A country house can be one-story or have 2-3 floors - much here is determined by the financial situation of the owners. Usually, if funds are sufficient, people prefer to build two-storey house- there is more usable area, and it takes up as much space on the site as a one-story building or a little more. Construction of any two-story house not without a ladder. Wood is one of the most suitable materials for its manufacture. A wooden staircase will suit any interior and become its decoration. Wooden stairs for summer cottages today can be ordered from specialized companies or made independently.
Structural varieties of stairs
The main types of stairs are, of course, mid-flight and rotary. Straight stairs are marching structures, they are the easiest to assemble, but they take up a lot of space, so this option is more suitable for a large house.
Marching staircase with risers and interesting railings made of timber, mesh and metal rungs. Side supports are used little, their lack is compensated by the use of a grid. The hall on the first floor is spacious, the use of a flight of stairs is quite appropriate here.
The turning staircase is compact, it can be spiral and mid-flight. Installing a turning staircase saves space, especially screw structures, but the downside is that it is not easy to make them yourself.
Spiral staircases look much more original than marching ones, such a staircase in itself is the central detail of the interior, but for its manufacture you need to involve specialists
The main stages of the construction of the stairs
Work begins on the creation of stairs already with the choice of material. Pine, beech, birch, ash, oak - wood species that are best suited for this - they look beautiful in the interior and are durable in operation. Oak staircase is the most expensive and durable, but pine is relatively inexpensive material with good characteristics.
Stage # 2 - carrying out calculations and drawing up drawings
Before you start designing, you will need to calculate the dimensions of the stairs and make a drawing of it. For the house, you can make a stringed staircase with risers, balusters and railings. We will consider how to build a staircase without turns with a single-flight rise.
First you need to prepare a place for installation. If you neglect this moment, the stairs may not be installed correctly, with time there will be a creak, gaps. Irregularities of the floor and walls entail an incorrect distribution of the load, which leads to deformation of the structure.
Knowledge of the basic rules is necessary to make necessary calculations. The ideal rise angle of the march is 45 degrees, but if there is not enough space, it can be reduced to 30-40 degrees.
Scheme of construction of a wooden marching staircase with risers. The simple design can be used both indoors and outdoors when building a porch.
Then you need to calculate the length of the stairs. Here you have to remember the school geometry course. The formula for calculating the hypotenuse will help you right triangle: c = √(a2 + b2). Here c - will be the length of the side bases, a - the height from the floor to the second floor, b - the distance between the point where it is planned to place the first step to the second floor mark, which will need to be projected onto the floor.
Depending on the height and internal structure of the house, the stairs can be single-flight or double-flight. The height of the risers is 290 mm. The width of the steps is no more than 25 cm, 3 cm goes to the ledge. If the steps are high, or the number of steps in the march exceeds 18, you can make a small platform (700/1000mm). The width of the march should not be less than 80 cm, ideally it should be one meter.
According to the established standards, the height of the railing is from 90 cm to a meter. It will be much easier to work if you indicate all the necessary calculations on the drawing of the future staircase.
Stage #3 - preparation of tools and organization of work
Tools and materials that will be needed for work: a meter, a marking pencil, a hammer, a square to mark stringers, a hacksaw, boards for steps, risers, stringers, screws, nails, railings and balusters.
First, the side bases are made. We measure the angle of contact with the floor from the bottom edge of the board, draw a horizontal line. From the line with a square, we measure the width and height for each step to the top, then measure the angle of contact with the 2nd base. Do the same for the second board. We cut out the patterns with a hacksaw, fix them in the right place with the help of screws.
The next step is sawing and nailing the risers to the base. They should fit to the stringers without distortions, perfectly even. After the base is completed, you can mount the steps.
Steps can be made from a solid board or two narrow boards 15 cm wide can be used. What you choose is up to you, but the tree must lie firmly, evenly. Boards are fixed with screws and nails
Stage #4 (optional) - installation of railings and fences
Railings are an important part of any staircase, they make the ascent and descent safe, and perform a decorative function, giving completeness to the staircase structure. A simple option that will look good is a beam railing. We cut out meter balusters. Two balusters will be direct supports, the rest need to be filed and shortened by 5-10 cm at an angle of 45 degrees. The side supports are nailed to the steps, grooves can be cut into them. A bar is placed on top, which acts as a handrail.
Options for stairs for summer cottages: 1 - mid-flight with risers, 2 - without risers, 3 - rotary structure, 4 - light wooden staircase, 5 - light wooden and metal spiral staircase, 6 - spiral staircase with steps along the support post
If you want to create an original staircase, the railing can be made from a different material - order forged railings, metal or even tempered glass for a wooden staircase. Carved details will also give an attractive look to the stairs.
Revolving staircase made of wood and metal. Wrought iron railings and metal supports are perfectly combined with wooden steps.
Marching staircase with a small platform. The site will be convenient with a large number of steps. A staircase without classic risers looks lighter. The design looks aesthetically pleasing, despite the simplicity
The stairs may be without railings, but this option is not common - it is dangerous for children to walk on such a ladder, to carry bulky objects up.
If you wish, you can make a staircase without a railing - for example, like this staircase-cabinet, where the space under the stairs is used to good effect - in such a kind of cabinet you can place dishes and other small things, and the design as a whole looks very original
Like this simple staircase it works if you follow this guide. The design is ready, and if you cover it with varnish, skillfully choose the decor, then it will look attractive and aesthetically pleasing, despite its simplicity.
You can turn to professionals for help, but keep in mind that they may not attach importance to minor defects during construction, which can later lead to serious damage and subsequent repairs. Stairs to the second floor, made by yourself, will give you several advantages:
- the result will meet expectations;
- help save money and nerves;
- a staircase made by yourself will become your pride.
If you are limited in cash for the purchase of materials, you can buy cheaper analogues: instead of wood, use chipboard, which can be varnished or painted.
In the pursuit of economy, quality can be overlooked. Although a cheap wooden staircase can also last quite a long time, it will start to creak very soon. In order not to run into this trouble, the ladder must be assembled using silicone sealant which cannot be done without preliminary painting of the parts.
In this article, we will talk about how to make a staircase to the second floor with our own hands from wood and metal, and also show photo and video instructions.
For the manufacture of an interfloor staircase, concrete with a tile or marble lining, metal (a welding machine is required), as well as wood can be used. The last option is the most practical and convenient. The wooden structure is lightweight, easy to install and beautiful in appearance.
In the presence of a room with a ceiling height of 2.8 m, preference should be given to direct structures, or with a 25% turn of the stairs. The flight of stairs is made with a length of 80 cm. This option allows you to use the space under the stairs for storage. It is impossible not to note the minus: on the upper and lower floors, the free space will be significantly reduced.
To save precious square meters a spiral version of the staircase is ideal, but it is also not without drawbacks:
- too steep climb;
- small width stairs.
To install a spiral staircase, you will need 3 m² of free space and a lot of work.
Another variant of the ladder device is possible, in which it is located along the wall surface. In this case, it is worth considering two marches and a turn. Thus, you will make it as compact and comfortable as possible for movement.
- Calculation of the dimensions of the stairs. Measure the distance between the floors of the first and second floors together with the ceiling. Thus, you determine the height of the structure. The step should have a height of 18-20 cm. Further dividing the height of the stairs by the height of the steps, you will get the total number of steps.
- Projection of dimensions on the floor surface. To design a structure, it is necessary to determine the width of the steps (about 30 cm), after which their number must be multiplied by their width. As a result, you will get the projection size.
- Production of staircase elements. To make a kosour, you will need a 14 × 16 beam, steps - 4 cm boards, risers - 2.5 cm boards. You will determine the length of the steps yourself, remember that the larger it is, the better.
- Pre-sampling. If during the preliminary fitting of the parts everything fits, process each element grinder and assemble the structure. To fix the parts of the stairs to each other, coat all the places where they come into contact with each other with glue (PVA or carpentry) and additionally fix it with screws.
- Stain and lacquer finish. First, apply a stain on the surface, and after waiting for it to dry, cover with several layers of varnish.
As design solution you can consider the mortise steps that are inserted into the grooves cut in the stringer:
- Make markings on the stringer at the places where the steps are installed. Using a hacksaw and a chisel, cut out the grooves.
- In the center of the groove, make several holes with a size of 9 mm.
- Screw the turbo coupling into the holes made.
- Install the step into the groove and tighten the bolts.
When buying planed wood, the following requirements must be considered:
- there should be no dark spots on the surface;
- the presence of cracks, chips, roughness and other defects is unacceptable.
Knots (diameter up to 1 cm) can only be present if steps or risers are made from the material. Also pay attention to humidity, the large mass of the board suggests that you should refuse to purchase.
When making a structure without experience, you may encounter certain difficulties, but your desire and desire will help you achieve the desired result.
Now we invite you to familiarize yourself with the technology of manufacturing stairs made of wood. First of all, it is necessary to make drawings with individual structural details. To do this, take a well-dried wood and transfer the appropriate dimensions to it. In doing so, several factors should be taken into account:
- The strength and reliability of the stairs will depend entirely on the correct cutting of the stringers. Therefore, their production must be approached responsibly. Moreover, for the kosour, it is necessary to choose a solid board that does not have large knots in large quantities. The thickness of the board can be 45–50 mm.
- The board for risers can have a thickness of 15-20 mm more than allotted for them on the stringer, and the thickness of the riser is also taken into account. The treads themselves should have a perfectly flat surface with neatly rounded edges. The thickness of the board can be in the range of 30–35 mm.
- If you want to make a closed staircase with risers, then their manufacture must also be extremely accurate. Its thickness should not be large, 15-20 mm is enough. In this case, the main load will go to the stringers. The risers themselves play the role of support.
- As for balusters and handrails, it is recommended that they be purchased ready-made with stationary mounts.
If you have small children at home, then for safety reasons, install 2 balusters on each step. In all other cases, you can install one at a time.
When all the blanks of the structure are ready, you can proceed to the most important stage of work - the installation of the stairs. All subsequent work looks like this:
- Stringers are mounted at the selected location. To do this, fix the support beam on the floor, it is on it that the kosour will be attached. At the top, the fastening is carried out in a cut groove in the beam. In some cases, a metal support is used for fastening. In this case, an anchor bolt is used for fastening. During the installation of the kosour, be sure to check everything by level or plumb.
- Before laying the tread sheet, the risers must be screwed on.
- After that, treads are fixed on the stringers and on top of the risers with self-tapping screws in the direction from bottom to top.
- After that, the installation of balusters is carried out.
So, on top of the stairs and below you mount support drains. They will serve as the border of the handrails and also support the railing.
In addition, the support posts serve as a decoration. Therefore, they are often made using wood cutting.
Balusters, in turn, may have different shape, dimensions and methods of fastening. Some, for example, are simply screwed on with self-tapping screws, others are mounted in pre-drilled holes. But in any case, the attachment point must be closed with a decorative plug. Further work is as follows:
- On top of the installed balusters, fasten the railing to the extreme support posts. Additionally, 1 or 2 additional support posts can be installed in the middle.
- When using two, three or more support posts, instead of balusters between the posts, you can install several boards parallel to the slope of the stairs.
- At the next stage, you can start grinding with an emery or grinder. After that, a paint coating is applied.
The first layer acts as an antiseptic against rotting and the appearance of mold / fungus. The design should dry out, after which you can proceed to the main painting.
The stairs are covered with water-based varnish, hot wax or paint. You can also cover the wood with stain, which will slightly darken the structure. Everything depends on your desire.
Thus, the wooden staircase is ready for operation.
Ladder, made of metal, requires a lot of labor, plus not everyone has the skills to work with welding machine. And yet, if you are ready to complete the work of such a plan, then you need to prepare such a set of tools:
- Welding machine and electrodes for DC Ø3.2 and 1.6 mm.
- Protective mask of the welder.
- Mittens.
- Bulgarian and cutting discs 125 × 1.6 mm.
- Grinding disc 125 mm.
- Drill and a set of drill bits for metal.
- Metal table.
- Clamp that can be adjusted in height from 0 to 800 mm.
- Vice.
- Pencil.
- Square.
- Roulette.
- Metal paint.
- White Spirit.
- Primer.
With all this, as well as suitable material, you can proceed to installation work. As for the selection of material, this can be done according to the completed drawing. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the principle of manufacturing a metal staircase on two stringers.
It is worth noting right away that the whole process consists of the following phased actions:
- Production of blanks.
- Filly making, i.e. step attachment points.
- Corner welding.
- Kosour installation.
- Welding steps and railings.
- Sanding and priming/painting.
All work should be done slowly, strictly adhering to all dimensions of the drawing. Otherwise, any small distortion will be problematic to fix, moreover, it will ruin appearance finished construction. So, the work is carried out as follows:
- From the corners it is necessary to make fasteners for the steps (filly). In relation to each other, they should be mirrored.
- You can make fillies from a corner. To do this, cut out the samples and dock the corners together. The result should be L-shaped blanks with shelves down and inward. Depending on the number of steps, you make a pair of fillies. One of them will be on the left, the other on the right.
- Between each pair of corners, weld brackets for fastening the steps and crossbars. The crossbar is similarly made from a corner.
- To increase the strength, you can install small scarves from the bottom of the step towards the stringer.
- Now take a square profile pipe and make markings on it, or rather, on its edge. On it you can weld fillies to the kosour. Transfer exactly the same markup to another kosour. As a result, it will be possible to achieve the geometry of the entire structure.
If metal staircase has a width of more than 1.2 m, then you will need to install an additional stringer.
Next, you need to mount the kosour. At the bottom, it is welded to the support platform, and at the top it is fixed to the floor slab or to the wall with anchors. In each case, the method of fastening may differ. Therefore, be guided by the features of your opening. During this process, it is important to stick to the level. Moreover, two stringers must be strictly on the same level. In conclusion, it remains to weld the steps to the fillies. As an option, you can install wooden steps on the filly. But for this you need to use mounting bolts.
The uppermost step should be installed as close as possible to the wall (if the stringers are anchored to the wall). Next, weld the fence. At the same time, install it on the side so as not to reduce the width of the steps.
When arranging the railing, you can use forging or purchase prepared elements. Here again, it all depends on your personal taste and vision of the final result.
When all welding work is completed, it's time to grind all welding joints. It is also necessary to eliminate all burrs and notches. Using a wire brush, sweep away all particles. After that, the surface of the stairs is primed and painted in the desired color.
If the steps are wooden, then their installation is carried out after the paint has dried.
Finally, you can decorate the stairs. For example, trim the steps from the bottom side with wood. Stainless steel railings are also available. Lay out steps ceramic tiles. Due to this, a seemingly careless and bulky design will acquire beautiful outlines and will be an excellent addition to the interior of the house.
Although this whole process may seem easy, working with metal is very tedious. Unlike working with wood, when it is easy to fix defects in case of shortcomings, it is much more problematic with metal. However, the life of the entire structure significantly exceeds its analogue from wood.
If we talk about attractiveness and a bright element of the interior, then competitors to the spiral staircase can hardly be found. With the right construction, it will last for many years. It can be made both from wood and from metal with forging elements. There are 4 main types of spiral staircases:
- Design with wedge-shaped steps, which with a narrow side rest on a supporting central column, and with a wide side on a wall or a fabricated frame. In this case, spiral bowstrings are constructed on stringers.
- A free-standing structure, remote from the walls with cantilevered steps on a monolithic pillar placed in the center.
- Design without a central support column. The steps are supported by curved bowstrings or stringers, which smoothly pass into the railing. This option is very beautiful and sophisticated. However, it is very difficult to manufacture.
- Design with a central support rod (asbestos-cement or steel pipeØ50 mm). This type of ladder is the most common.
As practice shows, the most convenient spiral staircases with a span of 0.8–0.9 m wide. As a result, the diameter of the entire staircase structure will reach 2 m, this is taking into account the central support post and railings. If we talk about the shape of the stairs, then it can be round, square, rectangular or oval.
If the traffic intensity in your house is small, then the total diameter of the stairs is enough to make up to 1.5 m. In this case, the treads will have a width of up to 0.6 m.
It is also necessary to consider the ergonomics of the spiral staircase. The principle of the size and height of the steps is the same as on ordinary straight stairs, we have already talked about such measurements above. But there are some features, namely a comfortable lifting height for a person. For example, we suggest you consider the option of a spiral staircase, 3 m high and 0.8 m march wide.
The calculations are presented below:
- The total diameter of the stairs with such dimensions is equal to twice the width of the march, and the thickness of the support post is 20 cm. As a result, we get the following - D = 0.8 × 2 + 0.20 = 1.8 m.
- The lifting radius is equal to half the width of the flight of stairs and support: Rn \u003d 0.4 + 0.1 \u003d 0.5 cm.
- Now dividing the length of the trajectory of movement by the depth of the tread, we can determine the number of steps in one turn: L = 2 π: 200 = 2 × 3.14 × 500: 200 = 17.2. As a result, there can be 17 steps in one turn of the flight of stairs.
- It is also necessary to calculate the ergonomic step height. This must be done from the point of view that a person in full growth can move freely. Take for example a height of 1.8 m, add operational 20 to this value and divide by the number of steps in one turn. As a result, it turns out like this: h \u003d 2000: 17 \u003d 120 mm.
If the spiral staircase has a height of 3 m, then to determine the number of steps, perform the following steps n = 3000: 120 = 25. The result is 25 steps, 12 cm high.
In order for the spiral staircase to be durable and easy to use, it is important to observe the following rules:
- On a spiral staircase, it is better not to install risers. This will increase the safety of the structure, and the foot will rest well on the step and not slip off the step in a narrow place.
- If the height of the passage is 2 m, then even a tall person can comfortably move up the stairs.
- To install the support stand, choose a place that will support the weight of the entire structure and 2-3 people.
For steps, it is best to choose a durable wood, such as oak or beech. Although it is much easier to buy ready-made steps. For example, you get a rectangular step and cut out the required configuration from it. The thickness of the product can be 40mm or 30mm. If one step is divided diagonally, then the result will be two steps at once. The edges of the workpiece must be rounded and sanded with a grinder. Then you can cover them with varnish or paint. A special sleeve should be fixed on the step, which will hold it on the support post.
A wooden staircase with your own hands is made quite simply. However, there are a number of nuances on which the convenience and even safety of movement depends. I will tell you about all the intricacies of construction wooden structure so you don't make mistakes in the process.
All work on the manufacture of stairs can be divided into two main stages:
- Design;
- Construction assembly.
Design
Staircase is enough complex structure, therefore it is simply impossible to make it qualitatively without a detailed project, especially for a beginner. The design process can be broken down into three main steps:
Step 1: Determining the type of structure
Everything existing species stairs can be divided into two types:
- Screw. The peculiarity of such structures is that they contain only winders located around the central pillar. It is advisable to use them if there is a minimum of space in the room.
Keep in mind that such stairs are inconvenient to use, and also quite difficult to manufacture. Therefore, I would not recommend beginners to take on the construction of a spiral staircase;
- Marching. These stairs have smooth marches (flights of stairs). They are more comfortable and safer to use. However, keep in mind that mid-flight stairs take up more space in the room.
Marching stairs, in turn, are divided into several subspecies:
- Single-march. Consist of one straight flight of stairs;
- Rotary with winder steps. They can have several flights of stairs, between which there are turning (winder steps);
- Rotary with landings. Flat platforms are installed between the flights of these stairs. Such stairs are more convenient to use, but take up more space in the room;
- "Duck step". The peculiarity of these stairs is the paddle-shaped steps, which are installed in pairs in the opposite direction. As a result, only one foot can stand on a step, hence their name.
Such stairs are less convenient, but they can be very steep, i.e. the angle of inclination can exceed 40-45 degrees.
The type of construction should be chosen depending on the conditions in the room and your requirements. If there is not enough space, you can make a "duck step" staircase, which requires a minimum of floor space on the ground floor. If pensioners or small children live in the house, it is better to sacrifice space, but make turntable with marching platforms.
Stage 2: calculate the stairs
At this stage, you need to decide on such important parameters of the stairs as:
- Number of treads;
- riser height;
- The angle of the stairs;
- March length;
- The area that the stairs will occupy on the first floor.
Any staircase should be comfortable and safe. To do this, when performing calculations, the following rules must be observed:
- Step sizes. The height cannot be made more than 190 mm and less than 160 mm. The width of the tread should not be less than 220 mm and more than 330 mm.
Keep in mind that all steps must be the same height and width, otherwise the stairs will turn out to be traumatic; - The number of steps in a flight of stairs. The most comfortable value is 11-15 steps. If there are more of them, it is advisable to divide the flight of stairs with a platform.
In addition, it is desirable that the march has an odd number of steps, so that a person ends the descent or ascent with the same foot with which he began to move up the stairs; - March width. Must be at least 90-100 mm;
- Railing height. At least 90 cm.
Calculation of the number of steps. Before proceeding with the calculation of the stairs, you need to measure the height between floors, as well as the area allocated for the stairs. For example, the height between floors, i.e. the height of the stairs in our case is 3 m.
Now you can start calculating the number of steps and the height of the risers. These two parameters are interrelated.
To calculate the number of steps, you need to divide the distance between the floor of the first floor and the floor of the second floor by the height of the steps. The latter can be any within 160-190 mm. For example, let's take a height of 180 mm, in which case we will have the number of steps 300/18 = 16.6 pieces.
Since we need an even amount, we will correct the height by dividing the total height by the number of steps - 300/17 = 17.6 cm. In fact, the staircase will have 16 steps, since the last step is the floor of the second floor.
Tread width calculation. There is a formula for calculating a comfortable ladder - a + b = 470 mm, where:
- a - riser height;
- b - tread width.
From this formula we get the width of the tread 47-17.6 = 29.4. This size is well within the acceptable range.
March length calculation. Now it remains to calculate only the length of the march, i.e. the length of its projection on the floor. To do this, you need to multiply the width of the tread by the number of steps - 29.4x17 \u003d 499.8 ~ 5 m.
Since the stairs will turn out to be quite long, it is advisable to make it rotary, consisting of two marches. In this case, the first flight will have eight steps, including the platform, and the second flight will have nine steps, taking into account the floor of the first floor.
The width of the platform should be equal to the width of the march, i.e. at least 90-100 cm.
If necessary, you can adjust the parameters of the stairs to the conditions in the room - change the height of the risers and the width of the tread. The main thing is that these parameters remain within the acceptable range.
Calculation of the length of the kosour or bowstring. The calculation of the kosour is carried out according to the Pythagorean theorem - the length of the stairs in the square + the height of the stairs in the square = the length of the kosour in the square.
Stage 3: draw up a drawing
Now you need to prepare a drawing according to which you will make the details of the stairs. To do this, first consider the details that the design of a wooden staircase includes:
- Kosour. Bearing beam on which the steps are laid. As a result, the kosour takes on the entire load when moving up the stairs;
- Bowstring. It is also a carrier beam. It differs from the kosour by the absence of cutouts for the steps, as a result of which the treads are connected to the beam by the butt.
To attach the treads to the bowstring, recesses are milled in it or bars are attached on which the tread is placed;
- Steps. They consist of two elements - tread (horizontal board), riser (vertical board, which is located under the step). I must say that the design of a wooden staircase may not have risers, especially if it is based on bowstrings.
What is the best way to make a ladder - on stringers or bowstrings? The construction on bowstrings is faster and easier, since there is no need to make cutouts for the steps, however, the stairs on the stringers are able to withstand a large load.
Making stairs
Consider how a ladder is made of wood with your own hands. This process can be conditionally divided into several stages:
Stage 1: preparation of stringers
The work is done like this:
| Illustrations | Description of actions |
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Materials. At this stage, prepare boards with a section of 40 x 300 mm. |
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Beam preparation. Cut boards 40x300 mm along the length of the stringer according to the design calculations. |
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Kosour markup. For marking, use a construction square. Use it to mark the location of the steps and risers, as shown in the photo. Keep in mind that the angle of the tread and stringer must match the angle of inclination. In order not to make mistakes in the calculations, you can perform the following steps:
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Cutting out the kosour. Carefully cut out the cuts with a hacksaw, jigsaw or other tool. In the same way, make all the other stringers. |
To make paired kosours exactly the same, use the first kosour as a template - attach it to the board and circle it with a pencil.
Stage 2: frame assembly
Now we need to make the remaining elements of the ladder frame, and install them. The work is done like this:
| Illustrations | Description of actions |
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Materials. In addition to the kosour for assembly, you will need:
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Mounting the kosour to the wall:
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Support post installation:
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Column marking. Mark on the pole the junction of the second stringer. To do this, you can use a laser or water level. |
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Installation of the second stringer:
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Installation of the stringer of the second span. The beam is attached to the post according to the same principle as the stringer of the first span. |
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Site frame assembly:
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This completes the installation of the frame. If your stairs are straight and without a platform, then all the work on assembling the frame comes down to installing two stringers.
Stage 3: cladding stairs
Sheathing stairs is carried out as follows:
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Materials. At this stage we will need:
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Marking steps and treads:
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Cutting details. Use a jigsaw or other tool for this purpose. In addition to treads and risers, you will also need boards for sheathing the landing.
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Hole drilling:
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Processing the joints of parts with glue. Use wood glue for this. |
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Installation of steps and risers. Fasten the parts with self-tapping screws. |
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Sheathing the space under the stairs:
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Upper flight lining:
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Stage 4. railing installation
Now you can start installing the railing. It is more expedient to buy ready-made balusters and handrails, since it is difficult to make them beautiful without the appropriate equipment. At the same time, their price is small - the cost of figured pine balusters starts at an average of 100 rubles apiece.
The installation process of balusters and railings looks like this:
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Materials. To equip the railing you will need:
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Installation of dowels for balusters:
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Installation of balusters. The instruction looks like this:
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Preparing balusters for handrail installation. Cut the top of the posts at an angle equal to the angle of the flight of stairs. |
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Fastening handrails to the outer posts:
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Fastening handrails to intermediate balusters.
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The process of manufacturing a wooden staircase is almost complete. Now all that's left is to do the finishing touches.
Stage 5: finishing
As a rule, in the process of finishing, wooden stairs are varnished, stained or impregnated with their own hands. This operation is carried out in the following sequence:
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Materials. For finishing you will need:
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Puttying:
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Sanding:
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Dust removal. Vacuum the surface of the stairs or wipe with a damp cloth. |
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Varnishing:
It is desirable to cover a wooden staircase with a matte varnish or impregnation. Covered with a glossy varnish can be slippery and unsafe to move around. |
As you can see, stairs to the second floor are made quite simply, so for their manufacture it is enough to have basic woodworking skills.
Conclusion
We examined the process of making stairs with all its main nuances and subtleties, and now you can take on the job yourself. I recommend watching the video in this article. If you encounter any difficulties in the process of work - write comments, and I will be happy to help you.
Detailed and simple diagram for a standard staircase to the second floor.
Are you planning to build a private house on two floors or more? We recommend that you immediately plan what the staircase will be like. And we will help with this - this material describes in detail about the types for cottages, summer cottages and private houses, design requirements. Also, with the help of diagrams and drawings, we will use an example to show how a staircase is calculated and built. The design is quite simple - it cannot be compared with a roof, so even the owner, who has only minimal building skills, can make it. We will tell you how to make it so that instead of a wooden ladder you don’t get a stepladder. Having studied the drawings and diagrams, you can make a high-quality design.
Kinds
Two types have been used in private homes for centuries, which we will briefly consider:
- marching. This option is the simplest in execution, while the design is reliable. If a beginner takes up the matter, then a marching wooden staircase will be an excellent solution. Also, the design can be divided into one-march and two-march. Despite the differences between these types, their manufacturing complexity is the same.
- screw. Work for professionals, as it requires careful measurements and calculations. One miscalculation can ruin the entire structure, so only a master can do it with his own hands. The main advantage of this design is its compactness, because the design occupies a minimum amount of space in the house. Often a spiral wooden staircase is the center of the interior composition. The only negative is a rather steep climb, which adversely affects safety.
Of course, we will disassemble the mid-flight staircase, although we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the screw options. With your own hands, it is easier to perform a marching version, to which there are drawings. 
Another disadvantage of a spiral staircase is that it will be inconvenient to carry large items from one floor to another.
Preparation of materials and features of work
Before you think about building with your own hands, you need to draw up or take ready-made drawings, as well as prepare tools and materials for the stairs connecting the second floor to the first.
Let's start with materials for the construction of the structure on the second floor:
- screws;
- thick boards, which will later turn into steps;
- bars - the cross section must be at least 40 millimeters.
It is impossible to complete the work without a drawing, the image below shows in detail what needs to be measured, so that in the end it is possible to calculate the dimensions of the future structure.
It is also worth considering the following dimensions when planning a structure for the second floor from the first:
- the angle of the stairs;
- width;
- the height of the entire structure;
- number of steps.
If you have skills in working with a 3D editor, then you can do detailed diagram. For example, the project will demonstrate whether a stepladder can be made from a ladder. It is also recommended to study the drawings.
Blueprints
The simplest drawing a marching staircase to the second floor, which the owner can make with his own hands. The drawing shows a rather large structure, but sometimes such a staircase leads to the second floor. Knowing the distance between floors, you can calculate the number of steps. For example, the height from floor to floor is 290 centimeters, the steps are 20 cm each. After simple calculations, 14.5 steps are obtained. It is necessary to round up to 14 or 15. In the first case, the height of each step should be 20.71 cm, and in the second - 19.33 cm.
The example uses integers - the height of the stairs to the second floor is 260 cm, each step goes 20 cm, as a result there are 13 of them. As for the dimensions of the flight of stairs, its width should not be less than 70 centimeters. In the big direction, the slope can be anything. In the example discussed in this article, the flight of stairs is 1 meter wide.
It is also worth considering the platforms that will be below and above. The dimensions must correspond to the dimensions of the flight of stairs. The ideal shape would be a rectangle or square. 
These are the most simple circuits for the manufacture of wooden stairs to the second floor. The main thing is to choose a convenient angle of inclination, so that in the end there is no stepladder.
The most reliable option is a straight ladder. The U-shaped option is suitable for private houses, where there is a large area. A beginner is unlikely to master the L-shaped design.
Selecting an installation method
In the design of the future stairs may be present:
- Bowstrings. This word refers to beams that support structures on both sides.
- Kosoura. The second option is the beams that hold the steps of the stairs from below.
Installation
When the steps, platforms and beams are ready, you can proceed to the installation of the stairs with your own hands. In the example, a variant with stringers is considered. In advance, you need to make notes for the place of their installation. On the floor of the first floor, the stringers are installed on the support beam. Where the staircase leads to the second floor supporting elements are placed in the gaps in the floor beam. In some cases, metal supports are used that serve the same purpose. The fastening of the stringers is carried out using anchor bolts.
During the installation process, you should always have a building level at hand, you can also determine the position by the body kit so that at the end you don’t get a ladder. Elements of a wooden structure must be installed perfectly level. The tread panels must be fixed on top of the stringers, it is most convenient to do this with self-tapping screws. 
Steps ready? So you can start installing balusters on the floor. At the top and bottom of the structure, support posts are mounted that limit the handrails. They are also decorative and supporting elements. 
Now installation:
- Finished balusters must be covered with handrails (handrails), which are mounted on support posts. If the structure is large, then additional support will not interfere in the middle of the stairs.
- Sometimes 3-4 racks are required. In this case, you should not waste your energy on balusters, since even boards will be a more rational solution.
- After the assembly is completed wooden surface must be carefully sanded. You can do this with your own hands or with a power tool.
- Next comes the preparation before painting: all debris and dust are removed, it must dry completely. If necessary, puttying is performed after grinding. Of course, wood coatings are needed for this work.
- When preparatory work completed, you can paint the wood elements. A primer is applied, and then 1-2 coats of paint. After drying, it is necessary to cover the structure with varnish. Alternatively, you can take a stain.
As a result, it turns out comfortable staircase, with which you can comfortably and safely climb to the second floor. If the angle is calculated correctly, then there will be no ladder.
When building a house, it often becomes necessary to build a ladder. After all, most projects involve the presence of a second floor. Stairs between floors can be built from different materials. However, the tree is one of the most simple, environmentally friendly and convenient. Even a beginner can handle this material.
Of course, the work will take some time. However, the work will quickly pay off, because a design made with a soul will serve for many years to the delight of the owners. In addition, building a ladder with your own hands is a significant cost savings.
Types of wooden stairs
In total, two main types can be distinguished wooden stairs:
- screw;
- marching.
Mid-flight stairs are the simplest, so it is best for a beginner in construction to start building such a structure. Spiral staircases are very complex, they require careful calculations and measurements. One mistake - and the design may fail.
Marching stairs are divided, in turn, into two varieties: one-flight and two-flight. Both varieties are not so difficult to make them yourself.
Straight staircase
Before you make a wooden staircase with your own hands, you need to purchase materials and prepare tools.
From the materials you need to take:
- thick boards (they will go on the steps);
- bars of a sufficiently large cross section (about 40 mm);
- screws.
Before you make a wooden staircase, you must definitely consider its design on paper.
It would be very unreasonable to build without a drawing, therefore, before erecting a staircase, it is necessary to take measurements and make a rough plan.
When measuring, you need to take into account:
- the height of the stairs;
- angle of inclination of the structure;
- the number of steps;
- width.
You can make a similar scheme in electronic form. There are special computer applications that allow you to create such models. Professional software for construction purposes may even have a 3D function. However, it is not at all necessary to create such a clear example when calculating a simple staircase.
Bowstring or kosour?
A simple mid-flight ladder can be mounted on stringers or bowstrings. The difference is that the bowstrings are located on the side of the steps, and the stringers are located under the steps.
A simple marching staircase, as a rule, has two side bowstrings. Steps are attached on both sides. The construction described here will be arranged in this way.
Installation
Stair painting
The whole process of painting stairs can be divided into three parts:
- preparation;
- painting;
- protection (varnish layer).
First you need to prepare each element of the stairs for painting. This implies two types of work: puttying and grinding. Putty is made with special mixtures that are designed exclusively for wood. It is forbidden to use compounds that do not fit the tree.
When the putty layer is dry, you can start sanding the surfaces. Grinding is done in two stages. The first stage is rough, superficial. After that, you have to wait a couple of days. Very soon it will become noticeable that the villi rise on the surface of the wood. Before the second grinding, they must be blown with air.
After sanding, the board becomes perfectly even and smooth. Now you can start applying the coating.
When the surface of the stairs is ready for coating, you need to decide what it will be. Before you paint a wooden staircase with paint, you need to apply a primer coat. It is better to choose a primer to match the coloring composition.
The choice of paint is best made among alkyd and urethane types of coating. They are ideal for painting stairs. From flowers, it is preferable to take something light.
If there is a desire, then stain can be used instead of paint. The advantage of wood stain is that it perfectly emphasizes the unique pattern of wood. The stairs will look just great. Natural drawing is always preferable. Why hide it with coloring compositions when it can serve as an ornament in itself.
The stain can be chosen along with the varnish. When buying, it is advisable not to save. After all, the better the composition, the longer the structure itself will last. Stain - not only decorative trim. This composition perfectly protects against various factors.
When the paint has dried, a final coat of varnish is applied to the surface. It is better to choose a matte varnish, a semi-matt variety is also suitable. Lacquering is carried out in the case of stairs in three stages. The composition is applied three times, and before each new application, the previous layer should dry well. If bubbles form on the varnish, then they must be sanded.
If you still want to make a spiral staircase in the house, then you can try the simplest installation option. The advantage of this design is that it significantly saves space.
When building, it is important to consider that the stairs are not too steep. If there are elderly people and small children in the house, then it is wiser to abandon such a design, because it can be dangerous.
The easiest way to install a spiral staircase is to buy a ready-made, already measured kit, and simply mount it. Savings on installation will also bring significant benefits.
The design of a spiral staircase consists of three main elements: racks, railings and steps. Steps are better to choose oak. They are not only one of the most durable, but also have high aesthetic characteristics. Bog and thermo oak also look very good.
Before buying, you need to measure the dimensions of the future staircase in order to choose the design exactly for your home. A more expensive option is to hire a specialist who will measure everything himself, and then place an order for the design. If you have the skills to work in construction, you can make the steps yourself by ordering only a rack and a railing. Most often, racks with railings are metal, but there are also wooden varieties.
Ladder device
- Steps on one side have a place for attaching to the rack. On the other side there is a hole for the railing.
- The stand is usually metal. It has a flange to which steps are attached.
- The simplest design of a spiral staircase is "duck step". Here it is assumed special shape steps.
- The rack is mounted between floors. It is attached to the floor with anchor bolts.
- When the rack is installed, you can begin the installation of steps. The distance between them should not exceed 20 cm. This is necessary for security reasons.
The spiral staircase also has many decorative details. Moreover, each set can have its own decorations and various elements fasteners. When installing a conventional mid-flight staircase, the calculation is carried out differently, the geometry of the opening here is rectangular. At a spiral staircase, the stairwell is a circle.
Video
You can learn more about the process of building wooden stairs in the following videos:
If you still decide to order the manufacture of wooden stairs to the second floor, please contact a trusted company, with good reviews, compare wooden stairs prices. Buy ready-made stairs or make your own, it's up to you.
