Gilina Marina Dmitrievna
biology teacher
MBOU Kamenskaya NGO school
Final control test in biology.
6th grade.
1. Biology is a science that studies:
A - living and non-living nature B - seasonal changes in wildlife
B - wildlife D - plant life.
2. The structure of plants is studied by science :
A - ecology B - botany
B - phenology D - biology.
3. The plant organism consists of:
A - root and stem B - root and shoot
B - flower and stem; G - flower and fruit.
4. The main parts of the flower :
A - petals and sepals B - receptacle and peduncle
B - pistil and stamens D - style and stigma
5. The main sign of the fetus:
A - the presence of a supply of nutrients B - the presence of seeds
B - the presence of the seed coat D - the presence of the fruit shell
6. Fruit cannot be called :
A - ripe apple B - carrot root
B - currant berries D - wheat grain
7. Cell structure have:
A - all plants B - only some plants
B - only algae; D - only angiosperms.
8. The root system consists of:
A - lateral roots B - adventitious roots
B - all the roots of the plant D - the main and lateral roots.
9. Photosynthesis happens (choose two correct answers)
A - only in the light B - only in the leaves
B - only in the dark D - only in the green parts of the plant.
10. They do not belong to higher plants :
A - algae B - ferns
11. involved in the sexual reproduction of plants :
A - gametes B - spores
B - leaf cells D - seeds.
12 .The class of monocot plants includes plants in which : (choose two features)
A - the embryo has 2 cotyledons B - the embryo has 1 cotyledon
B - fibrous root system G - tap root system
13. Autotrophs are:
BUT - green plants B - mushrooms
B - bacteria; D - lichens.
In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns . WholePart
Seed
Root
Lateral root
14. What concept should be entered in the gap in this table?
fetus2)
inflorescence
3)
flower
4)
fruiting body
15. The higher spore plants are
Scotch pine2)
kelp
3)
4)
bracken fern
16. Using the table "The number of stomata in some plants", answer the following questions.
table
The number of stomata in some plants
plant nameNumber of stomata per 1 mm 3
place of growth
On the top surface of the sheet
On the underside of the sheet
Water lily
625
Water
Oak
438
wet forest
Apple tree
248
oats
Field
rejuvenated
Rocky dry places
1) How are the stomata located in most of the plants presented in the table?
2) Why is the number of stomata different in many plants? Give one explanation.
3) How does the number of stomata depend on the humidity of the plant habitat?
17. In a dark forest, many plants have light flowers because they:
but. Visible to insects
b. Visible to people
in. Decorate the forest
Grow up on fertile soil
18. Ecology is the science that studies:
but. Vegetable world
b. Animal world
in. inanimate nature
d. Living conditions of living organisms and their mutual influence on each other.
It is known that environmental pollution primarily affects the stomatal apparatus of plants. The main functions of stomata are gas exchange and transpiration. Violation of the functions of these stomata can lead to the death of leaves, and, in general, to the death of the entire plant (Lykshitova, 2013). We counted the number of stomata on the leaf blades of the studied plant species in key areas in comparison with the control. Research data are shown in Fig.16.
Rice. 16 Number of stomata on leaf blades Ulmus pumila, Malus baccata, Syringa vulgaris per 1 mm І sheet area
The calculation of the number of stomata per unit area of the leaf blade in woody plants growing in urban conditions showed that, indeed, when approaching the highway, the number of stomata increases. The influence of atmospheric pollution disrupts the integrity of the stomatal cells, and the guard cells of the stomata lose their ability to regulate the width of the stomatal gap.
With constantly open stomatal crevices, moisture consumption plant organism on physiological processes especially affects the intensity of transpiration.
A decrease in the total water content of tissues and an increase in the amount of bound water over the amount of free water may indicate the adaptation of plants to the conditions of the urban environment. As bioindicative indicators of the urban environment, one can use the morphobiological indicators of woody plants, the percentage of dust pollution, and the features of the fractional composition of water.
From the presented figure, it can be seen that in the control plot, the largest number of stomata is observed in the squat elm and is 138, in the apple tree -127, in the lilac -100. Under conditions of environmental pollution, the number of stomata on the leaf blades of all studied species increases sharply. This is a morphological adaptive adaptation to the survival of plants in conditions of atmospheric pollution. An increase in the number of stomata on leaf blades compensates for the decrease in leaf dispersion, as shown earlier. This is due to the fact that a decrease in leaf area leads to a reduction in the stomatal apparatus, therefore, an increase in the number of stomata with a decrease total area leaf blades, contributes to the preservation of the functions of gas exchange and transpiration of leaves. Data on the number of stomata correlate well with data on leaf dispersion. As mentioned earlier, the greatest decrease in leaf dispersion was observed in elm. Data on the number of stomata indicate that the decrease in the number of leaves per square meter in elm was compensated by a sharper increase in the number of stomata. So, on average, in three plots, the number of stomata in the squat elm increased by 321 in comparison with the reference plot, while in apple and lilac 175 and 106, respectively.
This indicates that the elm adapts well to adverse environmental conditions.
Thus, it can be noted that in the conditions of technogenic pollution of the atmosphere of the city of Ulan-Ude, both tree life forms (apple and elm) and shrubs (lilac) adapt quite well to atmospheric pollution. In all species, morphological mechanisms of adaptation are activated. In conditions of more severe dust pollution, tree forms can be recommended - apple and elm.
All-Russian Verification Work VPR Biology Grade 5 Option 2 All-Russian Verification Work
1.1. Consider the image.
Show with arrows in the figure and sign the organs of the linden: stem, leaf, bud, flower.
1.2. Which of the organs of linden: stem, leaf, bud, flower is a rudimentary escape?
1.3. The list below lists the functions of plant organs. All of them, with the exception of one, are performed by the stem. Write down the function that "falls out" of the general series. Explain your choice.
Supporting (carries leaves, flowers and fruits), mineral nutrition, conductive, vegetative reproduction.2. In winter, black fruits - nuts - are noticeable on bare linden branches. Nuts hang in small clusters, each cluster has a wing. The wind blew, tore off several clusters along with wings, whirled and dropped one next to the tree, the other - away. Find in the list below and write down the name of this process.
Flowering, development, resettlement, fruiting. 3. 
Describe the linden leaf according to the following plan: leaf type, leaf venation, leaf blade shape.
A. Sheet type
B. Leaf venation
B. The shape of the leaf blade
| A | B | IN |
4. Linden has always been considered a valuable tree in Russia. Painted Khokhloma dishes and nesting dolls are made from it (A), and in the old days, shoes (B). Write down the parts of the plant that are used in each case.
BUT: _____________________
B: _____________________
The student looked at the cellular structure of the leaves of various plants under a microscope and made the following drawing. What in the drawing of the cell of the sheet did he designate with the letter B?
6. Insert the missing words from the proposed list into the text "Reproduction".
BREEDING
There are two forms of reproduction of living organisms. During ________ (A) reproduction, special cells are involved - ___________ (B). From two cells a new cell is formed - ___________ (B). The new organism combines the characteristics of both parents.
Word list:
1) sexual
2) gamete
3) asexual
4) zygote
5) germ
6) larva
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer:
| A | B | IN |
Which plant contains stomata only on the upper side of the leaf?
Which plant has the most stomata?
Which plant has approximately the same number of stomata on both leaf surfaces?
7.2. Below are images of the plants indicated in the table. Label each picture with the name of the corresponding plant.
A B C D:______________
7.3. These plants are used by man. Under each of the examples below, write the name of the corresponding plant that is of practical importance to humans.
A B C:______________
8.1. Read the text and do the task.
Which sentences of the text describe the signs on the basis of which it can be concluded that the bustard is the heaviest migratory steppe bird in Russia? Write down the numbers of the selected proposals.
8.2. Read the text and do the task.
(1) The main habitats of bustards are steppes, forb meadows and winter fields. (2) The average weight of adult birds is 16 kg, sometimes even 25 kg. (3) Plumage color is red with black speckles, white below. (4) Bustard nests are arranged in winter fields right on the ground. (5) The bird's gait is unhurried, measured. (6) Some birds winter in Transcaucasia, but most fly away for the winter outside Russia
Make a description of the great egret according to the following plan.
A) In comparison with the bustard: larger/smaller.
B) The similarity between the bustard and the great egret is that they
C) Where does the great white heron live and what does it eat? (Give at least two examples.)
Answers
1.1. 
1.2. The kidney is the organ of the plant, from which the shoot appears in the process of development.
Answer: Kidney.
1.3. The function that falls out of the logical series is mineral nutrition. Mineral nutrition is provided by the root.
2. pollination
4. A - wood, B - bast
5. cytoplasm.
7.1. water lily white; olive; oats.
7.2. A - oak, B - oats, C - olive, G - white water lily.
7.3. A - peas or potatoes, B - rice, C - corn.
8.2. The correct answer should contain a description / features for three points of the plan:
A) smaller
B) large migratory birds;
C) swamps, reservoirs; fish, frogs, mollusks, worms, small birds.
Who published this discovery in 1675 in his work Anatome plantarum. However, he did not understand their true function. At the same time, his contemporary Nehemiah Grew developed the hypothesis of the participation of stomata in the ventilation of the internal environment of the plant and compared them with insect tracheae. Progress in the study came in the 19th century, and at the same time, in 1827, the word "stoma" was first used by the Swiss botanist Decandole. The study of stomata at that time was carried out by Hugo von Mol, who discovered the basic principle of opening stomata, and Simon Schwendener, who classified stomata by the type of their construction.
Some aspects of the functioning of stomata continue to be intensively studied at the present time; The material is mainly Commelina vulgaris ( Commelina communis), garden bob ( Vicia faba), Sweet corn ( Zea mays).
Structure
The size of the stomata (length) ranges from 0.01-0.06 mm (the stomata of polyploid plants are also larger in leaves growing in the shade. The largest stomata were found in an extinct plant Zosterophyllum, 0.12 mm (120 µm) Pore consists of a pair of specialized cells called guard cells (cellulae claudentes), which regulate the degree of openness of the pore, between them is the stomatal gap (porus stomatalis). The walls of the guard cells are thickened unevenly: those directed towards the gap (abdominal) are thicker than the walls directed away from the gap (dorsal). The gap can expand and narrow, regulating transpiration and gas exchange. When there is little water, the guard cells are tightly adjacent to each other and the stomatal opening is closed. When there is a lot of water in the guard cells, it presses on the walls and the thinner walls stretch more, and the thicker ones are drawn inward, a gap appears between the guard cells. Under the gap there is a substomatal (air) cavity, surrounded by cells of the pulp of the leaf, through which gas exchange takes place directly. Air containing carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) and oxygen penetrates into the leaf tissue through these pores, and is further used in the process of photosynthesis and respiration. Excess oxygen produced during photosynthesis by the inner cells of the leaf is released back into the environment through the same pores. Also, in the process of evaporation, water vapor is released through the pores. Epidermal cells adjacent to the trailing cells are called accompanying (side, neighboring, parotid). They are involved in the movement of guard cells. Trailing and accompanying cells form a stomatal complex (stomatal apparatus). The presence or absence of stomata (the visible parts of the stomata are called stomatal lines) is often used in the classification of plants.
Stomata types
The number of accompanying cells and their location relative to the stomatal opening make it possible to distinguish a number of types of stomata:
- anomocytic - accompanying cells do not differ from the rest of the cells of the epidermis, the type is very common for all groups of higher plants, with the exception of conifers;
- diacytic - characterized by only two accompanying cells, the common wall of which is at right angles to the trailing cells;
- paracytic - accompanying cells are located parallel to the closing and stomatal gaps;
- anisocytic - guard cells are surrounded by three accompanying cells, one of which is noticeably larger or smaller than the others, this type is found only in flowering plants;
- tetracytic - four accompanying cells, characteristic of monocots;
- encyclocytic - accompanying cells form a narrow wheel around guard cells;
- actinocytic - several accompanying cells, radially diverging from the trailing cells;
- pericytic - the guard cells are surrounded by one secondary accompanying cell, the stomata is not connected to the accompanying cell by an anticlinal cell wall;
- desmocytic - guard cells are surrounded by one accompanying cell, the stomata are connected to it by an anticlinal cell wall;
- polocytic - guard cells are not completely surrounded by one accompanying one: one or two epidermal cells adjoin one of the stomatal poles; the stoma is attached to the distal side of a single accompanying cell, which is U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped;
- stephanocyte - a stomata surrounded by four or more (usually five to seven) poorly differentiated accompanying cells, forming a more or less distinct rosette;
- laterocyte - this type of stomatal apparatus is considered by most botanists as a simple modification of the anomocytic type.
In dicots, the paracytic type of stomata is common. The trailing cells of a kidney-shaped (bean-shaped) shape - as they are visible from the surface of the leaf - carry chloroplasts, thin, unthickened sections of the membrane form protrusions (spouts) covering the stomatal gap.
The outer walls of the guard cells usually have outgrowths, which is clearly seen in the transverse section of the stomata. The space bounded by these outgrowths is called the front yard. Quite often, similar outgrowths are observed in the inner membranes of guard cells. They form a backyard, or inner courtyard, connected to a large intercellular space - the substomatal cavity.
In monocots, the paracytic structure of stomata was noted in cereals. The guard cells are dumbbell-shaped - narrowed in the middle part and expanded at both ends, while the walls of the expanded areas are very thin, and in the middle part of the guard cells they are very thickened. Chloroplasts are located in the vesicular endings of cells.
Guard cell movement
The mechanism of movement of the guard cells is very complex and varies in different types. In most plants, with unequal water supply at night, and sometimes during the day, the turgor in guard cells decreases, and the stomatal gap closes, thereby reducing the level of transpiration. With an increase in turgor, the stomata open. Think that the main role in the change of turgor belongs to potassium ions. The presence of chloroplasts in the guard cells is essential in the regulation of turgor. The primary starch of chloroplasts, turning into sugar, increases the concentration of cell sap. This contributes to the influx of water from neighboring cells and an increase in turgor pressure in guard cells.
Location of stomata
Dicotyledonous plants tend to have more stomata at the bottom of the leaf than at the top. This is due to the fact that the upper part of a horizontally arranged leaf, as a rule, is better lit, and a smaller number of stomata in it prevents excessive evaporation of water. Leaves with stomata located on the underside are called hypostomatic.
In monocot plants, the presence of stomata in the upper and lower parts of the leaf is different. Very often the leaves of monocotyledonous plants are arranged vertically, in which case the number of stomata on both parts of the leaf may be the same. Such leaves are called amphistomatic.
Floating leaves on the underside of the leaf lack stomata, as they can absorb water through the cuticle. Leaves with stomata located on the upper side are called epistomatic. Underwater leaves have no stomata at all.
The stomata of coniferous plants are usually hidden deep under the endodermis, which makes it possible to greatly reduce water consumption in winter for evaporation, and in summer during drought.
Mosses (with the exception of anthocerotes) have no true stomata.
Stomata also differ in their level of location relative to the surface of the epidermis. Some of them are located flush with other epidermal cells, others are raised above or immersed below the surface. In monocots, whose leaves grow predominantly in length, the stomata form regular parallel rows, while in dicots they are arranged randomly.
Carbon dioxide
Since carbon dioxide is one of the key reactants in the process of photosynthesis, most plants have stomata open during the daytime. The problem is that when the air enters, it mixes with the water vapor evaporating from the leaf, and so the plant cannot get carbon dioxide without losing some water at the same time. Many plants have protection against water evaporation in the form of wax deposits that clog their stomata.
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Notes
Literature
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Atlas of plant anatomy: textbook. manual for universities / Bavtuto G. A., Eremin V. M., Zhigar M. P. - Mn. : Urajay, 2001. - 146 p. - (Study and textbooks for universities). - ISBN 985-04-0317-9.
- Colin Michael Willmer, Mark Fricker. Stomata. - Chapman & Hall, 1995. - ISBN 0412574306.
Footnotes
An excerpt characterizing the Stoma
“This is Bezukhova’s brother, Anatole Kuragin,” she said, pointing to the handsome cavalry guard, who walked past them, looking somewhere from the height of his raised head over the ladies. - How good! is not it? They say they will marry him to this rich woman. .And your sousin, Drubetskoy, is also very entangled. They say millions. “Well, it’s the French envoy himself,” she answered about Caulaincourt when asked by the countess who it was. “Look like some kind of king. And yet the French are very, very nice. There is no mile for society. And here she is! No, everything is better than all our Marya Antonovna! And how simply dressed. Charm! “And this one, fat, with glasses, is a worldwide freemason,” said Peronskaya, pointing to Bezukhov. - With his wife, then put him next to him: then that jester of peas!Pierre walked, waddling his fat body, pushing the crowd apart, nodding right and left as casually and good-naturedly as if he were walking through the crowd of a bazaar. He moved through the crowd, apparently looking for someone.
Natasha looked with joy at the familiar face of Pierre, that pea jester, as Peronskaya called him, and knew that Pierre was looking for them, and especially for her, in the crowd. Pierre promised her to be at the ball and introduce her to the gentlemen.
But, before reaching them, Bezukhoy stopped beside a short, very handsome brunette in a white uniform, who, standing at the window, was talking to some tall man in stars and a ribbon. Natasha immediately recognized the short young man in a white uniform: it was Bolkonsky, who seemed to her very rejuvenated, cheerful and prettier.
- Here's another friend, Bolkonsky, see, mom? - said Natasha, pointing to Prince Andrei. - Remember, he spent the night with us in Otradnoye.
– Oh, you know him? Peronskaya said. - Hate. Il fait a present la pluie et le beau temps. [It now determines rainy or fine weather. (French proverb, meaning that he is successful.)] And such pride that there are no borders! I followed papa. And he contacted Speransky, some projects are being written. See how the ladies are treated! She's talking to him, and he's turned away,” she said, pointing at him. “I would beat him up if he did the same to me as he did to these ladies.
Suddenly everything stirred, the crowd began to speak, moved, parted again, and between the two parted rows, at the sound of music playing, the sovereign entered. Behind him were the owner and mistress. The emperor walked quickly, bowing to the right and left, as if trying to get rid of this first minute of the meeting as soon as possible. The musicians played Polish, known then for the words composed on it. These words began: “Alexander, Elizabeth, you delight us ...” The sovereign went into the living room, the crowd rushed to the doors; several faces with changed expressions hurried back and forth. The crowd again retreated from the doors of the drawing room, in which the sovereign appeared, talking with the hostess. Some young man with a confused look was advancing on the ladies, asking them to step aside. Some ladies with faces expressing complete forgetfulness of all the conditions of the world, spoiling their toilets, crowded forward. Men began to approach the ladies and line up in Polish pairs.
Everything parted, and the emperor, smiling and out of time leading the mistress of the house by the hand, went out of the doors of the drawing room. He was followed by the owner with M.A. Naryshkina, then envoys, ministers, various generals, whom Peronskaya called incessantly. More than half of the ladies had cavaliers and were walking or preparing to go to Polskaya. Natasha felt that she remained with her mother and Sonya among the smaller part of the ladies pushed back to the wall and not taken in Polskaya. She stood with her slender arms lowered, and with a measuredly rising, slightly defined chest, holding her breath, with shining, frightened eyes, she looked ahead of her, with an expression of readiness for the greatest joy and the greatest grief. She was not interested in either the sovereign or all the important persons that Peronskaya pointed out - she had one thought: “is it really that no one will come up to me, really I won’t dance between the first, really all these men who now, it seems that they don’t see me, but if they look at me, they look with such an expression, as if they say: Ah! it's not her, so there's nothing to see. No, it can't be!" she thought. “They must know how I want to dance, how well I dance, and how fun it will be for them to dance with me.”
The sounds of Polish, which had gone on for quite some time, were already beginning to sound sad, a memory in Natasha's ears. She wanted to cry. Peronskaya moved away from them. The count was at the other end of the hall, the countess, Sonya and she stood alone as if in a forest in this alien crowd, uninteresting and unnecessary to anyone. Prince Andrei walked past them with some lady, apparently not recognizing them. The handsome Anatole, smiling, said something to the lady he was leading, and looked at Natasha's face with the look with which they look at the walls. Boris walked past them twice and each time turned away. Berg and his wife, who were not dancing, approached them.
This family rapprochement here, at the ball, seemed insulting to Natasha, as if there was no other place for family conversations except at the ball. She did not listen and did not look at Vera, who was saying something to her about her green dress.
Finally, the sovereign stopped beside his last lady (he was dancing with three), the music stopped; the preoccupied adjutant ran up to the Rostovs, asking them to move somewhere else, although they were standing against the wall, and the distinct, cautious and fascinatingly measured sounds of a waltz rang out from the choir. The emperor looked at the hall with a smile. A minute passed and no one started yet. The adjutant manager approached Countess Bezukhova and invited her. She raised her hand, smiling, and laid it, without looking at him, on the adjutant's shoulder. The adjutant steward, a master of his craft, confidently, leisurely and measuredly, tightly embracing his lady, set off with her first glidepath, along the edge of the circle, at the corner of the hall picked her up left hand, turned it, and because of the ever-accelerating sounds of music, only the measured clicks of the spurs of the adjutant's quick and dexterous legs were heard, and every three measures at the turn, his lady's velvet dress fluttered, as it were. Natasha looked at them and was ready to cry that it was not she who was dancing this first round of the waltz.
Prince Andrei, in his colonel's white (for cavalry) uniform, in stockings and boots, lively and cheerful, stood in the forefront of the circle, not far from the Rostovs. Baron Firgof spoke to him about tomorrow, the proposed first meeting of the State Council. Prince Andrei, as a person close to Speransky and participating in the work of the legislative commission, could give correct information about the meeting tomorrow about which there were various rumors. But he did not listen to what Firgof told him, and looked first at the sovereign, then at the gentlemen who were about to dance, who did not dare to enter the circle.
Prince Andrei watched these cavaliers and ladies, timid in the presence of the sovereign, dying from the desire to be invited.
Pierre went up to Prince Andrei and grabbed his hand.
- You always dance. Here is my protegee [favorite], young Rostova, invite her, - he said.
- Where? Bolkonsky asked. “I’m sorry,” he said, turning to the baron, “we will finish this conversation in another place, but at the ball we have to dance.” - He stepped forward, in the direction that Pierre indicated to him. Natasha's desperate, fading face caught Prince Andrei's eyes. He recognized her, guessed her feelings, realized that she was a beginner, remembered her conversation at the window, and with a cheerful expression approached Countess Rostova.
“Let me introduce you to my daughter,” said the countess, blushing.
“I have the pleasure of being acquainted, if the countess remembers me,” said Prince Andrei with a courteous and low bow, completely contradicting Peronskaya’s remarks about his rudeness, going up to Natasha, and raising his hand to hug her waist even before he finished the invitation to dance. He suggested a waltz tour. That fading expression on Natasha's face, ready for despair and delight, suddenly lit up with a happy, grateful, childish smile.
“I have been waiting for you for a long time,” as if this frightened and happy girl said, with her smile that appeared because of ready tears, raising her hand on the shoulder of Prince Andrei. They were the second couple to enter the circle. Prince Andrei was one of the best dancers of his time. Natasha danced superbly. Her feet in ballroom satin shoes quickly, easily and independently of her did their job, and her face shone with the delight of happiness. Her bare neck and arms were thin and ugly. Compared to Helen's shoulders, her shoulders were thin, her chest indefinite, her arms thin; but Helen already seemed to have varnish from all the thousands of glances that glided over her body, and Natasha seemed like a girl who was naked for the first time, and who would be very ashamed of it if she had not been assured that it was so necessary.
Prince Andrei loved to dance, and wanting to quickly get rid of the political and intelligent conversations with which everyone turned to him, and wanting to quickly break this annoying circle of embarrassment formed by the presence of the sovereign, he went to dance and chose Natasha, because Pierre pointed her out to him. and because she was the first of the pretty women that caught his eye; but as soon as he embraced this thin, mobile body, and she stirred so close to him and smiled so close to him, the wine of her charms hit him in the head: he felt revived and rejuvenated when, catching his breath and leaving her, he stopped and began to look on the dancers.
Hello, dear readers of the Skype biology tutor blog.
This page of my blog contains the first 200 questions Open bank of tasks FIPI OGE on the 3rd section "System, diversity and evolution of living nature".
To check your level of preparedness for the exam, answer the tests yourself, and then you can check your answers with my answers by ordering them.
In a flowering plant, the following organs are distinguished: root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit with seeds. Select the characteristics that correspond to the structural features of the flower as a plant organ according to the following plan: definition of the organ, growth of the organ, location of the growth point, main functions and participation of the organ in the nutrition of the plant.
A. Definition of a plant organ
1) a lateral vegetative organ, which, as a rule, has bilateral symmetry
2) a reproductive organ that develops with the growth of the ovary of the pistil after pollination
3) modified generative escape
4) axial vegetative aboveground organ that carries the kidneys
5) axial vegetative underground organ
B. Organ growth
1) growth of the organ continues throughout the life of the plant
2) the growth of the organ continues for a certain time, after which it stops
B. Location of points of growth
1) the organ is characterized by growth by the base
2) the organ is characterized by apical growth
3) the organ grows due to the division of all cells
D. Organ functions
1) provides photosynthesis, evaporation, gas exchange
2) connects the aboveground and underground parts of the plant
3) strengthens the plant in the soil
4) participates in pollination, fertilization, seed development
5) serves to preserve and distribute seeds
D. Participation of the organ in the nutrition of the plant
1) only stores nutrients
2) provides the plant with water with dissolved minerals
3) does not provide the plant with nutrients, but only uses them for its own growth
4) carries out the synthesis of organic substances from carbon dioxide and water
5) provides the movement of mineral and organic substances, and sometimes stores them
Answer: A B C D D
| Number of eggs in clutch | Percentage of surviving chicks (in %) |
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 95 |
| 3 | 90 |
| 4 | 83 |
| 5 | 80 |
| 6 | 53 |
| 7 | 40 |
| 8 | 35 |
| 9 | 32 |
1) What is the relationship between the number of eggs in a clutch and the proportion of surviving chicks?
2) What is the percentage of chicks that have flown out of the nest with a clutch size of 5?
3) How can one explain that there are a small number of eggs in the clutch of a starling?
1) fruit
2) inflorescence
3) flower
4) fruiting body
Which organ is missing in sharks and rays?
1) intestines
2) gills
3) gill slits
4) swim bladder
Establish a correspondence between the animal and the number of chambers of its heart: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.
ANIMAL
A) a whale
B) really
B) crocodile
D) sparrow
D) frog
E) triton
NUMBER OF HEART CHAMBER
1) four
2) three
1) formation of trachea and spiracles
2) the formation of a three-chambered heart, in the ventricle of which there is an incomplete septum
3) the development of cubs in the uterus of the female
4) development of the nervous system of the nodal type
5) the appearance of paired lungs Answer: 41523 Incorrectly designed test. The answer will look like this: 1 then 5, if the word “lungs” means only the lungs that appeared in vertebrates (not taking into account paired lung sacs or “lights” in arachnids). But maybe the authors-compilers had conceived the answer 5 (light arachnids) then 1.
A specialized organ of air nutrition of a plant is
1) green leaf
2) root crop
3) flower
4) fruit
Modern lobe-finned fish include
1) shark
2) stingray
3) sturgeon
4) coelacanth
What common property unites the two depicted anatomical formations? Both of them are
1) the roots of living plants
2) solid particles of soil
3) insect larvae
4) plant residues
In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.
What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) pedicel
2) gametophyte
3) fruiting body
4) sprout
What mollusks lead a terrestrial lifestyle?
1) toothless
2) slugs
3) barley
4) squid
The tuber is a modified shoot, this proves the presence on the tuber
1) membranous scales
2) buds-eyes
3) fleshy and juicy scales
4) flat stem - bottom
What animal is shown in the picture?
1) green euglena
2) infusoria shoe
3) common amoeba
4) malarial plasmodium
The figure shows light and dark moth butterflies on a birch trunk. As part of the experiment, light and dark butterflies were released into an isolated area of a birch forest in a ratio of 1: 1. How will the ratio of the number of light and black butterflies change over several years if there was an unregulated emission of soot and burning particles by enterprises?
3) the ratio of light and dark butterflies will not change
In fact, the dark pine trunk is clearly visible in the figure (the characteristic structure of the bark, and not the alternation of white and dark areas on the birch trunk). But in any case, with prolonged pollution of the trunks with soot, dark-colored butterflies will be less noticeable for pecking by birds.
Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of the plant and the department for which it is characteristic: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.
PLANT SIGN
A) there is a germ in the development cycle
B) the sporangium on the plant looks like a box
C) a green thread grows from the spore - a pregrowth
D) there are no roots
D) sporangia are located on the underside of the leaf
E) have rhizomes
THE DEPARTMENT
1) Mossy
2) Ferns
In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.
What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) swimming beetle
2) grape snail
3) toothless
4) triton
Establish the sequence of the ratio of systematic categories in plants, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) genus Nightshade
2) plant kingdom
3) class Dipartite
4) Solanaceae family
5) Department of Angiosperms
In connection with the release of the first plants on land, they had
1) vegetative organs
2) seeds
3) disputes
4) gametes
Which of the following animals develops with transformation? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) crested newt
2) lake frog
3) common toad
4) gigantic kangaroo
5) steppe turtle
6) Nile crocodile
Using the table "Some characteristics of the leaf blades of flowering plants", answer the following questions.
Table. Some characteristics of leaf blades of flowering plants
| View | Area sheet surface, cm 2 |
Number of stomata | |
| Upper side of the sheet, 1 cm 2 | The underside of the sheet, 1 cm 2 | ||
| Cabbage | – | 14 100 | 22 600 |
| Corn | 600– 1350 | 5200 | 6800 |
| Sunflower | 38 | 175 | 325 |
| Wheat | 13– 15 | 3300 | 1400 |
| Beans | 49 | 4000 | 28 100 |
| Apple tree | 18 | 0 | 29 400 |
| Potato | – | 5100 | 16 100 |
| oats | 12– 15 | 2500 | 2300 |
Note. (–) indicates no data.
1) Which of the following plants is characterized by the smallest leaf blade? Give two examples.
2) What features of the arrangement of stomata on a leaf are typical for dicotyledonous plants presented in the table?
3) What role do stomata play in plant cooling?
The ability of organisms to respond to changes in their environment is called
1) irritability
2) adaptation
3) regeneration
4) homeostasis
The trunk of a tree grows in thickness due to cell division
1) wood
2) cambium
3) bark
4) bast
Which of the proposed descriptions most accurately reflects this dependence? Insect growth throughout development occurs
3) jumps, periods of rest are replaced by a sharp increase
4) unevenly, so in the first days there is a sharp increase, which then becomes smooth
Plant tissues are groups of cells united by a common structure, function and origin. They make up the organs of a plant. Select the characteristics corresponding to the integumentary tissue of a woody plant according to the following plan: tissue function; features of the cellular structure of the tissue; location in the root, stem, leaf.
A. Function of plant tissue
1) protects the plant organism from adverse external influences
2) provides the conduction of nutrients throughout the plant body
3) provides plant growth, gives rise to all plant tissues
4) provides photosynthesis and mineral nutrition of the plant
5) stores nutrients
B. Features of the cellular structure of tissue
1) tissue cells of two types: elongated sieve tubes with holes in the transverse septa and tube-vessels with destroyed transverse septa
2) the tissue consists of a layer of living cells that secrete a waxy substance or several layers of dead cells that surround all parts of the plant organ from the outside
B. Location of tissue in the root
1) forms a growth point at the root
2) is located in the holding area
3) is located in the root bark
D. Location of tissue in the stem of a tree
1) is represented by cambium and is located between the bast and wood
2) is located in the cork part of the tree stem
3) represented by bast and wood fibers
4) represented by vessels of wood and sieve tubes of bast
5) located in the core
E. Location of tissue in a sheet
1) is located in the veins of the leaf
2) located in the pulp of the leaf, represented by columnar and spongy layers
3) represented by the skin of the leaf
4) located at the base
5) fabric for a normal sheet is not typical
Answer: A B C D D
In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.
What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) lungs
2) intestines
3) gills
4) heart
Which trait is unique to mammals?
1) developed live birth
2) show concern for offspring
3) internal fertilization occurs
4) cubs are fed with milk
Consider a graph that shows the natural decline in the number of trunks per 1 hectare of land in the reserve. What is main reason reducing the number of plants in the spruce forest?
1) interspecific struggle for existence
2) intraspecific struggle for existence
3) active human activity
Establish a sequence of complication of the organization of animals in the process of historical development of the organic world on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) isolation of the brain
2) the formation of the internal skeleton
3) the appearance of warm-bloodedness
4) the appearance of two layers of body cells
5) development of the intestine with mouth and anus
The figure shows the flag shape of a pine growing on the seashore. What caused the development of such an unusual plant crown?
It is known that the common mole is a soil mammal that feeds on animal food. Using this information, select three statements from the list below that relate to the description of these features of this animal. Write in the table the numbers corresponding to the selected answers.
1) The body length of the animal is 18–26.5 cm, and the weight is 170–319 g.
2) Adult animals are quarrelsome, attack relatives who have fallen on their site and can bite them to death.
3) The offspring of moles are born blind, naked and helpless. At this time, the female feeds him with milk.
4) The nesting chamber is located at a depth of 1.5–2 meters.
5) Along the river valleys, the mole penetrates north to the middle taiga, and south to the typical steppes.
6) The mole feeds on earthworms, eats slugs, insects and their larvae in smaller quantities.
Which part of the stem carries water and minerals?
1) wood
2) cambium
3) bark
4) core
Which of the following molluscs is harmful to crop production?
1) naked slug
2) octopus
3) oyster
4) barley
1) mosses
2) green algae
3) brown algae
4) lichens
What organ of the bean seed performs the function of leaves during germination?
1) germinal root
2) endosperm
3) germinal stalk
4) cotyledons
What plants have underground shoots? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) potatoes
2) strawberry
3) lily of the valley
4) plantain
5) bow
6) raspberries
The scientist has grown many gray and black moth butterflies in the laboratory. He released them in two areas: rural and urban. Gray butterflies were visible against the background of black tree trunks, and black butterflies were visible against the background of light trunks. Then the scientist himself caught butterflies. In addition, the scientist observed what color butterflies were most eaten by birds in different areas. The data of the experiment are presented in the table "The results of the experiment on the survival of butterflies of different colors." Using the table, answer the following questions.
Table. The results of the experiment on the survival of butterflies of different colors
| terrain | Butterflies released and caught | Number of gray butterflies | Number of black butterflies |
| Uncontaminated (rural) |
Released | 469 | 473 |
| Caught by a scientist | 30 | 120 | |
| eaten by birds | 26 | 335 | |
| polluted (urban) |
Released | 137 | 447 |
| Caught by a scientist | 51 | 53 | |
| eaten by birds | 62 | 95 |
1) How many gray butterflies did the scientist release in the countryside, and how many in the city?
2) What butterflies were eaten more by birds in rural areas?
3) The reliability of which hypothesis did the scientist try to check by observing the capture of butterflies by birds?
Insert the missing terms from the proposed list into the text "Arthropods" using numerals for this. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (in the text) into the table below.
arthropods
Arthropods are animals with __________ (A) bodies that have dense integuments from __________ (B) and jointed limbs on the outside. Unlike annelid worms, the body of most arthropods is subdivided into sections: the head, chest, or cephalothorax, and __________ (B). These include, for example, crayfish, __________ (G), spiders, flies, beetles. The phylum Arthropoda is the largest in terms of the number of animal species.
LIST OF TERMS:
1) ray symmetry
2) tail
3) shrimp
4) bilateral symmetry
5) gastropod
6) abdomen
7) chitin
8) fiber
In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.
What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) jellyfish cornerot
2) lake frog
3) grape snail
4) malarial mosquito
What sign indicates the relationship of Archeopteryx with modern birds?
1) fingers with claws on the forelimbs
2) tarsus in the hind limbs
3) small teeth in the jaws
4) developed caudal spine
The development of new shoots in poplars after filing the top is due to the kidneys
1) apical
2) renewal
3) generative
4) sleeping
The absorption of food through the entire surface of the body occurs in
1) human roundworm
2) white planaria
3) bull tapeworm
4) liver fluke
The water needed for photosynthesis enters the leaves through
1) vacuoles
2) bast fibers
3) sieve tubes
4) vessels
In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.
What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) lungs
2) heart
3) gills
4) skin
CHARACTERISTIC
A) movement is carried out with the help of fins
B) among the representatives of the class, the following ecological groups are distinguished: freshwater, anadromous, brackish, marine
C) have mastered the ground-air habitat
D) in most representatives, the skin is covered with scales
D) the skin of the representatives of the class is naked and covered with mucus
E) the heart has three chambers
ANIMAL CLASS
1) Bony fish
2) Amphibians
The main function of the root is
1) storage of nutrients
2) soil nutrition of plants
3) absorption of organic matter from the soil
4) oxidation of organic substances
Ch. Darwin attributed to the guiding driving force of evolution
1) hereditary variability
2) intraspecific struggle
3) interspecific struggle
4) natural selection
What role do the eyelids play in the life of terrestrial vertebrates?
1) provide three-dimensional vision
2) increase visual acuity
3) promote eye moisturizing
4) protect the eyes from changes in atmospheric pressure
The figure shows light and dark moth butterflies on a birch trunk. As part of the experiment, light and dark butterflies were released into an isolated area of a birch forest in a ratio of 1: 1. How will the ratio of the number of light and black butterflies change over several years if the insect habitat conditions remain unchanged?
1) the number of light butterflies will increase
2) the number of dark butterflies will increase
3) the number of light and dark butterflies will remain unchanged
4) dark butterflies will disappear completely
When using the depicted object in the evidence base for evolution, the scientist should use knowledge from the field
1) paleontology
2) physiology
3) biogeography
4) cytology
The appearance of what signs serves as a narrow adaptation of organisms to certain environmental conditions? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) fetus in angiosperms
2) wings on maple fruits
3) burrowing limbs in a mole
4) spine in fish
5) four-chambered heart in mammals
6) masking coloration in a grasshopper
What sequence of stages of individual development is typical for the animal shown in the figure? 
1) an egg is an adult insect
2) egg - larva - adult insect
3) egg - larva - pupa - adult insect
4) egg - pupa - larva - adult insect
The supply of oxygen to the body of the hydra occurs through
1) the entire surface of the body
2) breathing holes
3) gill slits
4) tentacle cells
The fruit of the solanaceous potato and tomato plants is called
1) tuber
2) root cone
3) root crop
4) berry
The main merit of Charles Darwin before science is
1) scientific explanation of the origin of life
2) creating a reflex theory
3) improvement of selection methods
4) explaining the reasons for the fitness of organisms
1) the occurrence of photosynthesis
2) development of seeds in cones
3) the occurrence of double fertilization
4) the emergence of heterotrophic organisms
5) the participation of oxygen in metabolic processes in cells
Using the table "Survival of starling chicks depending on the number of eggs in a clutch", answer the following questions.
Table. Survival of starling chicks depending on the number of eggs in the clutch
| Number of eggs in clutch | Percentage of surviving chicks (in %) |
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 95 |
| 3 | 90 |
| 4 | 83 |
| 5 | 80 |
| 6 | 53 |
| 7 | 40 |
| 8 | 35 |
| 9 | 32 |
1) What is the percentage of surviving chicks from a clutch that had 6 eggs?
2) What is the relationship between the number of eggs in a clutch and the proportion of surviving chicks?
3) From the data in the table it can be seen that the minimum proportion of surviving chicks can be up to 1/3. What are the three reasons for such a large proportion of dead chicks according to Charles Darwin?
What is characteristic of saprotrophic bacteria?
1) exist by feeding on the tissues of living organisms
3) use organic substances of the secretions of living organisms
Saprotrophic bacteria use not only organic substances secreted by other organisms, but also decompose animal corpses and plant remains.
What layer of a cross section of a woody stem is not visible to the naked eye?
1) bark
2) cambium
3) wood
4) core
Which animal first developed a thorax in evolution?
1) Amphibians
2) Reptiles
3) Birds
4) Mammals
What role does the mucus produced by the skin glands have in the life of amphibians? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) dissolves oxygen
2) increases the surface of the skin
3) disinfects the skin
4) Protects from natural enemies
5) increases the speed of blood movement
6) promotes movement in the ground-air environment
Table. fish breeding
| fish species | Number of eggs | Average diameter of eggs | in different reservoirs |
|
| Common pike | 30 thousand | 2.5–3 mm | 34 years | 5 years |
| norwegian herring | 200 thousand | 1.3 mm | 27 years | 8 years |
| Baltic cod | 10 million | 1 mm | 5–9 years old | 3 years |
| Carp | 1.5 million | 1 mm | 5–6 years | 8 years |
| Stickleback three-spined | 100– 1000 | 1.8mm | 1 year | 2 years |
| common mackerel | 450 thousand | 1.1mm | 24 years | 3 years |
1) Which species of fish have the smallest diameter of eggs?
2) What pattern is observed between the fecundity of a species and the size of its eggs?
3) Which of the fish presented in the table has developed care for offspring? Prove your answer with the data in the table.
Which of the following fertilizers are classified as mineral fertilizers? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) litter
2) superphosphate
3) ash
4) manure
5) peat
6) potassium sulfate
A progressive sign of flatworms in relation to coelenterates is
1) multicellular structure
2) three-layer body structure
3) ray symmetry of the body
4) free-living lifestyle
The supply of nutrients in a grain of wheat is in
1) germ
2) endosperm
3) seed coat
4) membranous pericarp
Establish a sequence of complication of the organization of animals in the process of historical development of the organic world on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) the appearance of the cortex in the cerebral hemispheres
2) formation of a chitinous cover
3) the emergence of ray symmetry of the body
4) development of the intestine with the mouth and anus
5) the appearance of jaws in the skull
Why, when picking mushrooms, the mushroom picker should not dig the soil around the fruiting body?
1) the mycelium of the fungus is destroyed
2) the root system of adjacent trees is damaged
3) soil fertility is disturbed
4) observed mass death soil insects
Preservation in nature of animals and plants with traits that are useful to them occurs in the process
1) variability
2) insulation
3) struggle for existence
4) natural selection
Consider a graph that shows the natural fluctuation over 90 years in the abundance of hares and lynxes. What is the main reason for the regular change in the number of lynxes?
1) change in the number of hares
2) infectious diseases
3) active human activity to shoot them
4) struggle with adverse environmental conditions
Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the class of animals to which it corresponds: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.
CHARACTERISTIC
A) the circulatory system is represented by one circle of blood circulation
B) the heart is filled only with venous blood
C) the transformation of venous blood into arterial blood occurs in the gills
D) the circulatory system is represented by two circles of blood circulation
D) the heart contains both venous and arterial blood
E) the transformation of venous blood into arterial blood occurs in the lungs and skin
ANIMAL CLASS
1) Bony fish
2) Amphibians
The mycelium that entangles the roots of a plant is called
1) mycorrhiza
2) lichen
3) moldy
4) scion
1) head
2) abdomen
3) cephalothorax
4) chest
Which of the following refers to the results of evolution?
1) natural selection
2) struggle for existence
3) hereditary variability
4) adaptation of organisms to the environment
Reefs are special communities marine organisms, which are formed from
1) jellyfish
2) fish
3) corals
4) shellfish
Why is yeast used in bread making?
1) release oxygen
2) emit carbon dioxide
3) store energy
4) release energy
The higher spore plants are
1) common pine
2) kelp
3) white mushroom
4) bracken fern
The excretory system of the animal shown in the figure is shown 
1) green glands
2) malpighian vessels
3) liver
4) paired kidneys
What animal has a stomach, the structure of which is shown in the figure?
1) dog
2) pig
3) cow
4) horse
Which plant cells transport organic matter from leaves?
1) vessels
2) sieve tubes
3) cells of the skin of the leaf
4) mechanical fibers
The germ of the bean seed, during germination, receives nutrients from
1) pericarp
2) soil
3) cotyledons
4) endosperm
What is the function of the skin cells of a leaf?
1) absorb water vapor from the atmosphere
2) protect the sheet from drying out
3) store water and organic matter
4) give the sheet strength and elasticity
Using the table "The number of stomata in some plants", answer the following questions.
Table. The number of stomata in some plants
1) How are the stomata located in most of the plants presented in the table?
2) Why is the number of stomata different in many plants? Give one explanation.
3) How does the number of stomata depend on the humidity of the plant habitat?
Potato tubers are formed on
1) lateral roots
2) adventitious roots
3) modified underground shoots - stolons
4) modified underground shoots - rhizomes
The sieve tubes of the woody stem are part of
1) wood
2) cambium
3) bark bast
4) cork bark
The merit of C. Darwin lies in the fact that he
1) recognized the variability of species
2) developed a modern classification of animals and plants
3) proved that acquired traits are inherited
4) created the doctrine of natural selection
What organelles help protozoa to get rid of harmful products metabolism of substances dissolved in water?
1) digestive vacuoles
2) contractile vacuoles
3) protrusions of the cytoplasm - pseudopods
4) oral cavity and cell pharynx
Mushrooms are classified as a separate kingdom because they
1) reproduce by spores
2) immobile heterotrophs
3) are not capable of photosynthesis
4) consist of cells that do not have nuclei
Which ecological group of birds feeds mainly on insects?
1) birds of the forest
2) birds of the steppes and deserts
3) open air birds
4) birds of marshes, fresh waters and coasts
What plants have bright single flowers? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) field poppy
2) red clover
3) May lily of the valley
4) common narcissus
5) common dandelion
6) yellow tulip
By what process is it possible to observe the diversity of the depicted breeds of domestic chickens?
2) interspecific struggle
3) natural selection
4) artificial selection
Goiter as a modification of part of the esophagus is developed in birds that feed on
1) insects
2) plant seeds
3) juicy fruits plants
4) small rodents
Move in a reactive way
1) marine single polyps
2) free-living flatworms
3) marine annelids
4) cephalopods
The driving forces of evolution are
1) adaptation of organisms to the environment
2) variety of organisms
3) struggle for existence
4) the formation of new species
Examine the plot of insect growth versus time (the x-axis is time (days) and the y-axis is insect length (in cm)). 
Which of the proposed descriptions most accurately reflects the process of insect growth in the interval from 26 to 32 days? During this period, the insect grows
1) smoothly, without visible jumps
2) very sharp all the time
3) jumps, the period of rest is replaced by a sharp increase
4) at first abruptly, and then the growth stops completely
LIST OF TERMS:
1) sunflower
2) unicellular
3) cyst
4) plasmodium
5) fluke
6) multicellular
7) mosquito
8) zygote
Establish a sequence of complication of the organization of animals in the process of historical development of the organic world on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) the appearance of the digestive system
2) the emergence of the circulatory system
3) the appearance of trachea and spiracles
4) development of unicellular heterotrophic organisms
5) the appearance in the body of two layers of cells
What part of the body of crayfish is indicated by the letter A in the figure?
1) tail
2) abdomen
3) cephalothorax
4) chest
What is the structure of the mycelium penicilla?
1) branching threads of the mycelium are separated by partitions into separate cells, plastids are absent
2) branching threads of the mycelium are separated by partitions into separate cells, there are plastids
3) one strongly expanded cell with many nuclei, there are plastids
4) one strongly expanded cell with many nuclei, plastids are absent
SIGN
A) some representatives in development have a pupal stage
B) the vast majority are predators
C) the body consists of the head, thorax and abdomen
D) can only eat liquid food
D) the number of walking legs - 4 pairs
E) simple and compound eyes can be located on the head
ANIMAL CLASS
1) Insects
2) Arachnids
What process makes it possible to observe the diversity of the depicted breeds of pigeons?
1) the fight against adverse environmental conditions
2) natural selection
3) artificial selection
4) intraspecific control
The bulb is a modified shoot, this proves the presence of
1) main root
2) buds-eyes
3) underground stolons
4) flat stem - bottom
Which factor does not affect seed germination?
1) water
2) warm
3) soil
4) air It would be better to formulate this question as :
Which factor is not required for seed germination?
Using the table "Some parameters of animals and humans", answer the following questions.
table Some parameters of animals and humans
1) Which of the ungulates listed in the table has top speed running?
2) Does the running speed of an animal depend on body weight?
3) Between which of the given organisms there are relations "predator - prey"?
Insert the missing terms from the proposed list into the text "Annelled worms" using numerals for this. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (in the text) into the table below.
RINGED WORMS
Annelids are animals that have a long __________ (A) body. They are like flatworms and roundworms - __________ (B) animals with __________ (C) body symmetry. Annelids have __________ (D) and are more complex than other worms, nervous system and sense organs. Annelids live in the seas, fresh waters, soil.
LIST OF TERMS:
1) two-layer
2) jointed
3) circulatory system
4) double sided
5) non-segmented
6) three-layer
7) radial
8) respiratory system
What is the function of the cap of the fruiting body of the boletus?
1) serves to attract animals and humans
2) captures solar energy, providing photosynthesis
3) is a place of spore formation
4) provides air supply
In angiosperms, unlike gymnosperms,
1) an embryo is formed in the seed
2) the body is made up of organs and tissues
3) double fertilization is carried out
4) fertilization occurs without the participation of water
What structural feature is similar in modern reptiles and birds?
1) bones filled with air
2) dry skin, devoid of glands
3) tail section in the spine
4) small teeth in the jaws
The organ of a flowering plant designed to protect its seeds is
1) peel
2) bump
3) fetus
4) ovule
The main root develops from
1) lateral roots
2) germinal root
3) adventitious root
4) dormant kidneys
Establish a sequence of complication of the organization of organisms in the process of the historical development of the organic world on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) the appearance of rhizoids
2) the formation of seeds in fruits
3) the occurrence of photosynthesis
4) the formation of seeds in cones
1) fitness of organisms
2) natural selection
3) struggle for existence
4) heredity and variability
With the help of what organs does a free-living planarian worm get rid of harmful metabolic products dissolved in water?
1) mouth and throat
2) skin and muscles
3) excretory tubules
4) intestines and anus
The formation of new species in nature occurs as a result of
1) regular seasonal changes in nature
2) age-related physiological changes in individuals
3) interactions of driving forces (factors) of evolution
4) human environmental activities
Establish a correspondence between the plant and the method of distribution of its fruits and seeds: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.
PLANT
A) birch
B) apple tree
B) a rose (in the original OGE test there was a mountain ash, maybe a rose = rosehip here)
D) poplar
D) sunflower
E) burdock
METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION OF FRUITS AND SEEDS
1) wind
2) animals
The figure shows a representative of one of the classes of angiosperms. Members of this class usually have
1) one cotyledon per seed
2) six tepals perianth
3) net venation of leaves
4) fibrous root system
What adaptations do plants have to make better use of light?
1) the presence of a wax coating on the skin of the leaf
2) pubescence of leaf blades
3) the presence of a large number of stomata on the upper skin of the leaf
4) arrangement of smaller leaves between larger leaves
What group of animals arose in the process of evolution later than the others?
1) arthropods
2) intestinal
3) roundworms
4) flatworms
Representatives of the chordate type, unlike other animals, have
1) three-layer structure
2) internal skeleton
3) body cavity
4) circulatory system
Examine the plot of insect growth versus time (the x-axis is time (days) and the y-axis is insect length (in cm)).
Which of the proposed descriptions most accurately reflects the process of insect growth in the interval from 6 to 14 days? During this period, the insect
1) does not grow
2) grows very fast over time
3) grows spasmodically, periods of rest are replaced by a sharp increase
4) at first it grows sharply, and then its growth stops
Examine the plot of insect growth versus time (the x-axis is time (days) and the y-axis is insect length (in cm)).
Which of the proposed descriptions most accurately reflects the process of insect growth in the interval from 32 to 40 days? Insect growth during this period
1) occurs smoothly, without visible jumps
2) slow down all the time
3) occurs abruptly, the rest period is replaced by a sharp increase
4) missing
Establish the sequence of appearance on Earth of the main groups of plants in the process of evolution. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) psilophytes
2) unicellular green algae
3) multicellular green algae
4) ferns
5) gymnosperms
By what process can one observe the diversity of the depicted varieties of cabbage?
1) the fight against adverse environmental conditions
2) natural selection
3) artificial selection
4) intraspecific competition
In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.
What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) hydra
2) toad
3) bee
4) toothless
Reindeer moss in its structure is attributed to
1) mushrooms
2) lichens
3) mossy
4) herbaceous plants
Root growth in length occurs due to cell division
1) root hairs
2) educational tissue
3) holding areas
4) root cap
What life form is most often found in monocotyledonous plants?
1) herbs
2) shrubs
3) shrubs
4) trees
In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.
What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) leaflet
2) embryo
3) basket
4) seed
The digestive system is absent
1) human roundworm
2) white planaria
3) bull tapeworm
4) liver fluke
1) bull tapeworm
2) echinococcus
3) roundworm
4) liver fluke
In green mosses, unlike algae,
1) cells have large and small nuclei
2) fertilization occurs in the presence of water
3) the thallus is divided into tissues and organs
4) sexual and asexual reproduction is carried out
Rhizome - a modified shoot, this proves the presence on the rhizome
1) main root
2) membranous scales
3) flat stem - bottom
4) mechanical fibers
A representative of which department of the plant kingdom is shown in the figure?
On what basis are plants grouped into one family?
1) the same area
2) similar structure of flower and fruit
3) the same number of cotyledons in the seed
4) the presence of sexual and asexual methods of reproduction
With the death of marine shell rhizomes, the formation of
1) peat
2) granite
3) limestone
4) hard coal
Establish a correspondence between the trait and the class of animals for which it is characteristic: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.
SIGN
A) eggs are large, with a large amount of yolk
B) the heart is three-chambered and has an incomplete septum
C) the skin contains sweat and sebaceous glands
D) the body temperature of the representatives is unstable
D) well-developed care for offspring
E) common in northern latitudes
CLASS
1) Reptiles
2) Mammals
The appearance of what signs is an example of the narrow adaptation of organisms to certain environmental conditions? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) chords in non-cranial
2) flowers in angiosperms
3) sharp fangs in wolves
4) mammary glands in mammals
5) pollination of wild rose flowers by insects
6) long main root of camel thorn
Answer:
Mammals descended from ancient
1) dinosaurs
2) animal-toothed lizards
3) lobe-finned fish
4) tailed amphibians
What number in the figure indicates the placenta?
1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4
Examine the plot of insect growth versus time (the x-axis is time (days) and the y-axis is insect length (in cm)).
In what time interval is the maximum increase in the size of the insect's body observed?
1) 6-7th day
2) 14–15th day
3) 33–34th day
4) 40–41 day
Using the table "Reproduction of fish", answer the following questions.
table fish breeding
| fish species | Number of eggs | Average diameter of eggs | Average age of sexual maturity | Average age of fish caught in different reservoirs |
| Common pike | 30 thousand | 2.5–3 mm | 34 years | 5 years |
| norwegian herring | 200 thousand | 1.3 mm | 27 years | 8 years |
| Baltic cod | 10 million | 1 mm | 5–9 years old | 3 years |
| Carp | 1.5 million | 1 mm | 5–6 years | 8 years |
| Stickleback three-spined | 100– 1000 | 1.8mm | 1 year | 2 years |
1) What is the range of average sizes of fish eggs presented in the table?
2) What kind of fish populations can be undermined by intensive fishing? Explain the answer.
3) Why, according to the theory of Charles Darwin, with such fecundity, the number of fish remains relatively constant?
What analyzer is used to orientate bats in space?
1) visual
2) olfactory
3) tactile
4) auditory
In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.
What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) receptacle
2) pestle
3) stamen
4) whisk
Establish the sequence of the systematic position of the white hare species, starting with the smallest group. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) detachment Lagomorphs
2) class Mammals
3) Hare family
4) genus Hares
5) type Chordates
Establish a correspondence between the plant and the type of its underground shoot: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.
PLANT
A) wheatgrass
B) lily
B) lily of the valley
D) daffodil
D) bought a pharmacy
E) common garlic
TYPE OF UNDERGROUND Escape
1) rhizome
2) bulb
K. Linnaeus, in his system of living nature, erroneously attributed the depicted animal to fish, but it should be correctly attributed to the class 
1) Mammals
2) Amphibians
3) Cephalopods
4) Reptiles
The plant shown in the figure reproduces asexually by means of
1) seeds
2) gamete
3) dispute
4) hyphae
Which of the following appeared in the process of evolution in flatworms in comparison with coelenterates?
1) intestinal cavity
2) endoderm
3) circulatory system
4) third germ layer
Which ecological group does the bird shown in the picture belong to?
1) birds of open spaces
2) diurnal predators
3) nocturnal predators
4) insectivorous forest birds
The movement of dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves in the plant body occurs through
1) vessels
2) sieve tubes
3) cambium cells
4) mechanical fibers
Insects breathe with
1) gill
2) trachea
3) lungs
4) lung bags
A flower that has both stamens and pistils is called
1) dioecious
2) bisexual
3) monoecious
4) dioecious
What are the characteristics of putrefactive bacteria?
1) use ready-made organic substances of living organisms
2) synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones using the energy of the sun
3) use organic matter of dead organisms
4) synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones, using the energy of chemical reactions
By what process can the variety of dog breeds depicted be observed?
1) the fight against adverse environmental conditions
2) natural selection
3) artificial selection
4) intraspecific control
Angiosperms include plants
1) Mossy
2) Ferns
3) Gymnosperms
4) Dicotyledons
Which trait is characteristic of plants of the class Dicotyledonous?
1) the number of petals in flowers is a multiple of 3
2) tap root system
3) arc venation of leaves
4) parallel venation of leaves
What does a freshwater hydra polyp eat?
1) bacteria
2) small crustaceans
3) unicellular animals
4) unicellular algae
1) Mossy
2) Ferns
3) Gymnosperms
4) Lycopsoid
What is characteristic of a bacterial cell?
1) the ring chromosome is located in the cytoplasm
2) the nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by two membranes
3) transport of substances through the ER of the cell
4) oxidation and storage of energy in mitochondria
The figure shows the head of a frog. Which organ is labeled A in the figure?
1) eye with eyelid
2) eardrum
3) organ of touch
4) lateral line
A representative of which department of the plant kingdom is shown in the figure?
What does the infusoria-shoe eat?
1) bacteria
2) small crustaceans
3) insect larvae
4) unicellular animals
Establish a sequence of complication of the organization of animals in the process of historical development of the organic world on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) the appearance of the external skeleton
2) the appearance of a five-fingered limb
3) the emergence of the circulatory system
4) the development of cubs in the uterus of the female
5) the supply of oxygen through the entire surface of the body
Establish a sequence of subordination of systematic categories, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) cruciferous family
2) Department of Angiosperms
3) genus Radish
4) class Dicotyledonous
5) plant kingdom
Representative of what type of animal kingdom is shown in the picture?
1) digestive
2) nervous
3) respiratory
4) muscular
What are the results of evolution?
1) isolation of organisms
2) the struggle for existence between organisms
3) heredity and variability in organisms
4) the formation of a new species
A sign of the amphibian class is
1) chitinous cover
2) bare skin
3) live birth
4) paired limbs
Among vertebrate animals, care for offspring is most strongly developed in
1) freshwater fish
2) amphibians
3) reptiles
4) mammals
Bright odorous flowers in angiosperms appeared in the process of evolution as an adaptation to
1) storage of nutrients
2) distribution of seeds and fruits
3) terrestrial habitation
4) attract insects
The lower plants are
1) mosses
2) algae
3) horsetails
4) ferns
What is the function of leaf stomata?
1) release water vapor into the atmosphere
2) absorb quanta of sunlight
3) prevent dust particles from entering the sheet
4) prevent harmful chemicals from entering the sheet
Infusoria slipper, unlike hydra,
1) uses oxygen for breathing
2) consists of one cell
3) has chloroplasts
4) feeds on ready-made organic substances
Insert in the text "Bacteria" the missing terms from the proposed list, using digital symbols for this. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (in the text) into the table below.
BACTERIA
Among bacteria there is a group of organisms living in an oxygen-free environment, i.e. being __________ (A). Under unfavorable conditions, they can form __________ (B). Many bacteria have __________ (B) with which they move. Hereditary information in these microorganisms is stored in __________ (D).
LIST OF TERMS:
1) nucleus chromosome
2) aerobe
3) ring chromosome
4) anaerobe
5) pseudopod
6) dispute
7) flagellum
8) cyst
Establish a sequence of complication of the organization of organisms in the process of the historical development of the organic world on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) the emergence of seeds
2) the appearance of a flower
3) the occurrence of photosynthesis
4) the appearance of plant tissues
5) formation of root systems
What physiological process in unicellular animals is associated with the absorption of gases by the cell?
1) nutrition
2) selection
3) reproduction
4) breathing
The cerebral cortex, which has furrows and convolutions, first appeared in
1) amphibians
2) reptiles
3) birds
4) mammals
The figure shows a representative of the department
1) Bryophytes
2) Ferns
3) Green algae
4) Angiosperms
Establish a correspondence between the plant and the method of its pollination: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.
PLANT
A) rosehip
B) cherry
B) sunflower
D) rye
D) alder
POLLINATION METHOD
1) insects
2) wind
Establish the sequence of subordination of systematic categories in plants, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) family of water lilies
2) Department of Angiosperms
3) view yellow capsule
4) genus Kubyshka
5) class Dicotyledonous
6) plant kingdom
How does sphagnum peat moss eat?
1) absorbs water and mineral salts by rhizoids
2) absorbs minerals from the soil by roots
3) forms organic substances from water and carbon dioxide
4) absorbs organic matter from water with the entire surface of its body
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