Modern living room design in a classic style. How to create a living room interior in a classic style? Principles for a small living room

Currently, there are a huge number of options for creating a living room interior design in the "classic" style. However, often, having decided to make repairs, people are faced with a serious problem - a lack of space for the implementation of their ideas. Do not rush to despair. This article will help owners of small apartments to create a living room interior in a classic style.

So, first you should determine the six main components of the interior: colors, materials used to decorate the room, lighting, furniture, windows and doors.

Choose a color

The classic design style of the living room dictates to us a certain framework in the choice of colors. Bright, contrasting combinations contradict the chosen style. You should also not give priority to too dark shades: deep blue, dark eggplant.

  1. Eternal classic: white and black. This combination of colors does not even need comments. After all, it is ideal for creating an interior in any style: from classicism to post-modern.
  2. Delicate pastel colors are the basis of a classic interior. Peach, beige, pistachio, cream, all shades of pink (from dirty pink to beige), light yellow tones will help create a pleasant, calm atmosphere in your living room.
  3. A great solution can be the choice of cold shades. Blue, mint, blue will help to visually enlarge the room, make it fresh and spacious.
  4. Warm, "autumn" colors will make a small living room truly cozy. This group includes: coffee, golden, sand, bronze and brown shades.
  5. To create a truly majestic living room, bright colors are suitable: scarlet, purple, gold, burgundy.

Important! Don't be afraid to use bright colors. It is generally accepted that they visually reduce space, but this is not always the case. When used correctly, "flashy" tones will emphasize the advantageous features of the room. But! No need to focus on black, although it is at the very beginning of the list. Black prevents the spread of light in the room, making it visually narrower. Being in a too dark small living room is uncomfortable. An example of the use of black / dark blue colors in the interior is the creation of black window frames, curtains or textiles.

Options for creating small-sized living rooms in a classic style can be seen by looking at the photos below:

Decide on finishing materials

Traditionally, expensive fabrics, natural materials and finishes are used to create an interior in a classic style. handmade. However, there are more modern and budget options for interior design of a living room in a classic design.

  • Wooden panels for walls. Such panels can be both dark and light. It depends on the already chosen color scheme. natural material emphasize the nobility, and also make the living room more comfortable.

  • Decorative plaster. There is currently huge selection decorative plaster on the market building materials. When choosing it, you only need to arm yourself with patience and money.

  • Painting. The most expensive option for wall decoration. You need to find a master whose work you trust, as well as buy quite expensive materials for coloring. When the work is finished, you will be delighted with the elegance and grace of the room!

  • Textile. Wall upholstery with fabric will give the room warmth and comfort.

  • Wallpaper. The most familiar option for everyone at the present time. The choice of wallpaper on the market is simply huge. When buying, you should carefully monitor the quality of the material, the thickness of the wallpaper and the accuracy of the pattern.

Important! In order for solid wood panels to retain their original gloss, it is necessary to provide them with proper care. Wet cleaning should be carried out without the use of aggressive detergents(it is enough to wipe the panels with a slightly damp cloth). It is recommended to use special means to ensure shine and even texture: polish and wax. Such processing can be carried out with a fairly large frequency - once every 3-4 months. This will help get rid of small scratches and surface damage.

Successful wall decoration solutions are shown in the photo. :

Ceiling must be decorated with stucco or painting. Even in a small living room of a small apartment, you can make the ceiling luxurious! Standard materials are used for stucco molding: gypsum, polystyrene.

Floor best to finish natural materials: wood or stone. However, if you are interested in a more budget option, then you can use a laminate or tile. Choosing the right color scheme, it is recommended to lay a carpet, as the classic style implies its presence.

In creating the style of windows and doors, you should pay attention to wooden doors with painted finish or steel elements.

Choice of lighting

Living room lighting should be given special attention. For small living rooms small apartments massive chandeliers with crystal shades, which are typical of classicism, are not suitable. Unfortunately, they have to be abandoned in order to avoid a sharp visual reduction in space. However, there should be a lot of light, because it visually expands the space.
There are several recommendations for lighting a small living room:

  • Built-in lamps. Unobtrusive, inconspicuous lighting fixtures built into decor elements or furniture are perfect for small spaces. They create the effect of "omnipresence" of light, but do not make it too intrusive.
  • Desk lamp. Table lamps are an integral element of the interior of any room, made in a classic style. Their selection is huge. There are no specific recommendations - everything is in your hands. It is only necessary to follow the chosen color scheme and your taste preferences.
  • Wall sconces. An elegant decorative element good way space lighting.

Advice! In order to focus on certain "highlights" of the interior, you can use LED backlight, hidden, for example, behind a picture or a mirror.

Examples of a successful choice of living room lighting can be seen by looking at the photos:

Furniture and accessories

When choosing furniture, do not stop at massive cabinets or sofas. Neat and elegant armchairs, sofas are ideal for such a room. Cabinets and chests of drawers must be placed around the perimeter of the room. This will help to delimit the space into 2 zones: a functional and a recreation area. Accessories should be chosen in accordance with the classic style, but you should not opt ​​for bulky items. Paintings, bookshelves, animal skins and mirrors are a good choice to decorate floors and walls. Furniture can be decorated with beautiful pillows or covers.

We wish you good luck in creating the interior! And remember that a limited area is not an obstacle to unlimited imagination.

Do you want to create a living room interior simply and tastefully? Choose the design of the living room in a classic style. Such an interior will truly inspire and relax after a hard day's work.

Classicism is elegant luxury and stylish comfort that will never be called unfashionable. Classic is suitable for decorating a living room only if this room is spacious enough. Modern interiors living rooms in the apartment:

The interior of a living room in a classic style cannot consist of bright and harsh shades. The color scheme is always sustained in pastel and calm tones in combination with natural shades of wood.

Golden, beige and pale yellow undertones will be quite appropriate. Bronze, gilding, noble pastel - these are the most acceptable colors for a classic interior. Living room design ideas photo:

But you should not get carried away with gilding, so that the interior is not overloaded with golden elements. It goes well with gold and white. White, in general, is very relevant, especially in combination with dark wood.

modern living room wall decor

To give the room a classic ambiance, choose wallpaper in classic tones. These are, as a rule, expensive, soft wallpapers with a pattern in tone or with a vertical pattern. It is better if the walls do not look catchy and bright.

Preference should be given to plain and soft patterns. Alternatively, you can use gilded and embossed jewelry. In any case, the walls should look expensive and solid. Modern design The walls of the living room in a classic style suggest "wealth" and excellent taste.

Modern fireplace in the interior of the living room

Another win-win option is a modern fireplace in the interior of the living room. Such a detail will catch the eye and add comfort. Believe me, not one of the guests will pass by the fireplace, and spending winter evenings next to the fire will be just a pleasure.


Flooring: cork floors, laminate and parquet

Cork flooring is considered one of the most popular. And the main reason for this is the high environmental friendliness and unique characteristics of the cork.
Cork floors are not subject to decay and shrinkage, and have excellent antibacterial characteristics.

Besides, flooring additionally, during production, it is processed with special compounds, which completely eliminates the likelihood of mold and fungus formation. Modern interiors of living rooms in an apartment with a cork floor:

After any short-term or longer mechanical impact, cork floors instantly acquire their original appearance. High depreciation characteristics of cork also have a good effect on the human musculoskeletal system, significantly reducing the load when walking. It is also important that cork floors are incredibly beautiful, due to unique intricate patterns.

Such floors are able to serve for a long time without losing their original appearance. However, it should be borne in mind that it is advisable to lay parquet only in those rooms where there is a low probability of high mechanical stress, dirt and moisture ingress (living room, bedroom). Laminate is the most modern type of flooring. It is characterized by maximum wear resistance, strength, durability and environmental friendliness.

In addition, the laminate is represented by numerous collections, which contain laminated boards of the most diverse colors and textures. Moreover, the pattern applied to the surface of the laminate perfectly repeats the structure of natural wood of any kind of wood, both ordinary and exotic.

Choosing a laminate that can effectively emphasize the overall beauty of the interior is as easy as possible. At the same time, this type of flooring will cost less than natural parquet due to a more affordable price. The interior of the living room is simple and tasteful - this is exactly about the flooring with laminate.

The carpet must be chosen expensive and always the same tone with the furniture. You can use several rectangular carpets.

Stucco molding all over the ceiling, or painting.

It is difficult to make the ceiling correct and corresponding to classicism, because harmoniously matched colors and decorations must have an impeccable look.

Curtains, furniture upholstery, tablecloths will fit into the overall style if they are made of dense fabrics such as brocade, silk, satin or velvet. Cornices are allowed forged or wooden. A variant with fabric drapery is also possible on the cornices and on the windows.


Furniture fit massive and always made of wood. A good detail of the classic style is a fireplace. The facade of the fireplace can be made of marble or cast iron. And on the shelf by the fireplace, you can place several classic accessories in the form of figurines or candlesticks.

The classic style of the interior of the living room makes high demands on the furniture and lighting of the room. Individual order according to a specially executed design project - The best way decorate the hall. If this is not possible, a simple rule should be taken into account: quality, quality factor, graceful beauty, clarity of lines and shapes are always taken into account when choosing furniture. An important detail: the furniture should be quite impressive in size, the sofa and armchairs should not have sharp corners.

array natural wood noble breeds - always a win-win choice of furniture design. Only this option is suitable for an interior with a fireplace area.

The upholstery of such furniture should be either leather or thick expensive fabric to match the overall color scheme of the living room drapery and somewhat darker than the design of the walls. Satin, jacquard, velor, tapestry - what should you choose if the living room and its design are given over to the classic style.

The legs of the sets are selected in an exquisite form and also from solid wood. Countertops, coffee tables can be made of durable glass, if this does not contradict the rest of the interior details.
A special semantic center of the living room in the classic style creates a fireplace area. Modern design and repairs, which include decorating the hall with a fireplace, lead to the choice of a suitable architectural option. Fireplaces are stationary and mobile, closed and semi-closed, corner and island. Closed ones are equipped with a chimney in the wall and are planned at the beginning of construction work. Open fireplaces are often placed in the center of the hall. It evenly provides heat to the room and advantageously emphasizes its originality and style. It is worth considering that a wood-burning fireplace requires an area of ​​​​at least 20 square meters. If, for technical reasons, it is not possible to install it, an electric fireplace can be an alternative proposal.

Facing and decoration of fireplaces is made of brick, wood, stone, ceramic tiles and marble blocks. Design of portals - from granite, marble, stone, ceramics, brick, limestone, metal.
Classic style is impossible without elegant and sufficient lighting for a large space. A room, by definition, should have plenty of natural light. Mandatory massive chandelier. It can be multi-level in pendants and decorated with candelabra. There are many variations, but it all depends on the size of the room. Lighting fixtures containing crystal, natural gilding, bronze, appropriately "fit" into the design, suggesting a classic style. Modern neoclassicism also prefers the paraphernalia of the classical lighting solution chosen by the time.

The design of a classic living room involves the use of large quantities of candlesticks, sconces and spotlights. They allow you to create a cozy, intimate atmosphere, to achieve additional zoning of the area with light.

A style that consistently remains one of the most popular in home design is the classic. Today, this direction is somewhat different from the traditional classic design, but the sophisticated accents have been preserved, which means you can add luxury to your living room without spending a lot of money.

It does not take much time to create a classic-style living room design, and it is not at all necessary to have experience in decorating interiors in order to create exactly the atmosphere that is needed.

Our simple tips and photos with ready-made interiors of always up-to-date classics will help you cope with this task.

Interior of a small living room, photo

Common features of the classics

Since all varieties of classic design are distinguished by the presence of a large number of expressive accents, the living room should not be cramped or poorly lit. Otherwise, decorate the living room in the style of a modern classic: it is more concise and easy to understand, but, similarly to the old style, it will be perceived as refined.

Another rule of any classical direction is the harmony of shades. The palette of furniture, finishing materials and accessories in such an interior should look holistic and consistent even with the intentional formation of bright accents in some areas. Therefore, it is not surprising that designers mask color transitions with the help of moldings and special borders: they can be used on walls, floors and ceilings, as well as on windows, doors and individual pieces of furniture if necessary.

Interior of a classic living room in an apartment, photo

Other features that emphasize the classic direction of the living room design:



Living room interior in modern classic style, photo

Another characteristic feature of the classics is the thematic design of windows and doors. In such an interior, you can put arched structures, patterned frames and decorated metal grilles, as well as pick up massive doors that match the old style.

Classic design palette

The classic design of the hall differs from other styles and shades. Interiors with thematic accents in the style of the classics look quite busy, so it is better to give preference to a light palette or decorate the room with more expressive colors without unnecessary accents (for example, solid gold, brown, pale red coatings).


Living room interior in classic style, photo

Attention! A bright living room in a classic style will look spacious and brighter if there is not enough natural light.

Suitable shades for a classic-style hall are olive, mustard, beige, light blue, yellow and peach. If you need to decorate a classic living room in light colors, these colors can be used to create an accent on one of the walls.

The most common classic-style living room wallpapers are white and beige. Such materials are perfectly combined with wallpaper and furniture of other shades, as well as with wood, which is often used in classic interiors.

Pay attention to light wallpaper with glossy tints and sparkles: They are great for a small living room in a classic style and make it look bigger.

A north-facing residential interior should be warm and cozy: a pastel and spring palette (pink, sand, light green) is appropriate here, in contrast to southern living rooms, where it is better to use cold tones such as gray, light purple or blue.


Classic hall design, photo

materials different colors can be combined horizontally and vertically. Such combinations will increase the width and height of the walls, respectively. When combining several shades on the walls, choose furniture and accessories to match one of them in order to achieve color harmony.

Choice of finishing materials

Although the classic in the interior of the living room seems expensive, it can take quite a bit of money to finish. But it is better to give preference to durable and wear-resistant materials with a long service life.
The flooring can be parquet or laminate: such materials will look especially good with wooden furniture.

Advice. For the interior in the living room in a small apartment, it is better to choose a floor covering with a reflective effect. In the area intended for relaxation, lay a soft rug.


Design of a small living room, photo

As finishing materials for walls in the interior of the classics, wallpaper is most often chosen. The classic design is one of the few where background wallpapers with large ornaments would be appropriate. In modern classics, such materials are not used on all walls, but in separate areas to create accents.

If desired, you can paint the walls or treat their surface. decorative plaster. To diversify a monochromatic design, use moldings: they will not only emphasize the dynamics, but also serve as aesthetic boundaries between coatings with and without patterns.

Wood or plastic panels can be used for horizontal combinations. They perfectly protect the walls and emphasize the old style.


Photo of a living room in a classic style, photo

Let's take a closer look at how to design a living room in a classic style using materials with patterns. In the interior modern classics appropriate line and stripe. A vertical linear motif will allow you to raise the ceiling, and a horizontal one will have a similar effect, but in breadth.

Also popular are wallpapers for a classic living room with empire patterns, floral ornaments, rhombuses and other large images.


Wallpaper in the living room in a classic style, photo

Advice: if you want to emphasize your individuality, use photo wallpapers with an old story to decorate walls or ceilings.

For decorating ceilings, you can also use special plates with ornaments, plastic or wood panels, paint and plaster. Moldings and stucco moldings of a wide variety of shapes will complete the decor of this surface.


Living room decoration: photo in modern style

Furniture and accessories for the hall in the classic style

If earlier in the interior of the living room in a classic style dimensional and massive furniture was used, today this direction allows you to equip the room with more compact and light elements. For example, coffee tables with graceful legs, small semicircular sofas, shelving with glass and mirror inserts.


Living room in a classic style: furniture, photo

Advice: antiques can be used in such an interior, but it is quite possible that you will have to repaint it to harmonize with the rest of the design elements.

Furniture for a small living room in a modern style is more concise and simple. Replace patterned sofas with upholstered furniture from leather or plain fabric without unnecessary accents.


Living room furniture in a classic style, photo

Instead of cabinets with cutouts on the facades, put wooden shelving, decorated in a traditional manner. In such furniture, there may be inserts made of steel and other metals in the form of legs and fittings, and a small highlight in some areas will emphasize modernity.

See: beautiful and stylish interiors in the spirit current trends and fashion trends.

Compilation beautiful photos modular living room furniture in a modern style, see .

An important role in the design of a living room in a classic style is played by the layout. Furniture must be arranged in such a way that it is easy to move between the individual functional areas of the room.

As a rule, sofas with related equipment to create a recreation area are placed in the center or against one of the walls, if the room is limited in size.


Furniture in the living room in a classic style, photo

As for accessories, the interior in a classic-style living room can be embellished with the following ideas:



Living room in classic style

Many consider the classics monotonous, despite the fact that today, as before, it is embodied in different ideas.

No other style can so accurately emphasize the beautiful atmosphere of luxury in a home interior: just look at the photos of living rooms in a classic style to be convinced of this.

photo gallery

The living room is the heart of any home. This room is special, it is a place of rest for the household, a central reception area, a festive area on celebration days. Modern interior design has many directions for decorating a living room, but the classic remains the best of them: it is this style that attracts special attention with its solemnity.

Peculiarities

The classic style, which originated in the 18th century, exists outside of fashion: whatever the latest trends, it will always be popular and will find its fans. Having replaced baroque and rococo at one time, it was distinguished by rationalism, while having all the elements of antiquity and sophistication, which were harmoniously emphasized by a minimal set of design elements. The interior design of the living room in a classic style is a sign of good taste, speaks of the intelligence of the owners of the house. This direction competes with vintage and modern style, while its main principle is moderation. It does not scream, is not conspicuous, does not irritate with aggressive colors: everything is subject to harmony and natural tones of the color palette, so the classic suits mature people of different ages.

Characteristic features of the style

Being a kind of demonstration financial well-being and a calm attitude to life, the classical style is not without the principles of drawing up an interior composition:

  • the living room should have a high ceiling (about 3 m), allowing you to decorate the space with a volumetric central lamp and plaster moldings;
  • the area of ​​\u200b\u200bsuch rooms should be sufficient to feel spacious;
  • each element of style is subject to the rule of symmetry (proportions of the "golden section"), strict geometry and conciseness of forms, with a luxurious appearance, it is devoid of pretentiousness;

  • style welcomes combination different materials in decoration and decor, while it is important that they are expensive;
  • elements of English classics are welcome in the design (for example, fireplace and guest areas);
  • among the decoration in the interior, light notes of monumentality and palace style can flash;
  • in the interior of the room, a space design in the spirit of a boudoir is allowed, while the design may contain elements of a baroque room.

The interior of the living room in a classic style is adored by conservatives, more often choosing a narrow focus of a variety of this style. It cannot be called eclecticism: all elements are thoroughly selected, choosing either a modest or a premium type of interior, and if it is important for some to show prosperity, others choose interior items in such a way that they indicate a high social level without too much pathos. It is undesirable to equip a small space in this style: it risks looking like a heavily cluttered room.

Color combinations

The color palette of the classic interior adheres mainly to delicate and pastel shades. These are soft beige, cream, olive, bleached sunny, golden, pale blue and light green tones. Often, the living room is decorated in combination with muted shades of brown, using bronze, copper and wood paints as contrasting tones. The favorite of classic tones is white: it always brings space, light and depth to the room, relieving it of limitations if it has dark tones.

Actual combinations of shades of the color palette of the classic style of the living room today are combinations:

  • white, light brown, gray and smoky blue;
  • golden yellow with white, brown and pinkish gray;
  • white with brown and black;
  • cream with gold, light wenge and wine;

  • beige with red-brown, chocolate and white;
  • olive, white with light wenge and gold;
  • beige, white and brown;
  • light grey, white, amber and gold.

The light tones of the style are often emphasized by dark touches, the number of which is limited: the classic does not accept gloom and darkness.

Wall decoration of the classical style allows the use of premium varieties of wallpaper in the decoration of vertical planes and their combination with modern expensive ones. finishing materials. Budgetary paper wallpaper: only embossing, silk screen printing, ecological non-woven, textile and liquid wallpaper can adequately convey the desired atmosphere.

Sharp prints should not be used in wall decoration: English stiffness is welcome, drawings should not be conspicuous. Ideally, if the coloring is conveyed through the texture of the wallpaper, or by the embossing method, in which the pattern does not stand out much outwardly, having a shade two tones darker than the main background. It shimmers in the light, which looks stylish and expensive. No abstract and ethnic motifs: more often these are golden monograms that do not scream with brightness of contrasts, as well as light floral motifs.

materials

The materials used in the decoration of the style must correspond to the desired level of furniture and lighting, as well as wall decoration. If it is furniture, in the first place is natural leather or tapestry, velvet, silk, satin.

Textile curtains should be expensive, combined with delicate tulle. The priority is long pile carpets made of natural wool and cotton fibers. Less commonly, carpets can be made from mixed raw materials with the addition of high-quality synthetics that improve them. operational properties. Choosing textiles decorative pillows or a soft blanket, in the first case it is worth giving preference to silk and jacquard materials, in the second - woolen and cotton.

Lighting

The classic style implies massive central lighting and additional lighting corresponding to it. At the same time, pendant chandeliers are the best ceiling lights. They can be made in one or more levels, have a lot of light sources, each of which is covered with an identical decor in the form of small floor lamps, like table lamps, candles or other shades. calling card lighting fixtures of the classical style is the use of crystal, glass and bronze forging elements in the decoration of lamps.

Distinctive feature The lighting of this style is the abundance of light: the living room should be bright, as close as possible to natural daylight. However, the design may also involve a kind of "theatrical" lighting, in which the light flux is gently scattered around the entire perimeter of the room. An original approach to lighting is the use of modern stylistic techniques in the lighting decor, when a pendant ceiling lamp under forging, in addition to sconces with decor in the form of candles, spot diode lamps are added to accentuate individual functional areas of the space.

Situation

Performing the interior composition of the living room, it is important to properly organize the space. Each item occupies the right place, taking into account the available usable area. Furniture items inherent in this style are massive and expensive. Wood-fiber materials are unacceptable: cabinet furniture is made exclusively from the best wood species. At the same time, the space includes a whole ensemble of furniture, among the elements of which the sofa and armchairs, as well as a coffee table and a wardrobe are the key details of the room's furnishings. If you draw a visual line, dividing the space into two parts, the situation in it will often be mirrored.

Furniture should not be small, while it is freely placed in the room without interfering with the freedom of movement of household members. Ideal if she has decorative elements, decorated with gilding or bronze paint. Cheap and colorful upholstery is unacceptable: all the details of the situation speak of a special status. Instead of coffee table a convex cabinet can be located in the room, a sofa can be linear (straight) or angular, always large, setting up a relaxing atmosphere. A large chest of drawers with a glass facade or an antique bureau, as well as a piano, looks good in the interior of the living room.

The furniture raw materials used must be natural and harmless. Not all modern materials fit the understanding of the classic style: for example, cheap alloys and plastic released into the air harmful substances, are not a technique for arranging a classic-style space. Glass, on the contrary, effectively fits into the environment, if it is, for example, a countertop coffee table or cabinet front.

Directions of the classics

The classical style absorbed several stylistic trends. The most striking of them are classicism and neoclassicism. The spirit of residences is inherent in classicism. The style that appeared in France is based on the standards of ancient architecture, while strict geometry, symmetry and balance of the interior composition are visible in it. The materials used in this style are expensive: they are necessarily rare stones, valuable tree species, satin, velvet and silk fabrics. Style walls are decorated with decorative plaster, thin textile or eco-friendly non-woven wallpaper. Shaped furniture, accessories with crystal and glass finishes made of expensive glass are held in high esteem.

Interior in neoclassical style close to modern trends stylistics with its inherent Italian attitude to decor: style + chic + lack of superfluous. He does not reject the innovations of progress, while the design often contains curtains with lambrequins, stucco, borders, doorways with pilasters and mirrors. Neoclassicism is a kind of interpretation of classical traditions in a new way: aristocracy and nobility, symmetry and orderliness are felt in everything. Used in wall decoration decorative panels, plaster and wallpaper, the colors of which are more diverse and allow the presence of discreet floral and plant patterns on the canvases. Here are appropriate latest materials, looks good ceramic tile, parquet, laminate high class, as well as bulk floor.

Fresh ideas and fashion trends

fashion trend modernity is the zoning of space. The living room can be divided into separate functional areas, highlighting, for example, a fireplace area or a guest space. This is done by combining wallpapers, lighting, combining materials of different composition in wall decoration (for example, delimiting vertical planes with wallpaper and panels, moldings, baguettes). An interesting option zoning is the arrangement of a carpet that distinguishes different zones.

An original addition to the style is the inclusion of metal in the decor of floor lamps and table lamps. Powdery tones diluted with gray are added to the color scheme. Curtains can be multi-level, combining several tones of the same range, while they must be complemented with white or beige tulle.

The abundance of technology is unacceptable: the plasma screen can be large, but the video system should not take up much space. Computer equipment cannot be installed in the living room. If there is not enough space, and there is nowhere else to put the computer, it is worth preparing a retractable structure for it: it should not catch the eye, it does not fit into the style of the classical design direction.