Goals and principles of standardization in Russian Federation established by the Federal Law of December 27, 2002 N 184-FZ "On Technical Regulation", and the rules for the application of national standards of the Russian Federation - GOST R 1.0-2004 "Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic provisions".
1. Designed by the Federal government agency"All-Russian Order" Badge of Honor "Research Institute of Fire Defense" of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia).
This standard takes into account the requirements of the international standard EN 137:2006 "Protective breathing devices - Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Requirements, testing, marking".
1.1. This standard establishes the procedure and frequency of acceptance and periodic testing of smoke ventilation systems for buildings and structures for various purposes (hereinafter referred to as buildings).
1.2. The test results established by this method are intended to assess the technical condition of smoke ventilation systems at new construction and reconstruction facilities, as well as on buildings in operation.
Note. When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards and classifiers in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annually published information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year , and according to the corresponding monthly published information signs published in the current year. If the reference document is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replaced (modified) document. If the reference document is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the link to it is given is accepted in the part that does not affect this link.
3.1. Acceptance tests of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation systems are carried out during the commissioning of new construction and reconstruction facilities.
Additionally, during a comprehensive check of the state of the fire protection of the facility as a whole, indicators 1 - 5 of Table 1 should be subject to control.
3.4. The required parameters of exhaust smoke ventilation systems should be taken on the basis of ventilation passports made in the prescribed manner by the organization that carried out the adjustment of the systems.
3.7. When conducting periodic tests, at least 30% of the total number of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation systems selected by random selection should be subject to control.
4.1. Acceptance tests are carried out after completion of installation, running-in of ventilation units, adjustment of engineering equipment, fire protection work, certification of systems.
4.2. During tests, the initiation of the operation of smoke ventilation systems should be carried out by the commissioning organization in the required combination of system interaction.
In the absence of data on the order of operation of the supply and exhaust smoke ventilation systems, it is allowed to initiate the operation of the systems in automatic control mode with a preliminary de-energization of the electrical receivers of the systems automatic fire extinguishing, alarm, voice announcement, etc.
4.3. The control of the actual parameters of the exhaust smoke ventilation systems should be carried out at the smoke intakes of the sections of the networks most remote from the fans.
All doors of the staircase are closed, except for the door on the floor leading from the building to the outside, measurements are made on the closed door of the adjacent floor located above the floor equipped with an exit from the building to the outside.
All stairwell doors are closed, except for the door on the floor leading from the building to the outside, measurements are made on the closed door of the adjacent floor located below the floor equipped with an exit from the building to the outside.
4.5. When monitoring the actual parameters of the supply smoke ventilation systems specified in 4.4, all doors of the premises (vestibules, halls, lobbies, corridors) located along the evacuation from the staircase to the outside exit must be open.
After the introduction of GOST R 53300-2009 “SMOKE PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES. Methods of acceptance and periodic testing” this type of work has become easier - there is a generally accepted standard that you can refer to.
There are several types of tests, let's start with the backwater in the stairwell, the architects seem to call them H2 (above-ground smoke-free stairwell). Looks like this:
Rice. 1. Ventilation of a smoke-free staircase, outside view.
Serving is usually from above, below the door to the street. The bottom door opens outwards. Looks like this up close:
Rice. 2. Exit to the street from the stairwell.
Internal doors floors open towards the staircase.
The air supply for backwater in this case looks like this: a valve in the upper part of the staircase, installation on the roof.
The choice of measurement points is described in GOST, questions arise in detail.
The first inconvenience is the passage of the impulse tube. When testing, the door seems to be closed, how can I pull the tube?
The most suitable place is marked in the picture. You need to make sure that the tube passes the pressure pulse.
In this case, a slight leak in the door porch is possible - it has very little effect on the result, since in both test modes according to paragraph 4.4. sensitivity to small leaks is small. Although, of course, if in the second mode the pressure is at the lower limit, 20 Pa, then the opening needs to be sealed.
We measure the pressure, enter it in the journal, adjust if necessary. At the final measurement, we draw up protocols. The second tube, it is not in the photo, in accordance with GOST, sometimes it is necessary to take it out from the measuring point.
Tests are carried out in two modes:
At this stage, sometimes there is difficulty. The two test modes are very different, in order to ensure the standard in the second mode, a powerful fan with a high flow rate and, accordingly, pressure is needed.
When going to the tests in the first mode, with all doors closed, there is a very high pressure in the stairwell.
Actually, this is not an adjustment question: designers must provide for both options, there are two main ways - selection of a suitable fan or a pressure relief system. In the second case, the adjustment is reduced to adjusting the valve, in the first - to adjusting the fan.
Support in the elevator shaft
We simply fulfill the requirements of GOST - we distill the elevator to the desired floor, open the doors.
On the adjoining floor, we open the elevator door - this requires a triangular key, or, on extreme case, combination pliers. The arrow shows the lock for the manual opening of the elevator doors.
We measure the support. According to the measurement results, we compact or decompress the elevator shaft or ventilation network.
Actually everything. Due to the clarity of pressure measurements, the difficulties are hidden in the details.
Registration of measurement results
For each final measurement, a protocol is drawn up, which is attached to the passport. Therefore, passports for smoke ventilation systems are thicker than passports for general ventilation.
MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE FIRE SERVICE
FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS
SMOKE PROTECTION FOR BUILDINGS
AND FACILITIES.
ACCEPTANCE METHODS
AND PERIODIC TESTS
NPB 240-97
MOSCOW 1997
Developed and prepared for approval by the Main Directorate of the State Fire Service (GUGPS) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. All-Russian Research Institute of Fire Defense (VNIIPO) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
Agreed with the Ministry of Construction of Russia.
Approved by the chief state inspector of the Russian Federation for fire supervision.
They were put into effect by order of the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated July 31, 1997 No. 50.
Date of entry into force 01.09.1997
Entered for the first time.
MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE FIRE SERVICE
FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS
SMOKE PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES.
ACCEPTANCE AND PERIODIC TEST METHODS
The smoke control systems of buildings. Methods of acceptance and routine tests
1 area of use
1.1. These standards establish the procedure and frequency for carrying out acceptance and periodic tests of ventilation systems for smoke protection of buildings and structures for various purposes (hereinafter referred to as buildings) with artificial draft induction and are to be used in operated and newly commissioned buildings.
The test results serve as the basis for making a decision on the compliance of the smoke protection system of the building with the established requirements.
3.4. In the course of acceptance tests, the indicators and characteristics given in Table 1 are checked. one.
Table 1
SCROLL
indicators to be controlled during acceptance tests of smoke protection systems
| Parameter | Parameter control technique | Permissible value |
| Schematic solution for smoke protection of an object | Comparison | Design execution |
| Quantity, mounting position and technical data of fans and electric drives for smoke exhaust ventilation | ||
| Quantity, mounting position and technical data of supply smoke ventilation fans | ||
| Quantity, mounting position and technical data of fire dampers (smoke and fire dampers) | ||
| State of fire-retardant coatings of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation channels | Visually, quantifying | The same, actual thickness, degree of damage |
| Availability and condition of door seals, self-closing devices | Comparison | Design execution, specifications data and product data sheets |
| Operation of actuators and smoke protection devices in automatic control mode | Fail-safe sequence of actions corresponding to the design execution, according to the signals of fire detectors |
|
| The same in manual (remote and local) control mode | Comparison | The same from the buttons of the local and remote control |
| Actual consumption of air removed through smoke dampers directly from the premises | Quantification | Design values (when converted to operating conditions) |
| Actual overpressure values on the lower floors of non-smokeable stairwells of the 2nd type (sections of stairwells) | 20 Pa (in terms of operating conditions) |
|
| The same in the elevator shafts | ||
| The same in the vestibule gateways |
3.5. Periodic testing of smoke protection systems is carried out at least once every 2 years or more often, if this is not indicated in the technical and operational documentation of the building.
3.6. During periodic tests, check the indicators and characteristics given in table. 2.
table 2
SCROLL
indicators to be monitored during periodic tests of smoke protection systems
| Parameter | Parameter control technique | Permissible value |
| Operating mode of the smoke protection system | Visually | Auto |
| Overpressure in elevator shafts, stairwells, vestibules | Quantification | |
| Consumption (speed) of air in the door when leaving the floor (premises) on the escape route | Design values (taking into account the requirements of the standards in force during the development of the project) |
|
| Consumption of air removed through smoke dampers directly from rooms not protected by installations gas fire extinguishing | ||
| The same from the corridors (halls) on the evacuation routes | ||
| The same from the premises protected by gas fire extinguishing installations |
4. The order and sequence of acceptance and periodic tests
4.1. Acceptance and periodic tests are carried out upon completion of installation or repair of smoke protection systems, testing and adjustment of their units and systems and drawing up passports for ventilation systems.
4.2. Acceptance and periodic tests of smoke protection systems for buildings are carried out by specialized organizations licensed to perform installation, repair, maintenance and adjustment of these systems, in the presence of representatives of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
4.3. When carrying out acceptance tests, the following are sequentially checked:
compliance of the smoke protection system and its elements with the design performance, technical specifications data, passports in the amount indicated in Table. one;
passing signals from all automatic fire detectors and buttons for manual (remote and local) activation of the smoke protection system;
quantitative values of the normalized parameters of the smoke protection system (excessive pressure in non-smokeable staircases of the 2nd type, elevator shafts, vestibule locks, air flow or velocity in doorways, valve openings, etc.) in the amount indicated in Table. one.
4.4. During periodic tests, the following are checked in sequence:
the passage of signals from automatic fire detectors and from remote activation buttons, and at least 15% of the number of named detectors and buttons are randomly selected to test the performance;
fixing signals by receiving stations and generating control and information signals by them, turning on information boards, etc.;
switching on the supply and exhaust fans of smoke protection and actuation in a given sequence of control and fire (smoke, fire-retarding) dampers;
quantitative values of the normalized parameters of the smoke protection system (excessive pressure in non-smokeable staircases of the 2nd type, elevator shafts, vestibule locks; air flow or velocity in doorways, valve openings, etc.) in the amount indicated in Table. 2.
4.5. The places for measuring the above controlled parameters are determined taking into account the requirements of GOST 12.3.018-79, the schematic design of the smoke protection system and the architectural and planning solutions of the building. The composition of the team for conducting aerodynamic tests is selected based on the volume of measurements performed.
5. Measurement technique, equipment and instruments
5.1. All measurements during acceptance and periodic testing of smoke protection systems must be carried out in compliance with the requirements of GOST 12.3.018-79.
5.2. Before the start of aerodynamic tests in the building, the situation provided for by the regulatory documents in force during the calculation of the parameters of the smoke protection system is reproduced, i.e. close all doors and windows, except those listed in the named documents.
In the absence of information about the normative document in accordance with which the calculation of these parameters was performed, it is allowed to reproduce the following situations:
for buildings built in 1985 and subsequent years, consider that all doors are open along the way from the lower standard floor to the exit to the outside and the smoke valve in the corridor, the elevator cabins are on the first floor, the doors of the cabins and elevator shafts are open.
When conducting aerodynamic tests in winter period it is allowed not to open the windows and doors of residential premises.
5.3. If there are tambour locks in the building, protected from smoke by excessive air pressure, before carrying out aerodynamic tests, you should:
in the vestibule-sluice of the lower typical floor, at the entrance to the smoke-free staircase of the 3rd type, open one door (door leaf) leading to the hall or corridor;
in the vestibule-lock of the basement with rooms of category B, at the entrance to the stairwells or elevator shafts, open one door (door leaf). The doors of the tambour locks on the basement floors of public and industrial buildings at the entrance to the elevator shafts must be closed.
5.4. All measurements in aerodynamic tests of smoke protection systems are performed no earlier than 15 minutes after the creation of the required situation in the building and the activation of smoke protection fans.
Measurements at different points of the same ventilation system(exhaust smoke ventilation, supply smoke ventilation) must be performed synchronously.
The number of measurements of controlled parameters at all measurement points is at least three with an interval between adjacent measurements of at least 3 minutes.
5.5. Excessive static pressure in the volumes of the building (lift shafts, stairwells, tambour locks) is measured using a set of two static pressure receivers according to GOST 12.3.018-79 and a differential pressure gauge with an accuracy class of at least 1.
Excess pressure is measured in relation to the adjoining room (hall, corridor, etc.), while static pressure receivers in these rooms should be placed at the same height and located at a distance of at least 0.5 m from the building envelope.
5.6. The speed of air movement in doorways, valve openings, etc. is measured with anemometers of accuracy class not lower than 1.
The number of speed measurement points is taken taking into account the dimensions of the free section of the opening in accordance with GOST 12.3.018-79.
In openings, the free section of which is blocked by protective or decorative elements(grids, grids, etc.) that do not change the direction of flow, it is allowed to measure the air velocity in a plane spaced 50 mm from the specified element.
Fillings of openings that change the direction of flow (blinds, shutters, etc.) must be removed for the duration of aerodynamic tests.
6. Processing of measurement results
6.1. Based on the results of all primary measurements, the arithmetic mean values are determined A measured parameters according to the formula
where BUTi- the current value of the measured parameter in i-th dimension;
n- number of measurements.
6.2. Actual volume flow L air in the openings (in m 3 / s) is determined by the formula
L = F V,(2)
where F- passage area of the opening, m 2 ;
V - average (according to clause 6.1) value of the air velocity in the opening, m/s.
6.3. Actual mass flow G air in the openings (in kg / h) is determined by the formula
where t- temperature of the transported air, °C.
6.4. The actual parameters measured during testing of smoke protection systems for buildings are subject to recalculation to bring them to the standard operating conditions for these systems.
6.5. Density ρ air moved in aerodynamic tests in kg / m 3 is determined by the formula
6.6. Reduced volumetric value L n and mass G n the flow rate of air moved by the smoke protection system is determined by the formula
L n=L, m 3 /s; (five)
G n= L · ρ r , kg/s, (6)
where ρ r- normalized (calculated) density of the gas passing through this hole, kg/m 3 .
When calculating the value ρ r according to formula (4) value t should be taken in accordance with the parameters established by the standards (smoke temperature in the smoke damper, temperature of the smoke-air mixture in front of the smoke exhaust fan, outdoor air temperature, etc.).
Values obtained by formulas (5, 6) L n And G n compared with standard values.
6.7. The given value of the mass flow rate of air removed from the corridors or halls on the evacuation routes for buildings with a height of 10 to 35 floors is calculated by the formula
G n = GR(1,7 - 0,0075N - 0,00025N 2), (7)
where Gp- calculated (normative) value of smoke flow, kg/s;
N- the number of floors in the building.
Received value G n compare with the actual mass flow G.
6.8. When determining the overpressure in the building volumes relative to the corridor, it is necessary to calculate the correction, which depends on the actual strength and direction of the wind, according to the formulas:
for the location case front door on the windward facade of the building with the open window of the room
DP n = 0,029W 2 + 0,01W+ 2,88, (8)
where DP n - correction to pressure in the corridor of the building, Pa;
W- wind speed along the normal to the facade of the building, Pa;
for the case of the location of the entrance door on the windward facade of the building with an open window of the room
DP n = - 0.03 W 2 + 0,27W + 0,34. (9)
Pressure correction at closed window of the premises is taken equal to minus 2.5 Pa when the entrance door is located on the windward facade of the building and plus 2.5 Pa - when the entrance door is located on the windward facade of the building.
6.9. The measurement error during aerodynamic tests is determined in accordance with GOST 12.3.018-79.
7. Presentation of the results of acceptance and periodic tests
7.1. Based on the results of the acceptance and periodic tests of smoke protection systems, a protocol is drawn up, which indicates:
full address, nature of use, departmental affiliation, series standard project buildings (if any);
type of aerodynamic tests (acceptance or periodic);
brief description smoke protection system, including information about its circuit design, installed equipment;
information on the technical condition of the smoke protection system at the time of aerodynamic testing;
meteorological conditions at the time of aerodynamic tests (according to regional weather forecasts);
results of measurements of parameters of the smoke protection system;
conclusion about the compliance (non-compliance) of the parameters of the smoke protection system with the requirements of the standards.
7.2. The protocol is drawn up by representatives of the organization that conducted aerodynamic tests of the smoke protection system, and agreed with the representative of the State Fire Service.
7.3. Based on the protocol of aerodynamic tests, a decision is made to commission (continue to operate) the smoke protection system or withdraw it for unscheduled repairs.
Smoke during a fire makes breathing difficult and the ability to clearly distinguish surrounding objects, being an additional hazard to human life and health. remove smoke from the room and provide fresh air.
Smoke exhaust systems include air ducts, smoke exhaust fans and fire dampers that are automatically triggered when smoke appears. To ensure the reliability of the smoke exhaust system, its periodic and testing is required.
Normative base
The regulations for testing smoke exhaust systems are prescribed in GOST R 53300-2009. The document lists the methods of acceptance and periodic testing, indicates their frequency, and provides a sample of the recommended form of the test report. The latter is a mandatory addition to the passport of the smoke control system and cannot be a replacement for this document. Part of the data that is entered in the test report duplicates the information given in the ventilation passport.
Types of smoke exhaust system tests
Acceptance tests. This type of testing is carried out during the commissioning of the facility. All smoke exhaust systems in a building or structure are tested. The list of indicators to be analyzed is listed in GOST R 53300-2009 in the form of a table:
| No. p / p | Parameter | Parameter control technique | Permissible value |
| 1 | Schematic solution of smoke ventilation of the facility | Comparison | |
| 2 | Quantity, mounting position and technical data of smoke exhaust fans | » | |
| 3 | Quantity, mounting position and technical data of supply smoke ventilation fans | » | |
| 4 | Quantity, mounting position and technical data of smoke, fire dampers normally closed | » | |
| 5 | Design of fire-resistant air ducts (channels) of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation | Visually | Data of ventilation passports. Acts of work performed. Acts of hidden works |
| 6 | Actual flow rates of air removed by exhaust smoke ventilation systems through smoke inlets directly from the premises | Quantification | Data of ventilation passports |
| 7 | The same - from the corridors (halls) located on the evacuation routes | » | » |
| 8 | The same - from premises protected by gas aerosol and powder fire extinguishing installations | » | » |
| 9 | Actual overpressure values in smoke-free H2 type stairwells (staircase sections) | » | In the range of 20 - 150 Pa |
| 10 | The same - in the elevator shafts | » | In the range of 20 - 150 Pa |
| 11 | The same - in the vestibule locks | » | In the range of 20 - 150 Pa; not less than 1.3 m/s in the plane of the door |
Periodic testing. The frequency of periodic testing should be at least once every two years. At least 30% of smoke exhaust systems installed in a building or structure are analyzed. Despite the fact that the smoke exhaust system undergoes mandatory acceptance tests, deviations from the requirements of GOST are often detected during periodic tests.
It is best to periodically test smoke protection systems: in administrative and commercial buildings - after hours, in residential buildings - during the least activity of residents. In this case, it will be easier to measure the air flow rates on the smoke exhaust system valves and the overpressure values in non-smokeable stairwells, vestibules and elevator lobbies.
Typical problems and their effective solution
The most common nonconformities found during testing of smoke protection systems are the following:
- when triggered fire alarm there is no opening of the valves of smoke exhaust systems;
- indicators of permissible excess air pressure in rooms, corridors, halls, elevator shafts are exceeded.
A full reconfiguration will usually return the smoke control system to normal performance.
According to the test results, a test report is issued, which contains information about the object, purpose, methods, procedures and test results, as well as a list of indicators to be evaluated, and the evaluation results themselves.
He has extensive experience in the design, installation and maintenance of smoke protection systems for buildings and structures. You can always get a detailed consultation from us, order the design and testing of any necessary security systems.
The testing regulations are prescribed in GOST R 53300-2009, the document defines acceptance tests, establishes the frequency for operating systems depending on operating conditions, and recommends methods for protocol registration. Depending on the time of the test, there are:
Acceptance
They are carried out during the commissioning of reconstructed and new ventilation and smoke exhaust systems.
- The actual circuit design of smoke ventilation is compared with the project documentation. The number and installation locations of fans, the installation location of smoke dampers are checked.
- The fire resistance of the main and additional equipment is compared with the calculated one, the design of the air ducts and the reliability of the installation of fans are checked.
- The air flow rate removed by the system at maximum loads and the actual pressure value of the supplied fresh air are quantified.
periodic
The frequency depends on the technical parameters of the system and operating conditions, but at least once every two years. During periodic inspections, the following is monitored:
- Actual values of air consumption directly for each room-corridor.
- Air condition on personnel evacuation routes, in elevators and vestibules.
- The values of excess pressure of fresh air in the context of the premises.
Aerodynamic testing of the smoke exhaust system
They are produced taking into account the amended SP 73. 13330. 2012. The changes prohibit testing without creating artificial resistance; for this, 2/3 of the suction hole on the fan is plugged. Such a measure excludes equipment failure due to the low professionalism of the maintenance personnel. The new standards reduce deviations from design norms from 10% to 8%.
Test certificate for ventilation and smoke removal systems - sample
The information displayed in the document is regulated by the state standard. The certificate of aerodynamic tests of the smoke exhaust system has the following data:
- Introductory part. The object and purpose of the test are indicated, the methods used are described.
- Table number 1. List of indicators to be checked and actual results. Has information about the assessment data, the applied measurement and control methodology, permissible deviations and a statement of conformity.
- Table number 2. Results of a completed test of smoke exhaust ventilation. Has information about the design designation of the node or individual element systems, type and functional value, design and actual air flow parameters and the percentage of discrepancy between the result and design data.
- Table number 3. The results of testing the smoke control system of the supply type. Displays information on the design designation and type of equipment and devices under test, design and actual parameters of pressure and air flow rate, and a conclusion on compliance with regulatory provisions.
At the end, conclusions are given about the suitability of the system or a list of problems found and methods for their elimination. The act is signed by responsible representatives of the companies.
Sample test certificate for smoke exhaust and ventilation systems
The act of individual testing of the smoke exhaust system
It is compiled on the basis of checking the technical condition and operability of the ventilation and smoke exhaust system. Smoke extraction systems are tested in accordance with the requirements of industry regulations and national regulations. The act must have a list of activities and links to the documents on which the work was carried out. The city, address, location of the object and date are indicated.
The effective part of the act displays the test data and states the suitability of the equipment for operation or the need for repair work. The act is signed by representatives of the customer and the contractor.
Smoke extraction and pressurization test
To perform the work, anemometers with an accuracy class of at least 1.0 (for measuring the speed of air movement), pressure gauges with an accuracy class of at least 1.0 (for measuring pressure indicators) and a thickness gauge for measuring the parameters of fire-retardant coatings are required. Aerodynamic tests of smoke removal are allowed to be carried out with automatic initiation of the system operation after a preliminary power off.
Devices for measuring readings of smoke exhaust tests
The value is checked at several points, the number and placement of which takes into account the size and use of the premises. Based on the received data, the average value is calculated and checked for compliance with the calculated parameters. Checking the indicators is additionally carried out on the smoke intake devices located farthest from the fan according to the formula L vyt \u003d F vyt * V vyt * 3600, m 3 / h, where:
L vyt- the amount of air drawn through the receiver, m 3 / h;
F vyt- the area of the hole for receiving smoke, m 2;
V vyt is the speed of the removed air flow, m/s.
In stairwells without smoke, elevated pressure is measured in two ways:
- doors are closed, measurements are taken on the top and bottom floors;
- the door opens, leading people out of the building.
Number of repeated speed measurements air should be at least six when using vane-type anemometers and at least ten when using hot-wire anemometers. Measurement points should be located at the same distance from each other. Tolerances from the calculated parameters cannot exceed 15%.
Increased air pressure parameters for industrial and industrial buildings set within:
- in stairways 20–150 Pa;
- in elevators 20–150 Pa;
- in locks 20–150 Pa.
Air overpressure indicators in elevators and locks are measured with the doors of the elevator halls open.
Smoke during a fire makes breathing difficult and the ability to clearly distinguish surrounding objects, being an additional hazard to human life and health. remove smoke from the room and provide fresh air.
Smoke exhaust systems include air ducts, smoke exhaust fans and fire dampers that are automatically triggered when smoke appears. To ensure the reliability of the smoke exhaust system, its periodic and testing is required.
Normative base
The regulations for testing smoke exhaust systems are prescribed in GOST R 53300-2009. The document lists the methods of acceptance and periodic testing, indicates their frequency, and provides a sample of the recommended form of the test report. The latter is a mandatory addition to the passport of the smoke control system and cannot be a replacement for this document. Part of the data that is entered in the test report duplicates the information given in the ventilation passport.
Types of smoke exhaust system tests
Acceptance tests. This type of testing is carried out during the commissioning of the facility. All smoke exhaust systems in a building or structure are tested. The list of indicators to be analyzed is listed in GOST R 53300-2009 in the form of a table:
| No. p / p | Parameter | Parameter control technique | Permissible value |
| 1 | Schematic solution of smoke ventilation of the facility | Comparison | |
| 2 | Quantity, mounting position and technical data of smoke exhaust fans | » | |
| 3 | Quantity, mounting position and technical data of supply smoke ventilation fans | » | |
| 4 | Quantity, mounting position and technical data of smoke, fire dampers normally closed | » | |
| 5 | Design of fire-resistant air ducts (channels) of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation | Visually | Data of ventilation passports. Acts of work performed. Acts of hidden works |
| 6 | Actual flow rates of air removed by exhaust smoke ventilation systems through smoke inlets directly from the premises | Quantification | Data of ventilation passports |
| 7 | The same - from the corridors (halls) located on the evacuation routes | » | » |
| 8 | The same - from premises protected by gas aerosol and powder fire extinguishing installations | » | » |
| 9 | Actual overpressure values in smoke-free H2 type stairwells (staircase sections) | » | In the range of 20 - 150 Pa |
| 10 | The same - in the elevator shafts | » | In the range of 20 - 150 Pa |
| 11 | The same - in the vestibule locks | » | In the range of 20 - 150 Pa; not less than 1.3 m/s in the plane of the door |
Periodic testing. The frequency of periodic testing should be at least once every two years. At least 30% of smoke exhaust systems installed in a building or structure are analyzed. Despite the fact that the smoke exhaust system undergoes mandatory acceptance tests, deviations from the requirements of GOST are often detected during periodic tests.
It is best to periodically test smoke protection systems: in administrative and commercial buildings - after hours, in residential buildings - during the least activity of residents. In this case, it will be easier to measure the air flow rates on the smoke exhaust system valves and the overpressure values in non-smokeable stairwells, vestibules and elevator lobbies.
Typical problems and their effective solution
The most common nonconformities found during testing of smoke protection systems are the following:
- when a fire alarm is triggered, the valves of the smoke exhaust systems do not open;
- indicators of permissible excess air pressure in rooms, corridors, halls, elevator shafts are exceeded.
A full reconfiguration will usually return the smoke control system to normal performance.
According to the test results, a test report is issued, which contains information about the object, purpose, methods, procedures and test results, as well as a list of indicators to be evaluated, and the evaluation results themselves.
He has extensive experience in the design, installation and maintenance of smoke protection systems for buildings and structures. You can always get a detailed consultation from us, order the design and testing of any necessary security systems.
The testing regulations are prescribed in GOST R 53300-2009, the document defines acceptance tests, establishes the frequency for operating systems depending on operating conditions, and recommends methods for protocol registration. Depending on the time of the test, there are:
Acceptance
They are carried out during the commissioning of reconstructed and new ventilation and smoke exhaust systems.
- The actual circuit design of smoke ventilation is compared with the project documentation. The number and installation locations of fans, the installation location of smoke dampers are checked.
- The fire resistance of the main and additional equipment is compared with the calculated one, the design of the air ducts and the reliability of the installation of fans are checked.
- The air flow rate removed by the system at maximum loads and the actual pressure value of the supplied fresh air are quantified.
periodic
The frequency depends on the technical parameters of the system and operating conditions, but at least once every two years. During periodic inspections, the following is monitored:
- Actual values of air consumption directly for each room-corridor.
- Air condition on personnel evacuation routes, in elevators and vestibules.
- The values of excess pressure of fresh air in the context of the premises.
Aerodynamic testing of the smoke exhaust system
They are produced taking into account the amended SP 73. 13330. 2012. The changes prohibit testing without creating artificial resistance; for this, 2/3 of the suction hole on the fan is plugged. Such a measure excludes equipment failure due to the low professionalism of the maintenance personnel. The new standards reduce deviations from design norms from 10% to 8%.
Test certificate for ventilation and smoke removal systems - sample
The information displayed in the document is regulated by the state standard. The certificate of aerodynamic tests of the smoke exhaust system has the following data:
- Introductory part. The object and purpose of the test are indicated, the methods used are described.
- Table number 1. List of indicators to be checked and actual results. Has information about the assessment data, the applied measurement and control methodology, permissible deviations and a statement of conformity.
- Table number 2. Results of a completed test of smoke exhaust ventilation. It has information about the design designation of a node or an individual element of the system, type and functional value, design and actual air flow parameters and the percentage of discrepancy between the result and design data.
- Table number 3. The results of testing the smoke control system of the supply type. Displays information on the design designation and type of equipment and devices under test, design and actual parameters of pressure and air flow rate, and a conclusion on compliance with regulatory provisions.
At the end, conclusions are given about the suitability of the system or a list of problems found and methods for their elimination. The act is signed by responsible representatives of the companies.
Sample test certificate for smoke exhaust and ventilation systems
The act of individual testing of the smoke exhaust system
It is compiled on the basis of checking the technical condition and operability of the ventilation and smoke exhaust system. Smoke extraction systems are tested in accordance with the requirements of industry regulations and national regulations. The act must have a list of activities and links to the documents on which the work was carried out. The city, address, location of the object and date are indicated.
The effective part of the act displays the test data and states the suitability of the equipment for operation or the need for repair work. The act is signed by representatives of the customer and the contractor.
Smoke extraction and pressurization test
To perform the work, anemometers with an accuracy class of at least 1.0 (for measuring the speed of air movement), pressure gauges with an accuracy class of at least 1.0 (for measuring pressure indicators) and a thickness gauge for measuring the parameters of fire-retardant coatings are required. Aerodynamic tests of smoke removal are allowed to be carried out with automatic initiation of the system operation after a preliminary power off.
Devices for measuring readings of smoke exhaust tests
The value is checked at several points, the number and placement of which takes into account the size and use of the premises. Based on the received data, the average value is calculated and checked for compliance with the calculated parameters. Checking the indicators is additionally carried out on the smoke intake devices located farthest from the fan according to the formula L vyt \u003d F vyt * V vyt * 3600, m 3 / h, where:
L vyt- the amount of air drawn through the receiver, m 3 / h;
F vyt- the area of the hole for receiving smoke, m 2;
V vyt is the speed of the removed air flow, m/s.
In stairwells without smoke, elevated pressure is measured in two ways:
- doors are closed, measurements are taken on the top and bottom floors;
- the door opens, leading people out of the building.
The number of repeated air velocity measurements should be at least six when using vane-type anemometers and at least ten when using hot-wire anemometers. Measurement points should be located at the same distance from each other. Permissible deviations from the calculated parameters cannot exceed 15%.
The parameters of increased air pressure for industrial and industrial buildings are set within:
- in stairways 20–150 Pa;
- in elevators 20–150 Pa;
- in locks 20–150 Pa.
Air overpressure indicators in elevators and locks are measured with the doors of the elevator halls open.
The fundamental documents that establish the procedure and frequency for conducting acceptance and periodic tests of ventilation systems for smoke protection of buildings and structures with artificial induction are the Norms fire safety Republic of Belarus “Smoke protection of buildings and structures. NPB 23-2000 "Methods for acceptance and periodic testing" and GOST 12.3.018-79 "Ventilation systems. Methods of aerodynamic tests".
Acceptance tests of smoke protection systems are carried out upon acceptance into operation of newly constructed, reconstructed and repaired buildings, as well as upon completion of the overhaul and refurbishment of smoke protection systems. Periodic tests are carried out in accordance with the technical and operational documentation of the building, but at least once a year. Acceptance and periodic testing of smoke protection systems for buildings should be carried out by specialized organizations licensed to carry out installation, repair, maintenance, and adjustment of these systems in the presence of representatives of the state fire supervision.
All measurements during aerodynamic tests must be carried out in compliance with the requirements of GOST 12.3.018. Before the start of aerodynamic tests in the building, the situation specified in NPB 23-2000 p.4.2-4.4 is reproduced. All measurements during aerodynamic tests of smoke protection systems are performed no earlier than 15 minutes after the situation in the building is created according to paragraphs 4.2-4.4. and turning on the fans of the smoke protection system.
When conducting aerodynamic tests, it is recommended to use the following measuring instruments:
combined pressure receiver - for measuring dynamic and total flow pressures at air speeds of more than 5 m/s and static pressures in steady flows;
differential pressure gauges - for registering pressure drops;
anemometer - for measuring air velocities less than 5 m/s; barometer - for measuring pressure in the environment;
thermometer - for measuring air temperature;
psychrometer - for measuring air humidity;
tachometer - to determine the number of revolutions of the motor and fan shaft;
stopwatch - to determine time intervals during testing;
ruler - to determine the coordinates of pressure and velocity measurement points, the geometric parameters of air ducts and smoke exhaust dampers.
During testing, the aerodynamic characteristics of ventilation systems, excess static pressures in protected volumes (stairwells, elevator shafts, elevator and stair halls, vestibule locks), the air flow rate removed through smoke valves directly from the premises, corridors (halls) on evacuation routes are determined. , consumption (speed) of air in the door at the exit from the floor (premises) on the evacuation route. The places for measuring the listed controlled parameters are determined taking into account the requirements of GOST 12.3.018, the design solution of the smoke protection system and the space-planning solutions of the building.
The aerodynamic characteristics of ventilation systems and excess static pressures in the protected volumes of the building are determined using a combined pressure receiver and a differential pressure gauge. Excessive static pressures in the protected volumes are measured in relation to the adjacent premises (hall, corridor and other premises), while the static pressure receivers in these premises are placed at the same height and located at a distance of at least 0.5 meters from the enclosing structures.
The speed of air movement in door openings, valve openings and other openings is determined using an anemometer.
A schematic diagram of measurements of the parameters of the smoke protection system and gas exchange on the floors of the building during the operation of the smoke protection ventilation system is shown in Fig.3.
Fig 3.
1 - smoke exhaust shaft, 2 - smoke-free staircase of the second type (H2), 3 - elevator shafts, 4 - floor corridor, -> - directions of air flow.
The value of excess static pressure in the protected volumes must be at least 20 Pa. The value of the measured volume flow of air removed from the room or corridor must be at least the calculated value. The maximum differential pressure across the escape route doors must not exceed 150 Pa. The air consumption supplied to the vestibules-locks operating in case of fire from one open door into a corridor, hall or basement should be determined by calculation or by the air velocity in the doorway (air velocity must be at least 1.3 m/s).
The test results of smoke protection systems should contain:
full address, nature of use, departmental affiliation, series of a typical building design (if any);
type of tests (acceptance or periodic);
a list of measuring instruments used during aerodynamic tests with an indication of the serial number and date of verification (calibration);
a brief description of the smoke protection system, including information about its constructive solution, installed equipment;
diagrams of the smoke exhaust system and supply ventilation;
information on the technical condition of the smoke protection system at the time of testing;
ESSE provides a full range of services for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of fire safety systems (fire extinguishing systems, fire alarms, warning and evacuation control systems, smoke protection systems).
How to properly maintain smoke exhaust systems*
Maintenance work must be carried out in accordance with:
- RD 25.964-90 "System for the maintenance and repair of automatic fire extinguishing, smoke removal, security, fire and fire alarm systems. Organization and procedure for carrying out work"
- GOST R 53300-2009 "Smoke protection of buildings and structures. Methods for acceptance and periodic tests".
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2012 N 390 "On the fire regime". Rules of the fire regime in the Russian Federation.
- Other laws, norms and rules approved in the Russian Federation and relevant as of the date of work.
Maintenance of the smoke exhaust system must be carried out on the basis of an Agreement with a contractor holding a License for the right to carry out the relevant type of activity, by certified specialists in accordance with the approved Work Schedule.
The stage of maintenance of smoke exhaust systems is always preceded by the stage of Acceptance Tests. Acceptance testing of the supply and exhaust smoke ventilation system is carried out during the commissioning of new construction facilities and during the reconstruction of buildings. At the same time, a certain list of parameters of clause 6 11 is controlled (see GOST R 53300-2009 Table 1). The specified parameters of smoke exhaust systems must comply with the data of the ventilation passports (form according to RD 25.964-90, Appendix 5), made in the prescribed manner by the organization that is adjusting the system. Additionally, during a comprehensive check of the state of fire protection of an object, indicators of items 1 - 5 should be subject to control (see GOST R 53300-2009 Table 1).
During technical maintenance of smoke exhaust systems ( when checking functionality) the measured parameters are compared with the parameters specified in project documentation(protocol of acceptance aerodynamic tests) for the system, drawn up during acceptance tests.
Frequency of maintenance of smoke exhaust systems*
When concluding an Agreement for the maintenance of smoke exhaust systems, the Contractor conducts an initial inspection of the installations in order to determine their technical condition. Based on the results, an Initial Inspection Act and / or a Defective Statement are drawn up (clause 2 of RD 25.964-90).
The main types of periodic maintenance work are:
Visual inspection- control of the technical condition (operable - inoperative, serviceable - faulty) with the participation of the sense organs and, if necessary, control means, the nomenclature of which is established by the relevant documentation, i.e. determination of the technical condition of installations and individual vehicles by external signs.
Preventive work- scheduled preventive work to keep the units in working condition, including cleaning the outer surfaces of the vehicle, checking the technical condition of their internal installation (internal surfaces), cleaning, grinding, lubricating, soldering, replacing or restoring the elements of the vehicle that have expired or come into disrepair.
The frequency of external examination and preventive work is determined (RD 25.964-90):
- The frequency and content of work on maintenance and repair of individual vehicles is established by the "Industry time standards for the maintenance of PA and OPS installations".
- The frequency and scope of work on maintenance and repair may vary by agreement between the Contractor and the Customer, depending on the conditions and period of operation of the vehicle.
These works are reflected in the "Journal of registration of maintenance and repair work automatic installations fire extinguishing, smoke removal, security, fire and security and fire alarm"(form according to RD 25.964-90, Appendix 6).
Health check - determination of the technical condition by monitoring the implementation technical means and the installation as a whole of part or all of the functions inherent in them, determined by the purpose.
The frequency of the performance check (according to paragraph 61 of the Rules of the fire regime in the Russian Federation) is carried out at least once a quarter.
Measured at Health check smoke removal systems parameters are reflected in the aerodynamic test protocol being drawn up. Items 6 - 11 are subject to control (see Table 1). At least 30% of the total number of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation systems are subject to control (clause 3.7 of GOST R 53300-2009 Smoke protection of buildings and structures. Methods for acceptance and periodic tests.)
Based on the results of the system operability check, an Act is drawn up for checking the operability of systems and fire protection equipment of the facility (The form of the act was approved by the Order of the EMERCOM of Russia No. 292 dated 05/28/2012, Appendix 19)
Quarterly checks of the smoke exhaust systems are one of the most important activities in the maintenance of smoke exhaust systems.
Technical certification - is carried out after 5 years from the date of putting the installations into operation (and then with the established frequency) for technical feasibility and economic feasibility of their intended use (
