Can and should I paint old paper wallpaper? How to paint paper wallpaper Can old wallpaper be painted with paint?

Despite the quality and beautiful drawing, sooner or later the wallpaper loses its color, and the drawing becomes boring. Depending on the type and characteristics of roll wallpaper, they can be painted with any paint color you like. The main thing is that the coloring composition is fully consistent with the upcoming work.

Wallpaper type

Before you start painting old wallpaper, you need to determine their type:

  1. Paper simple. They require pre-treatment with a water-repellent mixture, and only after that it is allowed to paint with a small amount of paint, otherwise the wallpaper will billow.
  2. Waterproof and dense. Painting is allowed immediately.
  3. Vinyl, non-woven, fiberglass. Do not require a preliminary primer, painted immediately.

What paint is better to take?

If you decide to paint paper-type non-woven wallpaper with a convex curly pattern, you should choose a water-based coloring agent that contains binders (organic and inorganic). Widely used paints are acrylic, which have a number of positive properties: the indelible quality of the surface layer, water resistance, a wide choice of colors. If you want to choose a budget option material, it is permissible to take a PVA-based emulsion composition. It is worth considering that cheap coloring matter does not match the quality, it accumulates steam, the palette of shades is minimal.

Tips: The latex suspension as part of the binding components keeps well on curly wallpaper. With this composition, you can safely paint paper or duplex wallpapers. After its application, the canvas becomes glossy, does not fade in the sun, but, compared to acrylic, is erased faster.

The best option for painting paper wallpaper is water-dispersion paint. This kind of mixture is suitable for painting children's rooms, as it does not contain harmful components, being an environmentally friendly product. Such a coloring matter dries within an hour. In the process of painting work, water-dispersion paint does not emit a toxic odor.

The choice of water dispersion paint

Water-dispersion coloring matter is different. There are three main types of it: latex, adhesive and acrylic.

The choice of painting decor

Front repair work, you should think about the variety of shade and pattern. Among the painting options you can consider:

  • color combination;
  • mixing colors;
  • stencil drawing or pattern.

Creative ideas will help create an unusual, unique and original interior Houses. To separate strips of wallpaper before painting, it is convenient to use adhesive tape.

Painting process

Before starting repairs, you should remove the furniture and rugs from the room so as not to stain them with paint, which will be problematic to get rid of. It is necessary to isolate the sockets in the room, using a vacuum cleaner to remove dust particles from the surface of the relief pattern on the wallpaper. If there are peeled corners of the wallpaper, they need to be glued or cut off. Next, we prime the surface - an important factor that allows you to protect the canvas from the penetration of paint into the structure.

Tip: The primer will give strength to the wallpaper and contribute to less wear.

After the primer has completely dried, you can begin to paint the walls. To apply the paint evenly, you need to prepare paint roller with soft fur. Under the paint should take a plastic tray. A bucket or basin will not work, because after taking the paint with a roller, streaks will remain on the wall

For painting corner walls a wide brush is used. To get a rich color or combined shades, you need to add a couple of drops of color to the general composition of the emulsion. Strokes on the wall are applied in any direction, the main thing is that the layer is proper, without gaps and differences in shades. We carry out with a roller or a wide brush from left to right, heading from the ceiling to the floor. Each subsequent stroke should run a few centimeters over the previous one.

As you smear the paint applied to the roller, you should walk over the previous section to remove excess streaks. Applying one coat of paint to the wall is unlikely to be enough: after the first application, you need to wait a while and repeat the staining procedure.

The painting must be uniform so that the old color does not show through the new layer, otherwise appearance the walls will be ruined. Dilute the coloring composition with water, if required by the instructions, mix until a homogeneous consistency.

Tip: Apply the emulsion perpendicular to the previous strokes.

To avoid stains different color, the paint should be quickly and evenly distributed over the area. It is better to paint the walls in parts so that it does not dry out and the transitions are visible. Re-staining is possible after 2-4 hours.

You can check the surface to be painted for gaps using a directional light source (lamp) on the wall. Drying of the paint occurs during the day, but it depends on the air temperature and humidity in the room.

In order to cover non-woven wallpaper with a dye evenly, staining should begin with outer side. In the presence of a relief pattern, several layers of paint should be applied from the wrong side to obtain a more saturated color. With this application, the canvas will be saturated, the background will acquire the desired shade. Thin ones are not suitable for painting. vinyl wallpapers. If they are non-woven, it will be difficult to paint them.

Paper canvases are suitable for staining with any composition. In this case, the surface primer will be insufficient, it will be necessary to pre-treat it with water-repellent agents.

Tip: The paint base used for paper wallpaper should be water repellent.

If the walls in the room are pasted over with ordinary wallpaper, which wrinkle after applying the primer, it is better to refuse the process of painting the wallpaper. If painting is done for the first time, in order not to waste the paint in vain and not to spoil the paper coating, it is better to invite a painter.

Any paint released for sale is accompanied by instructions on which to navigate the dilution process for painting paper-based wallpaper. Non-woven fabrics are able to transfer up to 10 stains. Paper type material can be deformed even after the first repainting. Foamed vinyl wallpaper will not take the coloring composition due to the repulsive reaction of the material. As a result, it turns out that you can paint old paper-type wallpaper rolls, the main thing is to purchase a high-quality coloring composition, a terry roller, a primer and a water-repellent agent, and everything will certainly work out.

There are different opinions about the advisability of staining old paper wallpaper. Indeed, in some cases, it is not even worth starting this process. If they are poorly glued, have significant damage received during operation, then painting will not replace gluing new ones.

If they look good, but their color does not match the new furniture, just tired or faded, then you can still wait with the replacement, and get by with staining.

Before proceeding directly to painting old wallpaper, you need to decide on the list of materials and tools that we may need in the process.

For painting glued surfaces you need:

  1. Water-repellent coating that prevents the coating from getting wet, and as a result of its lagging behind the wall;
  2. Dye;
  3. Roller and brushes different sizes. The length of the pile on the roller depends on the relief of the surface to be painted. If the surface is smooth, then the roller should be with a pile of medium length;
  4. Masking tape, which will be required to seal the baseboards, thereby protecting them from paint ingress.

In more detail, you should consider the choice of paint. They can be: satin, semi-gloss, glossy, semi-matte and matte. The choice depends on the type of surface and the lighting in the room. For example, for a kitchen with smooth surfaces, semi-gloss paint is perfect, it will reflect light well and be easy to clean. And the matte finish will perfectly fit into the interior of large halls.

Also, when choosing a paint, you need to consider such characteristics as:

  1. Resistance to light and mechanical stress;
  2. The ability to overlap other paint so that it does not show through;
  3. Complete drying time;
  4. Possibility of washing;
  5. Environmental friendliness.

According to the basics, paints are divided into:

  1. Paints with alkyd base;
  2. Water or latex;
  3. Acrylic.

Before proceeding directly to staining, you need to carry out preparatory work. To begin with, we remove dirt, dust and cobwebs from the walls with a vacuum cleaner and a sponge. Then you need to seal all the skirting boards with masking tape.

After all this is done, you can proceed to the application of a water-repellent coating. It is better to apply it with a roller, and in hard-to-reach places and corners - with a brush.

After a water-repellent coating has been applied to the surface of the walls, it is necessary to maintain one temperature, avoiding its differences and not creating drafts. Failure to follow these rules will cause the wallpaper to peel off or air bubbles to form under its surface.

After the applied coating is completely dry (about a day), you can proceed to the next step.

The paint must be mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained. If desired, you can add the selected color to it and mix thoroughly. Before applying, be sure to make sure that the paint is exactly the color that was chosen.

Paint can be applied to the prepared surface. This should be done with a roller, and in the corners with a brush. Paint should be applied in a uniform thin layer.

You should start painting from the walls that are covered with furniture, thereby exercising on them.

It is better to start painting from the ceiling so that paint drops do not spoil the already painted surface.

After the first layer has dried, which will take 3-4 hours, you can apply the second one.

After both layers have been applied and dried, the painting can be considered complete.

But if there is no experience in carrying out painting work, then in order not to experiment with quality, you can invite a team of professional painters who will carry out the work in a matter of days, and the room will shine with new colors.

Wallpaper, without a share of exaggeration, is considered one of the most popular finishing materials. When buying them, we can always choose whether to give preference to ready-made canvases or choose a material on which paint can be applied. We propose to talk about the second type of finish in detail.

Nowadays, the market surprises with a wide range of materials for wall decoration. The pattern and color of the canvases has long been considered a determining factor, because each buyer can choose an original pattern by simply adding the selected pigment to the paint. Thus, wallpaper painting becomes the most accessible and simple method do-it-yourself interior changes.

Wallpaper painting - affordable way change the interior

However, this finish has its limitations - more layers of paint cannot be applied to it than indicated by the manufacturer. Glass wallpapers are considered the most durable and reliable - it is possible to apply coloring compositions on such wallpaper for painting more than 15 times, and on canvases with a convex relief and a large pattern - more than 20 times.

Wallpaper made of paper can be painted no more than 3 times. Subsequent applications have a bad effect on the structure of the finish, as a result of which holes form in it.

Often, beginners try to paint thick vinyl-based wallpapers that are glued to the wall with PVA glue. But experienced craftsmen do not advise making such attempts, except perhaps only for painting over children's drawings on the canvas.

Wallpapers that can be applied with a coloring composition have a more noble appearance. Among the main textures, the following canvases stand out:

  • smooth;
  • with small patterns;
  • with large ornaments;
  • wallpaper with different relief.

Depending on the type of base and its specifications, wall paintings are divided into:

  • cullet;
  • non-woven;
  • vinyl;
  • impregnated paper;
  • linkrusta wallpaper - their relief is created by applying a special composition of chalk, flour, tree bark and wax.

Properly painted wallpaper can last a very long time.

If you paint roll wallpaper correctly, then such canvases can last from 10 to 15 years. In this case, the first tone should be made as light as possible so that after applying the paint, the base does not begin to shine through. Further layers of paint should be one tone darker than the base.

Unlike ordinary wallpaper, canvases that are covered with paint can be washed. Thanks to the protective layer, they will not burst from moisture. This makes it possible to use such a finish for decorating children's rooms, where the risk of staining the material is especially high.

On a can of paint, the approximate cost per paint is usually indicated. square meter

IN total area includes the area of ​​all walls and ceiling if you plan to paint it too. From these figures, subtract the area of ​​​​the windows and add about 200-300 g of paint in reserve. As a result, you will get the total working surface area.

The approximate consumption of paint per square meter is indicated by the manufacturer on the jar with the composition. Please note that each manufacturer's paint differs in absorbency and density, so it will be consumed differently. "Standard" consumption is about 200 g/m 2 . If the paint is applied in 2 layers, then this figure will increase to 250 g / m 2. It is also important to take into account the property of the canvas to absorb paint. So, paper and non-woven wallpaper absorb much more composition than fiberglass materials.

In order to paint the wallpaper with high quality, when choosing a paint, pay attention to factors such as the material of the canvas and the function of the room in the house. Each type of substrate requires the use of a specific type of paint.

paint paper wallpaper can only water-based paint. For non-woven fabrics, compositions based on water-dispersion components are suitable, and latex or acrylic paint is used for glass fiber. Experts advise applying acrylic, wax or oil-based liquid paste on linkrust wallpaper.

Be sure to consider the type of room. So, acrylic paint is suitable for washable surfaces in the bathroom or kitchen. The surface painted by them is very easy to wash, as it forms protective film. The canvases on which such compositions are applied will pass and absorb air worse, but they are not afraid of exposure to steam.

In open, brightly lit rooms, latex formulations are used. They do not fade when exposed to UV rays, but they must be handled with extreme care when cleaning. Wallpaper after staining with latex compositions cannot be washed, only dry cleaning is allowed.

When you also need to take into account the degree of light reflection of the coloring composition. Depending on this, experts distinguish between matte, satin, glossy and semi-gloss paint.

Satin paints with a moderate sheen are ideal for a bathroom or kitchen. They are highly durable and reliable. Matte compositions perfectly hide the defects of the walls and ceiling. They also do well with excess light. Glossy paints, on the contrary, visually increase the lighting. Often, experts paint over embossed wallpapers with matte paint to achieve a jacquard effect.

Experts advise beginners to paint wallpaper with water-based paint - it is easy to apply and most durable. Acrylic compositions are considered the most versatile in use.

To ensure that the painted wallpaper looks exactly as you plan, test the color intensity of the composition on a control sample before work. If the shade turned out to be too pale, then pigment will need to be added to the composition. Make sure that the amount of pigment in each can of paint is the same.

To prevent the paint from drying out, open the jar immediately before work.

The algorithm for the upcoming work is quite simple. First of all, you need, then - open walls, finished with wallpaper, and at the end - secondary walls behind cabinets and sofas. In order not to stain the floor and interior items, they need to be covered with old newspapers.

Compositions for painting in open cans dry quickly enough. Therefore, you need to open and dilute the paint immediately before applying it.

Before painting the wallpaper, you need to prepare the necessary tools. First of all, you will need a paint roller - with it the work will go quickly and without problems. However, the stores have a wide selection of different tools, and not knowing which one is suitable for painting the canvas, beginners make a lot of mistakes. For example, on sale you can find rollers:

  • with a long pile;
  • with short villi;
  • velor roller;
  • fur roller;
  • foam tool.

To paint the wallpaper you need a roller

Each of the tools is designed for specific cases. So, a roller with a short pile will be able to easily roll a relief image, while a tool with a long pile will help to deeply paint over the entire texture. The foam tool leaves uncolored bubbles when touching smooth walls. On sale you can also find tools with interchangeable nozzles. Working with them, experts carefully check and rinse them, and only then cover the canvas with paint.

To paint the wallpaper for further painting without streaks, experts advise buying a short pile roller. He will absorb right amount paint and evenly distribute it over the surface.

For painting corners and hard-to-reach places, buy a couple of paint brushes. You need to dip the roller into a special cuvette. To stir the composition with a solvent, you need a bucket.

Painting non-woven wallpaper is a great opportunity to get original design. After work, the surface will imitate more expensive exclusive finishing materials. Also, these canvases look good on the wall and without painting, thanks to the embossed outer side.

If you will often clean the canvas from this material, then use latex paint for painting, which gives the finish protective layer. To work with such materials, a fur roller and a brush for hard-to-reach places are suitable. Painting of these wallpapers is carried out in at least two layers. When applying, do not keep the roller in one place for a long time, otherwise this will lead to streaks.

Non-woven wallpaper must be painted in at least two layers

For painting, paper wallpaper must be properly prepared. To do this, the canvas is covered with a special impregnation that prevents the paint from flowing down on a smooth surface. One layer is best. However, if you made mistakes when applying it, then the canvas can be covered with another layer. Before painting, make sure that there are no traces of glue on the seams of the trim, otherwise it will significantly complicate the work.

The most durable material for painting are glass. They are made from fiberglass. The most popular textures among buyers are considered to be "track", "herringbone" and "cobweb". They are ideal for repeated application of paint that penetrates deep between the fibers of the canvas. Glass fiber will need to be primed before painting. After that, a latex or acrylic composition is applied to the material. These wallpapers are painted in two layers.

Vinyl sheets on a paper basis give a multi-layered paper texture. a canvas of this material also needs to be primed. After the primer dries, you need to apply the coloring composition. To do this, use a roller with a long nap and paint brush. As soon as the paint dries a little, apply it a second time. Lastly, a decorative layer is applied, but if the canvas is not embossed, then you can do without it.

After applying and drying the primer layer, proceed directly to painting the canvas. To do this, pour a third of the can of paint into a bucket and add thinner. Thoroughly mix the ingredients and pour the mixture into a cuvette. Moisten. It is best to apply paint on the walls starting from the top and gradually dropping down.

Be sure to ensure that after application there are no streaks and unpainted areas.

Paint is mixed with solvent in a cuvette

Once the first layer is completely dry, proceed to apply the second layer. After painting large areas, start applying the composition in hard-to-reach places. To do this, dip the brush into the paint ditch and start painting in the upper corner of the room. During painting, make sure that after the brush there are no lint left on the wall.

After the second layer is completely dry, you can begin to decorate the canvas with a decorative layer. Before that, we advise you to make an approximate drawing of your patterns and follow it. Try to put a maximum of imagination and creativity into your image so that the interior of your room turns out to be original.

After the third layer has dried, you can also cover the finish with a clear varnish. This will be especially relevant when decorating children's rooms, where mechanical damage to the finish is unlikely to be avoided.

To avoid problems when painting the canvas, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the advice of experts, which will greatly facilitate the work of novice repairmen. When preparing a room for painting canvases, experts advise covering not only the floor and furniture, but also windows, sockets and baseboards from paint. After preparation, soak the roller in the paint pan. After that, be sure to roll it on an old newspaper so that there are no streaks.

The color of the wallpaper for painting also plays a huge role. It is best to choose canvases of white or light shade. To apply the composition more evenly, experts advise using an airbrush instead of a roller.

If you can’t get rid of pieces of old wallpaper, then you can hide their traces and wall errors by applying matte paint to the new finish.

One of the most common finishing materials are paper wallpapers. This is due to the ease of operation and low price. But it should be noted, whatever the care, the surface still loses its original appearance over time. And first of all, the question arises: “Do you need to make repairs again or can you restore the old surface?”.

Everyone understands that completely re-gluing a room is quite expensive and takes a very long time, so the choice most often stops at restoring the surface. the best way is painting, and the question arises: "Is it possible to paint paper wallpaper?"

There are several opinions regarding the painting of paper wallpapers, and whether it makes sense to paint them at all. In some cases, coloring is generally meaningless. For example, the surface is damaged, heavily worn, and completely lost its performance.

So, if the top layer of wallpaper is well enough preserved, you can give preference to coloring. A good advantage is that such work can be done independently. Let's get down to business and consider all the nuances of this process, and everything connected with it.

What you need for coloring

First of all, we need to figure out what we need for high-quality performance of this type finishing works.

  1. The first thing you need, of course, is paint. It is recommended to use water emulsion, its action will provide protection against soaking of the wallpaper. This factor will guarantee a strong attachment to wall panel, and at the same time they will not give the opportunity to peel off the old wallpaper.
  2. Masking tape or polyethylene. Skirting boards, sockets and switches are covered with this material to protect them from moisture and paint.
  3. Coating with water repellency. Since the paint is usually created on a water basis, and it is strictly forbidden to soak our surface, since the paper wallpaper will move away from the wall and will not last long.
  4. And of course, painting tools. Here the choice is quite large: a variety of brushes, pile compounds and rollers, which have hundreds of varieties. The main thing is to choose the right fleecy elements, the smoother the layer of wallpaper, the smaller the pile should be, and, accordingly, vice versa.

Paint selection

An important stage of preparation is the selection of paint, first you need to understand the classification of paint compositions, and they can be found as follows:


You should not hurry with the choice, these are not just the names and type of paint, which has a different appearance and nothing more. It is necessary to take into account its operational abilities, and select it depending on the room in which it will be used. Also an important parameter for selection is the absorption and return of natural light. Based on this parameter, a matte dye is suitable for the living room, for example, while glossy or semi-gloss is more suitable for the kitchen and bathroom.

Advice! Don't choose just because beautiful view and good light absorption or light output. There are many more factors to which special attention should be paid, such as, for example, strength, wear resistance, resistance to moisture and chemicals, environmental friendliness, etc.

Also sometimes there is a question of painting with acrylic dye. This is allowed, and even recommended, but of course you should not lose sight of other types of paints. Most often, water-based formulations are used, but latex and even alkyd ones can be used.

Stages of work

Let's understand a little about the principle of work and the stages in general. In the process of coloring, we need to do the following algorithm:

  1. Surface preparation.
  2. Paint preparation.
  3. Surface coloring.

Let's take a closer look at each of the stages.

Surface preparation

The first stage is preparatory work. They need to be given maximum attention, since this is the so-called foundation of our painting. What should be done:

After these measures, a water-repellent layer is applied to the wallpaper, left until the surface is completely dry. This takes about a day.

Paint preparation

After preparing the room, you can begin to prepare the colorful composition and start painting the paper wallpaper.

Having studied the features and choosing the type of paint, we proceed directly to the preparation. This does not require much effort: open the jar, mix. If necessary, add dyes and solvent.

Painting

The last stage of such finishing work is painting itself. Consider brief instructions for coloring paper wallpapers:

  1. We immediately begin applying the colorful composition to the paper wallpaper. To do this, use a roller with a properly selected pile. For processing corners and hard-to-reach places are used different size brushes.
  2. First of all, for the so-called training, start painting those areas that will later be covered by furniture and interior items. Such a beginning will help you understand the structure of the painting and “fill” your hand, which will subsequently make itself felt, and will help you paint open areas with high quality.
  3. It is recommended to start painting from the ceiling, if provided, or to paint the upper part of the walls.
  4. It is important to know that the paint is applied in several layers. In this case, apply at least 2 layers. Between applying each of them on paper wallpaper, you should take a break until the paint dries completely, which can take from several hours to a day. After applying layers of paint, the wall should be checked for defects. If they are absent, while the layer is applied evenly, and the wall itself remains even, then the painting process can be considered complete.

Don't Forget to Consider Impact Factors environment, choose the right number of layers, in some rooms one may be enough, and in some two or three are required. And most importantly, try to paint with water-based paint.

The following video clearly shows the process of painting paper wallpaper:

Summing up

I hope that this material gave an answer to the question - is it possible to paint paper wallpapers at all and how to do it. The algorithm of actions can be made as follows:

  1. Proper preparation of the room and surface in general.
  2. Repair of damaged surface fragments.
  3. Provided moisture resistant coating.
  4. prepared tools.
  5. The right paint.
  6. Compliance with application rules.

It is the observance of this plan that will provide you with high-quality repairs, or rather the restoration of your walls.

Sometimes, special funds for overhaul no, and vacation ahead. And so you want to refresh your apartment, add novelty, zest! There is a way out: paint liquid or vinyl wallpaper in your home. If pick up quality materials and understand the intricacies of the process (what types of wallpaper can be painted (for example, liquid wallpaper), and what is undesirable to touch), very soon your apartment will sparkle with new bright colors.

Is it possible to paint ordinary wallpaper

No matter how beautiful your favorite wallpaper is, sooner or later their color will fade or just get bored. Agree, from year to year to observe the same design, shade - everything eventually begins to dishearten any person. We urgently need to change something, but how to modify the aged wallpaper without extra spending and effort? To do this, use their painting. But the question is: is it possible to paint a conventional coating at all, or are only specially designed materials suitable for this?

Traditional types of wall coverings include paper wallpapers. They can be found in almost every apartment. If you suddenly want to update them, but do not buy new ones and do not spend days and nights gluing new roll materials, be careful. Experts say what to paint ordinary wallpaper better not worth it. Double-layer, single-layer wallpaper - this type of wall covering can suffer from paint. However, a well-organized process will refresh the long-faded colors in your home. You need to study the basic requirements.

You can take up painting the wallpaper only if they do not have serious damage. It is important that the material is not detached from the wall, on the contrary, it should fit snugly against it, otherwise it makes no sense to buy a coloring composition.

Special requirements are put forward to the level of paint quality. Among its basic characteristics should be present:

  • strength. Ordinary ones need to be protected from various mechanical damage;
  • environmental friendliness. If toxic elements are included in the composition of the coloring mixture, the paper coating may not survive such painting;
  • durability. The paint should retain color for a long time. It is equally important to protect the coating from the harmful effects of water - choose a composition that can cope with this.

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You can paint the old coating, but this is done exclusively with water-based paint. This category includes latex coloring composition. What is beneficial in its use is the ability to strengthen even an ordinary paper coating. They become durable, can withstand further exposure to water. Feel free to wash the wall covering after using this material. Acrylic composition with a latex base is another popular product. The usual coating after painting with this material acquires texture and is less susceptible to corrosion. Can you color them acrylic paint water based. Then the feeling of mustiness and steam will not appear in the room, and the composition itself will dry quickly. The most budget option is a water emulsion. It has no smell, dries instantly, but does not differ in water-repellent properties.

Liquid wallpaper

Sooner or later painting liquid wallpaper may also be needed. Over time, stains and dirt appear on liquid wallpaper, which is not always possible to remove. Painting is the best way out. Choose a quality coloring composition and get to work. The choice of shades is so diverse that you can safely experiment. Buy either ready-made paint, or a base and colorants: for example, you yourself will bring out a beautiful shade of color for liquid wallpaper. Whether it will be bright and saturated or vice versa, muted, depends solely on you.

Before deciding to paint liquid wallpaper, pay attention to one key nuance: this material is silky and very soft to the touch. But upon completion of painting the liquid wallpaper, the texture features are lost, you get plain coating and also quite solid. Water-based coloring compositions are suitable: latex, acrylic, water-based, and also silicone. The latest kind of paint appeared on modern market finishing materials relatively recently. After using it, you need to wash liquid wallpaper without any fear. However, the cost of such coverage is much higher.