Crime and punishment main characters characteristic table. Crime and punishment description of the characters

"Crime and Punishment" the main characters of the novel went down in history and are quite multifaceted.

"Crime and Punishment" main characters

In total, there are more than 90 characters in the novel, of which about 10 are central, having sharply defined characters, views, and an important role in the development of the plot.

The protagonist of "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov, a student expelled from the institute for non-payment.

Old woman, Alena Ivanovna,— a pawnbroker with whom he pawns his belongings.

Svidrigailov Arkady Ivanovich- “Fifty years ... His hair, still very thick, was completely blond and a little bit gray, and a wide, thick beard, descending like a shovel, was even lighter than his head hair. His eyes were blue and looked coldly, intently and thoughtfully; red lips"

Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladov's wife She is about thirty years old. After the death of her drunken husband, she was left with three children in her arms and in poverty.

Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov- titular adviser.

Sofia Marmeladov - daughter of Semyon Marmeladov. The girl is 18 years old. Sonya's crimes are sacrificial in nature, as she goes to the panel for the sake of loved ones who die in poverty. Sonya is trying to show Raskolnikov the right path by reading him the Gospel. Sonya feels love and compassion for Rodion, therefore, without hesitation, she shares his fate with him and goes with him to Siberia. At the end of the novel, Rodion finally understands what happiness it is that such a girl loves him.

Dunya Raskolnikova- the sister of the main character Rodion. She is young, attractive and graceful, and therefore is not deprived of attention from the opposite sex. She is 22. Dunya is strong in character and self-confident. In her desire to marry Luzhin, she rather pursues the goal of not getting rich, but somehow helping her brother with his studies.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova- mother of Rodion and Dunya; needy widow and defenseless woman aged 43. The woman is tormented by the alienated behavior of her son. She does not know about Rodion's crime, but she guesses that something is tormenting him. She and Dunya (Avdotya Romanovna) somehow earn a living and help their son Rodion with money so that he does not drop out of school. She, despite her mature age, retained her former beauty. Although she dressed poorly, she always looked neat and dignified. Before her death, the heroine managed to bless her daughter Dunya to marry Razumikhin.

Luzhin Petr Petrovich arrogant man 45 years old. Luzhin is a businessman who, first of all, seeks benefits for himself in everything. Luzhin cannot truly love, he only wants to possess. He looks at Dunya as a beautiful thing that can be bought.

Razumikhin- the only one a true friend Raskolnikov. The real name of the hero is Vrazumikhin, one everyone calls him Razumikhin. He is the same poor student as Raskolnikov, but a nobleman by birth.

Lizaveta- sister of Alena Ivanovna. The novel says about her "a tall, clumsy, timid and humble girl, almost an idiot, 35 years old, unmarried, who was in complete slavery to her sister."

Porfiry Petrovich- This is an investigator leading the case of the murder of an old usurer.

Each of us must have heard the story of an old woman killed with an ax by a crazy student - this is Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment. The main characters are woven into a chain of complex events from which they find a way out. The work will teach everyone to live judiciously, sincerely forgive and love passionately.

History of writing a novel

"Crime and Punishment": the main characters of the work

In the novel, the author involved a few people around whom the main series of events takes place. The main character is Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, a retired student who decides to kill Alena Ivanovna, an old pawnbroker. Lizaveta is the sister of the pawnbroker, who also dies at the hands of a young man. An experienced investigator, Porfiry Petrovich, takes on the task of solving the crime. Pulcheria Alexandrovna and Avdotya Romanovna are the mother and sister of Rodion Raskolnikov. The family lives modestly and tries to help a poor student. Dunya was even listed as a servant of Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov, who tried to corrupt her. In order to completely forget her past, the girl accepts the proposal of the wealthy Mr. Petr Petrovich Luzhin to marry and move to St. Petersburg. Andrey Semyonovich Lebezyatnikov is a retired official who lives in a small apartment with his wife Katerina Ivanovna and three small children. Raskolnikov falls in love with his eldest daughter Sonya, who will later be his salvation. Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin is a true friend of Rodion, who takes care of Dunya and Pulcheria Alexandrovna in difficult times.

The main storyline of the novel

Rodion Raskolnikov lives on his mother's money and sometimes sells his things to the pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna. The old woman annoys him so much that he guesses the time, bursts into the apartment and hacks her with an ax. Suddenly, sister Elizabeth returns, who also becomes an unfortunate victim. He acted like Cruel person, but the characteristic of Raskolnikov - his positive qualities - allows readers to look at him from the other side. He is obsessed with the desire to take possession of the old woman's wealth only because he is poor himself, but his conscience does not allow him to appropriate the loot, and he gets rid of the profit.

After the crime, Avdotya Romanovna and Pulcheria Alexandrovna visit Rodion and try to help him - he seems sick to them. In the first chapters, Raskolnikov meets the bankrupt official Lebezyatnikov in a tavern, who, drunk, throws himself under a horse and dies. Due to an accident, Rodion recognizes the family of the deceased and draws attention to his eldest daughter Sonya, to whom he confesses to the murder of the old woman and her sister. The understanding girl asks him to repent, and the investigator is in no hurry to put him in jail and allows him to walk free for several days.

Epilogue analysis

In the afterword, the author tells about the imprisonment of the protagonist in a Siberian fortress. Here, Raskolnikov's characterization changes - he becomes sensual and conscientious, repents of a crime and does not try to justify himself. Dunya tells her mother that her son has gone on a long business trip, but the old woman, without waiting for him, dies of illness. Razumikhin does not leave his friend in trouble and decides to move to Siberia. Struck by the nobility of a friend, Dunya marries this man. Sonya found every way to see Rodion - they love each other, and neither distance nor sentence frightened them.

Women's and in the novel

In each work of heroes can be divided into positive and negative. The images in "Crime and Punishment" are so colorful that the reader can not immediately evaluate them. Dostoevsky portrays Raskolnikov, the criminal has a big loving heart, a desire to help his neighbor, a desire to repent. There is also an ambiguous opinion about Lebezyatnikov - he is a big drinker, rarely remembers his family, but his naivety and unstable financial situation become an excuse for this. The description of the unhappy life of a bankrupt official is given several pages in the novel Crime and Punishment.

The main characters of the work are mostly positive, and among the secondary ones, two negative male images stand out - Svidrigailov and Luzhin. Razumikhin is Raskolnikov's best friend, who is support for himself and his family. The female images of Pulcheria Alexandrovna, Dunya and Sonya are idealized in the novel, and it is impossible to assess the old pawnbroker alone: ​​she seemed mean and evil to the hero, and Dostoevsky is silent about her other qualities.

Execution cannot be pardoned

People are born and die day after day, and it begins to seem to Raskolnikov that there is nothing wrong if he kills the old pawnbroker. But is he right to think so? The novel "Crime and Punishment" raises complex philosophical questions, the answers to which are subsequently found by the hero himself.

Rodion thinks for a long time whether to "execute" the old woman or "pardon", but still doubts the need for her existence, and therefore decides that if she ends up in the next world, everyone will be calmer. At the scene of the crime, the killer behaves less confidently: he is lost and is not even able to endure all the wealth of the pawnbroker. He is tormented by hallucinations, phobias, he goes crazy with hopelessness. It would be better if he pardoned Alena Ivanovna, because now, after her death, he was left with nothing.

Characteristics of Rodion Raskolnikov: is he a trembling creature or has a right?

The protagonist does not have manic inclinations, and he decides to kill Alena Ivanovna consciously. The old woman lives her life alone with wealth, which is more suitable for orphans, and not for one who does not need anything. Raskolnikov's plan seems extremely simple, but the hero does not think about the consequences. This youthful naivete was the cause of the subsequent failures of the poor student. The novel "Crime and Punishment" teaches you to think about the consequences, and not be as unreasonable as main character.

Raskolnikov faces a dilemma: is he a trembling creature or has a right? The hero believes that in this world he must establish himself through murder, having fulfilled his main desire - he would have done so the strong man. This philosophy leads Raskolnikov to a dead end.

What fate does F. Dostoevsky choose for the hero? "Crime and Punishment" as a warning novel

Even the most terrible villain has the right to be justified. Raskolnikov's act can be understood: the author first deprives him of his mind, and then directs him to let the truth. Rodion is experiencing not because he committed a crime, but because he considered himself "having the right."

Raskolnikov is very young and stupid, and it would be wrong to condemn him. Having obeyed the slogan "the end justifies the means", he kills Alena Ivanovna, but not just like that - he takes care of his mother, the future of his sister, helps the family of the late Marmeladov, thinks about disadvantaged children and is going to allocate part of the money to needy orphans. If he were a wealthy person, he would never commit murder, and then the crime and punishment would not have been committed. The main characters - Rodion's friend, his mother and sister - do not condemn him, but try to understand. Sincere repentance exalts any criminal, and the repentant Raskolnikov will be worthy of a different life with a person who will always be there, help and support - with Sonya Marmeladova. Dostoevsky chooses an ending when a person's life does not end on the scaffold, but continues.

savior and guardian angel

Love can work miracles. It changes a person from the inside, directs to the path of truth and gives an incentive to live on. For Rodion Raskolnikov, Sonya turned out to be a salvation. "Crime and Punishment" tells how the main character changes after meeting this girl: without her, he would have died in prison from illness and boredom, he would hardly have realized his act, would not repent. Before confessing to the murder, he goes outside and kisses the ground, sincerely regrets what happened.

The work describes the love of two unfortunate people who have become happy in their own way. Someday Raskolnikov will be released from prison, and he and Sonya will live a full life and will thank fate for allowing them to meet each other after many trials.

In the novel "Crime and Punishment" Dostoevsky created a special unique world, within which special laws operate, in which a special psychological environment reigns, a special space. The unusualness of this world is, first of all, that almost all the central characters of the novel are people rejected by society, “former”. Raskolnikov is a “former student” (this is how he himself answers the police question about who he is). Razumikhin is also a former student in the main part of the work. A former official, "exactly five days ago" who finally and irretrievably broke, is included in the novel by Marmeladov. His daughter Sonya is a former "young lady". The kids of Katerina Ivanovna, whom poverty drove out to beg on the street, are former "noble children." Svidrigailov appears in the novel as a former landowner (although once "a decent master"). He irrevocably parted with his until recently prosperous past and tells Raskolnikov about him with some kind of mocking surprise, as if about another life.

Almost all the heroes of the work are not busy with a specific case (with the exception of Zosimov, a practicing physician and bailiff Porfiry Petrovich). Luzhin is currently preparing himself for predatory activity. Razumikhin earns his living by translating for a market publisher-bookseller and is fond of his own book publishing project (in the epilogue, the author reports on his success in this field). These heroes of Dostoevsky are contraindicated in "normal" - business, official, economic - life. They cannot keep within these limits. And Marmeladov, who more than once (even before his very end) fate gave a chance to take the path of a “corrected” official. And Svidrigailov, shortly before his suicide, confessed to Raskolnikov that he was unable to attach himself to any particular occupation: “Do you believe, at least there was something; well, to be a landowner, well, a father, well, a lancer, a photographer, a journalist ... n-nothing, no specialty! Sometimes it's even boring."

This indifference to life and the inability to find oneself in it in Raskolnikov reaches an extreme point. Although "he was crushed by poverty," this "ceased to Lately weigh him down. He completely ceased to be engaged in his urgent affairs, ”it is said at the beginning of the novel. Despite his pride, "he was least ashamed of his rags in the street"; he “doesn’t give a damn”, as he himself will declare to Nastasya, both for his poverty and for the opportunity to somehow improve the situation with lessons. Detachment from worldly affairs takes on such an extreme form in Raskolnikov that even food becomes an extraneous act for him. To the amazement of the compassionate Nastasya, he hardly forces himself to eat "three or four spoons", "mechanically" sips tea.

In a completely different way than other writers of the 19th century, the family is presented in Dostoevsky's novel. In "Crime and Punishment" there is not a single family, almost all the characters are members of broken families, and most of the women are widows (Raskolnikov's mother, his landlady, usurer Alena Ivanovna). The second time Katerina Ivanovna becomes a widow. Even the “prosperous” (at the beginning of the novel) house of the Svidrigailovs will be in trouble and it will cease to exist. All families in the novel either fall apart, or are not created, cannot arise. Luzhin's courtship to Dunya becomes unsuccessful, although he appeared in the novel as a groom. Raskolnikov was also not destined to marry the daughter of the landlady. The dying project of Svidrigailov's marriage to a sixteen-year-old "angel", which his greedy parents are ready to sell to him, also turned out to be a mirage. The only family whose fate against the background of others will turn out well is the family of Dunya and Razumikhin, but it remains outside the immediate image.

Naturally, heroes deprived of a family are also deprived of a home. None of them have their own place. All of them: Marmeladov, Sonya, Raskolnikov, Pulcheria Alexandrovna with Dunya, Svidrigailov, Luzhin - exist in a strange place and temporarily. They temporarily live in apartments, in rooms, huddle in corners and find temporary shelter with friends. Moreover, many of them (Marmeladov, Luzhin, Raskolnikov) are persistently expelled from this random place. Almost all the heroes of "Crime and Punishment" appear before the readers as free or involuntary "eternal wanderers".

The only exception is Porfiry Petrovich. Apart from Zosimov, he is the only one of all the heroes of the novel who is bound by a strong life position: service, direct business and a government apartment. But it is noteworthy that in his most sincere statements, revealing the hidden side of his nature, Porfiry Petrovich several times calls himself a “finished man”, “finished”, “numb”. And it's not just words. Against the background of other characters, Porfiry really seems to be covered with a shell. If the life of others is open on all sides to accidents (and most often unpleasant, dramatic ones), then the life of Porfiry Petrovich is protected from different kind accidents like a stone wall, which means, in the words of the author, "it's over."

Most of the heroes of the novel fall out of normal life, mistaking each other for crazy. Katerina Ivanovna is on the verge of mental breakdown for almost the entire duration of the novel. If Sonya perceives her as a child, then many see her as crazy. Together with "meaning and intelligence" flashes "as if madness" in the eyes of Marmeladov. More than once they mistake each other for madmen and Raskolnikov and Sonya. "Madness", "madness", "clouding of the mind" of Raskolnikov were discussed by Zosimov and Razumikhin. Even with strict sobriety, Porfiry Petrovich, who assesses the criminal, says that his act "in conscience, it is clouding." "He's crazy," Raskolnikov says and thinks about Svidrigailov. And Svidrigailov, in turn, is convinced that St. Petersburg is "a city of half-crazy."

Life on the verge of collapse distinguishes many of the heroes of the work. Strength and mental stamina is not inherent in many. The emotional mood of almost all the characters is negative. It is no coincidence that critics called "Crime and Punishment" a novel of "revenge and sorrow." Throughout the five parts of the work, negative emotions and reactions of the characters are pumped up, and only in the sixth they are resolved and to some extent eliminated. And the center of the conflict is, of course, Raskolnikov - a classic example of the type of "embittered heroes" of Dostoevsky.

Almost all the actions of the protagonist are contradictory; Raskolnikov's contradictory nature manifests itself in them. The contradictions of his nature are also manifested in the motivation of the crime. But the motivations for the hero's behavior in the novel are constantly bifurcated, because the hero himself, captured by an inhuman idea, is deprived of integrity. Two people live and act in it at the same time: one Raskolnikov's "I" is controlled by the consciousness of the hero, and the other "I" at the same time makes unconscious mental movements and actions. It is no coincidence that Raskolnikov's friend Razumikhin says that Rodion's "two opposite characters alternate in turn."

Here the hero goes to the old pawnbroker with a clearly conscious goal - to make a "trial". Compared with the decision that Raskolnikov will make tomorrow, the last expensive thing bought by an old woman for a pittance, and the upcoming money conversation, are insignificant. Something else is needed: it is good to remember the location of the rooms, to carefully peep which key is from the chest of drawers, and which is from the packing, where the old woman hides the money. But Raskolnikov cannot stand it. The old pawnbroker draws him into the net of her monetary combinations, confusing the logic of the “trial”. Before the eyes of readers, Raskolnikov, having forgotten the purpose of the visit, enters into an argument with Alena Ivanovna and only then pulls himself up, "remembering that he also came for another."

The inconsistency in the behavior of the hero is also manifested in the scene on the boulevard. Pity for a teenage girl, a desire to save an innocent victim, and next to her - contemptuous: “Let it be! This, they say, is as it should be. Such a percentage, they say, should go every year ... somewhere ... to hell ... "

Outside the city, shortly before a terrible dream-memories, Raskolnikov is again unconsciously included in the life typical of a poor student. “Once he stopped and counted the money: it turned out to be about thirty kopecks. “Twenty to the policeman, three to Nastasya for the letter, which means that yesterday he gave the Marmeladovs forty-seven or fifty kopecks,” he thought, counting for something, but soon forgot even why he pulled the money out of his pocket. A paradox is reopened as a consequence of the “split” soul of the hero: determination “for such a thing” should exclude such trifles. But Raskolnikov fails to escape from "trifles", just as he fails to escape from himself, from the contradictions of his soul. The illogical actions of the hero reveal the essence of the living nature of a young man, not subject to theory.

Crime and Punishment is a noisy novel. Hotel rooms, apartments and corners full of residents, streets and alleys of the city are filled with frenzied voices, loud cries, unceasing speech. Raskolnikov, even in a dream, is haunted by everything that surrounds reality. Only a few pages fall out of the general tone of the work, in particular those that relate to Lizaveta and Sonya. Only in the world of these two heroines silence reigns, and this is very important for the author. But it should be noted that Sonya, whose voice enters with a clear and quiet melody into the loud and irritated sound of other voices, is also not always meek and silent. She can be "stubborn" and "persistent", "tremble with anger and indignation", "strictly and angrily" defend her interests. Born in this noisy world, she cannot be different. That is why Dostoevsky, when depicting his heroine, avoided icon-painting techniques.

The main line of the novel is the ideological opposition of Raskolnikov to the rest of the characters. Even random encounters become for him a predestination with variously opposing heroes. Almost all the heroes are opposed to Raskolnikov: Sonya, Porfiry Petrovich, Luzhin, Lebezyatnikov, and Svidrigailov. All of them accelerate the processes taking place in the soul of Raskolnikov.

The names and surnames of the heroes of the novel are carefully thought out by Dostoevsky and are full of deep meaning. The surname of the protagonist of the novel indicates that in the mind of the author, Raskolnikov's passionate love for people and fanaticism in defending his "idea" were associated with a split - a certain side of the self-consciousness of Russian people. Schism (Old Believers, Old Believers) is a trend that arose in the middle of the 17th century in the Russian church as a protest against the innovations of Patriarch Nikon, which consisted in correcting church books and some church customs and rituals. Raskolnikov “splits” the mother who gave birth to him - the earth, “splits the homeland”, and if we take into account the patronymic and the ideological meaning of the image itself, then a direct interpretation is also possible: the split of the Romanov homeland.

Materials about the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

Life and work of Dostoevsky. Analysis of works. Characteristics of heroes

All the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": a list of characters

The novel "Crime and Punishment" is a work in which many bright, memorable characters are involved.

The heroes of the novel are a variety of people from different strata of society: nobles, bourgeois, peasants, etc.

This article provides a list of all the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": the main and secondary characters of the work.

See:
All materials on "Crime and Punishment"
Brief description of the heroes of "Crime and Punishment" in the table

Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov - the main character of the novel, a poor student

Dunya Raskolnikova - Raskolnikov's sister, a poor but educated girl

Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova - Raskolnikov's mother, a kind, honest, but poor widow

Sonya Marmeladova - the main character of the novel, a close friend of Rodion Raskolnikov, a poor girl who earns a living by "obscene craft"

Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov - the father of Sonya Marmeladova, a retired drunk official

Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova - stepmother of Sonya Marmeladova, a young woman from a good family

• Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov - a wealthy landowner in love with Dunya Raskolnikov, a depraved man
• Marfa Petrovna Svidrigailova - Svidrigailov's wife, a kind but eccentric woman
• The old pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna - an old woman who becomes a victim of Raskolnikov
• Lizaveta (Lizaveta Ivanovna) - the younger sister of an old pawnbroker, a weak-minded young woman who also becomes a victim of Raskolnikov
• Luzhin Petr Petrovich - the fiance of Dunya Raskolnikova, a mean and cunning man
• Lebezyatnikov Andrei Semenovich - a friend and ward of Luzhin, a stupid man of new, "progressive" views
• Razumikhin Dmitry Prokofievich (Vrazumikhin) - a friend of Raskolnikov, a kind, open and active young man
• Porfiry Petrovich - investigator investigating the murder of an old woman and her sister
• Zametov - clerk in a local office
• Nikodim Fomich - quarter warden
• Ilya Petrovich - assistant quarter warden
• Zosimov - an aspiring doctor, a friend of Razumikhin, Raskolnikov's attending physician
• Mikolka (Nikolai) - A dyer who takes the blame for the murder of an old woman
• Amalia Ivanovna Lippevehzel - the owner of the apartment where the Marmeladov family rents a room
• Nastasya is a maid in the house where Raskolnikov rents
• Daria Frantsevna - the mistress of the "obscene institution" where poor girls work
• Zarnitsyna is the mistress of the house where Raskolnikov rents
• Mitka - dyer, Mikolka's partner
• Afanasy Ivanovich Vakhrushin - a friend of the late father of Raskolnikov
• Dushkin - usurer, owner of a tavern

This was a list of all the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": the main and secondary characters of the work.

Heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment"

In the novel "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, the main characters are complex and contradictory characters. Their fate is closely connected with the conditions of life, the environment in which life takes place, and individual characteristics. It is possible to characterize the heroes of Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" only on the basis of their actions, since we do not hear the voice of the author in the work.

Rodion Raskolnikov - the main character of the novel

Rodion Raskolnikov- the central character of the work. The young man has an attractive appearance. “By the way, he was remarkably good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes, dark-haired, taller than average, thin and slender.” An outstanding mind, a proud character, sick pride and a beggarly existence are the reasons for the criminal behavior of the hero. Rodion highly appreciates his abilities, considers himself an exceptional person, dreams of a great future, but his financial situation depresses him. He has nothing to pay for his studies at the university, he does not have enough money to pay off his landlady. The young man's clothes attract the attention of passers-by with their shabby and old look. Trying to cope with the circumstances, Rodion Raskolnikov goes to kill the old pawnbroker. Thus, he tries to prove to himself that he belongs to the highest category of people and can step over blood. “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have a right,” he thinks. But one crime leads to another. An innocent poor woman dies. The hero theory of the right of a strong personality leads to a dead end. Only Sonya's love awakens in him faith in God, revives him to life. Raskolnikov's personality consists of opposite qualities. An indifferent cruel killer gives his last pennies for the funeral of an unfamiliar person, intervenes in the fate of a young girl, trying to save her from dishonor.

Minor characters

Images of heroes playing leading role in the narrative, become fuller and brighter as a result of describing their relationships with other people. Family members, friends, acquaintances, episodic persons that appear in the plot help to better understand the idea of ​​the work, to understand the motives of actions.

To make the appearance of the characters in the novel clearer to the reader, the writer uses various techniques. We get acquainted with a detailed description of the characters, delve into the details of the dreary interior of the apartments, consider the dull gray streets of St. Petersburg.

Sofia Marmeladova

Sofia Semyonovna Marmeladova- a young unfortunate creature. "Sonya was short, about eighteen years old, thin, but rather pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes." She is young, naive and very kind. Drunk father, sick stepmother, hungry stepsisters and brother - this is the environment in which the heroine lives. She is a shy and timid person, unable to stand up for herself. But this fragile creature is ready to sacrifice itself for the sake of loved ones. She sells the body, engaging in prostitution to help the family, goes after the convicted Raskolnikov. Sonya is a kind, selfless and deeply religious person. This gives her strength to cope with all the trials and find well-deserved happiness.

Semyon Marmeladov

Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich- no less significant character of the work. He is a former official, father of a family with many children. A weak and weak-willed person solves all his problems with the help of alcohol. A man dismissed from service dooms his wife and children to starvation. They live in a walk-through room in which there is almost no furnishings. Kids do not go to school, do not have a change of clothes. Marmeladov is able to drink away the last money, take the pennies earned from his eldest daughter in order to get drunk and get away from problems. Despite this, the image of the hero evokes pity and compassion, since the circumstances turned out to be stronger than him. He himself suffers from his vice, but cannot cope with it.

Avdotya Raskolnikova

Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova is the sister of the protagonist. A girl from a poor, but honest and decent family. Dunya is smart, well-educated, well-mannered. She is "remarkably pretty", which, unfortunately, attracts the attention of men. Character traits "she looked like a brother." Avdotya Raskolnikova, a proud and independent nature, resolute and purposeful, was ready to marry an unloved person for the sake of her brother's well-being. Self-esteem and hard work will help her to arrange her fate and avoid irreparable mistakes.

Dmitry Vrazumikhin

Dmitry Prokofievich Vrazumikhin- the only friend of Rodion Raskolnikov The poor student, unlike his friend, does not drop out of school. He earns a living by all available means and never ceases to hope for good luck. Poverty does not prevent him from making plans. Razumikhin is a noble man. He disinterestedly tries to help a friend, takes care of his family. Love for Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova inspires a young man, makes him stronger and more determined.

Pyotr Luzhin

Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin- a respectable, respectable middle-aged man of pleasant appearance. He is a successful businessman, the happy fiance of Dunya Raskolnikova, a rich and self-confident gentleman. In fact, under the mask of integrity hides a low and vile nature. Taking advantage of the girl's plight, he proposes to her. In his actions, Pyotr Petrovich is guided not by disinterested motives, but by own benefit. He dreams of a wife who would be slavishly submissive and grateful until the end of her days. For the sake of his own interests, he pretends to be in love, tries to slander Raskolnikov, accuse Sonya Marmeladova of stealing.

- one of the most mysterious faces in the novel. The owner of the house where Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova worked. He is cunning and dangerous to others. Svidrigailov is a vicious person. Being married, he tries to seduce Dunya. He is accused of killing his wife, seducing young children. The terrible nature of Svidrigailov is capable, oddly enough, of noble deeds. He helps Sonya Marmeladova justify herself, arranges the fate of orphaned children. Rodion Raskolnikov, having committed a crime, becomes like this hero, as he transgresses the moral law. It is no coincidence that in a conversation with Rodion, he says: "We are one field of berries."

Pulcheria Raskolnikova

Raskolnikova Pulcheria Alexandrovna- mother of Rodion and Dunya. The woman is poor, but honest. The person is kind and sympathetic. A loving mother, ready for any sacrifice and deprivation for the sake of her children.

F. M. Dostoevsky pays very little attention to some of his heroes. But they are necessary in the course of the story. Thus, the investigation process cannot be imagined without the smart, cunning, but noble investigator Porfiry Petrovich. Heals and understands psychological state Rodion during his illness, the young doctor Zosimov. An important witness to the weakness of the protagonist in the police station is the assistant to the quarter warden Ilya Petrovich. Luzhin's friend Andrei Semenovich Lebezyatnikov returns the good name to Sonya and exposes the false groom. The seemingly insignificant events associated with the names of these heroes play an important role in the development of the plot.

The meaning of episodic persons in the work

On the pages of the great work of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, we also meet other characters. The list of heroes of the novel is supplemented by episodic characters. Katerina Ivanovna, Marmeladov's wife, unfortunate orphans, a girl on the boulevard, Alena Ivanovna, the greedy old pawnbroker, ill Lizovet. Their appearance is not accidental. Each, even the most insignificant image, carries its own semantic load and serves to embody the author's intention. Important and necessary are all the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment", the list of which can be continued further.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment": description, characters, analysis of the novel

Crime and Punishment is the most famous novel by F.M. Dostoevsky, who made a powerful revolution in public consciousness. Writing a novel symbolizes the discovery of a higher, new stage in the work of a brilliant writer. In the novel, with the psychologism inherent in Dostoevsky, the path of the restless human soul through the thorns of suffering to comprehend the Truth is shown.

History of creation

The path of creation of the work was very difficult. The idea of ​​the novel with the underlying theory of the "superman" began to emerge during the writer's stay in hard labor, he matured over many years, but the very idea of ​​revealing the essence of "ordinary" and "extraordinary" people crystallized during Dostoevsky's stay in Italy .

The beginning of work on the novel was marked by the merging of two drafts - the unfinished novel "The Drunk Ones" and the outline of the novel, the plot of which is based on the confession of one of the convicts. Subsequently, the plot was based on the story of a poor student Rodion Raskolnikov, who killed an old pawnbroker for the benefit of his family. The life of the big city, full of dramas and conflicts, became one of the main images of the novel.

Fyodor Mikhailovich worked on the novel in 1865-1866, and almost immediately after graduating in 1866 it was published in the Russky Vestnik magazine. The response among reviewers and the literary community of that time was very stormy - from stormy admiration to sharp rejection. The novel was subjected to repeated dramatization and was subsequently filmed. The first theatrical production in Russia took place in 1899 (it is noteworthy that it was staged abroad 11 years earlier).

Description of the work



The action takes place in a poor area of ​​St. Petersburg in the 1860s. Rodion Raskolnikov, a former student, pawns the last valuable thing to an old pawnbroker. Filled with hatred for her, he plots a terrible murder. On the way home, he looks into one of the drinking establishments, where he meets the completely degraded official Marmeladov. Rodion listens to painful revelations about the unfortunate fate of his daughter, Sonya Marmeladova, forced by her stepmother to earn a living from her family by prostitution.

Soon Raskolnikov receives a letter from his mother and is horrified by the moral violence against his younger sister Dunya, which was perpetrated by the cruel and depraved landowner Svidrigailov. Raskolnikov's mother hopes to arrange the fate of her children by marrying Pyotr Luzhin, a very wealthy man, her daughter, but at the same time everyone understands that there will be no love in this marriage and the girl will again be doomed to suffering. Rodion's heart is torn with pity for Sonya and Dunya, and the thought of killing the hated old woman is firmly fixed in his mind. He is going to spend the pawnbroker's money, earned in an unrighteous way, for a good cause - the deliverance of suffering girls and boys from humiliating poverty.



Despite the aversion to bloody violence rising in his soul, Raskolnikov nevertheless commits a grave sin. In addition, in addition to the old woman, he kills her meek sister Lizaveta, an unwitting witness to a grave crime. Rodion barely manages to escape from the scene of the crime, while he hides the old woman's wealth in a random place, without even assessing their real value.

Raskolnikov's mental suffering causes social alienation between him and those around him, Rodion falls ill from experiences. Soon he learns that another person is accused of the crime he committed - a simple village boy Mikolka. A painful reaction to the conversations of others about the crime becomes too noticeable and suspicious.



Further, the novel describes the hard ordeals of the soul of a murderous student who is trying to find peace of mind, to find at least some moral justification for the crime committed. A light thread runs through the novel, Rodion's communication with the unfortunate, but at the same time kind and highly spiritual girl Sonya Marmeladova. Her soul is restless from the discrepancy between inner purity and the sinful way of life, and Raskolnikov finds a kindred spirit in this girl. Lonely Sonya and university friend Razumikhin become a support for the tortured former student Rodion.

Over time, the investigator in the murder case, Porfiry Petrovich, finds out the detailed circumstances of the crime and Raskolnikov, after long moral torment, recognizes himself as a murderer and goes to hard labor. Selfless Sonya does not leave her closest friend and goes after him, thanks to the girl, the spiritual transformation of the protagonist of the novel takes place.

The main characters of the novel



(Illustration by I. Glazunov Raskolnikov in his closet)

The duality of spiritual impulses lies in the name of the protagonist of the novel. His whole life is permeated with the question - will violations of the law be justified if they are committed in the name of love for others? Under the pressure of external circumstances, Raskolnikov in practice goes through all the circles of moral hell associated with murder in order to help loved ones. Catharsis comes thanks to the dearest person - Sonya Marmeladova, who helps to find peace for the soul of a restless student killer, despite the difficult conditions of hard labor.

Sonya Marmeladova



Wisdom and humility bear the image of this amazing, tragic, and at the same time sublime heroine. For the sake of the well-being of her neighbors, she trampled on the most precious thing she has - her female honor. Despite her way of earning, Sonya does not cause the slightest contempt, her pure soul, adherence to the ideals of Christian morality delight the readers of the novel. Being faithful and loving friend Rodion, she goes with him to the very end.

Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov



The mysteriousness and ambiguity of this character makes us once again think about the versatility of human nature. A cunning and vicious person on the one hand, by the end of the novel he shows his care and concern for his orphaned children and helps Sonya Marmeladova restore her damaged reputation.

Petr Luzhin



A successful entrepreneur, a person with a respectable appearance, makes a deceptive impression. Luzhin is cold, greedy, does not shun slander, he does not want love from his wife, but exclusively servility and humility.

Analysis of the work

The compositional construction of the novel is a polyphonic form, where the line of each of the main characters is multifaceted, self-sufficient, and at the same time actively interacts with the themes of other characters. Also, the features of the novel are the amazing concentration of events - the time frame of the novel is limited to two weeks, which, with such a significant volume, is a rather rare phenomenon in the world literature of that time.

The structural composition of the novel is quite simple - 6 parts, each of which, in turn, is divided into 6-7 chapters. A feature is the lack of synchronization of Raskolnikov's days with a clear and concise structure of the novel, which emphasizes the confusion of the main character's internal state. The first part describes three days of Raskolnikov's life, and from the second, the number of events increases with each chapter, reaching an amazing concentration.



Another feature of the novel is the hopeless doom and tragic fate of most of its characters. Until the end of the novel, only young characters will remain with the reader - Rodion and Dunya Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova, Dmitry Razumikhin.

Dostoevsky himself considered his novel "a psychological record of one crime", he is sure that mental anguish prevails over legal punishment. The protagonist departs from God and is carried away by the ideas of nihilism, popular at that time, and only by the end of the novel there is a return to Christian morality, the author leaves the hero with a hypothetical possibility of repentance.

Final conclusion

Throughout the novel Crime and Punishment, the worldview of Rodion Raskolnikov is transformed from close to Nietzsche, who was obsessed with the idea of ​​a “superman”, to a Christian one with his teachings about Divine love, humility and mercy. The social concept of the novel is closely intertwined with the gospel doctrine of love and forgiveness. The whole novel is imbued with a true Christian spirit and makes you perceive all the events and actions of people taking place in life through the prism of the possibility of spiritual transformation of mankind.

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List of heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": a brief description of the characters (table)



The novel "Crime and Punishment" by Dostoevsky gave world literature a lot of vivid images.

Among the most famous heroes of "Crime and Punishment" is the poor student Raskolnikov, the girl of the "obscene profession" Sonya Marmeladova, the drunken official Marmeladov, the scoundrel Luzhin, and others.

Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov is a former law student. A handsome, intelligent, educated, proud, but poor young man of 23 years old. He came to St. Petersburg to study 3 years ago from the provinces. A few months ago, he dropped out of school due to poverty. Raskolnikov commits the murder of an old pawnbroker in order to test his theory about ordinary and great people.

Alena Ivanovna, 60-year-old old money-lender, widow of a collegiate secretary. An evil, greedy, heartless woman. At home, she keeps something like a "pawnshop". People pawn their things with her in exchange for money. The old woman pays little and takes high interest, taking advantage of the needs of her clients. Raskolnikov is also a client of the old woman.

Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov, 50-year-old former official, drunkard. Kind, noble man. He started drinking a few years ago when he first lost his job. Because of his drunkenness, the Marmeladov family fell into poverty.

Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova, or Sonya, daughter of an official Marmeladov. The girl is about 18 years old. A meek, timid, selfless girl. Due to poverty, she is forced to do "obscene work" in order to feed the children of her stepmother Katerina Ivanovna. Sonya becomes a friend of Raskolnikov and his lover.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova, Raskolnikov's mother, is a beautiful, intelligent and kind woman of 43 years old. Lives in poverty with his daughter Dunya. He helps his son Rodion Raskolnikov with all his might. She was left a widow many years ago, madly in love with her son and daughter. After 3 years of separation from his son, he comes to St. Petersburg to marry his daughter Dunya to Luzhin and get rid of poverty.

Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova is the wife of the official Marmeladov and stepmother of Sonya Marmeladova. A woman of about 30 years old, smart, educated, from a good family. Apparently, a noblewoman by birth. She has three children from her first marriage. She married Marmeladov about 4 years ago, not for love, but because of poverty. She suffers heavily from her husband's drunkenness and eternal poverty. Lately she has been ill with consumption.

Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin is a man about 45 years old. Wears the rank of court adviser. Luzhin is a business man with money. He is going to open his law office in St. Petersburg. Luzhin wants to marry poor Duna Raskolnikova in order to feel like her master and savior. Luzhin is a greedy, prudent, vile and petty person. In the end, the wedding of Luzhin and Dunya is cancelled.

Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin (real name Vrazumikhin) is a young man, a student, a friend of Raskolnikov, a kind, open and noble person, a businesslike, hardworking man. Razumikhin falls in love with Dunya Raskolnikov and becomes her husband.

Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov is a landowner depraved by money and idleness at the age of about 50. Former sharpie. A widower, he was married to the landowner Marfa Petrovna. Svidrigailov is in love with Dunya, but she does not reciprocate. Svidrigailov is a madman, a tyrant, whose intentions are not always noble and pure. In the last days of his life, he commits "atypical", noble deeds, and then commits suicide.

Marfa Petrovna Svidrigailova - well wife of Mr. Svidrigailov. She is 5 years older than her husband. Dies at the age of about 55 under strange circumstances. In her death, many suspect her husband, Svidrigailov. Marfa Petrovna is an emotional, eccentric woman. In her will, she leaves Dunya 3,000 rubles as an inheritance. This money saves poor Dunya from poverty.

Andrei Semenovich Lebezyatnikov - a young man, an official, a friend of Luzhin. Luzhin is his former guardian. Lebezyatnikov serves in the ministry. He allegedly adheres to "progressive views", promotes communism, gender equality, etc., but does so inconsistently and absurdly.

Lizaveta, or Lizaveta Ivanovna - half-sister of the old pawnbroker on her father's side (they had different mothers). Lizaveta was 35 years old, she lived with her sister. She was clumsy, ugly and, apparently, mentally retarded, but kind, meek, unrequited. She was loved by those around her. Her old sister beat her and used her as a servant. Lizaveta was constantly pregnant - probably because of her dementia, she was "easy prey" for men.

Zosimov is a friend of Razumikhin, a young doctor who is engaged in the "treatment" of Raskolnikov. Zosimov is a stout tall young man of 27, slow, important and languid. He is a surgeon by profession, but at the same time he is interested in "mental illness". People around him consider him a difficult person, but they recognize him as a good doctor.

Alexander Grigoryevich Zametov - Razumikhin's friend, clerk (secretary) in the local office. He is 22 years old. He dresses in fashion, wears rings. According to Zosimov, Zametov takes bribes at work. Zametov and Raskolnikov meet in the office, where the latter comes at the request of the owner of the apartment. Between Raskolnikov and Zametov there is a serious conversation with Zametov about the murder of an old woman in a tavern.

Raskolnikov meets Nikodim Fomich when he comes to the office at the request of the landlady.

Porfiry Petrovich - investigator in the case of the murder of an old pawnbroker and her sister. Porfiry Petrovich is 35 years old. This is a smart, somewhat cunning, but at the same time a noble person. He has his own, "psychological" approach to investigating cases. You can call him a talented investigator. Porfiry puts pressure on Raskolnikov psychologically, having no official evidence against him. On the advice of Porfiry, Raskolnikov turns himself in.

Despite his explosive nature, Ilya Petrovich is a man of principles and considers himself first of all a citizen, and only then an official. Arriving at the office with a confession, Raskolnikov finds Ilya Petrovich there, to whom he confesses to the murder.

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Analysis of the images of the main characters in the novel "Crime and Punishment"

Analysis of the images of the main characters in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

The world of the main characters of the novel "Crime and Punishment" by F. M. Dostoevsky is the world of little people lost in a big city who are trying to find their place in the sun and warm themselves with love. Unusual and such vital, ambiguous and sometimes incomprehensible acts, the main characters of the novel reveal the essence of the work: the meaning of human life is in love and forgiveness.

Rodion Raskolnikov

Sonechka Marmeladova

Arkady Svidrigailov

• suspected of murder;
• blackmailer.

Mid 19th century. The poor district of St. Petersburg, adjacent to the Catherine Canal and Sennaya Square ("Crime and Punishment": the image of St. Petersburg" - a separate interesting topic). Summer evening. Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich, a former student, leaves his closet, located in the attic, and goes to Alena Ivanovna, an old money-lender, to take the mortgage - his last valuable thing. This is how Dostoevsky begins "Crime and Punishment", a summary of which we describe.

The main character intends to kill this old woman. Rodion stops by one of the cheap taverns on the way back. Here he accidentally gets acquainted with Marmeladov, who has lost his place, drunkenly. He tells Rodion how her husband's drunkenness, poverty and consumption pushed Katerina Ivanovna, his wife, to a cruel act - to send Sonya, his daughter from his first marriage, to the panel to earn money.

The thought of killing

The next morning, Raskolnikov receives a letter from his mother from the provinces describing the troubles that Dunya, his younger sister, suffered in the house of Svidrigailov, a depraved landowner. He also learns that his sister and mother will soon arrive in Petersburg, since a groom for Dunya was found here. This is Luzhin, a prudent businessman who wants to build a marriage not on love, but on the dependence and poverty of the bride. Raskolnikov's mother hopes that this person will help Rodion to graduate from the university. Thinking about the sacrifices that Dunya and Sonya make for the sake of their loved ones, Raskolnikov affirms his intention to kill Alena Ivanovna - this is an evil worthless "louse". After all, her money will save many young men and women from the undeserved suffering. But in Rodion's soul, the disgust for violence rises again after the dream that he sees. This is a memory of childhood: Raskolnikov sees the nag being beaten to death, and the boy's heart is filled with pity for her.

Raskolnikov commits the murder of Alena Ivanovna and Lizaveta

Rodion still not only kills Alena Ivanovna, but also Lizaveta, her meek, kind sister, who unexpectedly returned to the apartment. Having miraculously gone unnoticed, Raskolnikov hides the stolen goods in a random place, without even assessing its value.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" continues with the fact that soon the protagonist discovers with horror the alienation between himself and others. From the experience, Raskolnikov falls ill, but he cannot reject the burdensome worries of Razumikhin (university comrade). From a conversation with the doctor of the latter, the main character learns that the painter Mikolka has been arrested on suspicion of the murder of Alena Ivanovna. This is an ordinary country boy. Reacting painfully to talk about a crime committed, Rodion arouses suspicion among those around him.

Luzhin's visit

Luzhin, who came on a visit, is shocked by the furnishings of Rodion's closet. Their conversation gradually develops into a quarrel, after which it ends with a break. Raskolnikov is especially offended by the closeness of the conclusions that Luzhin draws from "reasonable egoism" - the protagonist's own "theory" that it is possible to kill people. Luzhin's theory seems vulgar to him.

Raskolnikov gives money to the Marmeladovs

A sick young man, wandering around St. Petersburg, suffers, feeling alienated from the world. At this time, the image of St. Petersburg reappears in the work "Crime and Punishment", periodically appearing in the novel. The protagonist was already ready to confess to the authorities in the crime. Suddenly, in the novel Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov notices a man crushed by a carriage. This is Marmeladov. Out of compassion, Rodion spends the last of his money on a dying man: the doctor is called, Marmeladov is transferred to the house. Here Raskolnikov meets Sonya and Katerina Ivanovna. Sonya, dressed as a prostitute, says goodbye to her father. The protagonist of the novel "Crime and Punishment" helped the Marmeladovs and, thanks to this good deed, felt for a short time a community with people. But, having met his sister and mother at his apartment, he suddenly realizes himself "dead" for the love of relatives and drives them rudely. Raskolnikov is alone again. He hopes to get closer to Sonya, who, like himself, has "stepped over" an absolute commandment.

Raskolnikov's visit to the investigator, his "theory"

Razumikhin takes care of Rodion's relatives. He falls in love almost at first sight with Dunya. The offended Luzhin, meanwhile, puts the bride before a choice: either her brother, or him. Rodion, as if in order to find out about the fate of the things pawned from the murdered woman, but in fact - in order to dispel the suspicions of some of his acquaintances, asks himself to meet with the investigator Porfiry Petrovich, who is conducting the murder case of Alena Ivanovna. Porfiry recalls Rodion's article "On Crime", published recently in the newspaper. He invites the author to explain the theory in which the idea of ​​"two categories of people" is developed. According to Raskolnikov, the "ordinary" majority is only material for the reproduction of the population. He needs a strict moral law and obedience. This category is "trembling creatures". There are also "higher" (actually people) who have the gift of a "new word". These people destroy the present in the name of the better, even if it is necessary for this to "step over" the moral norms established earlier for the "lower ones", for example, to kill a person. Then these "criminals" become the creators of new laws. That is, by not recognizing the laws that are spoken of in the Bible ("do not steal", "do not kill", etc.), Raskolnikov thereby "allows" some people to shed "blood in conscience." Porfiry, smart and insightful, unravels the ideological killer in the hero, who claims to be Napoleon. However, the investigator has no evidence against Rodion - and he lets him go in the hope that his good nature will win in him. This will lead to the fact that Raskolnikov himself confesses to his deed.

The hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment", according to the chapters described by us, gradually becomes more and more convinced that he made a mistake in himself. Rodion is tormented by the "meanness" and "vulgarity" of a single murder. He understands that he is a "trembling creature": having killed, he could not overstep the law of morality. The motives for the crime in the mind of Rodion are twofold: this is both an act of "justice" and a test of "the highest level" of oneself.

Meeting with Svidrigailov

Svidrigailov, who arrived in St. Petersburg after Dunya, apparently guilty of the recent death of his wife, meets Rodion Raskolnikov and says that they are "of the same field", only Rodion has not yet completely "defeated Schiller" in himself. Raskolnikov, with all his disgust for this man, is attracted by his apparent ability to enjoy life, although Svidrigailov, the hero of the novel Crime and Punishment, committed so many crimes ... The characterization of this character is presented below, after a brief summary.

Exposing Luzhin

A decisive explanation with Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin takes place during dinner in one of the cheap rooms. Luzhin, one of the two "twins" of Raskolnikov in the novel "Crime and Punishment", settled here out of economy with Dunya and his mother. An analysis of the character of this hero is also presented at the end of the article. The groom is accused of slandering Sonya and Raskolnikov. Luzhin allegedly gave Sonya money for base services, which were selflessly collected by his mother for his studies. The groom, expelled in disgrace, is looking for a way to discredit Rodion in the eyes of his mother and sister.

Raskolnikov visits Sonya

Meanwhile, Raskolnikov, once again feeling a painful alienation from his loved ones, decides to come to Sonya. He seeks salvation from loneliness from this girl who has transgressed the commandment. However, Sonya is not alone. For the sake of others (hungry sisters and brothers), she sacrificed herself. This was done to her not for her own sake, like Rodion. Compassion for loved ones, love, faith in God never left Sonya. She reads the gospel lines to the protagonist about how Jesus resurrected Lazarus, hoping that a miracle will happen in her life. The hero fails to captivate Sonya with his "Napoleonic" plan to dominate the "anthill".

Second meeting with Porfiry

Rodion, tormented by both the desire for exposure and fear, comes again to Porfiry, allegedly worrying about the mortgage. In the end, at first glance, an abstract conversation on the topic of the psychology of criminals brings the young man to a nervous breakdown. He practically impersonates Porfiry. Rodion is saved by the unexpected confession of the painter Mikolka in the murder of the pawnbroker.

The second exposure of Luzhin

A commemoration for the father and husband was held in the Marmeladovs' room. During them, Katerina Ivanovna insults the hostess of the apartment in a fit of morbid pride. This woman tells her to leave immediately with the children. Suddenly, Luzhin appears, who lives in the same house, and says that Sonya stole a hundred-ruble banknote from him. The "guilt" of the girl is proved: money is found in the pocket of her apron. In the eyes of others, she is now also a thief. However, suddenly there is a witness who says that Luzhin himself slipped Sonya a piece of paper. The slanderer is disgraced, and Raskolnikov explains the reasons for his act as follows: having humiliated Sonya and his brother in the eyes of Dunya, he wanted to return the favor of his bride.

Raskolnikov confesses to Sonya in the murder

"Crime and Punishment" chapter by chapter continues with the fact that Rodion confesses to Sonya in the murder. It happens in the following way. Raskolnikov goes to her apartment. Here the hero confesses to Sonya that he killed Lizaveta and the old woman. The girl pities Rodion for the moral torments to which he doomed himself. She offers Raskolnikov to atone for his guilt by hard labor, confessing everything voluntarily. Rodion, on the other hand, laments only that he turned out to be in fact a "trembling creature", with a need for love and conscience. He replies: "I'll still fight." Meanwhile, Katerina Ivanovna finds herself on the street with the children. She dies of a throat bleed after refusing a priest. Svidrigailov, who is present here, agrees to pay for the funeral, as well as provide for Sonya and the children.

Raskolnikov is found at home by Porfiry, who convinces him to turn himself in. The investigator does not believe that Mikolka is to blame. He only "accepted suffering", following the primordial people's need for atonement for the sin of inconsistency with Christ, his ideal.

However, Rodion still hopes to "transcend" morality. He sees before him the example of Svidrigailov. The sad truth is revealed to the hero by their meeting in the tavern: the life of this "villain" is empty and painful.

Dunya's reciprocity remains the only hope for Svidrigailov to return to God. Convinced that the girl does not love him, he commits suicide a few hours later. So this hero is eliminated from the work "Crime and Punishment". An analysis of this character will be made at the end of the article.

Raskolnikov decides to confess and says goodbye before that to Sonya and family. He still remains convinced that his "theory" is correct. Rodion is filled with contempt for himself. But, at the insistence of Sonya, Raskolnikov repentantly kisses the earth in front of the people, since he "sinned" before her. He learns at the police office that Svidrigailov committed suicide, after which he confesses to the murder of Alena Ivanovna.

Raskolnikov in Siberia

Dostoevsky continues his novel ("Crime and Punishment"). A summary of the events that took place in the epilogue of the work is as follows. Raskolnikov in Siberia, in prison. His mother died of grief, and Dunya married Razumikhin. Sonya settled near the main character and visits him, patiently enduring his indifference and gloom. And here the nightmare of alienation continues: the convicts from the common people hate him, considering them "godless". To Sonya, on the contrary, they treat with love and tenderness, which we learn about by reading the epilogue. "Crime and Punishment" in this part of the work also describes another dream of Raskolnikov. Rodion, once in the prison hospital, has a dream that resembles pictures from the Apocalypse. Inhabiting people, the mysterious "trichinas" give rise in them to a fanatical conviction that they are right and intolerant of the opinions of others. In senseless rage, people killed each other until the entire human race was exterminated, except for a few "chosen ones." Finally, it is revealed to Rodion that pride of the mind leads to death and discord, and humility of the heart is the path to the fullness of life and unity in love. In the hero, "endless love" awakens for Sonya. He takes the gospel into his hands on the threshold of his "resurrection" for a new life.

Thus ends Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment. The summary does not describe in detail the relationship between the characters in the novel. For this purpose, we decided to supplement the article with a description of the main characters. We present you the images created by Dostoevsky.

"Crime and Punishment": the heroes of the work

In the system of characters, Raskolnikov occupies a central place, since it is to him that the main lines of the story lead. The image of Raskolnikov connects various situations and episodes of the novel. The rest of the characters appear on the stage primarily because they are needed to characterize Rodion. They make him argue, worry about them, sympathize, cause the main character to have a whole stream of various emotions and impressions. This is how the image of Raskolnikov is revealed.

The system of characters in this work is dynamic. The ratio of actors and heroes who have left the stage in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is constantly changing. Analyzing the work, one can notice that some of them cease to participate in the development of the novel, while others, on the contrary, appear. So, Marmeladov dies (part two, chapter seven), Katerina Ivanovna (part five, chapter five), Luzhin appears for the last time in the fifth part (chapter three), Porfiry Petrovich - in the sixth (chapter two), and Svidrigailov decides to shoot himself in sixth part (chapter six).

The character system changes significantly as the epilogue begins. "Crime and Punishment" becomes a work in which only two characters remain. This is Rodion and Sonya. This is due both to the eventful side of the novel, and to the fact that it is Sonya, according to the author's intention, who should play in the fate of Raskolnikov. special role, to help this hero be reborn to a new life in the finale of the work "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov returning to God and people.

The characters, each in their own way, reveal various aspects of Rodion's personality. Raskolnikov's relationship with his mother, sister, Svidrigailov, Luzhin, Marmeladovs, Razumikhin, Porfiry Petrovich, Sonya can be described as conflict. Raskolnikov has an outward resemblance to many of them (material and social position, relations with conscience and law). However, internal differences (psychological, moral, ideological) are more important, which do not allow Rodion to lead a life similar to the one they lead.

Raskolnikov has two spiritual "doubles". In the novel Crime and Punishment, these heroes are Svidrigailov and Luzhin. These two characters have a lot in common with the main character. They are united, for example, by the principle of permissiveness. However, the resemblance of the protagonist to his "doubles" is purely external. You can verify this by comparing the moral character and worldview of these two characters with the inner appearance of Raskolnikov.

Rodion has his own way in life. A number of possibilities open before him. He may try to atone for his guilt by repenting, or follow the path of crime to the end. Rodion has to make a choice. Various life opportunities are represented by the secondary characters of the novel. Raskolnikov can reject them or accept them in the work "Crime and Punishment".

Marmeladova Sonya is the moral antipode of Rodion. However, these heroes have something in common: both of them are outcasts, both are lonely. Raskolnikov feels this, telling the girl that they are "cursed together." He is drawn to Sonya, as she is the only person who can understand him in Crime and Punishment. Sonya is the only one to whom Rodion is ready to fully reveal his soul. The hero is horrified by the thought of the possibility of telling someone else his secret, even a close person (Razumikhin, mother, sister). Therefore, it is to her that he confesses to the murder, and it is this heroine who follows the protagonist of the work "Crime and Punishment" to "hard labor". Sonya is capable of self-sacrifice, it is through her that this theme is largely revealed in the work.

"Crime and Punishment" is a novel about faith and love. Sonya understood with her heart in the confession of this hero the most important thing: Rodion is suffering, he is unhappy. The girl did not understand anything in his theory, but she felt that it was unfair. Sonya did not believe that there was a "right to kill." The girl, despite all the misfortunes experienced, kept her faith in God. Therefore, it can be called a criminal only outwardly. She chose a different path than Rodion. This is humility before God, not rebellion. It is he who, according to Dostoevsky, leads to salvation. Sonya, resigned, saves not only herself, but also the main character. It was love for this girl that opened up the opportunity for Rodion to come to terms with people, with life. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the attitude of the convicts towards him changed after a meeting with Sonya.

Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov is one of the central characters in the work. This is a nobleman who served in the cavalry for two years. After that, he was a sharper in St. Petersburg. Having connected his life with Marfa Petrovna, who bought him out of prison, he lived in the village for seven years. This is a cynic who loves debauchery. A number of serious crimes lies on his conscience. This is the suicide of Philip, the servant, as well as the 14-year-old girl who was insulted by him. Perhaps Svidrigailov also poisoned his own wife. As if the nightmare of the protagonist generated the image of this double of Raskolnikov. He, unlike Rodion, is on the other side of good and evil. At first glance, Svidrigailov has no doubts. That is why he is so worried about the main character, who feels that Arkady Ivanovich has power over him, that he is mysterious. The moral law no longer has power over Svidrigailov. He is free, but it does not bring him joy. Arkady Ivanovich is left with only vulgarity and worldly boredom. Trying to overcome it, he has fun as he can. Ghosts appear to him at night: the servant Philip, Marfa Petrovna ... The indistinguishability of good and evil renders this hero meaningless. Therefore, it is no coincidence that eternity appears to Svidrigailov in the form of a village bathhouse with spiders. His soul is practically dead. The hero, in the end, decides to shoot himself with a gun.

The second "double" of Raskolnikov is Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin. "Crime and Punishment" is a novel in which he is presented as a type of "capitalist" and businessman. He is 45 years old. This is a portly, prim, with a squeamish and cautious physiognomy. He is arrogant and sullen. Luzhin dreams of opening a law office in St. Petersburg. This hero highly values ​​his abilities and his mind. After reading the novel "Crime and Punishment", you will see that he is used to admiring them. However, Luzhin values ​​money most of all. In the name of "economic truth" and "science" he defends progress. Luzhin preaches from other people's words, as he has heard enough of the speeches of Lebezyatnikov, his friend, a progressive. He believes that you should love yourself first of all, since everything is based on personal interest.

Luzhin, struck by the education and beauty of Dunya Raskolnikova, proposes to this girl. His pride is flattered by the thought that she, having experienced many misfortunes, will obey him all her life and revere him. Luzhin, moreover, hopes that Dunya's charm will help his career. This hero lives in St. Petersburg with Lebezyatnikov in order to "seek out" the youth, thus insuring himself against unexpected demarches on their part. Feeling hatred for Raskolnikov, who kicked him out, Luzhin ("Crime and Punishment") tries to quarrel with his sister and mother. He gives Sonya 10 rubles during the commemoration, after which he slips another 100 into her pocket unnoticed in order to publicly accuse the girl of stealing. However, he is forced to retreat, exposed by Lebezyatnikov.

"Crime and Punishment" the main characters of the novel went down in history and are quite multifaceted.

"Crime and Punishment" main characters

In total, there are more than 90 characters in the novel, of which about 10 are central, having sharply defined characters, views, and an important role in the development of the plot.

The protagonist of "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov, a student expelled from the institute for non-payment.

Old woman, Alena Ivanovna,- pawnbroker, with whom he pawns his things.

Svidrigailov Arkady Ivanovich- “Fifty years old ... His hair, still very thick, was completely blond and a little bit gray-haired, and a wide, thick beard, descending like a shovel, was even lighter than his head hair. His eyes were blue and looked coldly, intently and thoughtfully; red lips"

Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladov's wife She is about thirty years old. After the death of her drunken husband, she was left with three children in her arms and in poverty.

Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov- titular adviser.

Sofia Marmeladov - daughter of Semyon Marmeladov. The girl is 18 years old. Sonya's crimes are sacrificial in nature, as she goes to the panel for the sake of loved ones who die in poverty. Sonya is trying to show Raskolnikov the right path by reading him the Gospel. Sonya feels love and compassion for Rodion, therefore, without hesitation, she shares his fate with him and goes with him to Siberia. At the end of the novel, Rodion finally understands what happiness it is that such a girl loves him.

Dunya Raskolnikova- the sister of the protagonist Rodion. She is young, attractive and graceful, and therefore is not deprived of attention from the opposite sex. She is 22. Dunya is strong in character and self-confident. In her desire to marry Luzhin, she rather pursues the goal of not getting rich, but somehow helping her brother with his studies.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova- mother of Rodion and Dunya; needy widow and defenseless woman aged 43. The woman is tormented by the alienated behavior of her son. She does not know about Rodion's crime, but she guesses that something is tormenting him. She and Dunya (Avdotya Romanovna) somehow earn a living and help their son Rodion with money so that he does not drop out of school. She, despite her mature age, retained her former beauty. Although she dressed poorly, she always looked neat and dignified. Before her death, the heroine managed to bless her daughter Dunya to marry Razumikhin.

Luzhin Petr Petrovich arrogant man 45 years old. Luzhin is a businessman who, first of all, seeks benefits for himself in everything. Luzhin cannot truly love, he only wants to possess. He looks at Dunya as a beautiful thing that can be bought.

Razumikhin- the only true friend of Raskolnikov. The real name of the hero is Vrazumikhin, one everyone calls him Razumikhin. He is the same poor student as Raskolnikov, but a nobleman by birth.

Lizaveta- sister of Alena Ivanovna. The novel says about her "a tall, clumsy, timid and humble girl, almost an idiot, 35 years old, unmarried, who was in complete slavery to her sister."

Porfiry Petrovich- This is an investigator leading the case of the murder of an old usurer.

"Crime and Punishment" is an acutely social and psychological work in which Dostoevsky shows possible reasons crime, the state of the hero before preparing for it, and then, after committing the crime. It also shows the hero's path to repentance. The novel is multifaceted, it shows the complex fate of other characters. The work shows the existence of the poorest strata of the urban community, the process of its stratification.

Rodion Raskolnikov- the main character of "Crime and Punishment", a student. He was very poor and owed money to the landlady. He dressed badly and from that he was very complex, experienced self-doubt. Raskolnikov was a noble man. In the depths of his soul, he condemned Marmeladov and his wife for accepting Sonya's sacrifice. “A scoundrel is a man - he gets used to everything. He himself refuses to accept Dunya's self-sacrifice. He feels that his mother is restless, as if justifying himself to him. He understands that Dunya does not love Luzhin and does not want her to marry this "Business Man".

Raskolnikov's act was influenced by several factors that in some incomprehensible way came together:

• a conversation he overheard in a tavern, where a certain student expressed to his friend the idea of ​​the uselessness of the old woman and the need to kill her.
• Meeting with Lizaveta on the Sennaya, where he wandered quite by accident.

Alena Ivanovna- the widow of a collegiate registrar, an old pawnbroker. Evil, capricious, Gives four times less than the cost of the thing, and takes five and even seven percent a month, etc. Raskolnikov pledged his things to her, and lived on this until his mother could send him money.

Lizaveta Ivanovna, her sister, who lived with Alena Ivanovna. Old maid 35 years old, tall, timid, clumsy. She worked day and night for her older sister.

Marmeladov- "looked like a retired official." Titular Advisor. A weak-willed and weak-willed drunkard. He was hired on the condition that he stop drinking, but he only lasted until his first paycheck. And broke again.

Katerina Ivanovna, Marmeladov's wife, a terribly thin woman, thin, rather tall and slender, still with beautiful dark blond hair and indeed her cheeks reddened to spots. A sick woman, embittered from poverty and adversity, behaved with her stepdaughter like the most vicious stepmother. Cruelly, and reproached with a piece of bread. And when Sonya sold her virginity and brought 30 rubles, Katerina Ivanovna repented of the girl for pushing her to take this step. Katerina Ivanovna is not one of those who faint from trifles. When the crushed husband was brought in, she, despite her illness and weakness, put a pillow under his head, began to undress him and examine him. She was efficient and collected.

Sofya Semyonovna, Marmeladov's own daughter- unanswerable and her voice is so meek ... blond, her face is always pale, thin. Tired of the reproaches of her stepmother, she decided to sell herself. She was still a very young girl, almost like a girl, with a modest and decent manner, with a clear, but, as it were, somewhat frightened face.

Nastasya- cook and maid. The woman sympathized with Rodion, secretly fed him from the hostess.

Pulcheria Aleksandrovna Raskolnikova - Mother of Rodion. The woman is pious, kind. To the best of her ability, she supported her son with money in his studies. Pulcheria Alexandrovna was 43 years old, her face retained traces of its former attractiveness. The woman looked younger than her years. She retained the clarity of spirit, the true warmth of the heart and the freshness of impressions. Pulcheria Alexandrovna was timid and compliant, but to a certain extent.

Avdotya Romanovna, Dunya - Raskolnikov's sister - the girl is firm, prudent, patient and generous, although with an ardent heart. Dunya is strong in spirit. Tonga steadfastly withstood all the charges brought against her. She worked as a maid in the house of the merchant Svidrigailov, who began to offer her an intimate relationship, but Dunya rejected him. Dunya, like Sonechka Marmeladova, is ready to sacrifice herself for the sake of her mother and brother, and marry Luzhin. Dunya was good-looking, tall, slender, self-confident. Her self-confidence was expressed in her every gesture, however, she was not devoid of softness and grace. She looked like a brother, and you could call her beautiful. Her hair was dark brown, a little lighter than her brother's; eyes almost black, sparkling, proud, and at the same time sometimes, at times, unusually kind. Her face shone with freshness and health, her mouth was small, and her lower lip protruded slightly forward, which gave her face a certain piquancy.

Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin- Court counselor. He is a trustworthy and wealthy person, serves in two places and already has his own capital. True, he is already forty-five years old, but he is rather pleasant-looking and women can still like him, and in general he is a very respectable and decent person, only a little gloomy and, as it were, arrogant. But behind the outer mask of a respectable person, self-interest and meanness are hidden. He does not like Dunya at all. But in it he is attracted by the opportunity to get a slave wife. For the sake of the bride and his mother, Luzhin did not deserve to spend money on the road and normal housing. He slandered Sonechka Marmeladova, accusing her of theft, slandered Rodion.

Razumikhin, or Dmitry Prokofievich Vrazumikhin Comrade Raskolnikov. He was an unusually cheerful and sociable fellow, kind to the point of simplicity. However, under this simplicity both depth and dignity lurked. He was not stupid, he found opportunities to earn his living. He was infinitely patient, and under no circumstances gave up. At the moment, he was forced to leave his studies, but he was looking for opportunities and means to continue his studies. Razumikhin fell in love with Avdotya Romanovna at first sight.

Porfiry Petrovich- an investigator, a decent person, smart, insightful. With his worldly experience and knowledge, he managed to understand and unravel which of Alena Ivanovna's pawnbrokers was that killer.

The further fate of the main characters of the novel is interesting. Rodion Raskolnikov was sentenced to 8 years in hard labor. Sonya followed him. The convicts loved her as if they were their own. She wrote them letters home, visiting wives, mistresses, mothers, left money and things for their men with her. In the second year of hard labor in Rodion, a spiritual renewal took place, he began to look to the future with hope, the meaning of life appeared.

Dunya married Razumikhin. Thanks to Sonya, who wrote to them every month, they knew about the fate and state of mind of Rodion.

"Crime and Punishment" a brief description of heroes of Dostoevsky's novel is described in this article.

"Crime and Punishment" characterization of heroes

Rodion Raskolnikov

A poor but capable student from St. Petersburg, Rodion Raskolnikov, is obsessed with an idea that takes its roots in humanism and the universal sense of being: will violations of the law be justified if they are done in the name of humanity? External circumstances (poverty and the sister’s forced decision to marry of convenience) push Rodion to test his own theory in practice: he kills an old pawnbroker and her sister Lizaveta, who was pregnant at that time. It is from this moment that the ordeals of poor Raskolnikov begin:

• even physically he cannot cope with the test: for several days after the murder he lies delirious;
• upon the fact of the murder, the investigator begins to call him and interrogate him: suspicions torment the student, he loses peace, sleep, appetite;
• but the most important ordeal is the conscience, which demands retribution for the bloody crime committed by Raskolnikov.

Rodion finds support in family and love - it is these two values ​​that Dostoevsky puts at the forefront: only thanks to his mother, sister Avdotya and Sonechka, with whom Rodion falls in love, he nevertheless comes to the conclusion that for every crime a person must suffer punishment. He himself comes to the investigator and confesses to the murder. After the trial, Sonechka follows him to the Siberian penal servitude. Neither relatives nor friends refuse him - this is the sacrifice and the forgiveness that elevates a person. Sonechka Marmeladova helps Rodion to come to the realization of his own guilt and decide on a voluntary confession.

Sonechka Marmeladova

Various female images are found in Russian literature, but Sonya Marmeladova is the most tragic and at the same time the most sublime heroine:

• instead of the contempt that a prostitute should inspire, Sonya is pretty and delightful in her self-sacrifice: after all, she goes to earn with her body for the sake of her family;
• instead of a vulgar and rude street selling woman, the reader sees a modest, meek, quiet girl who is ashamed of her own occupation, but cannot change anything;
• At first, Raskolnikov hates her, because he feels that he is irresistibly attracted to her: he is attracted so strongly that he is forced to tell her first about his atrocity, but then he realizes that it is Sonechka who is the salvation that the Lord sent him as a consolation.

Sonechka goes hand in hand with Rodion throughout the novel. Her faith, sacrifice, meekness and light, pure love helps the main character understand the meaning of human existence. To understand the terrible mistake that Raskolnikov made, allows another central image of the novel - Svidrigailov.

Arkady Svidrigailov

Svidrigailov is the ideological counterpart of Raskolnikov, on the example of which Dostoevsky shows what Rodion's theory did to a person when everything is allowed to him:

• Svidrigailov - depraved and vulgar, albeit a nobleman;
• suspected of murder;
• blackmailer.

And at the same time, he is lonely and cannot bear the weight of his own sins: he commits suicide. This is what Sonechka saves her Rodion from.

The system of main images in the novel is such that the characters complement each other and make their own adjustments to the ideological structure of the novel: if not for one of them, the system would collapse. It is impossible to categorically divide everyone into good and bad: the heart of every person is an arena where good and evil fight daily. Which of them will win is up to the individual to decide. It is this struggle that is shown in the novel with the help of the main characters, helping the reader to correctly understand the thought of the great Dostoevsky.

Alena Ivanovna- a collegiate registrar, pawnbroker, “... a tiny, dry old woman, about sixty years old, with sharp and angry eyes, with a small pointed nose ... Her blond, slightly graying hair was oiled with grease. On her thin and long neck, like a chicken leg, some kind of flannel rag was wrapped around, and on her shoulders, despite the heat, all the tattered and yellowed fur katsaveyka dangled. Her portrayal should evoke disgust and thereby, as it were, partly justify the idea of ​​Raskolnikov, who bears mortgages on her and then kills her. The character is a symbol of worthless and even harmful life. However, according to the author, she is also a person, and violence against her, as against any person, even in the name of noble goals, is a crime of the moral law.

Amalia Ivanovna (Amalia Ludwigovna, Amalia Fedorovna)- the landlady of the Marmeladovs, as well as Lebezyatnikov and Luzhin. She is in constant conflict with Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova, who in moments of anger calls her Amalia Ludwigovna, which causes her sharp irritation. Invited to Marmeladov's commemoration, she reconciles with Katerina Ivanovna, but after the scandal provoked by Luzhin, she tells her to move out of the apartment.

Zametov Alexander Grigorievich- clerk in the police office, comrade Razu-mikhina. “About twenty-two, with a swarthy and mobile physiognomy, who seemed older than her ice, dressed in fashion and a veil, with a parting on the back of her head, combed and unwashed, with many rings and rings on her white brushed fingers and gold chains on her waistcoat.” Together with Razumikhin, he comes to Raskolnikov during his illness immediately after the murder of the old woman. He suspects Raskolnikov, although he pretends that he is simply interested in him. Accidentally meeting him in a tavern, Raskolnikov teases him by talking about the murder of an old woman, and then suddenly stuns him with the question: “What if I killed the old woman and Lizaveta?” Colliding these two characters, Dostoevsky compares two different modes of existence - the intense search for Raskolnikov and the well-fed philistine vegetative life like Zametov's.

Zosimov- doctor, Razumikhin's friend. He is twenty seven years old. "... A tall and fat man, with a puffy and colorless-pale, smooth-shaven face, with blond straight hair, wearing glasses and with a large gold ring on a finger swollen with fat." Self-confident, knows his own worth. "His manner was slow, as if languid and at the same time learned-but-cheeky." Brought by Razumikhin during Raskolnikov's illness, later he himself is interested in his condition. He suspects Raskolnikov of insanity and sees nothing further than this, absorbed in his idea.

Ilya Petrovich (Gunpowder)- "lieutenant, assistant quarter warden, with a reddish mustache protruding horizontally in both directions and with extremely small features, however, nothing special, except for some impudence, did not express." Raskolnikov is rude and aggressive when called to the police about non-payment of a bill of exchange, causing a protest in him and provoking a scandal. During his confession, Raskolnikov finds him in a more benevolent mood and therefore does not dare to confess right away, he comes out and only the second time makes a confession, which plunges I.P. into a daze.

Katerina Ivanovna- Marmeladov's wife. From among the "humiliated and offended." Thirty years. A thin, rather tall and slender woman, with beautiful dark blond hair, with consumptive spots on her cheeks. Her gaze is sharp and motionless, her eyes shine as if in a fever, her lips are parched, her breathing is uneven and intermittent. Daughter of a court counselor. She was brought up at the provincial noble institute, graduated from it with a gold medal and a certificate of merit. She married an infantry officer, fled with him from her parents' house. After his death, she was left with three young children in poverty. As Marmeladov characterizes her, "... the lady is hot, proud and adamant." Compensates for the feeling of humiliation with fantasies in which she herself believes. In fact, he forces his stepdaughter Sonechka to go to the panel, and after that, feeling guilty, they will bow before her self-sacrifice and suffering. After the death of Marmeladov, he arranges a commemoration with the last of his money, trying in every possible way to demonstrate that her husband and she herself are quite respectable people. Constantly in conflict with the landlady Amalia Ivanovna. Despair deprives her of reason, she takes the children and leaves the house to beg, forcing them to sing and dance, and soon dies.

Lebezyatnikov Andrey Semenovich- ministerial officer “... A thin and scrofulous little man, small in stature, who served somewhere and strangely blond, with sideburns in the form of cutlets, of which he was very proud. On top of that, his eyes hurt almost constantly. His heart was rather soft, but his speech was very self-confident, and sometimes even extremely arrogant, which, in comparison with his figure, almost always came out funny. The author says about him that he "... was one of that countless and diverse legion of vulgar, dead bastards and petty tyrants who have not studied everything, who instantly stick to the most fashionable walking idea, in order to immediately vulgarize it, in order to instantly caricature everything that they sometimes they serve most sincerely.” Luzhin, trying to join the latest ideological trends, actually chooses L. as his "mentor" and expounds his views. L. is incompetent, but kind in character and honest in his own way: when Luzhin puts a hundred rubles in Sonya's pocket to accuse her of stealing, L. exposes him. The image is somewhat caricatured.

Lizaveta- the younger, half-sister of the pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna. “... A tall, clumsy, timid and humble girl, almost an idiot, thirty-five years old, who was in complete slavery to her sister, worked for her day and night, trembled before her and even suffered beatings from her.” A swarthy kind face. He does laundry and mends clothes. Before the murder, she knew Raskolnikov, washed his shirts. She was also on friendly terms with Sonechka Marmeladova, with whom she even exchanged crosses. Raskolnikov accidentally eavesdrops on her conversation with familiar philistines, from which he learns that the old pawnbroker will be left at home alone at seven o'clock the next day. A little earlier, in a tavern, he accidentally overheard a frivolous conversation between a young officer and a student, where it was, in particular, about L. - that although she is ugly, many people like her - “so quiet, meek, unrequited, agreeable, agreeing to everything” and therefore always pregnant. During the murder of the pawnbroker, L. unexpectedly returns home and also becomes a victim of Raskolnikov. It is the Gospel donated by her that Sonya reads to Raskolnikov.

Luzhin Petr Petrovich- type of businessman and "capitalist". He is forty five years old. Prim, portly, with a cautious and obese physiognomy. Sullen and arrogant. Wants to open a law office in St. Petersburg. Having escaped from insignificance, he highly appreciates his mind and abilities, he is used to admiring himself. However, L. values ​​money most of all. He defends progress "in the name of science and economic truth". He preaches from other people's words, which he heard from his friend Lebezyatnikov, from young progressives: “Science says: love, first of all, only yourself, for everything in the world is based on personal interest ... private affairs ... the more solid grounds for him, and the more the common cause is arranged in him.

Struck by the beauty and education of Dunya Raskolnikova, L. proposes to her. His pride is flattered by the thought that a noble girl who has experienced many misfortunes will revere and obey him all her life. In addition, L. hopes that "the charm of a lovely, virtuous and educated woman" will help his career. In St. Petersburg, L. lives with Lebezyatnikov - with the aim of "just in case, running ahead" and "seeking out" from the youth, thereby securing himself against any unexpected demarches on her part. Driven out by Raskolnikov and hating him, he tries to quarrel with his mother and sister, to provoke a scandal: during the wake of Marmeladov, he gives Sonechka ten rubles, and then imperceptibly puts another hundred rubles into her pocket, in order to publicly accuse her of theft a little later. Exposed by Lebezyatnikov, he is forced to shamefully retreat.

Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich- titular adviser, sonechka's father. “He was a man already in his fifties, of medium height and solid build, with gray hair and a large bald head, with a yellow, even greenish face swollen from constant drunkenness, and with swollen eyelids, because of which tiny slits shone, but animated reddish eyes. But there was something very strange about him; in his eyes, it was as if even enthusiasm shone - perhaps there was both sense and intelligence - but at the same time, it seemed like madness flickered. He lost his place "by changing states" and from that moment began to drink.

Raskolnikov meets M. in a tavern, where he tells him his life and confesses his sins - that he drinks and drank his wife's things, that his own daughter Sonechka went to the bar because of poverty and his drunkenness. Realizing all his insignificance and deeply repenting, but not having the strength to overcome himself, the hero nevertheless tries to elevate his own weakness to the world drama, ornate and even making theatrical gestures, which are intended to show his not completely lost nobility. “Sorry! why pity me! Marmeladov suddenly yelled, getting up with his hand outstretched forward, in resolute inspiration, as if he had only been waiting for these words ... "Raskolnikov accompanies him home twice: the first time drunk, the second time - crushed by horses. The image is associated with one of the main themes of Dostoevsky's work - poverty and humiliation, in which a person who gradually loses dignity dies and clings to him with all his last strength.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" by F.M. Dostoevsky for literature lessons, preparation for the Unified State Examination and the OGE in the Russian language and literature.

Crime and punishment: images.

The image of Raskolnikov

Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich

Former student of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. Raskolnikov's father has long been dead. Once Raskolnikov had a younger brother (who died six months old), whom he did not remember, but visiting the cemetery as a child, "religiously and reverently baptized" over his grave.

Raskolnikov did not see his mother and sister, who lived in the provinces, for almost three years. Pulcheria Alexandrovna worries: has her son been visited by “the newest fashionable unbelief”, does he still pray, does he believe in “the grace of our Creator and Redeemer”? According to the information provided by Razumikhin to the investigation, Raskolnikov “when he was at the university” kept for six months “from the last means” a poor and consumptive university comrade, after whose death he looked after his “old and relaxed father”; “finally placed this old man in the hospital, and when he also died, he buried him.” Raskolnikov's landlady, the mother of his deceased fiancee, testifies that "during a fire, at night, he pulled two small children out of one apartment, already on fire, and was burned at the same time."

Outwardly Raskolnikov " remarkably good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes, dark blond, taller than average, thin and slender».

Razumikhin, who has known Raskolnikov for a year and a half, gives him the following description:

« Gloomy, gloomy, arrogant and proud; lately (and perhaps much earlier) hypochondriacal hypochondriac. Magnanimous and kind... Sometimes... cold and insensitive to the point of inhumanity... as if in him two opposing characters alternate in turn».

Raskolnikov's mother says to her daughter: "... You are the most perfect portrait of him, and not so much in face as in soul: both of you are melancholic, both gloomy and quick-tempered, both arrogant and both magnanimous...»

From a letter from Pulcheria Alexandrovna to Raskolnikov (from R-th province) we learn that he “has already left the university for several months, for lack of something to support himself”, that his “lessons and other means” have stopped.

After leaving the university, Raskolnikov "for some time" has been "in an irritable and tense state, similar to hypochondria." He withdraws into himself, retires "from everyone, like a turtle in its shell." Crushed by poverty, Raskolnikov falls very much. He lives in a closet that looks like a coffin, he has not paid for the apartment for a long time and avoids meeting with the mistress. The humiliated position - “he was so poorly dressed that another, even a familiar person, would be ashamed to go out into the street in such rags during the day” - strengthens Raskolnikov's feeling of “evil contempt” for the world around him; every now and then an expression of "deepest disgust" flickers in the fine features of his face. Raskolnikov's condition testifies to the absorption of his whole being by some important, obsessive idea and concern.

At about the same time - "six months ago, when he left the university" - Raskolnikov wrote "about one book" an article "On Crime", which four months later appeared in the newspaper "Periodical speech".

The article examined the mental state of the offender during the commission of a crime, accompanied by "always illness". The “main idea” of the article was that all “people, according to the law of nature, are generally divided into two categories: into the lowest (ordinary), that is ... material that serves only for the birth of their own kind, and actually into people, then there are those who have the gift or talent to say a new word in their midst. The first category - "the master of the present" - saves the world and increases it numerically. People of this category, "by nature conservative, orderly," love and "are obliged to be obedient."

They " for that only they exist in the world to ... push themselves and finally give birth ... to a somewhat independent person».

The second category - "master of the future" - moves the world and leads it to the "goal". As a rule, people of this type - "the legislators and establishers of mankind" - demand "the destruction of the present in the name of the better." They have "the right to allow their conscience to step over ... "for their idea" "through the blood", to eliminate "... ten or a hundred people in order to make their discoveries known to all mankind." All of them "break the law" (it is "not written" for them) and by their nature must be "certainly criminals." Such "genius people" are born one at a time "out of millions, and great geniuses, the finalizers of mankind, perhaps after many thousands of millions of people on earth." Raskolnikov’s theory, which allows “blood according to conscience,” according to Razumikhin and Porfiry Petrovich, is more terrible than the “official”, “legal” permission to “shed blood”.

"A month and a half ago" Raskolnikov used the address of the old pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna, which had been communicated to him back in the winter by a friend of his student Pokorev; he demolished a gold ring given by his sister and felt at first sight an "irresistible disgust" for the pawnbroker. Leaving her, Raskolnikov accidentally heard in a tavern between an unfamiliar student and a young officer an "insignificant" conversation, which had an extraordinary impact on his further actions. The student expressed the idea that "the life of this consumptive, stupid and evil old woman", rich, but taking seven percent a month from mortgages and "jamming" the life of her unrequited younger (half-sister) Lizaveta, - "on the general scales" means "not more like the life of a louse, a cockroach.” He suggested that the officer "for justice" kill the old woman, and with her money, "doomed to the monastery", to do "a hundred, a thousand good deeds and undertakings", devote himself "to the service of all mankind" and thereby make amends for his "tiny crime". The idea of ​​killing an old pawnbroker, backed up by a "theory" that allows "blood according to conscience", takes possession of Raskolnikov's entire being

The confession of the "drunk" Marmeladov, who read in the person of Raskolnikov "as if some kind of grief" about the fate of his ill-fated family; a letter from his mother, from which it becomes clear to Raskolnikov that she and sister Dunya are ready to “sacrifice” themselves for him; a meeting on K-m Boulevard with a young girl pursued by a “dense gentleman” - all this exacerbates “old, sore”, “insoluble” questions in Raskolnikov’s mind and heart.

"Nightmare"(the brutal murder of the peasant Mikolka with the assistance of a drunken crowd of the “poor horse”), it would seem, makes Raskolnikov renounce his “damned dream”. But under the impression of a chance meeting (he suddenly finds out that tomorrow at seven o’clock in the evening the old woman will be left at home alone), Raskolnikov returns to his closet “as if condemned to death”: he no longer has “neither freedom of mind, nor will”. On the day of the crime, it seems to him, "as if someone took him by the hand and pulled him along, irresistibly, blindly, with unnatural force."

The murder and robbery of the “insignificant” old woman entails a second, completely unexpected murder of her unfortunate sister Lizaveta, who did not even raise her hand to “protect her face” from the ax raised above her. Disgust at what he did is growing in Raskolnikov "every minute." "A painful, dark thought" rises in him - "the thought that he is going crazy...". The next day in the morning, remembering yesterday's villainy, Raskolnikov thought for the first moment that he would "go crazy", "a terrible cold seized him." The summons to the police increases his despair and "cynicism of death." Entering the office, Raskolnikov made up his mind to kneel down and tell everything. But when it turned out that he had been summoned on another matter, for a moment he was filled with the "triumph of self-preservation", a feeling of "full, direct, pure animal joy." The same "strong, almost unbearable joy" covers him "for a moment" after he buries the stolen things in a backyard under a stone. And yet dominant mood Raskolnikov becomes "a feeling of painful, endless solitude and alienation." When he threw a two-kopeck piece into the Neva, thrust into his hands by an elderly merchant's wife (she mistook him for a beggar), "it seemed to him that he seemed to have cut himself off with scissors from everyone and everything at that moment." In addition, "a new, irresistible sensation" takes possession of him more and more - "almost a physical disgust for everything he met and around, stubborn, vicious, hateful."

After a four-day fever, which proceeded in a semi-delirious state, Raskolnikov leaves the house in order to "finish everything," himself not knowing how and with what. On the street, for some reason, he is drawn to “talking to everyone”: with passers-by gentlemen, with peasants, with prostitutes. The lust for life begins to return to him again: Just to live, live and live! No matter how you live - just live! ... Scoundrel man! And the scoundrel is the one who calls him a scoundrel for this At the same time, Raskolnikov can hardly endure the company of Razumikhin, who has taken custody of him, and rather rudely refuses his “benefits”. Being an unwitting witness to a suicide attempt, Raskolnikov, for aesthetic reasons, refuses to commit suicide: "No, disgusting ... water ... is not worth it." Instead of "long-standing energy" comes "complete apathy."

Having visited the crime scene, Raskolnikov firmly decides to go and declare himself. However, the sudden worries about Marmeladov, crushed by horses, which brought him closer to the family of the deceased, awaken in him a new, immense feeling of “a full and powerful life suddenly surging”. Now this feeling corresponds to the feeling of "a person sentenced to death, who is suddenly and unexpectedly announced forgiveness." The strong embrace of the little daughter of Katerina Ivanovna Polechka, her promise to pray for the “slave of Rodion” throughout her “future life” make it possible for Raskolnikov to feel that his “life along with the old old woman” has not died.

But Raskolnikov's "most excellent mood" does not last long: when, returning to his closet, he saw his mother and sister there, "an unbearable sudden consciousness struck him like thunder," and he "collapsed to the floor in a swoon." Having come to his senses, Raskolnikov informs Duna that he drove Luzhin “to hell”, since he does not accept her sacrifice, and puts her before a choice: “Either I, or Luzhin!” But the next day, “struck by a new thought” (he suddenly realized quite clearly that “it’s now impossible for him to talk about anything else, never and with anyone”), he throws to his sister: “Yes, marry whoever you want! »

On a visit to Porfiry Petrovich, Raskolnikov, feeling that he was being followed, thought about “blunting” the whole truth in his face, but, reflecting that his fears might be erroneous, he decided to continue the game. To the questions of Porfiry Petrovich: does he believe in God, in New Jerusalem and in the resurrection of Lazarus? - Raskolnikov gives affirmative answers. True, later he will tell Svidrigailov that he does not believe in a "future life", and Sonya will remark with some kind of gloating: "Yes, maybe there is no God at all."

A meeting at the gates of his house with a tradesman, who told Raskolnikov right in the face: “You are a murderer,” made him “go cold,” then his heart “fell, as if off the hook.” Raskolnikov suddenly became physically weak and felt disgusted with his weakness: “... how dare I, knowing myself ... take an ax and bleed! ... aesthetic I am a louse, and nothing more. The “real ruler”, to whom “everything is allowed”, belongs to a different type of people - they “seem not to have a body, but bronze!”. It's not about the old woman - Raskolnikov convinces himself: “... I didn’t kill a man, I killed the principle! ... but he didn’t cross over, he remained on this side ... ”He catches himself thinking that he hardly thinks about Lizaveta,“ he certainly didn’t kill ”her. At home, he has a nightmare: he beats the old woman on the head with all his might, and she is all swaying with laughter; he rushes to run, but people are around - "waiting, silent ...".

After a decisive explanation with Luzhin, whom Raskolnikov put out in the presence of his mother, sister and Razumikhin, he asks to leave him alone, to forget him completely. Then he goes to Sonya to bow to "all human suffering":
crouching on the floor, he kisses her leg. Raskolnikov asks her to read from the New Testament about the resurrection of Lazarus. While reading, Sonya dreams that he - "blinded and unbelieving" - will hear and believe. Raskolnikov promises her to come tomorrow - "not to ask for forgiveness ... to ask", but to reveal "who killed Lizaveta."

A visit to the department to Porfiry Petrovich, from contact with which Raskolnikov's suspiciousness "increased in an instant to monstrous proportions", unexpectedly ended successfully for him: the painter Nikolai "confessed" that he had killed the old woman, and the tradesman apologized to Raskolnikov "for a slander". Leaving the office, Raskolnikov, with anger at his cowardice, says: "Now we will still fight."

At the wake of Marmeladov, Raskolnikov, being received as the only "educated guest", sat and listened in silence and with disgust. At the right moment, he nevertheless "acted as an active and vigorous lawyer for Sonya against Luzhin" - his sharp, clear and firm speech produced an "extraordinary effect" on those around him.

Having gone after the “victory over Luzhin” to Sonya’s apartment, Raskolnikov felt “sudden exhaustion and fear.” Confessing to her that he was "hell ... dragged" to the murder, Raskolnikov nevertheless believes that he is "just the same louse as everyone else!" - if "there was no louse", he would not have come to her. He “killed for himself” and “killed himself”, but “the devil killed” the old woman, not he. Sonya's proposal - to go to the crossroads to repent before people - Raskolnikov has not yet accepted. It becomes "hard and painful" for him that she loves him so much.
For Raskolnikov, “hopeless and difficult solitude” sets in, he tries to “run away from a clear and complete understanding of his position.”

The unexpected arrival of Porfiry Petrovich significantly speeds up the denouement of the case. The investigator openly tells Raskolnikov that he is the killer (“and there is no one else”, sir), gives him another walk “one and a half or two days” in full confidence that he will not run away, since he no longer believes his “theory”. In the end, after a whole series of ordeals, Raskolnikov really puts himself in the hands of justice.
The trial in the case of Raskolnikov ends with his condemnation for eight years "to hard labor of the second category." Despite sincere repentance at the trial, in the first year of his stay in Siberia, Raskolnikov admitted his crime only "in that he could not bear it and made a confession." Only after a serious illness, accompanied by terrible dreams, he was "resurrected by love" for Sonya. But the "new life" had to be "still expensive to buy, to pay for it with a great future feat."

Sonya Marmeladova: image

Marmeladova Sofya Semyonovna (Sonya) - a character in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", the daughter from the first marriage of the titular adviser Semyon Zakharych Marmeladov.

Young woman " eighteen years old, thin, but rather pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes". When they revived, the expression on her face became so kind and simple-hearted that it involuntarily attracted". Despite her age, Sonya seemed "quite almost a child, and this sometimes showed itself funny in some of her movements." Sonia received almost no upbringing as a child. Her father tried to deal with her, but "stopped at Cyrus the Persian." "Having reached adulthood," Sonya read several books of "romantic content," and then, thanks to Lebezyatnikov, "Physiology" by Lewis - "that's all her enlightenment."

Life with an unfortunate drunkard father, with stepmother Katerina Ivanovna - “crazy with grief”, “among hungry children, ugly screams and reproaches” forces Sonya to take a desperate step - to go on a “yellow ticket”. She “silently laid out” her first “earnings” - thirty rubles - in front of Katerina Ivanovna, and she “stood at her feet on her knees all evening, kissed her legs ...” Just as silently (“So not on earth, but there ... they yearn for people, cry, but do not reproach") Sonya gave her father the last thirty kopecks for a hangover. Shame touched her “only mechanically; real debauchery has not yet penetrated a single drop into her heart. Sonya's position in society is "an accidental phenomenon", but, "unfortunately, far from being isolated and not exceptional." Before her, Raskolnikov believes, three roads are open: "throw into a ditch, fall into a lunatic asylum, or ... rush into debauchery, which intoxicates the mind and petrifies the heart." Perhaps only one Lebezyatnikov - an adherent of the "new" life in the "communes" - looks at Sonya's actions "as an energetic and personified protest against the structure of society" and deeply respects her "for this." True, in his opinion, she "still ... has little denial to completely break away from other prejudices and ... stupidities."

Marmeladov feels endless guilt towards his daughter. He hopes that the Lord will pity and forgive his Sonya for the fact that she “loved a lot”: “she betrayed her evil and consumptive stepmother ... to strangers and young children” and took pity on her father - “an indecent drunkard”. Crushed by horses, Marmeladov turns to Sonya with a request for forgiveness and dies in her arms.

Raskolnikov believes that he did his sister the honor when he seated her next to Sonya, - after all, “Sonechkin’s lot is no worse than the lot with Mr. Luzhin,” especially since Dunya “still counts on excess comfort, and there it’s just about starvation is on the way.” Luzhin, who calls Sonya "a girl of notorious behavior", he declares that he is not worth the little finger of an unfortunate girl. For Raskolnikov, Sonya - “Sonechka ... eternal Sonya, while the world stands!” - the embodiment of human suffering. “I bowed not to you,” he tells her, “I bowed to all human suffering.”

Sonia herself considers herself " great sinner». « Humiliated, killed, masqueraded and ashamed”, she humbly awaits her turn to say goodbye to her dying father; afraid to sit down in the presence of "ladies"; does not even dare to look at Dunya. The thought of "her dishonorable and shameful position" has long tormented Sonya to "monstrous pain." Timid by nature, she knows that "it is easier to destroy her than anyone else," that anyone can offend her "almost with impunity." And therefore, by meekness, humility “before everything and everyone”, he always tries to avoid “trouble”. The act of Luzhin, who vilely presented her as a "thief", makes Sonya feel an agonizing feeling of helplessness - it becomes "too hard for her." Nevertheless, to Raskolnikov’s question: “Should Luzhin live and do abominations or should Katerina Ivanovna die?” - she answers: “But I can’t know God’s Providence ... And who put me here as a judge: who will live, who won’t live?” Any person for her is not a "louse".

However, Sonya did not “in vain (as Raskolnikov thinks) killed and betrayed herself”, but “a thousand times fairer and more reasonable it would be right with her head in the water and end it at once!”. She is kept from committing suicide by the "thought of sin" and concern for the fate of her "pathetic, half-crazy" stepmother and her poor little children. “Insatiable compassion” for one’s neighbor is so great in Sonya’s soul that she “will throw off her last dress, sell it, go barefoot, and give it back to you if you need it.” Sonya, like Katerina Ivanovna, "believes that there must be justice in everything ... And even if you torture her, she will not do anything unfair." Faith in God gives her vitality: “What would I be without God?” When Sonya "ardently and passionately" reads to Raskolnikov the chapters of the Gospel of John about the resurrection of Lazarus, she is seized by a feeling of "great triumph" - as if she herself sees with her own eyes how "the deceased came out."

Raskolnikov comes to Sonya with a confession of a committed murder in order to shift "at least part of his torment" onto her. When, not believing her ears, she “finally believed her eyes,” her face involuntarily assumed the expression with which Lizaveta pulled away from the ax raised above her. Both of these women are from the category of those human beings who do not cry, do not groan, but, giving everything, "look meekly and quietly." Raskolnikov, who suddenly felt an attack of "caustic hatred" for Sonya, meets "her restless and painfully caring gaze", sees only love - and his hatred disappears like a ghost. Sonya understands only that he is “terribly, infinitely unhappy” - “there is no one more unhappy than you now in the whole world!”. She rushes to her knees in front of Raskolnikov, hugs and kisses him, promises never to leave him anywhere - “I will follow you, I will go everywhere!” At the same time, Sonya does not feel "the slightest disgust, not the slightest disgust for him", he does not feel "the slightest shudder in her hand." She knows that Raskolnikov is a blasphemer who understands "nothing" ("You have departed from God, and God has betrayed you to the devil"), and offers him "suffering to accept and redeem yourself with it"; advises "this very minute" to go to the crossroads, kiss the land desecrated by him, bow to "the whole world" and say aloud: "I killed!" “Then God will send you life again.”

Sonya for Raskolnikov is "an inexorable sentence, a decision without change" - "here is either her road or his." She puts a cypress - "common" - cross on his chest, blessing him for future suffering, and when Raskolnikov goes back down, she meets him with such a "wild" look that he can no longer help but declare himself. “Whenever ... it is possible” Sonya visits Raskolnikov in prison, and then (with the money left to her by Svidrigailov) goes after him to Siberia. There she won the love of the prisoners, incomprehensible to Raskolnikov. The branded convicts bowed to her and said: “Mother, Sofya Semyonovna, you are our mother, tender, sick!” They knew that she voluntarily followed him, praised her for everything (“they didn’t even know what to praise for”), went to her for treatment.

Sonya was afraid of Raskolnikov, but he was ashamed in front of her and tormented her for this "with his contemptuous and rude treatment." When at last “he was resurrected”, and Sonya realized that he “infinitely loves her”, she is living “only his life” - “ was so happy that she was almost afraid of her own happiness».

Svidrigailov: characteristic.

Svidrigailov Arkady Ivanovich
The central character of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". A nobleman, he served for two years in the cavalry, then (about eight years ago) he “valanded” without certain occupations in St. Petersburg among “people with manners” (poets, capitalists), he was a cheater, he was also beaten. He went to prison (for debts to the "Nezhin Greek"), was redeemed from there "for thirty pieces of silver" by Marfa Petrovna, married her. Svidrigailov spent seven years in the countryside: he lived as a "not poor" landowner ("after all, the peasant reform bypassed us ... income is not lost"); became a "decent master". According to Dunya, under her Svidrigailov "treated people well, and people even loved him."

In appearance, Svidrigailov is a “well-preserved man” of about fifty, looks like a “impressive gentleman”. His face (“beautiful and extremely youthful”, “white, ruddy”, with “scarlet lips”) looks like “like a mask” and strikes with something “terribly unpleasant”. Look bright blue eyes Svidrigailov "is somehow too heavy and motionless."

In the novel, Svidrigailov is the most "mysterious" figure of all the characters. His past is not fully clarified, his intentions and actions are difficult to define and unpredictable, "too" non-standard. Svidrigailov is endowed with a philosophical mindset (although he himself says that he is "not a master of philosophizing"). His reasoning about ghosts and "eternity" is deep and original. Ghosts seem to Svidrigailov the beginning, "scraps and snatches of other worlds." A healthy earthly person cannot see them. In case of illness, the “normal earthly order in the body” is violated, for the patient there are opportunities for “contact with another world”, into which a person directly passes when he dies. “Eternity” appears to Svidrigailov not as “something huge” or as “an idea that cannot be understood”, it “imagines” to him as “one room, sort of like a village bath, smoky, and spiders in all corners, and that’s all eternity".

In various interpretations, rumors about Svidrigailov's involvement in several crimes are repeated by other heroes. One thing is clear - they are not unfounded: a deaf-mute teenage girl (niece of the pawnbroker Resslich) “cruelly insulted” by Svidrigailov committed suicide; allegedly from his ridicule, the footman Philip strangled himself; “by the moral influence of resentment” (“hit only twice with a whip”) Svidrigailov hastened the death from an apoplexy of his wife Marfa Petrovna. It is characteristic that Svidrigailov finds “some kind of common point” between himself and Raskolnikov (“we are the same field of berries”) and advises the latter on the moral issues of “a citizen and a person” - “on the side”, otherwise you don’t need to “take it not for your own business - sya".

Among those around him, Svidrigailov enjoys a reputation as a “terrible” (general assessment of Dunya and Pulcheria Alexandrovna), “the most depraved and dead in vices” (reviewed by Luzhin) person. Raskolnikov is “convinced” in Svidrigailov “as in the most empty and insignificant villain in the world”, however, the author notes, he pronounces his judgment “too hastily and frivolously”.
By nature, Svidrigailov is, first of all, a big “hunter” for women. For their sake, he again comes to St. Petersburg, while having the cherished goal of gaining Dunya's favor. Svidrigailov speaks of himself as a “sinful”, “corrupt and idle” person, but agrees with Raskolnikov that debauchery is “a disease, like everything that goes beyond measure.” Svidrigailov is not averse to being a vulgar person (“when this dress is so comfortable to wear in our climate ... especially if you have a natural inclination for this”), although he knows how “on occasion to be a decent person.” He "terribly" loves Schiller, considers it an honor that he was able to understand Dunya. When Marfa Petrovna, having misinterpreted their relationship, "managed to accuse and pollute" her "in all the houses," Svidrigailov "came to his senses and repented," took pity on Dunya and provided his wife with evidence of her innocence.

Svidrigailov performs charitable deeds "simply, according to humanity" - "I really did not take the privilege to do only evil." For those "extra" ten thousand rubles that Dunya did not accept from him, Svidrigailov places the children of Katerina Ivanovna in "better orphanages": Polechka, Kolya, Lenya - "after all, it was not a" louse "was" the deceased. "Does Luzhin ... live and do abominations, or should she die?"

Love for Duna becomes for Svidrigailov a fatal, irresistible passion. He tries to win the girl over by any means: he tries to blackmail her with the fact that he became aware of Raskolnikov's crime; invites her to "save" her brother by sending him abroad; finally prepares to use "violence". When Svidrigailov is finally convinced that Dunya will never be able to love him, he is seized with despair (a “pathetic, sad, weak smile appears on his face”).

The last hours of Svidrigailov's life are coming. After a date with Dunya, he makes "visits" to Sonya and his sixteen-year-old bride. The first leaves (for Raskolnikov - “you will follow him”) three, and the second - fifteen thousand rubles, explaining to them his unexpected blessings by leaving “to America”. Svidrigailov spends his dying night in a dirty cheap hotel.
In a feverish dream, a five-year-old girl, frightened and stiff from the cold, appears to him, whom he takes pity on and puts to bed. In a strange way, this little child before his eyes turns into a corrupt camellia, personifying the type of woman that Svidrigailov so often needed. The last chance to save a life - the ghost of an unfortunate girl asking for help, for whom life would be worth living - disappears. In the morning, Svidrigailov, leaving the hotel on the Malaya Neva, puts a bullet in his temple “in front of an official witness” with the words: “If they ask you ... answer that he went, they say, to America.” As Raskolnikov later learns from lieutenant Porokh, in his notebook Svidrigailov left "a few words that he is dying in his right mind and asks no one to blame for his death."

The image of Luzhin

Luzhin Petr Petrovich - a character in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", a distant relative of Svidrigailov's wife, Marfa Petrovna. The lawyer, court counselor, serves in two places, is going to open a public law office in St. Petersburg. Luzhin, according to Dunya, "studied with copper money," and is proud that he "paved his own way." Having made his way "to people" from insignificance, he got used to highly appreciating "his mind and abilities." Vanity and narcissism (“sometimes, alone, admiring his face in the mirror”) are developed in him to the point of pain. Outwardly, "prim and portly," Luzhin looks fresher and younger than his forty-five years. However, there is something "really unpleasant and repulsive" in his physiognomy - "rather beautiful and solid", but "cautious and grouchy".

The main life value for Luzhin is the money obtained "by all means" - "they equaled him with everything that was higher than him." In relations with people, he is guided by the theory of the so-called "whole caftans." According to this theory, Christian morality, based on selfless love for one's neighbor, leads in practice to the fact that a person, fulfilling the commandment "love", tears his caftan in half, shares it with his neighbor, and - as a result - both remain "half naked". "Science" offers a person another "commandment": "Love yourself first of all, for everything in the world is based on personal interest." Having loved only himself, a person will keep his caftan intact, do his business properly, and “the more private affairs are arranged in a society ... the more common business is arranged in it.” According to Raskolnikov, if Luzhin's theory is brought "to consequences", then it will turn out that "people can be cut" for their own benefit.

Access to "high society", where Luzhin strives with all his might, can be greatly facilitated by marrying a "charming, virtuous and educated" woman, whose charm can "attract to him, create a halo ...". Almost at the first meeting with Dunya, he sets out his second "theory" - "about the advantage of wives taken from poverty and benefited by their husbands." At the same time, Luzhin imagines that she “will be slavishly grateful to him all her life for his feat and reverently destroy herself before him,” and he will “rule without limit and completely.” Marriage for Luzhin is "an enterprise on mutual benefits and on equal shares, which means that the costs are divided in half." Future family life included in the "general commercial turnover".

All Luzhin's "significant" actions are a direct consequence of the "theories" he professed. So, he - “a man with money” - takes on “part of the costs” for the journey of the bride and her mother to St. Petersburg: at his own expense he delivers “luggage and a large chest”, - they themselves are forced to shake ninety miles to the railway in a cart , covered with matting, and then in a third-class carriage to "ride" to the capital. There they are waiting for a cheap apartment rented by Luzhin in the Bakaleevs' house, in which "the worst filthiness: dirt, stink ... and the devil knows who does not live."

Relying too much on his power over Dunya and Pulcheria Alexandrovna and on the “helplessness of his victims,” Luzhin perceives the “sudden, ugly break” in relations with him “like a thunderclap.” To improve the situation, he makes an attempt to finally quarrel Raskolnikov (whom he hates angrily and accuses "one ... of everything") with his sister and mother. To do this, Luzhin decides to defame Sonya in their eyes, to whose fate Raskolnikov is not indifferent. During the wake of Marmeladov, Luzhin invites Sonya to his room and, giving ten rubles, slips a hundred-ruble note into her pocket, and then publicly exposes the “thief”. Convicted by Lebezyatnikov of lying, Luzhin, nevertheless, resorting to "impudence", avoids retribution for his vile deed. If necessary, he knows how to take on the appearance of “humiliated and insulted”: put up by Raskolnikov outside the door, he leaves his closet, expressing “even in the bend of his back ... a terrible insult”; at the last explanation with Dunya, he blows his nose "with the air of a man insulted in his dignity."

Changes in society, on the one hand, please Luzhin with "literature", in his opinion, "many harmful prejudices have been eradicated and ridiculed" - thus "we have irrevocably cut ourselves off from the past." The fruits of the spread of "new, useful" thoughts and writings "instead of the former dreamy and romantic" he finds in the "young generations", seeing them as "more efficient". On the other hand, Luzhin is terrified of being “rebuked” and is trying to “run ahead and fawn over” the nihilists. Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, he settles in an apartment with Lebezyatnikov (whom he despises "beyond measure") in order to learn "to round off famous phrases from someone else's voice." At the same time, Luzhin is not averse to "puffing up" "new people" and "arranging something in his career ... through their own mediation."

As a person, Luzhin evokes sharp antipathy from Raskolnikov: “... he is a smart person, but in order to act smart, one mind is not enough” and - with all his “merits” is not worth Sonya’s “little finger”. Razumikhin characterizes Luzhin as a man "not of our society ... because he is a spy and a speculator ... a Jew and a buffoon" and "does not stand on a noble road."

Porfiry Petrovich

Lawyer, bailiff of investigative cases. A distant relative of Razumikhin. According to the characterization of the latter, Porfiry Petrovich is “small smart ... only some special way of thinking ... distrustful, skeptic, cynic ...”, loves to “fool” others, “pretender”. He either assures everyone that he is going to be a monk, then that he is going to marry, then he will take the side of the enemy in the dispute, “to fool everyone”, while he can withstand the role he has taken on for a long time.

Porfiry Petrovich - a single man, about thirty-five, "non-secular and unknown." His face, “chubby, round and slightly snub-nosed”, “sick, dark yellow”, but “quite cheerful and even mocking”, could have been good-natured if not for the look in his eyes (“with some kind of liquid watery sheen ”), which “strangely did not harmonize” with the “womanly” figure of the investigator, giving it “something much more serious than at first glance one could expect from it.”

When meeting Raskolnikov, Porfiry Petrovich remarks: “... I have been waiting for you here for a long time,” and promises to “show” him. Raskolnikov has been wondering for a long time whether Porfiry Petrovich knows that he is a murderer. Porfiry Petrovich immediately discovers big interest to the "article" of Raskolnikov. Listening attentively to the author's "theoretical" explanations, Porfiry Petrovich, for his part, emphasizes that he is worried about various "practical" cases. Proceeding from this, he asks Raskolnikov his “questions”: “Are there many people who have the right to cut others”, “these are extraordinary?”; How to distinguish "extraordinary" from "ordinary"? - "At birth, perhaps, are there such signs?" what will happen if "some husband or young man imagines that he is Lycurgus or Mohammed ... and let's remove all obstacles to that? ..". Thus, Porfiry Petrovich deliberately distorts, reduces the "idea" of Raskolnikov, thereby revealing the terrible, anti-human essence of his "scientific" calculations.

Porfiry Petrovich is an opponent of the "formal" investigation. The work of an investigator for him is "free art". He skillfully uses the traditional legal technique: "... first, start from afar, with trifles ... entertain the interrogated, lull his caution and then suddenly ... stun him in the very crown with some of the most fatal and dangerous questions." But the main thing for Porfiry Petrovich when solving a crime is the correct psychological calculation, consistent with the "nature" - the moral nature of the accused. Therefore, in his conclusions, he no longer relies on "obvious" facts, but on psychological observations, in which, according to Raskolnikov, there is "nothing positive" except "psychology, which has two ends." Porfiry Petrovich is sure that the criminal, if you correctly understand in which direction he is “developed”, his (the investigator) “victim will not run away anywhere”: “everything will be around me, like around a candle, spinning” until it flies “straight to me into the mouth."

Porfiry Petrovich looks at the crime committed by Raskolnikov not as an “ordinary” murder and looks not just through the eyes of a professional. He sees here "a fantastic, gloomy, modern matter, a case of our time, sir, when the human heart is clouded ... when all life is preached in comfort." Finally convinced of the correctness of his suspicions and after waiting for the right, according to his calculations, time, Porfiry Petrovich himself comes to Raskolnikov in order to “lead the matter openly” and with a “direct proposal - to make a confession”. At the same time, Porfiry Petrovich swears to arrange everything so that the turnout will turn out
"unexpected", and as an "honest man" promises to keep his word. When Raskolnikov wants to refuse his "deduction", Porfiry Petrovich proves that he knows Raskolnikov's soul better than he himself. The words of Porfiry Petrovich sound like the only true parting word to a person who is “after all, not a hopeless scoundrel”: “Hey, don’t disdain life! .. there will still be a lot of it ahead ... And you have a great heart and be less afraid.” Porfiry Petrovich has no doubt that Raskolnikov “will think of accepting suffering” (“you don’t look at it,” he says about himself, “that I have grown fat ... but I know ... there is an idea in suffering”), but the main thing for him - to find "faith or God."

Porfiry Petrovich certifies himself as "a person, perhaps, feeling and sympathetic ... but already completely finished." Saying goodbye to Raskolnikov, he “just in case” asks him, if “hunting comes ... to raise his hands that way”, leave a “short but detailed note” with a mention of “a stone”.

The epilogue reports that Porfiry Petrovich "fully kept his word" given to Raskolnikov, and this contributed to mitigating the fate of the accused.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" - analysis.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" is a novel about a crime, but it is not a "crime novel" and not a "detective story", but one of the greatest philosophical and psychological novels, and the hero himself here is an unusual criminal. This is a young man, a half-educated student with a philosophical mindset, sensitive and responsive to the suffering of those around him, ready at any moment to unselfishly come to the aid of another poor person. His mother and sister, who adore him, place great hopes on him, the university comrades recognize his superiority and, not without reason, see talent in him. Before the reader is not an ordinary, ordinary killer, but an honest and gifted representative of the youth, carried away by thought on a false path and as a result becoming a criminal.

The crime of Rodion Raskolnikov is a kind of rebellion against the existing order. According to his theory, man and society are inherently criminal, and therefore there can be no concept of "crime" itself. He goes to crime, seeing the suffering of people.

Raskolnikov carefully prepares for the crime, develops his plan, but in real life unforeseen circumstances appear that Raskolnikov did not suspect. So, at the most inopportune moment, Lizaveta turns up in the apartment, whom Raskolnikov has to kill. By crime, Raskolnikov "cuts off" himself from people.

Dostoevsky in the images of Luzhin and Svidrigailov points to two paths that await Raskolnikov. For Luzhin, it costs nothing to commit any meanness. He walks forward over the corpses. Luzhin and Raskolnikov choose the same means, but their goals are different. Svidrigailov completely rejects moral and ethical standards. By his crimes, he asserts his will, creates moral and ethical standards for himself.

Communicating with Luzhin and Svidrigailov, Raskolnikov realizes that he is at an impasse. If Luzhin's "economic" morality is capable, like Raskolnikov's "idea", of justifying a crime, then the loss of moral guidelines can lead to the same conclusion - the disease from which the intelligent but cynical Svidrigailov suffers, who commits suicide because of remorse, feelings of satiety with life and disgust at oneself. For Raskolnikov, this path is unacceptable. The resurrection of Raskolnikov takes place in the name of Christ thanks to the human that was preserved in him: he kept a sick student for a year, saved two children from the fire, helps the Marmeladovs.

Not alien to the "idea" of Raskolnikov and the investigator Porfiry Petrovich - a man who experienced his strip of proud impulses and dreams in his youth. Like Svidrigailov, Porfiry in Raskolnikov recognizes to some extent his own youth. Hence his secret, sympathy for the hero, which conflicts with his role as the guardian of official justice. Condemning the murderer, Porfiry, like the author of the novel himself, cannot help admiring the courage of Raskolnikov, a rebel against human suffering and the injustice of society.

Svidrigailov, before shooting himself, tries to atone for his sins: he helps the children of Katerina Ivanovna, gives money to the parents of his fiancee, and releases Dunya. Svidrigailov's suicide completely convinces Raskolnikov that his path is wrong.

Raskolnikov is resurrected to a new life by Sonya. Dostoevsky, in the image of Sonya, embodied his idea of ​​\u200b\u200b"physical dirt" and "moral dirt". Sonya is morally pure, although she is forced to live in “physical dirt.” Her suffering strengthens her soul.
Dostoevsky contrasts Raskolnikov's theory with the Christian idea of ​​atonement for one's own and others' sins through suffering: the images of Sonya, Dunya, the dyer Mikolay, ready to take on someone else's fault.

Through love for Sonya, Raskolnikov opens the world of Christian spiritual values ​​and resurrects to a new life.

For many years, Dostoevsky nurtured the idea of ​​the novel. The drafts testify that Dostoevsky was going to write in the first person, in the form of a confession of the hero, but was forced to abandon this plan, since in this case he would not have been able to describe the characters and the spiritual world of other characters so broadly. The author also touched on this topic in the novel “The Humiliated and Insulted” and in the story “Notes from the Underground”.

The role of minor characters in "Crime and Punishment"

Among the characters emphasizing Raskolnikov's theory, let's name a student who was talking in a tavern with an officer about the same old money-lender that Raskolnikov was thinking about at that moment. “Kill her and take her money, so that with their help you can then devote yourself to the service of all mankind and the common cause: do you think that one tiny crime will not be atoned for by thousands of good deeds? For one life - thousands of lives saved from decay and decay. One death and a hundred lives in return - why, there is arithmetic here! - the student argues, setting out essentially the same idea that Raskolnikov was hatching in his mind.

Lizaveta, the half-sister of the old pawnbroker, is the exact opposite of Alena Ivanovna. This man is unusually meek, humble, extremely pious, although not without sin. Meek Lizaveta is the twin of Sonya Marmeladova. Having become an innocent victim of Raskolnikov, she becomes a mute reproach to the hero with his inhuman theory.

Praskovya Pavlovna Zarnitsyna, Raskolnikov's landlady, personifies good nature and warmth.

Natalya, her late daughter, Raskolnikov's fiancee, like Sonya, personifies humility, meekness, warmth, revealing the bright sides of the protagonist's personality.

Nastasya, Zarnitsyna's cook, is a simple Russian woman who sympathizes with the hero.

Marfa Petrovna - Svidrigailov's wife and, apparently, his victim - combines such character traits as sincere piety, generosity, sympathy for the suffering and at the same time eccentricity, irritability, despotism. All these qualities are manifested in her attitude towards Dunya.

Amalia Fedorovna Lippevehzel - the landlady of the Marmeladovs, Daria Frantsevna - the owner of the brothel, Gertrud Karlovna Resslich - the usurer, an acquaintance of Svidrigailov - all these characters complete the picture of evil reigning in the world.

The image of a drunk girl on the boulevard completes the picture of “humiliated and insulted”, develops the theme of abused childhood.
The writer's story about childhood suffering includes the mention of seven sick children of the tailor Kapernaumov, from whom Sonya rented a room.

Among the children's images in the novel, one should also note the images of children - victims of Svidrigailov. This is the unfortunate deaf-mute niece of Mrs. Resslich, whom Svidrigailov brought to suicide with his abuse, this is his young “bride”, whom her parents are ready to marry for money, and his other victims mentioned in the novel. The images of children - Svidrigailov's victims - appear especially vividly in the nightmares that he sees before committing suicide.

The picture of human suffering is also supplemented by Afrosinyushka - a drunken woman who tries to commit suicide by throwing herself into a canal.

Dr. Zosimov, who treats Raskolnikov, combines professional honesty, conscientiousness, willingness to help with some arrogance and vanity. According to Razumikhin, in a few years Zosimov may lose his nobility and become a slave to material well-being. This character partly reminds us of Chekhov's Ionych in the initial period of his medical practice.
Dostoevsky also paints the world of the police for us. This is a hot-tempered and at the same time unusually kind assistant to the quarter overseer, Lieutenant Ilya Petrovich, nicknamed Gunpowder, the quarter overseer Nikodim Fomich, the clerk Zametov. All these characters complement the broad picture of Petersburg life drawn in the novel Crime and Punishment.
Dostoevsky in his work also touched upon the theme of the common people.

Two Mikolki (a man who kills a horse in Raskolnikov's first dream, and a painter mistakenly arrested on suspicion of murdering an old woman and ready to suffer innocently) personify, according to Dostoevsky, two poles in the character of the Russian people - the ability to commit exorbitant cruelty and at the same time selflessness, a willingness to accept suffering.

The image of a tradesman is symbolic - a man who frankly told Raskolnikov that he was a murderer ("murderer"). This character personifies the awakening conscience of the hero.