the stomach and intestines, relieve hypertonicity, and normalize motor skills.

For this are used:

• electrophoresis with the introduction of the necessary drug from the active electrode;
• diadynamic currents;
• phonophoresis.

Spa treatment with water and mud applications from natural sources helps to achieve long-term remission.

Phytotherapy

Treatment with herbal remedies should be used after the elimination of acute symptoms of inflammation of the intestines and stomach. Decoctions of chamomile, yarrow, calendula, oak bark, plantain have anti-inflammatory properties.

Useful enveloping effect on the stomach of oatmeal jelly, a decoction of flaxseed

Treatment of diseases of the stomach, intestines is carried out by specialists of polyclinics. Oncologists consider it necessary, in order to diagnose cancer early, to conduct ultrasound and esophagogastroduodenoscopy for all persons over 40 years of age, even if there are no symptoms.

And if there are complaints about the work of the intestine, seek to examine the patient with the help of colorectoscopy. This study is still less accessible and is carried out in specialized hospitals or private clinics. But early diagnosis is worth the money spent.

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a complex system of digestive organs that break down food, absorb nutrients, and remove waste from the human body.

The parts of the digestive system include:

• oral cavity, pharynx;
• esophagus;
• stomach
• DPC (duodenum);
• jejunum;
• ileum;
• colon.

The liver, gallbladder, pancreas and salivary glands are also responsible for the digestion process, but they are directly related to the gastrointestinal tract.

BASIC FUNCTIONS AND TASKS OF THE GIT

The main tasks of the gastrointestinal tract are the mechanical and chemical processing of food, the absorption of nutrients (including from water), into the lymph and bloodstreams, and the removal of undigested food residues.

Functions of the gastrointestinal tract:

• motor (chewing and swallowing food in the mouth);
• secretory (production of saliva, gastric juice and bile);
• absorption (transfer and absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids, vitamins and other useful substances into the blood);
• intrasecretory (production of hormones);
• excretory (cleansing the body of toxic substances, urea and undigested food components).

GIT ORGANS

Oral cavity and pharynx

The digestive process begins as soon as a piece of food enters your mouth. Chewing and processing food with saliva are very important steps in digestion. The quality of its assimilation depends on how carefully you grind the product. The less you chew, the longer the food will stay in your stomach. He will actually have to chew on you. Food will begin to rot on its way to the intestines, and you will experience flatulence , swelling, fermentation, burp and heartburn.

Esophagus

The pharynx connects the oral cavity with the esophagus - through it the crushed food moves further.

The esophagus is part of the digestive canal, which is a cylindrical muscular tube with a total length of 22 to 30 cm. This organ ensures the movement of the food bolus towards the stomach, preventing it from returning.

Between the esophagus and the stomach there is a protective barrier - the lower esophageal sphincter. It is he who does not allow pieces of food and hydrochloric acid to get from the stomach into the esophagus. If you regularly experience heartburn, this means that the sphincter is weakened and passes the acidic contents of the stomach back.

Stomach

This is a sac-like extensible organ located under the left hypochondrium in the upper region of the peritoneum. The stomach is a place of chemical digestion of food: it is treated with hydrochloric acid and various biological substances. There is also a partial absorption of nutrients.

DPC (duodenum)

The initial section of the small intestine, following immediately after the pylorus. The characteristic name is due to the fact that its length is approximately twelve finger diameters.

The duodenum brings the acid-base indicator of the food slurry coming from the stomach to the optimal one - it does not irritate the small intestine and is suitable for intestinal digestion.

Another integral phase of the work of this part of the intestine is the regulation of pancreatic enzymes secreted by the pancreas, as well as bile, depending on the acidity of the food bolus and its chemical composition.

The duodenum also maintains feedback with the stomach: this is manifested through the reflex opening and closing of the pylorus, as well as the regulation of acidity and peptic activity of gastric juice.

Jejunum

The second section of the small intestine. The small intestine reaches a length of 1.8 meters and is constantly in a tonic state.

Ileum

The ileum is the last of the three sections of the small intestine. Unlike the jejunum, it has a slightly larger diameter and thickened walls, as well as a right-hand arrangement of loops.

Colon

It is the lower part of the digestive tract, in which water is absorbed, and food residues (chyme) are also formed. The large intestine reaches 1.5 meters in length and is divided into the caecum, colon and rectum.

The gastrointestinal tract ends with the anus, through which the excretion of feces from the human body occurs.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are very common. Every adult has repeatedly encountered such manifestations as heaviness in the stomach, pain, and indigestion. Most often, doctors diagnose gastritis, esophagitis, enteritis, less often - hiatal hernia, Barrett's esophagus, stomach ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

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Gastritis

Gastritis is an inflammatory process localized on the gastric mucosa that occurs against the background of poor nutrition, smoking, drug and alcohol abuse. All these factors contribute to the thinning of the upper layer of the cells of the walls of the stomach, as a result, small erosions and ulcers form on them under the action of hydrochloric acid, which is part of the gastric juice. It is known that another common cause of gastritis is the entry into the human stomach of a microorganism - Helicobacter pylori. However, its role in the development of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer has not been fully established.

Acute gastritis is manifested by pain and heaviness in the epigastric region, nausea, sometimes vomiting and dizziness. In some cases, gastritis occurs without the presence of pronounced symptoms. At the same time, a person may be disturbed by minor pains in the abdomen, heaviness and bloating a few minutes after eating. Sometimes there is heartburn and belching with an unpleasant odor. At the same time, the mucous membrane of the stomach remains inflamed, erosion on it grows and can capture its deeper layers, which gradually leads to the appearance of an ulcer. Chronic gastritis occurs without any symptoms, reminding of itself by periods of exacerbations associated with poor nutrition, frequent stress, etc. The basis of treatment in this case is diet. If during the diagnosis of the disease it is established that the cause of its occurrence is bacteria, the patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics. With severe pain in the stomach, the use of drugs that relieve spasms and eliminate pain is also indicated.

Reflux esophagitis

Reflux esophagitis is an inflammation of the walls of the esophagus that occurs as a result of infections of the gastrointestinal tract, reflux of stomach contents into it, physical damage (for example, in the case of an EGD procedure). In some cases, the disease proceeds without any noticeable symptoms. Their manifestation in one case or another depends on the degree of damage to the organ. A severe form of esophagitis occurs with a violation of the swallowing function, increased salivation, frequent burning pains in the chest, heartburn and belching. The extreme state of the disease is vomiting with blood impurities. When it appears, you should immediately call an ambulance. The chronic form of esophagitis is accompanied by frequent heartburn, which intensifies after eating and drinking carbonated water, sour belching, moderate pain in the chest. In the acute form of the disease, treatment with antacids and drugs that envelop the mucous membrane of the esophagus is prescribed. Rapid healing of damage to the esophagus contributes to a two-day denial of food. These days it is recommended to use only low-fat light broths, liquid cereals, dairy products. Chronic esophagitis is treated with drugs that increase the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter and reduce the acidity of the stomach. In each individual case, a therapeutic diet is prescribed.

Enteritis

Enteritis is an inflammatory process localized in the walls of the small intestine. The cause of such inflammation can be: intoxication of the body, the entry of protozoa, viruses, bacteria and helminths into the intestines, irritation of its walls with various chemicals. The risk group includes people with bad habits, autoimmune diseases, diseases of the digestive system, who have undergone surgical interventions on the epigastric region. Symptoms of acute enteritis are: sharp pain in the lower abdomen, upset stool, vomiting, pale skin, bloating and rumbling of the abdomen. Some patients experience an increase in temperature. In the case of a chronic course of the disease, there may be: flatulence, minor abdominal pain, frequent diarrhea. The chair at a chronic enteritis, as a rule, is constantly broken. It may contain the remains of undigested food. Violation of the intestines leads to depletion of the body, lack of nutrients, minerals, proteins. Against this background, there is a sharp loss of body weight, dystrophy may develop. In acute enteritis, the patient is placed in a hospital, he is prescribed a diet, plenty of fluids, vitamins and anti-inflammatory drugs. Chronic inflammation of the intestinal walls also requires a diet, the rejection of all fatty, spicy and fried foods. Enveloping, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic drugs can be prescribed as a prophylaxis for exacerbations of the disease.

Hiatal hernia

Hiatal hernia is a chronic pathology, expressed by the displacement of the lower esophagus into the chest area through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm. This disease can be inherited, and also occur during life against the background of infections of the gastrointestinal tract, certain operations on this area, weakening of the muscles of the esophagus, or aging. Hiatal hernia in almost all cases is accompanied by reflux - the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. This is due to the appearance of symptoms such as belching, heartburn, cramps, abdominal pain, bloating, increased gas formation. The appearance of some signs (vomiting blood, difficulty breathing and swallowing food, severe pain in the center of the abdomen) indicates the development of complications and requires medical attention. Complete elimination of the disease is possible only by surgical removal of the hernia. Such treatment is indicated in case of frequent pain, heartburn, as well as in the presence of complications. In other cases, the specialist prescribes a special diet, minor rare pains can be stopped with painkillers.

Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus refers to the replacement of healthy esophageal tissue with squamous epithelium. This pathology occurs against the background of the development of gastroesophageal reflux and can be the main cause of the formation of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Its main symptom - heartburn - is characteristic of all diseases of the digestive system. You can find out about the presence of this particular disease by passing a complete examination of the esophagus. In most cases, a tissue biopsy will be required. The goal of treatment is to prevent the development of pathology and its transformation into a cancerous tumor. Drugs prescribed in the presence of Barrett's esophagus include: proton pump inhibitors, antacids. Significant changes in the cells of the body require surgical intervention. Precancerous tissue can be removed with a surgeon's scalpel or laser. Timely treatment of gastroesophageal reflux avoids such complications as Barrett's esophagus, and, accordingly, its transformation into a life-threatening disease.

Ulcer

An ulcer is a chronic disease during which defects of various sizes appear on the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum, gradually progress and capture the deep tissues of the organ. Peptic ulcer often develops against the background of already existing gastritis, malnutrition, stress, drug treatment, etc. The disease proceeds in some cases asymptomatically, in some cases with periods of exacerbation from one to three times a year. The main symptom of peptic ulcer is prolonged dull pain in the stomach, frequent heartburn, intolerance to fatty foods. The pain can last for several years. In the absence of due attention to this symptom, the ulcer perforates, that is, it ruptures. This condition requires immediate surgery. The goal of the treatment of the disease is to eliminate the existing defects of the mucous membrane. This is achieved with the help of antibiotics, enveloping, anti-inflammatory drugs, drugs that reduce the acidity of the stomach. Persons who often experience symptoms of peptic ulcer are advised to be careful about their diet, stop smoking and drinking alcohol.

Medical statistics notes that in recent decades, pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract have taken a leading place in the list of diseases. Experts confirm that the majority of city dwellers suffer from eating disorders in one way or another.

The modern rhythm of life, full of constant stress, poor ecology, improper and irrational nutrition lead to the fact that by the age of 30 every fourth person has one of the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in his anamnesis. Which of them are the most common, what is the cause of pathological conditions and how to deal with diseases of the digestive tract?

More about the human digestive tract

Everyone knows that a person cannot live without food, with it he receives the proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and microelements necessary for the life of the body. They are the source of energy and the main building material for new cells. And it helps to get this energy from the incoming products of the human gastrointestinal tract.

1. The main function of the digestive system is motor-mechanical, which ensures the breakdown of food, its movement through the intestines and removal from the body.
2. The secretory function is responsible for the production of enzymes, bile and gastric juices necessary for proper and complete digestion.
3. The suction function helps the body absorb fluids and essential nutrients.

The digestive system itself consists of the following main sections: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach. This is followed by the lower sections: small and large intestines, rectum. Each of these departments performs a specific function in the processing and assimilation of incoming food.

Under the influence of adverse factors, malfunctions in the gastrointestinal tract occur, leading to various diseases. What are the most common triggers for disease?

Causes of intestinal diseases

Diseases of the digestive system can provoke the following factors:

The list of adverse factors is quite extensive and the risk of developing a pathology of the digestive system is high for each person. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the slightest signs of trouble in order to avoid the development of serious and dangerous diseases. What symptoms should you look out for?

Symptoms of intestinal diseases

The main symptoms of intestinal diseases are known to many. But the nature of the manifestations in each case is individual, and the severity of the symptoms depends on the affected organ and the stage of the disease.

• Stomach ache- the most common symptom of diseases of the digestive tract. They can occur with gastric ulcer, intestinal or hepatic colic, be aching or cramping in nature and radiate to various parts of the body. With a perforated ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, when the peritoneum and its nerve endings are involved in the pathological process, constant sharp pains appear with a clear localization. Severe pain syndrome accompanies acute appendicitis, strangulated hernia and other pathologies.
• Belching. The appearance of repeated belching indicates functional disorders of the stomach and is most often associated with a decrease in the tone of the cardiac sphincter or the ingress of gas into the esophagus. Belching with the smell of rotten eggs indicates a pathological retention of food masses in the stomach, and belching with air or acidic stomach contents indicates a violation of the digestive process.
• Heartburn. It feels like a burning sensation in the lower part of the esophagus, and is associated with the reflux of stomach contents into it. Usually the appearance of this symptom does not depend on the level of acidity of the stomach, but indicates its organic lesion and excessive secretion. With peptic ulcer, heartburn may be accompanied by painful sensations, and its strengthening in the supine position indicates the formation of a diaphragmatic hernia.
• Nausea and vomiting. Most often, these manifestations occur in chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Constant moderate nausea can be a sign of chronic gastritis with low acidity. The appearance of such a formidable symptom as bloody vomiting will indicate an ulcer or cancer of the stomach.
• Flatulence, bloating. It develops in cases where the diet is dominated by foods containing coarse fiber (cabbage, legumes, black bread) and forming a large amount of gases during digestion. In addition, flatulence is accompanied by such pathological conditions as secretory pancreatic insufficiency, dysbacteriosis, intestinal obstruction.

In addition to these main symptoms, there are a number of characteristic signs that indicate damage to the digestive system:

• Discomfort, feeling of fullness and heaviness in the abdomen for a long time
• Bitterness in the mouth, lack of appetite or aversion to food (especially meat)
• Bad breath, white coating on the tongue
• Increased salivation or constant thirst
• Prolonged stool disorder with alternating diarrhea and constipation
• The appearance of bloody discharge from the rectum
• Sudden weight loss
• Manifestations of anemia (weakness, pallor, dizziness)

Most of these symptoms do not pose a great danger, but significantly reduce the patient's quality of life and affect his performance. If symptoms are ignored and medical help is sought late, diseases of the digestive system become chronic, and their exacerbation can have serious consequences for the patient.

Classification of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

All diseases of the digestive tract by nature of origin are divided into two large groups:

1. infectious
2. non-infectious

According to the localization of the pathological process, diseases of the following organs are distinguished:

• stomach
• Esophagus
• Intestine (small and large)
• biliary tract
• Liver

In addition, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are acquired and hereditary, acute and chronic.

Acute intestinal diseases mainly have a bacterial-infectious nature and develop against the background of poisoning, allergic reactions, or some pathological conditions (viral hepatitis, esophagitis).

Chronic inflammatory processes, such as gastritis, colitis, cholecystitis, develop against the background of a long-term violation of the diet, the use of low-quality and harmful products. Moreover, such chronic diseases rarely occur in isolation, in most cases the entire digestive tract is involved in the inflammatory process. Let us consider in more detail the most common pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.

A short list of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract:

• Gastritis of various etiologies. The most common pathology in which there is a lesion of the mucous membrane of the walls of the stomach. It occurs as a result of exposure to a specific bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. Along with this provoking factors are alcoholism, smoking, stress, dietary errors.
• Colitis. The disease is inflammatory in nature, localized in the area of ​​the mucous membrane of the large intestine. Occurs against the background of a bacterial infection, pathogenic bacteria (staphylococci, E. coli, streptococci) can provoke the disease. Nonspecific ulcerative colitis (NUC) affects the intestines and is manifested by characteristic ulcerations of the mucous membrane of the organ. Such ulcerative lesions can cause serious complications: intestinal bleeding and obstruction, peritonitis, malignant tumors.
• Viral hepatitis. A group of dangerous infectious diseases caused by different viruses and affecting the liver.
• Cirrhosis of the liver. A deadly chronic disease characterized by extensive damage to liver cells.
• Ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. When organs are damaged, tissue integrity is violated, an ulcer is formed, as a result of the pathological process, life-threatening complications can develop.
• Dysbacteriosis. A condition in which there is a change in the normal composition of the intestinal microflora, resulting in disturbances in the digestive system.
• Cholecystitis. An inflammatory disease in which the gallbladder is affected, and characteristic symptoms occur: pain, nausea, bitterness in the mouth, defecation disorders, dyspepsia.
• Pancreatitis. Inflammatory disease of the pancreas, accompanied by pain, indigestion, nausea, vomiting and other characteristic manifestations.
• Cystitis. A common disease resulting from inflammation of the bladder mucosa. Basically, representatives of the weaker sex suffer from this pathology.
• Haemorrhoids. Inflammatory disease associated with pathological dilatation of the veins of the rectum and the formation of painful hemorrhoids.
• Appendicitis. Inflammatory process that affects the appendix of the caecum. Symptoms of the disease depend on the form in which the pathology manifests itself: acute or chronic.

The list of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is quite extensive and the above ailments are only a small part of them. The treatment of intestinal diseases requires a competent approach, correct and timely diagnosis and timely access to a doctor when unfavorable symptoms appear.

Diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

For the diagnosis of diseases of the digestive system, methods of physical and instrumental examination are used.

Physical examination

To begin with, the doctor will interview the patient, collect an anamnesis, ask about complaints, well-being, diet, heredity, and the presence of chronic diseases. Then he will proceed to examine the patient using diagnostic methods such as palpation, auscultation and percussion.

1. Palpation involves probing the internal organs through the abdominal cavity. The method is based on tactile sensations and allows you to examine the position of organs, their shape, consistency, mobility and pain with your fingers.
2. Auscultation- this is listening to the internal organs with a phonendoscope or stethoscope.
3. Percussion- a method that allows, by tapping on various parts of the body, to determine the physical condition and topography of internal organs.

Instrumental examination

The basis of many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is a violation of the secretion and motor activity of various parts of the digestive tract. Therefore, methods for studying the acidity of gastric juice, such as intragastric, daily and endoscopic pH-metry, are in the first place.

To study the motility of the gastrointestinal tract, methods of manometry and gastrography are used. In order to visually inspect the inner surface of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, endoscopic methods are used.

If it is necessary to examine the internal organ as a whole in order to identify pathological defects, methods of fluoroscopy, laparoscopy, MRI are used. ( magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computed tomography) and ultrasound (ultrasound). In some cases, diagnostics are carried out using radioactive substances (scintigraphy).

In addition, laboratory diagnostic methods are used, histological examination of tissue samples taken by biopsy is carried out, cytological and microbiological studies are carried out.

Treatment of intestinal diseases

Therapy of intestinal diseases begins after a thorough examination and clarification of the diagnosis. The course of treatment will depend on the specific disease, the stage of its development, the general condition and well-being of the patient. In most cases, methods of conservative drug therapy are used. In some acute cases, there is a need for surgical intervention.

Therapist or gastroenterologist is engaged in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. If any adverse symptoms associated with the digestive organs occur, it is important to promptly seek medical help and establish a diagnosis. It is unacceptable to self-medicate and postpone a visit to the doctor, this can result in serious complications or conditions that threaten the patient's life.

The tactics of treatment in each case will be selected individually, based on the results of the examination. In combination with drug therapy, many people use folk remedies: decoctions and infusions. medicinal plants. They give a good therapeutic effect, but they can be used only after consultation with the attending physician and under his supervision.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in children

V Lately there has been a significant increase in the number of diseases of the digestive system in children. Many factors contribute to this:

1. bad ecology,
2. unbalanced diet,
3. heredity.

Sweets and confectionery products with a high content of preservatives and artificial colors, fast food, carbonated drinks, so beloved by many, cause great harm to the child's body. The role of allergic reactions, neuropsychic factors, and neuroses is growing. Doctors note that intestinal diseases in children have two age peaks: at 5-6 years and at 9-11 years. The main pathological conditions are:

• Constipation, diarrhea
• Chronic and acute gastritis and gastroenteritis
• Chronic duodenitis
• Chronic enterocolitis
• Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum
• Chronic cholecystitis
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Diseases of the biliary tract
• Chronic and acute hepatitis

Of great importance in the occurrence and development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is the insufficient ability of the child's body to resist infections, since the child's immunity is still weak. The formation of immunity is greatly influenced by proper feeding in the first months of life.

The best option is breast milk, with which protective bodies are passed from mother to child, increasing the ability to resist various infections. Formula-fed babies are more susceptible to various diseases and have a weakened immune system. The cause of violations in the digestive system can be irregular feeding or overfeeding of the child, early introduction of complementary foods, non-compliance with hygiene standards.

A separate group consists of acute intestinal diseases in children (dysentery, salmonellosis). Their main clinical manifestations are dyspeptic disorders, dehydration (dehydration) of the body and symptoms of intoxication. Such manifestations are very dangerous and require immediate hospitalization of a sick child.

Intestinal infections are especially often diagnosed in childhood, this is due to the imperfection of protective mechanisms, the physiological characteristics of the digestive organs and the lack of sanitary and hygienic skills in children. Especially negative acute intestinal infections affect young children and can lead to a significant decrease in immunity, delayed physical development, and complications.

Their onset is accompanied characteristic features: a sharp increase in temperature, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite. The child becomes restless, or, on the contrary, lethargic and inhibited. Clinical picture largely depends on which parts of the intestine are affected. In any case, the child needs emergency medical care and antibiotic therapy.

The treatment of diseases of the digestive system in babies is handled by a pediatric gastroenterologist, it is he who should be contacted when unfavorable symptoms appear.

Diet and eating habits in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are so different that it is impossible to give any specific recommendations that are suitable for all patients without exception. Adjustment of the diet in each case is made by the doctor individually, taking into account all the characteristics of the patient and his diagnosis. We can only consider the principles healthy eating, which must be observed by all patients suffering from pathologies of the digestive system.

Diet for intestinal diseases involves fractional nutrition, in small portions, this allows you not to overload the stomach and prevent overeating. You need to eat 5-6 times a day, preferably at the same time. Be sure to observe the drinking regimen. On the day the patient should drink 1.5-2 liters of liquid and in the form of water, juices, compotes, weak tea (preferably herbal or green). Carbonated drinks are excluded.

Food should be as sparing as possible, not irritating the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. It is preferable to use:

• porridge cooked in water
• low-fat meat and fish broths,
• omelets,
• puree,
• souffle.

It is better to cook meat in the form of cutlets, meatballs, dumplings. All products are best boiled, baked or steamed; fried foods should be discarded. Should be respected temperature regime when serving ready meals. Do not eat too hot or cold food. Meals should be served warm.

Vegetables are best cooked or mashed, fruits can be grated or baked (baked apples). Vegetables with coarse fiber, which cause fermentation processes in the stomach and excessive gas formation, are not recommended. These are cabbage, all kinds of legumes, radishes, corn, radishes, turnips.

It is necessary to limit or minimize the use of flour and confectionery products, sweets, strong coffee, tea, and avoid fast food. It is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol, fatty, fried, salty, spicy, pickled foods. It is better to exclude from the diet:

• condiments,
• sauces,
• semi-finished products,
• canned food and all other products containing artificial colors and preservatives.

Food should be fresh, easy to digest and contribute to the normalization of the digestive tract. The less refined food in the diet, and more foods containing fiber and dietary fiber, the better the digestive system will work.

Prevention

Prevention of intestinal diseases primarily includes measures to ensure a balanced and healthy diet. Maintain personal hygiene and sanitary requirements when preparing meals. This way you protect yourself from foodborne infections.

Eat more fruits and vegetables, choose the right methods of thermal processing of food (boiling, stewing). Eat fractionally, do not overeat, give up snacks on the go and fast food. Nutrition should be balanced and varied, with the right ratio of nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins).

Try to move more, lead an active lifestyle, go in for sports, walk more, do what you can physical exercise, run, swim.

Fight stress and psychological tension, for this you can take natural sedatives (motherwort, valerian).

If you experience any adverse symptoms associated with the work of the digestive tract, seek medical help in a timely manner, do not self-medicate. This is the only way to avoid the transition of the disease to the chronic stage and achieve recovery.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) are among the most common human diseases. They occur in all age groups, both in men and women. Pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract can be acute or chronic. The widespread occurrence of such diseases is associated with malnutrition. modern man, frequent stress, poor environmental conditions.

Symptoms of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are diverse and depend on the location of the pathological process. Analysis of the symptoms that accompany the disease allows the doctor to diagnose the disease and determine the nature of the treatment.

Main Symptoms

Consider the most common symptoms of diseases of the digestive system.

Vomit

Rejection of the contents of the stomach is usually a defensive reaction of the body, which is trying to cleanse itself of the destructive effects of toxins. Among the main causes of vomiting in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are:

• poisoning;
• acute gastritis - vomiting occurs immediately after eating;
• peptic ulcers - in the vomit there may be blood and mucus;
• hemorrhages of the vessels of the stomach or esophagus - the presence of blood in the vomit;
• intestinal obstruction - vomiting is foul-smelling, accompanied by pain in the abdomen;
• pancreatitis - vomiting occurs after eating, accompanied by spasms.

Nausea and vomiting are frequent companions of toxicosis in early pregnancy. Unlike poisoning, vomiting during pregnancy is not accompanied by diarrhea, cramps and pain in the abdomen.

Diarrhea (diarrhea)

Most often, diarrhea occurs with intestinal dysbacteriosis, acute intestinal infections, chronic diseases of the digestive system. With dysentery and salmonellosis, an admixture of blood and mucus is observed in the feces. Diarrhea can become a constant symptom of inflammation of the small and large intestines, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis. Diarrhea leads to severe dehydration, which is especially dangerous for the elderly and children.

pain

Pain in the pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract can be of varying degrees of intensity and be of a different nature. Constant aching pain in the stomach area is characteristic of chronic gastritis. With an ulcer, the pain is more intense, usually occurs as a reaction to eating. Intense sharp and stabbing pains may indicate gallstone disease.

Important! When diagnosing, pay attention to the location of the pain. Discomfort in the navel is a signal of intestinal disorders, hepatitis causes pain in the right side, and inflammation of the large intestine in the left.

For diseases of the pancreas, acute pain in the region of the left hypochondrium is characteristic. Pathologies of the kidneys cause acute paroxysmal pain. Very severe pain radiating to the right arm, shoulder and right collarbone is one of the main symptoms of inflammation of the gallbladder wall.

Pain in the liver area may not be strong, aching in nature. Often, patients ignore such pain for a long time, considering it a manifestation of fatigue or tension. With liver diseases, jaundice, itching of the skin, and an increase in the size of the abdomen occur.

Constipation

Constipation is the absence of a bowel movement for more than three days. It can occur with the following diseases:

• irritable bowel syndrome;
• Hirschsprung disease;
• paraproctitis;
• dysbacteriosis;
• peptic ulcers;
• chronic pancreatitis.

Nausea

Unpleasant sensation in the epigastric region is accompanied by weakness, increased salivation, pallor of the skin and often precedes vomiting. This is one of the most common signs of diseases of the digestive tract.

The symptom is typical for:

• intestinal obstruction;
• gastritis, peptic ulcer;
• intestinal inflammation;
• infectious diseases (for example, helminthiasis);
• hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver;
• the presence of a foreign body in the stomach or intestines;
• food poisoning.

Nausea and vomiting may be side effects when taking certain medications.

Colic

Flatulence

Bloating occurs as a result of a violation of the motor function of the gastrointestinal tract. A feeling of heaviness occurs with pancreatitis, colitis, peritonitis, adhesions and tumors, Crohn's disease, liver cirrhosis, dysbacteriosis, cholecystitis.

Flatulence in infants often indicates intolerance to certain nutrients (lactose, maltose).

Belching

Belching with air occurs with intensive swallowing of air when eating. The sour, bitter and even putrid taste of belching is a signal of increased production of pancreatic juice, excess bile and stagnation in the stomach. Belching indicates a violation of the liver, gallbladder, duodenum, small and large intestines.

Heartburn

Feeling of discomfort and burning in the stomach, which occurs after taking spicy and plentiful food. Heartburn and sour belching are symptoms of gastritis, gastric ulcer, inflammation of the duodenum, cholecystitis.

Heartburn is common in obese people because excess fat in the abdomen pushes the contents of the stomach into the stomach.

Heat

An increase in body temperature, not accompanied by other signs of a cold, may indicate intestinal infections, tumors of the liver and kidneys, ulcerative colitis, appendicitis.

In addition to the main symptoms, other characteristic signs of damage to the digestive system are also distinguished:

• unpleasant taste in the mouth;
• stool disorders (alternating diarrhea and constipation);
• prolonged lack of appetite;
• sudden weight loss;
• constant thirst;
• white coating on the tongue;
• itching of the anus;
• painful urge to defecate;
• rumbling in the stomach;
• swallowing disorders;
• dizziness, general weakness.

Each of these symptoms, while not being critically dangerous, leads to a constant feeling of discomfort and the inability to lead a full life.

If the disease is ignored, the disease can worsen or become chronic.

Treatment

For diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to contact a general practitioner or gastroenterologist. Patients are always advised to strictly adhere to the diet, eat small meals 5-6 times a day, and give up bad habits. Drug treatment is prescribed depending on the symptoms of the disease. To relieve pain, antispasmodics are prescribed (Papaverine, Drotaverine). To normalize the stool, laxatives are indicated (Duphalac, Guttalax). Motilium, Cerucal will help eliminate nausea and vomiting, and antibacterial drugs will help relieve signs of inflammation.

If the disease is complicated by diarrhea, adsorbents are used (Dismectite, activated carbon). Preparations Linex, Espumizan will relieve excessive gas formation and belching.

ethnoscience

Folk remedies are a good alternative to medical treatment. They are mainly effective in the early stages of the disease.

To relieve cramping pains, flatulence, nausea, they drink decoctions of chamomile inflorescences, mint leaves, fennel fruits, calamus rhizomes, valerian.

Famous folk way constipation treatment - aloe plant. Aloe leaves older than 2 years are crushed and mixed with warmed honey. After insisting, take several times a day before meals. With chronic constipation, a mixture of dried fruits helps: dried apricots, figs, prunes.

Vegetable juices (cabbage, potato) relieve pain and heartburn in gastritis and stomach ulcers. Eliminate nausea and vomiting will help decoctions of peppermint, dill seeds, lemon balm. You can get rid of vomiting with the help of viburnum or blueberry juice.

For pain in the abdomen effective way is rice water. Honey can be added to it if desired. A decoction of rice acts as a soothing agent for the inflamed mucosa. If the pain is accompanied by increased gas formation, they drink ginger or mint tea.

To get rid of diarrhea, plants that have an astringent effect are used. For this, decoctions are prepared from oak bark, St. John's wort and immortelle. Effective infusions of wormwood, sorrel root, wild rose.

Surgical intervention

In some cases, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract require surgical intervention.

It is produced at:

• severe cases of damage to the esophageal mucosa;
• acute appendicitis;
• elimination of intestinal obstruction in Crohn's disease;
• complications of stomach ulcers;
• malignant neoplasms;
• secondary peritonitis;
• gastric bleeding with gastritis.

Disease prevention plays an important role. A healthy lifestyle based on rational nutrition, psychological comfort, giving up bad habits, and fighting excess weight will help prevent the appearance of many diseases.

Note!

The presence of symptoms such as:

• smell from the mouth
• stomach ache
• heartburn
• diarrhea
• constipation
• nausea, vomiting
• belching
• increased gas production (flatulence)

If you have at least 2 of these symptoms, then this indicates a developing

gastritis or ulcer. These diseases are dangerous for the development of serious complications (penetration, gastric bleeding, etc.), many of which can lead to

LETHAL

exodus. Treatment needs to start now.

Read an article about how a woman got rid of these symptoms by defeating their root cause. Read the material ...

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract - the main characteristic

The term "gastrointestinal disease" refers to a very broad spectrum of stomach and intestinal disease due to the magnitude and complexity of a system such as the intestinal tract.

This article provides information on the most pressing issues, such as:

• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract symptoms and treatment,
• what disorder of the gastrointestinal tract may indicate the presence of a serious disease?
• What symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases should I pay special attention to?

Violation of the gastrointestinal tract, the diseases of which can be functional and organic, can be a reflection of many primary ailments, affecting primarily other systems.

The digestive system begins in the mouth, where saliva begins the process of digestion. It continues through the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. The digestive system includes some exocrine glands (pancreas, liver).

On the digestive system is nervous influence(sympathetic, parasympathetic) and hormonal by many substances, some of which are produced in the endocrine glands, and some of which are created by the cells of the digestive system themselves.

The stomach is affected by various diseases, relatively often, but, as a rule, there is no serious violation in most cases, so it is also not difficult to treat such disorders.

The functions of the digestive system are to convert food into absorbable substances and absorb them, maintain water and mineral levels, and eliminate waste and indigestible substances from the body. The liver and pancreas also have other very specific and complex functions in managing the body.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in particular the esophagus, most often represents gastroesophageal reflux disease. Also, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract include the following frequent disorders:

1. Inflammation (non-infectious and infectious - most often in people with impaired immunity).
2. Diaphragmatic hernia.
3. Ulcer.
4. Functional or organic dysmotility (blockage or narrowing of the passage by a foreign body, tumors, scars and inflammation).
5. Achalasia.
6. Benign neoplasm in the esophagus.

Division of gastrointestinal disease

Diseases of the stomach

The most common manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders include pain, dyspepsia, and motor deficits. Abdominal pain is the most common manifestation

The stomach is affected by various diseases, relatively often, but, as a rule, there is no serious violation in most cases, so it is also not difficult to treat such disorders. Some of the most common diseases are functional gastric dyspepsia and solar syndrome, the symptoms of the disease are manifested by digestive problems without the presence of an organic basis of the disease. Another disease that can befall the stomach is various inflammations (gastritis), which can be acute or chronic. Quite often, people suffer from peptic ulcer, which occurs, most often, in connection with Helicobacter pylori infection. More rarely, there is a violation such as gastropathy, which is not demonstrated by signs of gastritis, but there are some changes in the mucous membrane, accompanied by an ailment with digestive problems, and sometimes bleeding. On the basis of this disease can reach a stomach ulcer. The stomach can also suffer from tumors, both benign and malignant.

Bowel disease

The large intestine often suffers from functional diseases (irritable bowel syndrome), diverticulosis, disorders of the functionality of the large intestine also include constipation and diarrhea (infectious, non-infectious basis), ulcerative colitis, hemorrhoids and, unfortunately, tumors of the large intestine (adenocarcinoma) are very common.

Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease

The most common manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders include pain, dyspepsia, and motor deficits.

Abdominal pain is the most common manifestation. It is divided into:

• somatic - occurs due to irritation of the abdominal wall, peritoneum and diaphragm, pain is acute, limited, localized, often accompanied by reflex muscle contraction (défense musculaire), leads to sensitive branches of the spinal nerves,
• visceral - caused by irritation of the internal organs (tension of the body or muscle wall of the organs), the pain is dull, less amenable to analysis, as a rule, it is localized in the midline, its location does not correspond to the location of the organ, leads to sympathetic nerves,
• shooting - caused by a strong stimulus or anatomical damage to organs (passing stones, pinching the intestines), the pain radiates to the surface of the body, to the places of the innervated spinal nerves from the same roots that feed the affected organ, the typical direction of pain helps to determine its origin.

When assessing abdominal pain, there is:

1. Character - whether the pain is dull, squeezing, burning ...
2. Localization - the location of the pain may not coincide with the position of the organ.
3. Duration - as a rule, differs depending on the type of disease. Convulsive pains last from a few seconds or minutes to hours, irritation of the mucous membrane is manifested by days or even weeks of painful sensations.
4. Rhythm - whether pain alternates with periods of relief.
5. Irradiation - has greater value than localization allows you to determine the affected organ, the most common directions are:

• up from the epigastrium: damage to the lower part of the esophagus, the cardial part of the stomach and the upper part of the stomach (in the differential diagnosis, it is necessary to exclude angina pectoris),
• in the right upper hypochondrium: gastroduodenal ulcer, disorders of the biliary tract, pancreas,
• below the right shoulder blade: diseases of the gallbladder,
• in the left upper hypochondrium and below the left shoulder blade: disorders of the pancreas, stomach, colon cancer,
• between the shoulder blades: inflammation of the esophagus, penetration of a gastroduodenal ulcer,
• radiating to the shoulder: diaphragmatic lesions, subdiaphragmatic abscess, splenic infarction, gastroduodenal ulcer perforation,
• in the groin: kidneys, urinary tract.

Colic is a rhythmically repetitive, constantly receding pain in the abdomen, of varying duration, caused by peristalsis of hollow organs (spasm and relaxation of smooth muscles), which increases when overcoming an obstruction of patency (biliary - stones in the bile duct, renal - stones in urinary tract, intestinal - intestinal obstruction, dyskinesia).

Dyspepsia

Dyspepsia is a difficult term to define. It is used to briefly express a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract of a functional or organic origin or of an extragastrointestinal nature (metabolism, drugs).

Upper (gastric) dyspepsia is represented by the following phenomena:

• nausea,
• vomit,
• burp,
• heartburn.

Lower (intestinal) dyspepsia is represented by the following phenomena:

• abnormal bowel movements
• flutulence (outgassing),
• flatulence (accumulation of gases in the digestive tract).

Dysphagia

Manifested by a feeling of pressure when swallowing food. According to localization, it is divided into upper or lower type. The most common causes are ulcer or cancer of the esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux disease, spasms.

Paradoxical dysphagia presents difficulty in swallowing liquids. Has a functional character.

Heartburn

Burning behind the lower sternum, associated with the reflux of the contents of the stomach and duodenum into the esophagus. Features of the problem require the exclusion of angina.

Vomit

It has a complex reflexive nature, occurs due to irritation of the vomiting center.

According to the causes, the disease can be divided into:

• central - toxic effects (acidosis, uremia), reaction to drugs (Digoxin, Morphine), psychogenic, intracranial hypertension (vomiting without nausea),
• peripheral - gastroduodenal diseases, gallbladder diseases, otogenic disorders and during pregnancy.

Proper assessment of vomiting in terms of diagnostic assessment requires the context of its occurrence and evaluation of the vomit.

1. Formation - depending on the meal (time and type of food).
2. Appearance - color, the presence of food (fresh, digested), blood.
3. Smell - sour indicates the presence of HCl, fecal - associated with intestinal obstruction.

Constipation and diarrhea

Constipation is difficulty with defecation, hard stools.

Patients with characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome and general gastrointestinal dysfunction are an extremely heterogeneous and large group in terms of referral to both general practitioners and specialist gastroenterologists.

Diarrhea is loose or watery stools more than usual.

Examination of a person in both cases is subjective, which complicates the diagnosis.

1. The number of bowel movements, the sequence, the presence of ingredients associated with the meal are assessed.
2. The feeling of urge to defecate, tenesmus is assessed.

Causes can be functional, infectious, organic, and always require a careful assessment of the possible presence of colorectal cancer.

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Melena

Melena means liquid stool black, tarry appearance. Characterizes bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach). Evaluation of the black color of the stool can be difficult for a previous meal from products containing animal blood, some drugs (containing iron or bismuth, charcoal).

Bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract is manifested by intestinal bleeding (blood is not digested). The most common causes are colon and rectal cancer, internal hemorrhoids, and ulcerative colitis.

Hematemesis

Manifested by vomiting of fresh or digested blood. Staining depends not only on the intensity of bleeding, but also on the rate of gastric emptying and the presence of HCl. Delayed emptying and the action of hydrochloric acid causes a brown-black color, the color of black coffee.

The source of bleeding is most often varicose veins of the esophagus, gastric and duodenal ulcers, tumors and hemorrhagic gastropathy. The presence of blood during repeated, intense bouts of vomiting indicates a high likelihood of Mallory-Weiss syndrome (laceration - cracks in the mucous membrane of the distal esophagus).

Evaluation of hematemesis requires the exclusion of bleeding from another source (epistaxis, hemoptysis) or confusion after ingestion of coloring foods (blueberries, red beets) or drugs (activated charcoal).

Hematemesis can occur simultaneously with melena.

Treatment of gastrointestinal diseases

First of all, it should be clarified that in case of signs of a serious problem (bleeding, vomiting with blood, melena), you should immediately consult a doctor!

Therapy of gastrointestinal disorders can be divided into two main approaches: non-pharmacological and pharmacological.

Non-pharmacological approach

It is very important to give a person a detailed definition of the nature of the disease in such a way that he can mentally cope with this information. Through information and cooperation, which is essential in long-term treatment, better results can be achieved.

Change in diet and diet

Exclusion of products or their components that cause discomfort. With regard to nutrition, fiber, drinking regimen, regular consumption of small portions of food with a predominance of carbohydrates are important. Often, more spicy foods, milk (especially in large quantities at a time) and raw milk are limited or excluded, for example, dairy products, food prepared by frying and with a higher fat content.

The specialized literature also mentions the possibility of influencing gastrointestinal disorders of hypnosis and psychotherapy.

Pharmacological approach

Medicines are selected according to the predominant symptom. Of the drugs, mainly considered:

1. Antispasmodics.
2. Antidiarrheal drugs.
3. Antidepressants.
4. Prokinetic drugs and laxatives.

Antidiarrheals

This is the most suitable group of drugs for the treatment of irritable bowel with the presence of diarrhea. The most commonly prescribed Loperamide (Imodium) 2-4 mg up to 4 times a day, the drug slows down the passage of food through the intestines, increases the absorption of water and ions, increases the tone of the anal sphincter, which can lead to a partial removal of unpleasant accompanying effects in many people. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier and is therefore preferred over Diphenoxylate or Codeine. The second choice drug is cholestyramine, which can be used when considering the proportion of bile salts in the etiopathogenesis of irritable bowel.

Antispasmodics

The following drugs are currently available:

1. Spasmomen.
2. Calcium antagonists, selective for the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Trimebutine (peripheral opioid antagonist).
4. Mebeverine (Duspatalin) with anticholinergic effect.

None of the drugs tested, however, is established, which significantly reduces its use in practice. In this case, the effectiveness of long-term treatment is assessed by reducing exacerbations, the duration of symptoms and the occurrence of remission.

Antidepressants

Their use is justified by conditionally coexisting psychological changes in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. These include:

1. Sulpiride.
2. Tianeptine (Coaxil).
3. Amitriptyline.
4. Benzodiazepines are only considered as a short-term solution.
5. Other drugs are a very diverse group of substances for which there are not enough convincing pharmacological studies, but their use in medical practice is based on substantial empirical foundations. These include pancreatic enzymes, peppermint, cholestyramine, and others.

Conclusion

Patients with characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome and general gastrointestinal dysfunction are an extremely heterogeneous and large group in terms of referral to both general practitioners and specialist gastroenterologists. Because of its frequent occurrence, irritable bowel syndrome is often discussed. The objectification of subjective complaints is the most difficult area on which classification and treatment depend.

If you find symptoms that indicate the presence of a gastrointestinal disease, consult a doctor. He will help determine the cause of the disease or direct him for further examination.

Smoking, lack of physical activity, excessive psycho-emotional stress, non-compliance with the diet and food hygiene - all this can lead to problems with the digestive system. How to prevent gastrointestinal diseases?
For the prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the diet, the rejection of bad habits, as well as the timely intake of special drugs are of great importance. Learn more about gastrointestinal diseases...

Symptoms of chronic gastritis can be pain in the epigastric region on an empty stomach, heartburn, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, sometimes nausea and vomiting. Prevention of gastritis ...

During the period of autumn and spring beriberi, it is necessary to pay great attention to one's own health, especially people with gastritis. What is gastritis?

A dozen organs are involved in digestion, which grind food, absorb nutrients and remove excess from the body. This is a "full cycle" system - from the absorption of food products and their processing to the removal of undigested residues. It is extremely important that each of its elements work clearly and do not fail.

How is the human gastrointestinal tract

The process of digestion is a bit like going down a slide in a water park. The beginning of the way - oral cavity where food is chewed, crushed, mixed with saliva and turned into a soft food lump.

It is interesting
The mucous membrane of the oral cavity has receptors that help to recognize the taste, temperature and texture of food. These sensors transmit signals to the brain, which activates the salivary, fundus, and pancreas glands.

The food journey continues in esophagus- a cylindrical muscular tube 22–25 cm long. The upper and lower esophageal sphincters at the ends serve as valves that prevent food from getting back into the oral cavity.

Stomach- a sac-like muscular organ that connects the esophagus to the duodenum (duodenum). It is like a cauldron in which food is accumulated, mixed to a paste-like mass and digested by the action of gastric juice. Gastric juice consists of enzymes and hydrochloric acid, which is why it has a pronounced acidity (about 1.5–2.0 pH). Gastric juice breaks down proteins and other chemical compounds, after which they are transported to the small intestine for final digestion and assimilation.

Length small intestine, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and occupying most of the abdominal cavity, is about 4.5 m. The small intestine contains glands that produce intestinal juice for the main digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients into the blood.

Colon- the lower part of the intestine, in which the absorption of water, electrolytes, fiber and the formation of unsuitable food residues in the feces. The large intestine is 1.5 m long and is divided into the caecum, colon, and rectum. The rectum - the final section of the digestive tract - ends with an opening (anus). Serves for the accumulation of feces and bowel movements. This is where the "unprecedented journey" ends - processed food residues leave the body.

Digestion also involves the pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, gallbladder, and liver.

Pancreas located in close proximity to the stomach and duodenum. It secretes pancreatic juice, which contributes to the full digestion of food and the flow of metabolic processes.

Liver takes part in the metabolism of lipids, vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates, synthesizes blood proteins: globulins, albumins and fibrinogen. The organ is involved in immunological reactions.

Functions gallbladder- store and serve as needed concentrated bile, which is constantly produced by liver cells. Bile is directly involved in human digestion and acts as a kind of antibacterial agent.

It is worth mentioning the role in digestion kidneys and adrenals pertaining to the urinary system. They process the water that comes from the colon, filtering it into suitable for the needs of the body and into urine containing unnecessary impurities and to be excreted.

At each stage of the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract, failures are possible, leading to incomplete absorption of food, problems with the excretion of waste material and threatening the development of pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

Among the causes of problems with the digestive system, malnutrition, which has various forms, is in the lead. These are overeating and eating heavy meals, malnutrition and starvation, irregular meals, quick snacks, scarcity and imbalance in the diet. The gastrointestinal tract is adversely affected by poorly purified water, harmful food additives.

Disruptions in the digestive system negatively affect the entire body, reduce immunity, disrupt metabolism, lead to a deterioration in the appearance of the skin, brittle hair and nails. They are fraught with numbness of the limbs, pain in the muscles and bones, sleep disturbance.

Possible complications for the cardiovascular system: hypertension, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, risk of stroke and heart attack. Against the background of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, anular stomatitis, glossitis, bleeding gums, eczema, neurodermatitis can develop. With advanced forms of gastrointestinal diseases, damage to the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, sex glands, and thyroid gland is possible.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: what the statistics say

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are among the most common pathologies in the world.

medical statistics
Mortality from gastroenterological causes in Russia ranks third after cardiovascular and oncological diseases and is about 0.08% (80 cases per 100,000 people). An increase in deaths by an average of 0.003% is recorded annually.

Men are 38% more likely to become victims of gastrointestinal diseases, which is associated with both uncontrolled alcohol consumption and late seeking medical help.

Among the deadly gastroenterological diseases, over 45% are liver disease caused by alcohol. Men die twice as many as women (ratio 16:7). Acute pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas are the cause of death in 17% of gastroenterologist patients. Death from peritonitis due to gallbladder rupture is less than 1%.

Lethal bowel diseases are caused by neglected forms of inflammation and perforation (violation of integrity, formation of holes) of the walls of the small and large intestine. In particular, appendicitis (inflammation of the caecum) is responsible for up to 4% of all deaths associated with the gastrointestinal tract. The same amount falls on a heart attack (necrosis, necrosis) of the intestine.

Despite widespread, gastric and duodenal ulcer is the cause of death in no more than 10% in the gastroenteric group.

Of the non-lethal diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, chronic gastritis. It affects up to 80-90% of patients in the world, which contributes to pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which causes inflammation of the gastric mucosa. In developing countries, infection with Helicobacter pylori in people over the age of 40 reaches 95%.

In Russia, the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach is noted according to various sources in 62–94% of adult patients.

Sequelae of gastritis stomach ulcer found in every 15th inhabitant of the Earth. In our country, the statistics are more optimistic - only 1 out of 40 Russians is ill. Men "earn" an ulcer 2-4 times more often than women.

Prevalence gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) reaches 50% among the adult population. Symptoms of the disease are observed equally often in both men and women.

Duodenitis- a common disease of the duodenum, which affects 5-10% of patients. In men, it is diagnosed twice as often due to alcohol abuse and poor lifestyle.

Relatively common and colitis- Inflammatory diseases of the walls of the large intestine. The cause of the disease are pathogenic microbes (streptococci, staphylococci, Escherichia coli).

Appendicitis (inflammation of the caecum) occurs in 30% of Russians.

Every tenth man and every fourth woman who complains of abdominal pain is diagnosed with chronic cholecystitis(cholelithiasis).

Common among children and adults dysbacteriosis- imbalance of the intestinal microflora, leading to disruption of the digestive system.

Symptoms of the most common gastrointestinal diseases

Typical signs of gastrointestinal pathologies: heartburn (burning from the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus), flatulence and intestinal stenosis (bloating caused by the accumulation of gases in the intestines), belching (exhalation of gases from the stomach or esophagus), nausea and vomiting, problems with stools (constipation or diarrhea), bad breath, plaque on the tongue.

Less common: dysphagia (swallowing disorder, accompanied by pain and a feeling of stopping the food bolus), impurities in the feces (blood, mucus, undigested food residues), swelling of the tongue, bitterness in the mouth, skin itching and other allergic reactions. Diseases of a single pathogenesis have both general and specific signs.

Stomach diseases

Pain in the epigastric (epigastric) region and dyspeptic syndrome (sour belching, heartburn, vomiting and nausea) may indicate a number of diseases of the stomach, esophagus and PrEP.

At peptic ulcer, which is a wound in the wall of the DCT or stomach, there are sharp periodic pains in the left hypochondrium, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, bloody impurities in the feces.

Inflammatory processes of the stomach are manifested in a similar way ( gastritis) and duodenum ( duodenitis). Diseases are accompanied by sharp, aching or pulling pains in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, problems with stools. Patients experience a feeling of a full stomach and heaviness in the abdomen even with a small intake of food.

Hernia of the esophagus also gives pain in the epigastric region when changing positions and after eating. It is also possible to experience back pain and girdle pain. In 20% of patients (mostly older than 60 years), there are pains in the region of the heart against the background of concomitant cardiac diseases.

The intestine often suffers from inflammatory processes, infectious lesions. Inflammation of the large and small intestines enteritis and colitis) are accompanied by stool disorder (up to 15 times a day). During a bowel movement and immediately after it, the patient experiences severe weakness, dizziness, nausea, and a drop in pressure. There is bloating, cold sweat, trembling of the limbs, tachycardia, as well as loud rumbling, splashing noise and pain on palpation.

Signs of paraproctitis, or abscess(purulent inflammation) rectum- this is severe pain in the rectum or perineum. Against the background of an increase in the size of the abscess, the pain intensifies, the urge to defecate becomes painful, the temperature rises, chills are possible.

Dysbacteriosis manifested by a violation of the stool, bloating, cramping pain, dyspeptic disorders and allergic reactions (itching and skin rashes).

hemorrhoids(varicose veins of the rectum) is characterized by bleeding or smearing with blood after the act of defecation, prolapse of hemorrhoids through the anus and pain during bowel movements, which continues for some time (when walking, in a sitting and lying position).

Symptoms appendicitis is determined by the age of the patient, the location of the appendix in the abdominal cavity and the presence of complications. Characterized by dull pain in the right side, weakness and headache, which may be accompanied by pain in the legs, nausea in combination with a single vomiting, frequent loose stools, temperature within 38 degrees.

We must not lose sight of one of the most common and meanwhile mysterious pathologies - irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), accompanied by cramps in the abdomen, impaired stool, painful bloating. IBS has a negative effect on the entire body: the patient complains of headache, insomnia, increased fatigue, palpitations even at complete rest. According to most experts, IBS is psychosomatic in nature and appears as a result of stress, severe emotional overload. However, to get rid of the problem, it is important not only to come to peace of mind, but also to apply complex medical treatment. One solution may be to take bismuth preparations, which simultaneously have a bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and protective effect.

Liver disease

Spicy hepatitis C(inflammatory viral liver damage) is marked by a whole range of symptoms. Among them: weakness, decreased appetite and performance, sleep disturbance, aversion to food, a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen, pain in large joints, the appearance of a rash, fever, dark urine, yellowing of the skin (hence the popular name of the disease is jaundice).

The first signs liver cirrhosis are: a feeling of a full abdomen, decreased efficiency, pain in the right hypochondrium, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, bleeding gums and nosebleeds, fever, flatulence, nausea, vomiting.

Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract

Signs of cholecystitis(inflamed gallbladder) - acute pain in the right hypochondrium, bloating, bouts of nausea and vomiting. The pain intensifies with a deep breath while probing the zone of the gallbladder. Many patients report a slight increase in temperature.

Diseases of the pancreas

In patients pancreatitis there are often complaints of acute pain in the abdomen, which is accompanied by nausea and vomiting with gastric juice, mucus, bile, etc. Also present are bloating, dry mouth, and belching. Bluish spots often appear on the left side and in the navel.

Most of the common and life-threatening diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are caused by inflammatory processes against the background of a bacterial or viral infection. Digestion is a single interconnected system and diseases of its organs can consistently develop according to the domino principle. The source of the avalanche of problems is often in the stomach, which we daily test for strength. Therefore, in the treatment of gastrointestinal pathologies, an integrated approach using gastroprotective (protective) and antiseptic gastrointestinal drugs is effective.

Medical statistics notes that in recent decades, pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract have taken a leading place in the list of diseases. Experts confirm that the majority of city dwellers suffer from eating disorders in one way or another.

The modern rhythm of life, full of constant stress, poor ecology, improper and irrational nutrition lead to the fact that by the age of 30 every fourth person has one of the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in his anamnesis. Which of them are the most common, what is the cause of pathological conditions and how to deal with diseases of the digestive tract?

Everyone knows that a person cannot live without food, with it he receives the proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and microelements necessary for the life of the body. They are a source of energy and the main building material for new cells. And it helps to get this energy from the incoming products of the human gastrointestinal tract.

The digestive system itself consists of the following main sections: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach. This is followed by the lower sections: small and large intestines, rectum. Each of these departments performs a specific function in the processing and assimilation of incoming food.

Under the influence of adverse factors, malfunctions in the gastrointestinal tract occur, leading to various diseases. What are the most common triggers for disease?

Causes of intestinal diseases

Diseases of the digestive system can provoke the following factors:

The list of adverse factors is quite extensive and the risk of developing a pathology of the digestive system is high for each person. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the slightest signs of trouble in order to avoid the development of serious and dangerous diseases. What symptoms should you look out for?

Symptoms of intestinal diseases

The main symptoms of intestinal diseases are known to many. But the nature of the manifestations in each case is individual, and the severity of the symptoms depends on the affected organ and the stage of the disease.

In addition to these main symptoms, there are a number of characteristic signs that indicate damage to the digestive system:

Most of these symptoms do not pose a great danger, but significantly reduce the patient's quality of life and affect his performance. If symptoms are ignored and medical help is sought late, diseases of the digestive system become chronic, and their exacerbation can have serious consequences for the patient.

All diseases of the digestive tract by nature of origin are divided into two large groups:

1. infectious
2. non-infectious

According to the localization of the pathological process, diseases of the following organs are distinguished:

• stomach
• Esophagus
• Intestine (small and large)
• biliary tract
• Liver

In addition, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are acquired and hereditary, acute and chronic.

Acute intestinal diseases mainly have a bacterial-infectious nature and develop against the background of poisoning, allergic reactions, or some pathological conditions (viral hepatitis, esophagitis).

Chronic inflammatory processes, such as gastritis, colitis, cholecystitis, develop against the background of a long-term violation of the diet, the use of low-quality and harmful products. Moreover, such chronic diseases rarely occur in isolation, in most cases the entire digestive tract is involved in the inflammatory process. Let us consider in more detail the most common pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.

A short list of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract:

The list of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is quite extensive and the above ailments are only a small part of them. The treatment of intestinal diseases requires a competent approach, correct and timely diagnosis and timely access to a doctor when unfavorable symptoms appear.

Diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

For the diagnosis of diseases of the digestive system, methods of physical and instrumental examination are used.

Physical examination

To begin with, the doctor will interview the patient, collect an anamnesis, ask about complaints, well-being, diet, heredity, and the presence of chronic diseases. Then he will proceed to examine the patient using diagnostic methods such as palpation, auscultation and percussion.

1. involves probing the internal organs through the abdominal cavity. The method is based on tactile sensations and allows you to examine the position of organs, their shape, consistency, mobility and pain with your fingers.
2. Auscultation- this is listening to the internal organs with a phonendoscope or stethoscope.
3. Percussion- a method that allows, by tapping on various parts of the body, to determine the physical condition and topography of internal organs.

Instrumental examination

The basis of many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is a violation of the secretion and motor activity of various parts of the digestive tract. Therefore, methods for studying the acidity of gastric juice, such as intragastric, daily and endoscopic pH-metry, are in the first place.

To study the motility of the gastrointestinal tract, methods of manometry and gastrography are used. In order to visually inspect the inner surface of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, endoscopic methods are used.

If it is necessary to examine the internal organ as a whole in order to identify pathological defects, methods of fluoroscopy, laparoscopy, MRI are used. ( magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computed tomography) and ultrasound (ultrasound). In some cases, diagnostics are carried out using radioactive substances (scintigraphy).

In addition, laboratory diagnostic methods are used, histological examination of tissue samples taken by biopsy is carried out, cytological and microbiological studies are carried out.

Treatment of intestinal diseases

Therapy of intestinal diseases begins after a thorough examination and clarification of the diagnosis. The course of treatment will depend on the specific disease, the stage of its development, the general condition and well-being of the patient. In most cases, methods of conservative drug therapy are used. In some acute cases, there is a need for surgical intervention.

Therapist or gastroenterologist is engaged in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. If any adverse symptoms associated with the digestive organs occur, it is important to promptly seek medical help and establish a diagnosis. It is unacceptable to self-medicate and postpone a visit to the doctor, this can result in serious complications or conditions that threaten the patient's life.

The tactics of treatment in each case will be selected individually, based on the results of the examination. In combination with drug therapy, many people use folk remedies: decoctions and infusions of medicinal plants. They give a good therapeutic effect, but they can be used only after consultation with the attending physician and under his supervision.

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of diseases of the digestive system in children. Many factors contribute to this:

1. bad ecology,
2. unbalanced diet,
3. heredity.

Sweets and confectionery products with a high content of preservatives and artificial colors, fast food, carbonated drinks, so beloved by many, cause great harm to the child's body. The role of allergic reactions, neuropsychic factors, and neuroses is growing. Doctors note that intestinal diseases in children have two age peaks: at 5-6 years and at 9-11 years. The main pathological conditions are:

• , diarrhea
• Chronic and acute gastritis and gastroenteritis
• Chronic enterocolitis
• Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum
• Chronic cholecystitis
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Diseases of the biliary tract
• Chronic and acute hepatitis

Of great importance in the occurrence and development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is the insufficient ability of the child's body to resist infections, since the child's immunity is still weak. The formation of immunity is greatly influenced by proper feeding in the first months of life.

The best option is breast milk, with which protective bodies are passed from mother to child, increasing the ability to resist various infections. Formula-fed babies are more susceptible to various diseases and have a weakened immune system. The cause of violations in the digestive system can be irregular feeding or overfeeding of the child, early introduction of complementary foods, non-compliance with hygiene standards.

A separate group consists of acute intestinal diseases in children (dysentery, salmonellosis). Their main clinical manifestations are dyspeptic disorders, dehydration (dehydration) of the body and symptoms of intoxication. Such manifestations are very dangerous and require immediate hospitalization of a sick child.

Intestinal infections are especially often diagnosed in childhood, this is due to the imperfection of protective mechanisms, the physiological characteristics of the digestive organs and the lack of sanitary and hygienic skills in children. Especially negative acute intestinal infections affect young children and can lead to a significant decrease in immunity, delayed physical development, and complications.

Their onset is accompanied by characteristic signs: a sharp increase in temperature, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite. The child becomes restless, or, on the contrary, lethargic and inhibited. The clinical picture largely depends on which parts of the intestine are affected. In any case, the child needs emergency medical care and antibiotic therapy.

The treatment of diseases of the digestive system in babies is handled by a pediatric gastroenterologist, it is he who should be contacted when unfavorable symptoms appear.

Diet and eating habits in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are so different that it is impossible to give any specific recommendations that are suitable for all patients without exception. Adjustment of the diet in each case is made by the doctor individually, taking into account all the characteristics of the patient and his diagnosis. We can only consider the principles of a healthy diet, which must be observed by all patients suffering from pathologies of the digestive system.

Diet for intestinal diseases involves fractional nutrition, in small portions, this allows you not to overload the stomach and prevent overeating. You need to eat 5-6 times a day, preferably at the same time. Be sure to observe the drinking regimen. On the day the patient should drink 1.5-2 liters of liquid and in the form of water, juices, compotes, weak tea (preferably herbal or green). Carbonated drinks are excluded.

Food should be as sparing as possible, not irritating the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. It is preferable to use:

• porridge cooked in water
• low-fat meat and fish broths,
• omelets,
• puree,
• souffle.

It is better to cook meat in the form of cutlets, meatballs, dumplings. All products are best boiled, baked or steamed; fried foods should be discarded. Observe the temperature regime when serving ready meals. Do not eat too hot or cold food. Meals should be served warm.

Vegetables are best cooked or mashed, fruits can be grated or baked (baked apples). Vegetables with coarse fiber, which cause fermentation processes in the stomach and excessive gas formation, are not recommended. These are cabbage, all kinds of legumes, radishes, corn, radishes, turnips.

It is necessary to limit or minimize the use of flour and confectionery products, sweets, strong coffee, tea, and avoid fast food. It is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol, fatty, fried, salty, spicy, pickled foods. It is better to exclude from the diet:

• condiments,
• sauces,
• semi-finished products,
• canned food and all other products containing artificial colors and preservatives.

Food should be fresh, easy to digest and contribute to the normalization of the digestive tract. The less refined food in the diet, and more foods containing fiber and dietary fiber, the better the digestive system will work.

Prevention

Prevention of intestinal diseases primarily includes measures to ensure a balanced and healthy diet. Observe personal hygiene and sanitary requirements when preparing meals. This way you protect yourself from foodborne infections.

Eat more fruits and vegetables, choose the right methods of thermal processing of food (boiling, stewing). Eat fractionally, do not overeat, give up snacks on the go and fast food. Nutrition should be balanced and varied, with the right ratio of nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins).

Try to move more, lead an active lifestyle, go in for sports, walk more, perform feasible physical exercises, run, swim.

Fight stress and psychological tension, for this you can take natural sedatives (motherwort, valerian).

If you experience any adverse symptoms associated with the work of the digestive tract, seek medical help in a timely manner, do not self-medicate. This is the only way to avoid the transition of the disease to the chronic stage and achieve recovery.

Most of the useful substances for maintaining life the human body receives through the gastrointestinal tract.

However, the usual foods that a person eats: bread, meat, vegetables - the body cannot use directly for its needs. To do this, food and drinks must be divided into smaller components - individual molecules.

These molecules are carried by the blood to the body's cells to build new cells and provide energy.

How is food digested?

The process of digestion involves mixing food with gastric juices and moving it through the gastrointestinal tract. During this movement, it is disassembled into components that are used for the needs of the body.

Digestion begins in the mouth by chewing and swallowing food. It ends in the small intestine.

How does food move through the gastrointestinal tract?

Large hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract - the stomach and intestines - have a layer of muscles that sets their walls in motion. This movement allows food and liquid to move through the digestive system and mix.

Contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called peristalsis. It is similar to a wave that, with the help of muscles, moves along the entire digestive tract.

The muscles of the intestine create a narrowed area that slowly moves forward, pushing food and liquid in front of it.

How does digestion work?

Digestion begins in the mouth, when chewed food is abundantly moistened with saliva. Saliva contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of starch.

Swallowed food enters esophagus, which connects throat and stomach. Circular muscles are located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach. This is the lower esophageal sphincter that opens with the pressure of swallowed food and passes it into the stomach.

The stomach has three main tasks:

1. Storage. To take in a large amount of food or liquid, the muscles in the upper part of the stomach relax. This allows the walls of the organ to stretch.

2. Mixing. The lower part of the stomach contracts to allow food and liquid to mix with gastric juices. This juice is made up of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that aid in the breakdown of proteins. The walls of the stomach secrete a large amount of mucus, which protects them from the effects of hydrochloric acid.

3. Transportation. Mixed food moves from the stomach to the small intestine.

From the stomach, food enters the upper small intestine duodenum. Here the food is exposed to the juice pancreas and enzymes small intestine, which promotes the digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates.

Here, food is processed by bile, which is produced by the liver. Between meals, bile is stored in gallbladder. While eating, it is pushed into the duodenum, where it mixes with food.

Bile acids dissolve fat in the intestinal contents in much the same way as detergents- fat from a frying pan: they break it into tiny droplets. After the fat is crushed, it is easily broken down by enzymes into its constituents.

Substances that are obtained from food digested by enzymes are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine.

The lining of the small intestine is lined with tiny villi, which create a vast surface area for the absorption of large amounts of nutrients.

Through special cells, these substances from the intestines enter the bloodstream and are carried with it throughout the body - for storage or use.

The undigested parts of the food go to colon where water and some vitamins are absorbed. After digestion, the waste products are formed into feces and are eliminated through rectum.

What disrupts the gastrointestinal tract?

The most important

The gastrointestinal tract allows the body to break down food into the simplest compounds from which new tissues can be built and energy can be obtained.

Digestion occurs in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract - from the mouth to the rectum.