FOTObank
Infrared linear smoke detector, consisting of an emitter and a receiver SYSTEM SENSOR
Linear laser smoke detector with receiver and transmitter - in one housing - and reflector Optical open flame detectors "Pulsar" from KB "PRIBOR" with a sensor built into the control device with remote sensor
Pointless smoke detectors of domestic production: (IP 212-3SU, DIP 54-T, DIP 3-M3)
Domestic thermal addressless detectors (MAK-1, IP 101-1A, IP 103-31)
SYSTEM SENSOR
Point smoke "smart" detector series "Profi" 150 years ago, the tower was the most effective tool fire detection
SYSTEM SENSOR
Combined smoke-heat detectors - addressable
SYSTEM SENSOR
intellectual
SYSTEM SENSOR
unaddressed
SYSTEM SENSOR
Thermal maximum differential addressless detector of the "Eco" series
Non-address manual call points with "button" and rotary knob
SYSTEM SENSOR
Addressable analog manual call point "Eco" series
Non-addressable smoke and thermal maximum detectors from APOLLO
SYSTEM SENSOR
Addressable analog detectors - point smoke;
SYSTEM SENSOR
maximum differential Domestic autonomous smoke detectors signaling scheme based on autonomous smoke detectors
: (IP 212-50, Agat, IP 212-43M) (Agate)
Unaddressed scheme fire alarm The panel for measuring and controlling the parameters of "smart" sensors
SYSTEM SENSOR
Laser tester for remote testing of "intelligent" smoke detectors

In the previous issue of the magazine, we talked about the primary means of fire extinguishing. But they should be activated only after detecting a fire. And what happens if a fire that is starting is not detected in time? That's right, a big and irreparable trouble will happen. Therefore, today we will talk about modern means automatic fire detection at the earliest stage of its occurrence - fire alarm systems

Who should detect a fire?

About 150 years ago, the fire tower, the tallest building in the city, was the most effective means of detecting a fire. It was even easier with warning devices - run out into the street and shout loudly: "Fire!" Everyone who hears was OBLIGED to run to extinguish it - "some with a hook, some with a bucket."

Naturally, these funds are far in the past. In order to capture a fire at its earliest stage, when it is called a fire, modern detection systems and fire alarm systems (FSS) are now used. They are designed to monitor the protected facility around the clock and alert the owner of the first signs of fire or smoke. To create such systems, the following are used: detection devices - fire sensors (it is more correct to call them detectors), signal processing devices (control panels - PKP) and actuating equipment (alarm devices). They are produced by such companies as ESSER (Austria), Texecom and PYRONIX (Great Britain), System Sensor (Italy), Securiton (Switzerland), ESMI (Finland), Napco (USA), ADEMCO - a division of Honeywell (USA), as well as domestic "RUBEZH" (Saratov), ​​"IVS-Signalspetsavtomatika" (Obninsk), NVP "BOLID" (Korolev), "ARGUS-SPEKTR" and "IRSET-CENTER" (St. Petersburg), Siberian Arsenal (Novosibirsk), Radiy (Kasli), etc.

Fire detectors

They are the main elements of fire detection systems. First of all, the efficiency of the system depends on their sensitivity and noise immunity. In private housing, smoke, heat and open flame detectors are commonly used. As a rule, all of them are "threshold", that is, they are triggered if the controlled parameter exceeds the set value.

Smoke detectors. Smoke is the most feature fire at its earliest stage. By measuring the concentration of smoke in the air, the sensor "concludes" that there is a fire. Smoke detectors are divided into point and linear.

Point measured in the place where they are installed. In private housing, only photoelectric ones are used from point detectors. Inside such a device, a measuring chamber with a light source and a photodetector is hidden. Smoke particles entering the chamber change the light transmission of the air and scatter the light flux. These changes are captured by the photodetector. But in different designs differently. In some, it captures the overall attenuation of the luminous flux (if it is located strictly opposite the light source). In others, flow scattering (the photodetector is located at right angles to the light source). The first of the devices described are more sensitive, but less resistant to interference (for example, dust) and require frequent maintenance. The latter are slightly less sensitive, but more noise-resistant. It is they who are mainly used in the creation of ATP in private housing. They are usually mounted under the ceiling, as hot gases and smoke rise up. The area controlled by one smoke detector can be up to 80 m 2 . Even if the footage of the room in which the sensor is installed is much less than this value, at least two fire detectors should be installed in it to increase the reliability of fire detection. Using suspended ceilings and the laying of power wiring behind them, it is necessary to protect the space above the ceiling with separate smoke sensors.

Let's discuss these issues using point smoke detectors as an example. The sensitivity of sensors can be high, medium and low, but must necessarily be in the range from 0.05 to 0.2 dB / m work if smoke in the place of its installation causes a weakening of light at a distance of 1 m by 1.1-4.5%). Some detectors have the ability to adjust the sensitivity, which is performed by a special switch mounted on the rear wall. It can be either two-position (switches from the upper immediately to the lower limit) or three-position (switches from the upper limit to the lower through the middle, for example, in the "Profi" and Leonardo series from SYSTEM SENSOR). It is better to choose a detector with a three-position regulator. Why? Set to the upper sensitivity limit, the device reacts to the minimum smoke content in the air and can "trigger" not only when smoking in the room, but also when frying meat or using a toaster in the kitchen (practically these are the same "false positives"). The minimum sensitivity may not be enough - it seems to you that the sensor should work, but it stubbornly "is silent". Most likely, you will be satisfied with the average level of sensitivity. And the sensor with a two-position regulator is deprived of it. Sensors of any type need periodic maintenance, more precisely, maintenance. Why is it necessary? It is clear that fumes and dust will settle on appliances located under the ceiling. Moreover, these "charms" settle not only on the cases, but also inside the measuring chamber, weakening the luminous flux to which the device is tuned, and causing the so-called false alarm. The sensor reacts to dust particles that have not settled (hovering in the air inside the chamber) in the same way as to smoke. "False alarm" - a rather unpleasant phenomenon for the owners: nothing is on, and the sensor stubbornly signals: "FIRE!" At the same time, the owners are nervous and rack their brains: “What if something really burns in the house, but we don’t notice?! We should check everything again!” To prevent dust from getting inside the measuring chamber, manufacturers enclose it with a rather complex, almost labyrinthine structure and complicate the geometry of the housing, thereby reducing the likelihood of "false positives". Settled dust, of course, must be periodically removed. But if it costs nothing to wipe dust from the case, then it can be quite difficult to remove it from the “labyrinth” enclosing the measuring chamber. And to wipe the optics, and even more so - overdoing it, you can violate the alignment (optics in this case is used very tiny). In general, it is better to entrust care to specialists who will periodically come to your home.

Linear smoke detectors. They consist of two elements that outwardly resemble CCTV cameras - an emitter and a receiver-converter. They are installed opposite each other on opposite walls of the room ("IPDL" from Poliservice, price - $ 95; "SPEK-2210" from "SPEK", price - $ 230; "6424" from System Sensor, price $ 540). V Lately models appeared in which both elements are combined in a common housing - in this case, there is a reflector opposite the emitter ("6200" and "6500" from System Sensor). The emitter can be either infrared or laser, operating in the visible range of red light. The appearance of smoke in the space between the transmitter and receiver (or between the transceiver and reflector) causes a weakening of the received light flux. The value of this attenuation is fixed by the receiver-converter. And if the set threshold is exceeded, it generates a “Fire” signal.

Such sensors are beneficial only for large rooms, since they detect smoke in a zone with a length of 10 to 100 m and a width of 9 to 18 m (that is, they provide control of an area from 90 to 1000-2000 m 2). In general, one linear detector is quite capable of replacing a dozen point detectors, which can be beneficial not only economically, but also in terms of room design. But there are also disadvantages. The response time of the devices depends on the volume and even the configuration of the room. "False alarms" can cause sudden changes in direct and reflected light, lightning flashes, as well as a change in the relative position of parts.

Thermal fire detectors. Sensitive elements of heat detectors can be: bimetallic plates (for example, in IP-103-5 from KomplektTroyservice; IP 101-1A from Siberian Arsenal), semiconductor thermistors, etc.

According to the principle of operation, heat detectors are divided into passive (contact) and active (electronic). Passive ones do not consume electricity and function as follows: when the temperature in the room reaches a critical one (about 70 C), the sensing element either generates a certain signal (due to the thermoelectric effect), or breaks / closes the contact of the electrical circuit, thereby giving an alarm. Active devices consume electricity, but they provide information not only about reaching the critical temperature in the protected area, but, most importantly, about changes in the rate of temperature increase. They are called differential detectors. Inside their case there is not one sensitive element, but two - one is in direct contact with the external environment, the other is hidden inside the case. If the temperature rises rapidly during a fire, the device records the difference in the readings of the sensitive elements and sends an alarm signal to the control panel ("MAK-DM" from NPP "Specinformatika", Moscow, price - 215 rubles; "IP 115 - 1" from " Magneto-Contact", Ryazan, price - 315 rubles; "5451E" from System Sensor). If the temperature rises slowly (then the temperature of the elements changes equally), the device detects that it has exceeded the threshold value and also sends an alarm signal.

As a result, if passive heat detectors are only suitable for detecting fires with an open flame, accompanied by a sharp increase in the temperature threshold (they work when something is already burning), then differential heat detectors give an alarm when there is still no open flame, and the temperature has just begun. grow, but at an "unacceptable" rate. This explains the fact that passive sensors have recently been used in alarm systems less and less (and this despite their low cost - 15-20 rubles). Consumers prefer sensors, albeit more expensive, but triggered at an earlier stage of the fire - differential. They are usually used where smoke detectors would give false alarms, such as kitchens, showers, smoking rooms, etc. For rooms such as boiler rooms, where rapid temperature rises are common, threshold detectors at 70 C are more suitable - differential detectors here will give false alarms.

Optical open flame detectors. It is clear that any combustion site is a source of optical radiation in the range from infrared to ultraviolet. The detection of such radiation using a photodetector having a high spectral sensitivity in the ultraviolet or infrared region, but insensitive to the visible part of the spectrum, is the task of optical open flame detectors.

On sale you can find mainly infrared optical devices (for example, a series of sensors "Pulsar" from KB "Pribor", Yekaterinburg, the price is from 1360 to 2200 rubles; "Spectron" from NPO SPECTRON). The sensor in them can be either built into the receiver-converter or remote. In the latter case, the sensor is installed directly in the monitored area and connected to the receiver installed outside it with a fiber optic cable (length up to 20 m).

Optical detectors are low-inertia devices with a minimum time for detecting a fire. Detection angle - 90-120, range - from 13 to 32 m. They can detect both smoldering hearths and open flames. Their disadvantage is that if the source of combustion is obscured by building elements or furniture, the detector will not detect it. Such devices are indispensable where a quick flame without smoke is possible (garages, storerooms, rooms with electrical appliances). For example, in garages where gasoline and other petroleum products can ignite, at least two such devices should be installed so that the car in the center does not block the flame.

Combined detectors are a combined device of two sensors in one housing, controlled by one microcircuit. For example, the "IP212/101-2" detector of the "Eco" series from SYSTEM SENSOR (price - 320 rubles) combines the functions of a smoke optoelectronic and thermal maximum differential detector, due to which it works in case of any fire (both accompanied by smoke, and and smokeless, but with an increase in temperature). It should be noted that combined detectors of this type have recently become increasingly popular, since they relieve consumers of the need to install two types of sensors in the same room - smoke and heat (such a need often arises, for example, in garages). Such a device, of course, costs more than a separate smoke or thermal device, but cheaper than both combined (smoke "IP212-58" - from 227 rubles, thermal "IP101-23" - from 217 rubles).

On the one hand, a combined detector is a good thing, because it allows you to detect fires various types- both smoldering and open flame, but smokeless. And in general, the fewer devices installed, the less they need to be serviced. On the other hand, as is known, the reliability of any combined devices is always lower than that of monofunctional ones. So if you purchase a combined sensor, then it is highly reliable and from a well-known company.

Manual call points- these are "panic buttons" that serve to signal a fire "manually" (for example, if it is detected before the "activation" of the alarm system sensors). They are installed on escape routes (in corridors, walkways, stairwells, etc. at a height of 1.5 m from the floor level) at least one for each of the routes, and if necessary - in separate rooms. In multi-storey buildings, manual call points must be on all landings of each floor (NPB 88-2001 *). Places of their installation must have artificial lighting.

Autonomous detectors. You can create an elementary fire alarm by installing autonomous smoke detectors, for example, one for each room (if they are small). These devices are called autonomous because inside each of them there is an independent power source (battery type "Krona", "Korund" - 9V), which must be changed periodically (about once a year). But the system is absolutely independent of the presence of a supply voltage in the network (it is simply not necessary). In addition to the battery, a sensitive element (smoke sensor) and an annunciator (siren) are hidden inside the case, emitting a sound with a volume level of 85-120 dB. The siren, after the sensor is triggered, will "scream" until you intervene or the battery runs out. Despite the fact that autonomous detectors are somewhat more expensive than conventional ("traditional") ones, in which there is neither a power source nor a siren, a fire alarm system based on autonomous sensors has a minimal cost, since it does not have wires, control panels and the necessary operation of the backup power system. The only type of maintenance that autonomous detectors require is periodic dust blowing. The downside is that each sensor works on its own, and if you're at the far end of the house, you may not hear the alarm.

Until recently, only foreign-made autonomous detectors were on sale: Dicon, BRK (both US) - $ 20-25, as well as several Chinese models - about $ 15. Currently, their serial production has also been mastered by the domestic industry: " IP212-50M" from "RUBEZH" (Saratov), ​​price - 420 rubles; "DIP-47" from "Agata" (Obninsk), the price is 435 rubles, etc. Moreover, according to experts, these models are not inferior in quality to imported ones and even surpass them in some ways. For example, the device "IP212-43" ("DIP-43") from "IVS Signalspetsavtomatika" emits not one, but several types of light and sound signals - "Attention", "Fire", "External alarm", which can be used quite objectively assess the situation without seeing what happened. In addition, it gives a signal that the battery is low. Also on sale you can find autonomous co-produced detectors. For example, the firms "KrilaK" (Yekaterinburg) and Kidde safety (USA) produce an autonomous fire detector "PE-9", the price is $ 18.

More "advanced" models of autonomous devices are also being produced, by connecting which with a telephone (copper) wire you can get an alarm system (but without a control panel). The operation of one sensor in it causes the operation of the others. These are, for example, such detectors as "EI 100C" (EI Ltd, Ireland, $ 17), "DIP-43M" ("IVS Signalspetsavtomatika", price - 576 rubles), etc. You are guaranteed to hear the signal of such a system, in no matter what room they are in. This is a plus. The downside is that it is difficult to figure out by ear exactly where the fire occurred. After all, everyone is “buzzing” at once!

Fire alarm systems

Typically, fire alarm systems consist of detectors of the types listed above, as well as a mandatory control panel (device) - PKP, which receives their signals. Such systems are usually called traditional by specialists. Currently, there are three main types of such systems: non-address, address, address-analogue.

Non-address systems consist of threshold (smoke, heat, flame) and manual call points connected to the control panel by a wire (it is also called a line or loop). Sensors do not have their own e-mail address, which would be reported to the console. As a result, when one of them is triggered, neither its number nor the room where it is located is marked on the remote control. Only the number of the loop (line) on which the triggered sensor is installed is fixed. As a result, the owners, in order to understand the situation, must quickly inspect all the premises guarded by this line. To facilitate the determination of the place of ignition, they try to lay one line in each room. But this way (increasing the number of lines) is not always suitable, since it greatly complicates the wiring diagram and increases the cost of installation work. That is why the use of conventional systems is considered appropriate only for small objects (less than 20 rooms).

In protozoa address systems the so-called addressable module is built into the threshold detectors, which in the "FIRE" mode broadcasts its code through the loop to the control panel. This code determines the specific place of signal formation, which increases the speed of response to it. Such, one might say, is the most cheap way transformation of an unaddressed system into an addressable one (for example, the "S2000-AR1" module from NVP "BOLID", price $ 10). Another advantage of such a system is that it is possible to carry out not one line to each room, but to create extended lines, saving wires and labor of installers. However, a detector equipped with an addressable module cannot control its status and send a "FAULT" signal to the control panel, and if the addressable module fails, the control panel will no longer receive signals from the sensor. Polling address systems use a different type of control panel, and the detector's communication with them becomes two-way. The control panel not only receives signals from the detectors, but also automatically tests the presence of communication with them and their operability (performed every few seconds). As a result, the reliability of the ATP is significantly increased, and you can always be sure that the sensors are in good working order and will work on time. Yes, and using polling and address systems is easier - both for owners and installers. For example, temporary removal of one of the sensors (repair, preventive maintenance) does not cause failure of the entire loop - the control panel simply notes during the next poll that the sensor is missing. In addition, polling systems make it possible to form not only a linear, but also a branched structure of loops (with a number of sensors of the order of 100), which in some cases makes it possible to simplify and, therefore, reduce the cost installation work. To work in such systems, detectors can already be offered not only with an accurate three-position sensitivity level setting, but also with automatic dust compensation of the smoke chamber (for example, sensors of the Leonardo series from System SENSOR, which the manufacturer calls "intelligent").

Change No. 4 of 20.11. 2000 to SNiP 2.08.01-89* "RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS"

3.21. The premises of apartments and dormitories (except for bathrooms, bathrooms, showers, laundry rooms, saunas) should be equipped with autonomous optical-electronic smoke detectors that meet the requirements of NPB 66-97, with protection category IP 40 (according to GOST 14254-96). The detectors are installed on the ceiling. It is allowed to install on the walls and partitions of rooms not less than 0.3 m from the ceiling and at a distance of the upper edge of the detector's sensitive element from the ceiling of at least 0.1 m.

SNiP 31-02-2001 "SINGLE APARTMENT HOUSES"

6.13. Houses with a height of three floors or more must be equipped with autonomous optical-electronic smoke detectors that meet the requirements of NPB - 66 - 97, or other detectors with similar characteristics. At least one fire detector must be installed on each floor of the house. Smoke detectors should not be installed in the kitchen, as well as in bathrooms, showers, toilets, etc. rooms.

"General provisions for the technical requirements for the design of residential buildings with a height of more than 75 m"

(developed by the State Unitary Enterprise NIATs Moskom-Architecture, approved by the Moscow government). We will not quote this document, but we will only say that in buildings with a height of 75 to 100 m in without fail addressable fire alarm systems should be installed, and in buildings with a height of 100 to 150 m - addressable analog, that is, systems that make it possible to control evacuating residents, for example, using light and sound annunciators installed on stairwells. Above the entrances to the apartments, automatic fire extinguishing should be arranged. The apartments must have primary fire extinguishing equipment and fire hydrants in the bathrooms, bathrooms, corridors. In addition to the fire alarm system, video surveillance is mandatory in the houses (on stairwells, to control the progress of the evacuation).

Address-analogue system. In it, the detector is not only periodically interrogated by the control panel, but also in response reports the value of the parameter controlled by it: temperature, smoke concentration, optical density of the medium, etc. That is, the control panel is here the center for collecting telemetric information. By the nature of the change in controlled parameters reported by different detectors installed in the same room, it is the control panel, and not the detector (as in the case of addressable and non-addressed systems) that generates a fire signal, which increases the reliability of fire detection. The analog addressable system also has several more advantages compared to the polling address: The number of loops can be reduced to one - ring (it is sometimes called a loop), to which up to 99 automatic detectors + 99 manual call points, addressable sirens and control modules are connected ventilation, smoke removal, etc. The failure of the sensor or a broken wire will not disrupt the operation of the system - it will continue to interrogate the sensors both on one side of the break and on the other, informing those who operate it which sensor has failed or between which sensors an open has occurred. “Thresholds” for triggering sensors can be set for each room and even changed depending on the time of day, day of the week, etc. For example, during the daytime, to eliminate false alarms from cigarette smoke, the sensitivity of certain smoke detectors can be automatically the clock is again set to the maximum (such an algorithm is implemented, for example, in an alarm system with sensors of the 200 series from SYSTEM SENSOR).

Control panels (panels) - PKP

It is the control panels that control the detection lines (loop lines) with the sensors installed in them, provide indication of detected malfunctions and fire, and command the sound and light alarm lines (if there are any in the system). The control panel is powered by 220 V AC mains, but uses an internal voltage of 12 or 24 V. In the event of mains power failure, it is supplied with back-up batteries (1 or 2 12 V batteries).

To make it clear how the system works, let's look at what happens when, for example, a smoke detector is triggered. In its normal state, it consumes a current of no more than 100 μA. But, having caught the smoke, it goes into an alarm state - turns on the LEDs, thereby increasing the current consumption to 30 mA (this value depends on the design of the remote control). The control panel, having detected an increased current consumption, turns on the LED fire indicators and activates the audible alarm. The fire detector remains fixed in the "alarm" state, even if it no longer senses smoke, which guarantees the detection of a smoke zone in case smoke enters the detector only intermittently. An "alarm" signal can only be "reset" from the control panel by removing power from the detection line by pressing a special button. In unaddressed systems, the loop has its own "reset" button.

For each of the systems (non-addressed, addressable, addressable-analogue) their own control panels are used, which differ in the set of functions performed. If in conventional systems, devices simply mark the line on which the operation occurred (as in "Signal-20 and - 20P" from the NVP "BOLID", the price is 2350-2720 rubles; "Granite-24" from the "Siberian Arsenal", the price - 2800 rubles; "PPK-2" from "IVS SIGNALSPETSAVTOMATIKA", etc.), then in the address schemes they provide automatic checking of the health of lines and sensors ("Rainbow-2A" from "Argus-Spektr", price - from 6340 rubles. ), and in analog addressable systems they even detect a line fault (Raduga-3 from Argus-Spektr, price - from 15,900 rubles, as well as devices from Esser (Essertronic 8000C) and Apollo).

The control panel for each of the listed systems can be conditionally divided into devices of small, medium and large "information capacity". It depends on the number of connected loops, sensors and functions performed. And for each specific object (house, apartment), the most suitable devices are selected. What is there to advise? Perhaps it is always better to prefer a device from a major manufacturer (foreign or domestic) that has been on the market for a long time. Which device to choose from the assortment of a particular manufacturer should be determined by the company that installs your alarm system. But here, let me give you a few tips.

First, it is better to choose, as it is now customary to say, an "intuitive" PKP. That is, so that everything that is displayed on its panel, you understand even in a half-asleep state. And so that they can quickly and easily perform any necessary actions with the device, because there will be no time to read the instructions for managing it during a fire.

Secondly, it is always better to prefer PKP, so to speak, with a small margin. For example, with the ability to connect another loop without changing previously laid lines.

Thirdly, in the event of a fire, a “smart” device should automatically perform a number of necessary actions for you, which the owner, in the heat of fighting a fire, may well forget about. For example, turn off the supply and exhaust ventilation in order to prevent the spread of fire through this system, turn off the power to the main electrical consumers, etc.

Annunciators

Behind this concept are hidden all actuating devices that will start working on the command of the control panel after a fire is detected. In the simplest case, these are sound, light or light and sound annunciators(in other words, "sirens", "howlers", "flashers" and "blinkers"). Placed inside the dwelling, even not very powerful annunciators will warn you in time of an impending disaster. More powerful devices located on the walls, roof or attic country house, bring the signal about the fire to the public. It’s just necessary that there is someone who will perceive (see, hear) the fire signal given by the system and quickly respond to it - go to find out what happened, and in case of a real fire, put it out or call the fire brigade. And, therefore, this notification option is suitable only for your own home in a cottage village with centralized security. Yes, and even then with a big stretch - it is also not easy for the guards to immediately figure out which building the siren is howling in. Not for apartment building, neither for a holiday village or a garden partnership in which there is no centralized security, this method of notification is completely unsuitable.

In apartment buildings and telephonized cottage settlements, you can output the signal from home control panels to the security console, and let it take appropriate action. It is only necessary to jointly equip its post with an appropriate remote control.

And how to organize the sending of a fire message from the fire alarm system installed in the house if there is no telephone connection? And for this case, there are a number of devices. For settlements in which there is security, special radio communication systems are produced. All houses in this case are equipped with a device that can transmit a pre-recorded voice message, and the guard post is equipped with a receiving device for the corresponding number of houses. (In a similar way, the issue of sending messages about incidents when calling private security is solved, if Vacation home protected by her. The difference is only in the power of the transmitting device.)

If own protection in apartment building or the village is absent, but they are in the coverage area of ​​the GSM standard cellular communication, you can use devices that will send an SMS message about the incident. These devices are called dialers. They are capable of both connecting to any security and fire alarm, and be used as an independent control panel (determined by the design). When an alarm is triggered, the device sends an SMS signal to any (there may be three or more) cell phone numbers specified by the owner (you, relatives, friends, neighbors, etc.).

Perhaps the most common device of this type at present is GSM-UO-4C (company "Bolid", price - about $ 130). The cost of installing a turnkey system based on it costs about $ 400. A significant drawback of the system is that it can only operate in a heated room ( working temperature- from +1 to +45 C). Similar in principle of operation, but more modern devices are offered by such companies as Pyronix (devices of the Matrix series, price - from $ 30 to $ 120, Formula of Security (models of the ForSec-GSM series - from $ 450), etc.

Cost of fire alarm systems (ATS)

The cheapest non-address fire alarm systems are based on domestically produced equipment (we have already outlined the range of manufacturers). So, a point smoke sensor costs from 160 to 400 rubles, a linear smoke sensor - from 2980 to 7180 rubles, a thermal passive one - from 11 to 60 rubles, a differential one - from 150 to 350 rubles, an optical open flame - from 1350 to 5600 rub. etc. Domestic sensors in general, they do their job well, but, as a rule, they are somewhat inferior to imported counterparts in reliability and aesthetics.

Fire alarm systems of an average price level are usually created on the basis of sensors and control devices of such well-known foreign companies as ADEMCO, System Sensor, Napco, Texecom, PYRONIX. So, the point smoke detector in this price category will cost $15-30, smoke linear - $100-500, differential - $10 - 20, etc.

Address systems are expensive SPS. Most often they are built on specialized control panels and sensors from ESSER, ESMI, Honeywell, Securiton, etc. In this category, a point smoke detector costs from $30 to $100, a linear smoke detector - from $500 to $1000, a differential one - from $30 to $30. 60, optical open flame - $200 to $500.

Despite the fact that addressless detectors are the cheapest, the installation of a complex SPS based on them can be quite expensive. Addressable detectors are at least 50% more expensive than non-addressed ones, but installation of SPS based on them can be cheaper. So, according to a number of companies we interviewed, for a building with an area of ​​​​more than 500 m 2, the address system is already cheaper than the non-address one. And the larger the area, the greater the gain in money. True, not all experts who participated in our survey agreed with this statement. Some rightly noted that it is not so much the area that matters, but the number of protected premises and their location - factors that determine the configuration and branching of the system being created. (And they immediately proposed several non-address schemes for a large house of 20 rooms using easy-to-manage control panels, which are no more expensive than address ones.) Apparently, there is some truth in both statements - for each specific object, you need to select your own system , optimally suited both in terms of technical parameters and price. And in order to get some alternative options and choose the best one, you should contact not one company, but several at once.

But everyone agreed that address systems are cheaper to maintain. Cheaper already because they themselves find a malfunction - it remains only to fix it.

The equipment for addressable analog systems has the highest cost. If, for example, an addressable threshold detector from SYSTEM SENSOR will cost an average of $ 15, then a detector for an analog addressable system from APOLLO will already cost $ 50, and from ESSER - $ 90. The high cost of detectors, and therefore The systems assembled on their basis are still holding back their use in city apartments and private houses.

Having installed a fire alarm system, you should be prepared for the fact that the costs will not be limited to this. It will be necessary to regularly (at least once every six months, and better - once a quarter) pay for the call of a specialist to carry out maintenance work (the list of necessary actions and their frequency are indicated in the passports of the control panel and detectors). For small SPS, the cost of such work is approximately 1000 rubles, for complex ones, of course, it is more expensive, but, fortunately, not directly proportional to the cost of the system. It is better not to undertake them yourself - you can lose the guarantee (it is usually given for a year, after which a contract for post-warranty service is concluded).

And the last thing to say at the end of this part of the review. In the field electronic security individual home fire alarm is usually integral part security and fire system and is controlled by one control panel. The devices operating in such security systems are already called differently - PPKOP, that is, receiving and control security and fire. But we do not discuss such systems today - unfortunately, the volume of the review is small.

The editors would like to thank NPO PULSE, the FORMULA SECURITY group of companies, the INTEGRATED SAFETY alliance, and System Sensor Fair Detectors for their assistance in preparing the material.

This system is designed to detect the initial stage of a fire, transmit a notice about the place and time of its occurrence, and, if necessary, turn on automatic fire extinguishing and smoke removal systems.

An effective fire warning system is the use of alarm systems.

The fire alarm system must:

* - quickly identify the place of fire;

* - reliably transmit a fire signal to the receiving and control device;

* - convert the fire signal into a form convenient for perception by the personnel of the protected facility;

* - remain immune to influence external factors, different from fire factors;

* - quickly detect and transmit notification of malfunctions that prevent the normal functioning of the system.

Industrial buildings of categories A, B and C, as well as objects of national importance, are equipped with fire-fighting automation.

The fire alarm system consists of fire detectors and converters that convert the fire initiation factors (heat, light, smoke) into an electrical signal; a control station that transmits a signal and turns on light and sound alarms; as well as automatic fire extinguishing and smoke removal installations.

Detecting fires at an early stage makes it easier to extinguish them, which largely depends on the sensitivity of the sensors.

Automatic fire extinguishing systems

Automatic fire extinguishing systems are designed to extinguish or localize a fire. At the same time, they must also perform the functions of an automatic fire alarm.

Settings automatic fire extinguishing must meet the following requirements:

* - the response time must be less than the maximum allowable time for the free development of a fire;

* - have the duration of action in the extinguishing mode necessary to eliminate the fire;

* - have the required intensity of supply (concentration) of fire extinguishing agents;

* - reliability of functioning.

In the premises of categories A, B, C, stationary fire extinguishing installations are used, which are divided into aerosol (halocarbon), liquid, water (sprinkler and deluge), steam, and powder.

The most widespread at present are sprinkler installations for extinguishing fires with sprayed water. To do this, a network of branched pipelines is mounted under the ceiling, on which sprinklers are placed at the rate of irrigation with one sprinkler from 9 to 12 m 2 of the floor area. There must be at least 800 sprinklers in one section of the water system. The floor area protected by one CH-2 type sprinkler should be no more than 9 m 2 in rooms with increased fire hazard (if the amount of combustible materials is more than 200 kg per 1 m 2; in other cases - no more than 12 m 2. The outlet in the sprinkler head is closed with fusible lock (72 ° C, 93 ° C, 141 ° C, 182 ° C), when melted, water splashes, hitting the deflector. The irrigation intensity of the area is 0.1 l / s m 2

Sprinkler networks must be pressurized to deliver 10 l/s. If at least one sprinkler opens during a fire, an alarm is given. Control and signal valves are located in visible and accessible places, and no more than 800 sprinklers are connected to one control and signal valve.

In fire hazardous premises, it is recommended to supply water immediately over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe premises. In these cases, group action installations (drencher) are used. Drencher are sprinklers without fusible locks with open holes for water and other compounds. In normal times, the water outlet to the network is closed by a group action valve. The intensity of the water supply is 0.1 l / s m 2 and for rooms of increased fire danger (with the amount of combustible materials 200 kg per 1 m 2 or more) - 0.3 l / s m 2.

The distance between drenchers should not exceed 3 m, and between drenchers and walls or partitions - 1.5 m. The floor area protected by one drencher should be no more than 9m 2. During the first hour of extinguishing a fire, at least 30 l / s must be supplied

The installations allow for automatic measurement of controlled parameters, recognition of signals in the presence of an explosive situation, conversion and amplification of these signals, and issuance of commands to turn on protection actuators.

The essence of the explosion termination process is braking chemical reactions by supplying fire extinguishing compositions to the combustion zone. The possibility of stopping the explosion is due to the presence of a certain time interval from the moment the conditions of the explosion arise to its development. This period of time, conditionally called the induction period (f ind), depends on the physicochemical properties of the combustible mixture, as well as on the volume and configuration of the protected apparatus.

For most combustible hydrocarbon mixtures f ind is about 20% of the total explosion time.

In order for an automatic explosion protection system to fulfill its purpose, the following condition must be met:< ф инд, то есть, время срабатывания защиты должно опережать время индуктивного периода.

The conditions for the safe use of electrical equipment are regulated by the PUE. Electrical equipment is divided into explosion-proof, suitable for fire hazardous areas, and normal performance. In hazardous areas, it is allowed to use only explosion-proof electrical equipment, differentiated by levels and types of explosion protection, categories (characterized by a safe gap, that is, the maximum diameter of the hole through which the flame of a given combustible mixture is not able to pass), groups (which are characterized by T with a given combustible mixture).

In explosive rooms and areas of external installations, special electric lighting equipment is used, made in an anti-explosion version.

smoke hatches

Smoke hatches are designed to ensure that adjacent rooms are smoke-free and reduce the concentration of smoke in the lower zone of the room in which a fire has occurred. By opening smoke hatches, more favorable conditions are created for the evacuation of people from a burning building, and the work of fire departments in extinguishing a fire is facilitated.

To remove smoke in the event of a fire in the basement, the norms provide for the installation of windows with a size of at least 0.9 x 1.2 m for every 1000 m 2 of the basement area. The smoke hatch is usually closed with a valve.

The cost of damage from a fire, even in a single room, can reach impressive amounts. For example, when there is equipment in the premises, the price of which significantly exceeds the cost of a fire protection device. Traditional fire extinguishing methods are unsuitable in this case, since their use threatens no less damage than the fire itself.

That is why there is a growing need for early fire detection systems that can detect signs of a fire in its infancy and take prompt measures to prevent it. Early fire detection equipment performs its functions due to ultra-sensitive sensors. These are temperature sensors, smoke sensors, as well as chemical, spectral (flame-responsive) and optical sensors. All of them are part of a single system aimed at early detection and super-efficient fire localization.

The most important role here is played by the property of early fire detection devices for continuous monitoring. chemical composition air. When burning plastic, plexiglass, polymeric materials, the composition of the air changes dramatically, which should be recorded by the electronics. For such purposes, semiconductor gas-sensitive sensors are widely used, the material of which is capable of changing the electrical resistance from chemical exposure.

Systems using semiconductors are improving all the time, the market for semiconductors is constantly growing, as evidenced by the performance of financial markets. Modern semiconductor sensors are able to capture the minimum concentrations of substances released during combustion. First of all, these are hydrogen, carbon monoxide and dioxide, aromatic hydrocarbons.

When the first signs of a fire are detected, the work of fire extinguishing systems is just beginning. The detection equipment operates accurately and quickly, replacing several people and excluding the human factor when extinguishing a fire. These devices are ideally connected to all engineering systems buildings that can speed up or slow down the spread of a fire. The early detection system, if necessary, will completely turn off the ventilation of the room, in the required quantity - power supply elements, turn on the alarm, and ensure timely evacuation of people. And most importantly - launch a fire extinguishing complex.

In the earliest stages, extinguishing a fire is much easier than in later stages and may take only a few minutes. Fire extinguishing at the initial stages can be carried out using methods that exclude the physical destruction of objects located in the room. Such a method is, for example, extinguishing by replacing oxygen with a non-combustible gas. In this case, the liquefied gas, when it becomes volatile, lowers the temperature in the room or in a particular area, and also suppresses the combustion reaction.

Fire doors are an integral part of any system fire safety. This is a structural element that prevents the spread of fire to neighboring rooms for a certain time.

Early fire detection devices are indispensable in the first place to ensure the safety of people. Their necessity has been proved by numerous and bitter experience. Fire is one of the most unpredictable natural disasters, as the whole story speaks human civilization. In our time, this factor has not become less relevant. On the contrary, today even a local fire can cause catastrophic losses associated with the failure of expensive equipment and machinery. That is why it is profitable to invest in such an early detection system.

Our organization on the territory of the Voronezh region carried out the installation of equipment and software for the early detection of forest fires. In the territories of the Voronezh, Tambov and Lipetsk regions, technical support is provided for the operation of these software and hardware systems in the interests of the territorial bodies of the EMERCOM of Russia and the forestry authorities.

Description of the complex

The information system "Forest Watch" is a software and hardware complex for forest monitoring and early detection of forest fires.

The architecture of the forest monitoring system and early detection of forest fires "Forest Watch"

System " Forest Watch» consists of two parts: hardware and software. The hardware part is a network of controlled surveillance sensors (video cameras, thermal imaging sensors, infrared cameras). The software part is a special software(Software), with the help of which the customer monitors forests in real time and determines the coordinates of fires. The latter assumes that the system can detect fire at the pre-fire stage - the ignition stage, which in practice makes it possible to prevent emergencies.

For the functioning of the system, the already existing infrastructure of mobile operators (cell towers, communication equipment and service teams) is used. Because the system is easily scalable and expandable and is suitable for detecting forest fires in both small areas and large areas.

System characteristics

• A possible error in determining the coordinates of the source of fire is up to 250 meters.
• The viewing radius of one monitoring point is up to 30 kilometers.
• The accuracy of determining the direction to the source of ignition - 0.5 °
• The time to review one point is up to 10 minutes. Depends on the performance of the customer's server.
• Integration and accounting of meteorological data.
• Integration and accounting of satellite data.
• Integration of data from third-party information systems.
• The possibility of operational scaling and expansion of the system to increase the area of ​​monitoring.
• Unlimited number of users with access to the system.
• The ability to quickly receive information on mobile devices.
• Automatic detection of potentially dangerous objects: smoke and flame.

The system works on the basis of modern technologies:

• computer vision;
• IP video surveillance;
• wireless broadband;
• geographic information systems (GIS);
• client-server Internet applications.

The Lesnoy Dozor distributed video monitoring system consists of the following elements:

• Distributed camera system
• Communication channels connecting video cameras to the Internet
• System Server " Forest Watch» connected to the Internet
• System server software " Forest Watch»
• Operator workstation equipment
• Software " Forest Watch» workstation

Robotic server

The robotic server is the server of the system " Forest Watch which performs a number of key functions, namely:

• manages a network of video cameras (sensors) and uses them to monitor the territory, including on the basis of specified patrol routes;
• manages the computer vision subsystem to search for smoke and fire;
• provides advice to the user, informing him of the presence of potentially dangerous fires.

Smart monitoring point

When installing the system, situations sometimes arise when the Internet connection speed is extremely low (less than 512 Kbps) and it is difficult to transmit video data to the control center. To solve this problem, our specialists use the concept of "smart monitoring point".

The meaning of the concept lies in the fact that the main part of the data from the cameras is processed even before it appears on the Web and is transmitted to the control center. This is done thanks to special mini-servers "attached" to each specific monitoring point. It is on mini-servers that a preliminary analysis of media information is carried out and “information noise” is eliminated.

As a result, even through a weak Internet, the operator receives the same archive of potentially hazardous objects (PHO) as with the standard media data transmission scheme.

This allows the customer to avoid the cost of expensive communication channels or in cases where access to a high-quality Internet connection is extremely difficult in this area.

The functionality of the "Forest Watch" system

The capabilities of the system provide real-time video monitoring of forests near settlements.

The functionality of the system Forest Watch» allows you to perform the following actions:

• Get access to the system from any control center, if you have an Internet connection at the required speed with a sufficient amount of traffic.
• Ability to select any available camera to receive video from it.
• Change the camera orientation, both in azimuth and in height, change the camera zoom.
• Set the parameters of the video image received from the camera, such as resolution and image quality (compression amount).
• Change the parameters of the infrared filter used by the camera to achieve acceptable visibility conditions in different conditions.
• Ability to obtain information about the current orientation of the camera relative to the north (azimuth) in the form of a number and indicate the direction.
• Get information about the current camera zoom as a number and field of view.
• Ability to present information about the location of video cameras and their current orientation.
• The ability to control the camera using software algorithms.
• The ability to save and access saved camera orientations (snaps) to predefined objects, such as fire hazardous objects, natural landmarks, etc.
• Form patrol routes intended for automatic scanning of a given territory.
• Run patrol routes individually for selected cameras, as well as several patrol routes sequentially on different cameras by forming a list of routes for viewing.
• Run up to four tours simultaneously in one window designed for overview monitoring of several cameras at once (requires high throughput communication channels).
• The ability to loop the view of one route or a group of routes.
• Ability to automatically disable the application in case of long-term inactivity of the user.
• Save the current image from the camera as a picture and as a video file for further viewing and analysis.
• The ability to automatically update with minimal user interaction to add new functionality and fix bugs in any location.
• Possibility of work of several users with one camera in the mode of division on time by means of the mechanism of blocking of management and viewing.
• Possibility of marking various objects intended for performing forest monitoring procedures (settlements, landmarks, etc.).
• The ability to display on the video image coming from the camera, objects falling into the view area with an object type designation.
• Determine the direction to a visible fire when visible from one camera with an accuracy of 0.5 degrees and mark this object.
• Determine the exact geographical coordinates of a fire visible from at least 2 cameras with an accuracy of 250m and display it in the information base.
• The ability to determine the quarter by geographical coordinates.
• Ability to present information about the current fire situation on a mobile phone.
• Determine the coordinates of the fire based on information received from the ground monitoring system - from fire observation towers. Carry out fire marking.
• The ability to correct the camera orientation when it is physically shifted, to save all camera orientation bindings.
• The possibility of presenting information from various information sources (meteorological data, data from a satellite monitoring system, etc.) in a single information block.
• Possibility of automatic detection of fires by the system and signaling to the operator when viewing patrol routes (requires high processor performance).
• Possibility of automatic detection of fires by the system and signaling to the operator when performing monitoring in manual mode (requires high processor performance).
• Automatic detection of fires and saving photo information and information about the direction to a potentially dangerous object in the archive.
• Providing access to the archive of potentially dangerous objects detected automatic system, with the possibility of clarification.
• The ability to exchange operational messages about the current situation with other operators and groups of operators as part of the tasks of detecting and eliminating fires.
• Receive notifications, instructions, recommendations from system administrators on the functioning of product components.

Software complex

The software part is written on the .NET platform using MS SQL Express and is a micro-service architecture. The software and hardware part has a system of distributed servers plus a server for storing head databases. The system has an early fire detection unit written in C++ and built into the so-called camera controller. The system presents a user-friendly interface and has wide functionality, namely

• Round-the-clock patrolling by the camera of the territory of the forest area along the laid routes;
• Automatic detection of a fire hazardous object;
• Determining the distance to a fire hazardous object, laying a route to it;
• Ability to assign different categories to a fire hazardous object;
• Storage of rollers in accordance with the fire hazardous object;
• Storage of an archive of all objects present in the program;
• Visualization of forces and means of extinguishing fires;
• Support for quarterly maps;
• Many service functions
• The Lesnoy Dozor complex is currently available in both desktop and web versions.

Alarm transmission channels

• Internet
• Mobile networks
• Built-in notification system

Informing all necessary services

• Departments of the Forest Watch
• Administrations of cities and towns
• District administrations
• Environmental Services

OOO "DSK"© 2017, Nizhny Novgorod

18.03.2017, 12:18

Zaitsev Alexander Vadimovich, scientific editor of the journal "Security Algorithm"

About "ultra-early fire detection" here and there you can meet the most different materials: from individual articles to tutorials. In one case, the authors are trying to prove that some "philosopher's stone" has been found that solves all the problems of detecting a fire at a very early stage, even when it does not yet exist. In another case, already other specialists begin to figure out how to build organizational measures for fire safety at facilities, taking into account this possibility.

But after some time, each time it turns out that certain proposed technical means are far from the ideal solution. And if they have any additional features, then they are not universal, or the use of these technical means is not economically justified.

To some extent, a comparative analysis of the use of certain means for detecting a fire should help get rid of periodically emerging myths.

I would like to note right away that this analysis cannot be objective and final for a long period of time. Everything flows, everything changes. New technologies appear, new tasks appear and, accordingly, ways to solve them. The task of the specialists will be to try to get to the bottom of the matter every time the next announcement about the possibility of “ultra-early detection” of a fire, because we all know very well that there are no miracles in the world.

"SUPER EARLY DETECTION" WHAT AND WHY

I would like to start, as usual, with some already existing definitions or terms related to "very early detection" or even just "early detection". However, there are no definitions for this topic yet.

It must be understood that the appearance of a fire is characterized by several, sometimes unrelated, environmental parameters by which it can be detected:

■ flames and sparks;

■ heat flux and elevated ambient temperature;

■ increased concentration of toxic products of combustion and thermal decomposition;

■ reduced visibility in smoke.

As a result, it is through these indirect parameters of the environment that it is possible to detect the fact of a fire with the help of technical means. Unfortunately, any of the indirect parameters is not fully an absolute criterion.

Heat comes from heating objects, and during the heat treatment of products, without which we cannot do in life.

Powerful lighting fixtures, welding, and direct sunlight can simulate flames.

Toxic products in a gaseous state are one of the signs of civilization and human presence.

Smoke, being one of the types of aerosols, sometimes differs little from other aerosols (steam, dust, etc.).

As soon as the developers of fire detection tools start talking about the high sensitivity of their fire detectors (PIs), the question immediately arises about the probability of false alarms due to the presence of background values ​​that are not related to the fire. And immediately work begins to protect fire detectors from false alarms, down to reducing the sensitivity to reasonable values. This is the basis of the spiral of development of fire detection tools.

The strangest thing here will be that this is happening in a country in which only a couple of years ago they began to assess the real sensitivity of broadcasters to fire. During this time, our domestic manufacturers and a very small part of users, at best, only began to understand what kind of detectors they had to deal with until recently.

Not a single trendsetter from foreign countries, associated with the production of fire detectors, has in mind someone to prohibit the production or use of something. Complies with the requirements of the standards - everything, he is a full participant in the market. And here we must not forget that our standards for almost 90% of the detectors correspond to European ones, and the concept of “ultra-early” detectors is not in either of them. There will be a definition, requirements and evaluation methods will be developed, then there will be something to specifically talk about. In the meantime, it makes sense to deal with what is.

In the past few years, when in GOST R 53325-2012 " Technical means fire automatics” finally included fire tests for fire detectors, it seems like it became possible to evaluate or at least compare certain fire detectors in terms of response time when conducting standardized test fires (TP). To some extent, the results of these tests can be correlated with the detection time of a real fire.

A fire detector cannot be ranked among the honorary caste of "super early" only on the basis that it was ahead of the rest in some type of test fires.

Of course, someone can suggest that if a fire detector for all these test fires in all cases, without exception, works, for example, ten times faster than others, then it can and should be classified as “super early”. But that would be just an excuse. But as a consequence, a proposal to ban the use of all other types and types of fire detectors, or at least to receive some preferences in use, will immediately follow. Later, however, it turns out that the manufacturers got a little excited, did not take into account the side effects, did not evaluate the economic efficiency, etc.

"SUPER EARLY" OR TIMELY DETECTION

To date, there is no such task as the organization of "ultra-early fire detection". There is a requirement for the timeliness of detection, and in each case it may have different numerical indicators.

In particular, it is precisely the timely detection of a fire that is referred to in Article 83 of the Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements.

What is the definition of timeliness? And there is an answer to this question in the same Technical Regulations in Article 54. The task is to detect a fire in the time necessary to turn on warning systems to organize the safe evacuation of people.

To implement the requirements for the timeliness of detection, there are existing standards and rules in the field of fire safety, in which all these issues are rigidly linked to each other in a single system of fire protection of an object, ranging from architectural and planning solutions to smoke ventilation and internal fire water supply.

The economic indicators of "ultra-early detection" cannot be discounted either, everyone knows how to count money.

And now tell me why the term "timely detection of a fire" is bad. Why does he not suit someone and why use non-existent and undefined terms. Why keep confusing technical capabilities with marketing insights.

COMPARISON OF SOME METHODS OF FIRE DETECTION

As it was already written here, a few years ago in our country appeared real opportunity to compare fire detection methods within the framework of fire tests using our domestic fire detectors. And this, of course, should have been used.

I do not want to reveal all the secrets in this article: who, where and when. What specific detectors were and from which manufacturers is not in my competence, but I can state with full responsibility that the initial data on which I will rely exists, and not in one copy. Maybe when the time comes, this data will be available to everyone, but not now. In this article, in general, I really do not want to praise or scold anyone. Moreover, not all manufacturers of the samples used were even aware of these tests. The only thing I can note is that there were no random participants, there were only the best.

Before proceeding with the consideration of any results, it should be noted that they were not obtained during certification tests of specific samples in accordance with standard methods, but as part of some research work. Therefore, in particular, instead of the prescribed 4 samples of point optoelectronic smoke detectors from one manufacturer, several similar detectors were used different manufacturers. Approximately the same was done with gas fire-broadcasters.

Moreover, in order to obtain additional information for subsequent analysis, in addition to standard test fires, approximately the same tests were carried out with modified characteristics of the test fire load, but I do not consider it necessary to give their results.

And yet, during the test fires, in addition to the response time, other parameters should be controlled, but since all the detectors were simultaneously in similar conditions during the tests, I omit this question with a clear conscience, the main thing is that the parameters do not go beyond the limits provided for by the standard .

Table 1 shows the ratio of the time required for the operation of fire detectors during test fires TP2 - TP5 to the normalized one. If you try to translate this into a more accessible language, then the percentage of time that was needed to detect a fire by one or another type of detector, in relation to the normalized time. For example, the maximum response time at TP3 is 750 seconds, and the detector has already worked after 190 seconds. It turns out only 25% of the time from the limit value. It worked four times faster than required - now you can put it in the "super early" caste, but let's not rush.

Tab. 1. The ratio of the time required for the operation of fire detectors at TP2 - TP5, in relation to the normalized

					according to TP2-TP5
Limit response time MP, s
IPDOT standard nephelometric
IPDOT experimental absorption
IPDOT tubeless		there is no data
IPDA (sensitivity class A) imported with the longest possible air pipe length
		there is no data
IPG semiconductor
IPG electrochemical

Since the article is not of a scientific nature, but is only informational, for greater clarity, the values ​​presented in the table under consideration are very rounded without any probabilistic dependencies.

STANDARD FIRE SMOKE DETECTORS OPTO-ELECTRONIC POINT (IPDOT)

That's who has always been in doubt, so it's IPDOT. And here comes the first and very unexpected conclusion. Our domestic PIDOTs, which no one takes seriously in terms of the capabilities of timely fire detection and use only in accordance with their cost, turn out to have a very decent margin in terms of detection time in relation to the normalized one. And this should only please. Unfortunately, in our country, not all of them, especially serial ones. But still, they can, when they want.

And now imagine what they would be like if they still applied the developments that have long been used in modern foreign EITI.

EXPERIMENTAL ABSORPTION TYPE IPDOT

This is a very interesting way to detect smoke. This IP does not use the principle of light scattering of the emitter from smoke particles in the measuring chamber, which is called the nephelometric method, but the principle of light absorption (absorption method), like in linear fire detectors, only with a very short control section. Both the detection method and the detector itself used in this analysis were devoted to two articles in the Security Algorithm magazine, so I will not consider the details of the design of this IP here.

Oddly enough, but it is he who most claims the title of "super early" with a fourfold generalized margin for all test fires. Of course, what else should he be like if his aerodynamic resistance to airflow is reduced to zero, there are no problems with the static body and he is not afraid of flying dust. But what does the second magazine article show us?

of the two already mentioned. It turns out that work on increasing sensitivity, and with it reducing the time to detect a fire, is just beginning. In the process of comparative tests, which I write about here, very interesting patterns were discovered. Their implementation can bring a lot of new and interesting things, and then again there will be a reason to conduct a comparative analysis. And now these are only experimental single copies, and it is still very difficult to say how technical and economic indicators of these detectors will justify our hopes.

IPDOT TUBELESS

This type of IPDOT does not have a measuring zone closed by the body and labyrinths. Sometimes this type of HIDOT is classified as a detector with a virtual detection zone, since it is located outside the detector housing. Naturally, this type of detector, as well as the absorption type IPDOT, has no aerodynamic resistance to air flows. Therefore, no time is required to overcome the static potential of the body, no additional energy is required to overcome the labyrinth to the measuring zone. Here is the well-deserved result - a three-fold generalized reserve for all test fires. If desired, it can also be attributed to the caste of "super early".

This is a very promising direction in the development of fire detectors, especially if we take into account the results achieved in imported detectors with a similar method of detecting smoke. It is a pity that we practically do not pay attention to this direction, abroad this is no longer a special case (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Versions of the tubeless PIDOT

ASUPIRATION WORKER, HE IS ASUPIRATION WORKER

Almost everyone knows about the features and exceptional capabilities of aspiration fire detectors (IPDA). Here, a detector from a foreign manufacturer was used, and then as a kind of standard. In our table, he is one of the leaders. You just need to understand that not everything is so simple.

Have you seen the IPDA with your own eyes somewhere, in some grocery store within walking distance. I personally don't. Why? And it's like climbing into a tractor with a tool for laparoscopic operations. It somehow turned out historically that when this type of detector appeared on the market, few people understood that this was not a universal detector for all occasions. And, despite its fame for specialists, it was used in a very limited amount.

But when the manufacturers realized that this type of detector needed to be positioned in a completely different way, the cart moved. And it really turned out that in some areas of fire protection it has no analogues. In the last two or three years, a sufficient number of articles have appeared on this topic, and everything has fallen into place. "Give back Caesar's to Caesar's and God's gods."

WHAT IS THE AMBIGUITY OF JUDGMENTS ABOUT EIDA

The IPDA processing unit itself has unsurpassed sensitivity. No one will even argue with this. If you use it to control a small volume, then the IPDA may be in the mode “if you sniff too hard, the wire has not overheated yet, but it is already warm and even smells a little, and something might happen to it someday, but not now, but a little later." The only question that immediately arises is how much it will cost. A lot, but in some cases it is justified.

It is possible to use the same IPDA to control large areas of several thousand square meters, just as stated in the documentation for it. But here it will be necessary to immediately understand that in this case you will have to forget about the crazy sensitivity to fire in each individual room. The gain will be only due to the time of delivery of the smoke-air mixture, and even then it is not so big. But in the same deep-freeze warehouses or in elevator shafts, you can’t put anything else. And in this case, is there any point in once again mentioning its possibility of "ultra-early detection" of a fire. Unlikely.

FIRE SMOKE IONIZATION DETECTOR (IPDI)

Now we can move on to the sad.

IPDI - that's who the elderly are constantly nostalgic for. This is their favorite “radioisotope nickname”. It was argued that if the IPDOTs can only detect "light smoke", then the "radioisotope" detector is any, even light, even dark, and very quickly. And the problem is only in the "green", because of which the disposal of these detectors has been tightened as much as possible.

This myth was formed even when the threshold of operation of the IPDOT in the Smoke Channel installation was within 0.5 dB / m (GOST 26342-84), and not, as it is now, 0.05-0.2 dB / m. Moreover, now the IPDOT is obliged to detect not only “light” smoke, but also all the rest.

A lot has changed in the last 30 years, only the IPDI has remained the same. And now there is an opportunity to compare them with a new generation of fire detectors. And not just in terms of the response threshold in the smoke channel, this is of the least interest to us, but during fire tests.

And what turned out to be - mediocre and even very. With today's difficulties in handling radioisotope materials, few people need to use a fairly average detector.

It is also necessary to take into account weakness IPDI - for them it makes no difference which aerosol particles to detect, what is smoke, what is steam, what is dust. So they still don't have a way to deal with it.

Maybe we all have been nostalgic for so many years in vain and will forgive these “greens” for their “meanness”, it is unlikely that without them we would have begun to seriously engage in alternative directions.

FEATURES OF APPLICATION OF GAS FIRE DETECTORS (IGD)

A little more than ten years ago, a wave of use of IPG for early fire detection took place abroad.

It was based on the postulate that each fire is preceded by smoldering smoke and carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide). This carbon monoxide diffuses instantly through rooms, much faster than smoke reaching ceiling smoke detectors, and this diffusion is not particularly affected by convection air currents. This method of distribution allows you to install fire detectors almost anywhere in the controlled premises.

And on the basis of these postulates, it immediately turned to the possibility of "ultra-early fire detection" with the help of IPG (CO). A holy place is never empty, manufacturers of sensors for IPG (CO) immediately appeared, since they already had similar tasks in industrial automation.

But in the process of developing standards for IPG (CO), we encountered the fact that they cannot be sensitive to all major test fires. Well, we left only TP2 (wood smoldering) and TP3 (cotton smoldering with glow) in the requirements and came up with one additional TP9 (cotton smoldering without glow). But all synthetics and flammable liquids, which can also emit smoke, remained behind the scenes. The manufacturers of IPG (CO) stubbornly hid this from everyone, but you can’t slander an awl in your pants for a long time.

It turned out that during the smoldering of synthetics, it is not carbon monoxide that is released, but hydrogen chloride, which all these IPG (CO) cannot detect. So, if synthetics surround us everywhere, then with cotton, which must smolder for the IPG (CO) to work, it is much more difficult in our daily life, it still needs to be found. And can then IPG (SO), which has the ability to detect a fire from a limited list of combustible materials, be used as a self-sufficient and universal fire detector?

As a result, a couple of years ago, the IPG (CO) wave abroad completely choked, and people began to forget about it.

And when we had the opportunity to compare everything together in our country, it turned out that the idea of ​​“ultra-early fire detection” with the help of IPG (CO) collapsed at the moment, just like a few years earlier abroad. And we had to forget about deep diffusion, as a fact that was not confirmed in practice, and as a result, the impossibility of arbitrary installation of IPG (CO) in rooms, even behind a cabinet, even under a cabinet.

But what about there, abroad? They did not become particularly worried about this and break spears. They have very smoothly moved from IPG (SO) to multi-criteria fire detectors. And here all the developments on IPG (SO) were very useful. We in Russia still have to comprehend all this first, especially since we still do not have such a class of fire detectors as multi-criteria.

SOME FEATURES OF IPG TECHNOLOGIES

It should be noted right away that carbon monoxide (CO) sensors are of two types: electrochemical sensors of the electrolytic type and metal oxide semiconductor sensors. The former practically do not consume electricity, but have a limited service life due to the use of electrolyte, the latter have a fairly long service life, but also high energy consumption.

For sensors of the electrolytic type, the service life begins from the moment they are removed from a special container, in which they are stored in warehouse conditions, for their subsequent installation in the IPG. Specifications and the price of the carbon monoxide sensor itself, about 1-2 thousand rubles, are decisive for IPG (CO).

Today, only one manufacturer of these sensors in the world (Nemoto Sensor Engineering Co) can guarantee a lifetime of 10 years. All the rest so far guarantee no more than five years, and a couple of years ago there were no more than three years of work.

The limited service life of carbon monoxide sensors does not allow the mass use of both IPGs themselves and their combinations with thermal or smoke detection channels. Almost all manufacturers of technical means of fire automatics, with the exception of IPG, indicate in their documentation the period

service for at least 10 years. In practice, the service life is rarely less than 15 years, after all, this is not the cheapest pleasure. Not a single foreign manufacturer allows you to independently replace carbon monoxide sensors in detectors, while honestly indicating their service life of 5 years.

Here is such an “ultra-early detection” with the help of IPG, and the possibilities are still illusory, and the difficulties are objective.

SO TO BE OR NOT TO BE "SUPER EARLY FIRE DETECTION"

This issue should be addressed by the direct customers of fire safety services. If all the requirements of regulatory documents are met, if the manufacturer does not produce products that do not meet the declared characteristics, then nothing extra may be needed.

Suddenly, someone wants to excel, then he can put an IPDOT in his electrical panel next to the electricity meter, hide the same behind the refrigerator and behind the TV and go to bed with peace of mind. Such a method of "ultra-early detection" of a fire may even be the most cost-effective method compared to others. But who and on the basis of what can force it to be applied?

With a special desire, it is possible to install an aspiration detector in the office of the head of an organization at his request and for his money, which will work each time during heated disputes with subordinates. Well, the desire of the customer is the law.

I have never mentioned linear smoke detectors (IPDL) in this article. Also a very good thing, it just so happened that they did not take part in research trials. If IPDL is used with maximum sensitivity at short distances, then the fire detection time is reduced several times. Than not "ultra-early detection". It’s very simple, and you don’t need to invent anything new, I checked it myself. But the low economic efficiency does not allow making such decisions.

No one, either abroad or in our country, will agree to additional requirements to ensure “ultra-early detection” of a fire. And as a consequence, this term should be excluded from everyday practice, it should not be used on occasion or without and mislead others with it. We do not need these myths.

LITERATURE

1. GOST 53325-2012 “Fire fighting equipment. Technical means of fire automatics. General technical requirements and test methods".

In January 2017, work began on the draft interstate standard “Fire control devices. Fire control devices. General technical requirements. Test Methods". The next step was the draft set of rules “Fire alarm systems and automation of fire protection systems. Norms and rules of design». In the drafts of new documents, the tasks are indicated, the necessary requirements are attached to them, aimed at their implementation. Each requirement is a consequence or cause of other requirements. Together, they form a fully integrated system.

• For buildings and structures that store priceless collections and at the same time are objects with a mass stay of people, timely and reliable fire detection is key. But there are objective reasons why traditional fire alarm systems remain either unacceptable or not reliable enough for cultural heritage sites. The best solution is an aspiration detector. That is why WAGNER products equip a whole list of cultural objects around the world.

  The modern development of microprocessor electronics and information technologies has made it possible to approach the problem of fire detection in a fundamentally new way: from the analysis of a set of individual sensor elements that continuously measure atmospheric parameters in the vicinity of the detector (concentration of solid particles and carbon monoxide, air temperature), to the ability to recognize in the measured values "sufficiency" of conditions corresponding to a fire in a minimum time. Bosch's continuous seven-parameter environmental analysis technology improves the detection accuracy of a fire alarm system and significantly reduces the likelihood of false alarms, even in difficult operating conditions.

  For reliable fire detection in areas with special operating conditions, such as the presence of corrosive gases, high humidity, high temperatures and air pollution, Securiton offers a system based on the MHD635 LIST temperature-sensitive cable. It is a high security system that is easy to install and install and requires no maintenance. Thermosensing cable Securiton MHD635 is used at the following facilities: auto and railway tunnels; tunnels and metro stations, track facilities; conveyor systems and automatic lines; cable tunnels and trays; warehousing and racks; production ovens; freezers deep freezing; cooling and heating devices; food industry facilities; parking lots, walking excavators, ship mechanisms.

  Securiton's SecuriSens ADW 535 thermal differential line detector combines a proven operating principle with the latest advances in sensor and processor technology. Thanks to the extremely resistant sensor tube, the SecuriSens ADW 535 can be used where traditional fire detectors cannot be used. Durability and maintenance-free design make the ADW 535 ideal solution. SecuriSens ADW 535 fully meets the requirements for modern linear thermal detectors, such as: full automatic monitoring of large areas, resistance to aggressive environments, extreme humidity and high temperatures, the ability to distinguish real dangers from false ones. The SecuriSens ADW 535 is an intelligent device that works perfectly even in the most difficult conditions.

• In 2019, it is planned to develop a new national standard “Fire alarm systems. Design, installation guide, maintenance and repair. Methods of performance testing". The article deals with issues of maintenance and repair. It is important that, due to incomplete or incorrect formulations, service organizations do not end up as extreme and are not forced to eliminate the shortcomings that they made at the design stage. It is imperative that at the facilities during scheduled maintenance, all systems be tested as a whole to check their functioning according to the algorithms specified by the project.

• The purpose of this material is to consider the main aspects of legislative regulation of the implementation of federal state control (supervision) over the activities of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, and especially over the activities of legal entities with special statutory tasks and departmental security units.