Gable roof section. How to make a gable roof truss system with your own hands

A roof with two slopes is the most common option for completing the box of a private house. In its manufacture, it is important to correctly select the cross-sections of the supporting elements, securely fasten the nodes and choose the right type of construction. truss system gable roof does not have great difficulties and may well be made by hand.

Classification of truss systems according to the method of support

The structure can be classified in two ways. The first of them is the method of supporting the load-bearing elements. The gable roof truss system of the house in this case includes the following types:

with layered rafters;
with hanging rafters.

Roofing with the use of layered rafters involves their support at two points. The design in this case avoids the occurrence of a serious spacer. To do the installation yourself, you will need the following basic elements:

rafter legs;
Mauerlat;
crossbar;
intermediate racks and struts with a large span of load-bearing beams;
crate and counter-crate;
overlays persistent bars.

At the top point, the installation provides for leaning on the crossbar. The installation also provides support at the lowest point - Mauerlat. You can assemble such a structure for a house with your own hands only in two cases:

A layered system is possible if the distance between the gables is not large. That is, such an installation is suitable for small house with your own hands. The greatest length of the structure, which allows the construction of a wooden crossbar without additional reinforcements, is 6 m. For large spans, it will be necessary to install metal beams as a crossbar. When using a wooden beam, it will be necessary to provide intermediate racks, which are located on average every 2 meters. This can be avoided only when using glued laminated timber of a sufficiently large cross section as a crossbar. In this case, a free layout of the space becomes impossible - the racks in the middle of the room cannot be removed.
The second option, when it is possible to install a layered gable roof system with your own hands, is the presence of a wall in the middle of the house. The device in this case provides that the beam, on which the rafters will rest at the top point, will transfer the load to inner wall. In this case, the supporting structure should not be confused with the partition. The partition rests on the floors, and installing the wall of the house with your own hands involves resting it directly on the foundations. Such a device is suitable for buildings with sufficient width, where it makes sense to install a wall fence in the middle.

The second option is hanging rafters. They are more complex in calculation, but they allow the installation in the under-roof space of a free-plan house. The design assumes the absence of a supporting wooden or metal bar in the upper part. Installation involves supporting the rafters only at the lowest point. In the upper part, the bearing beams are securely connected to each other. Installing such a system is like a farm. The design works on thrust, so it is important to prevent excessive horizontal load on the walls of the house. You can do this by doing the following:

the device of a monolithic belt along the edge of the walls;
it is necessary to make a reliable fastening of the Mauerlat of a gable roof to the wall of the house with your own hands;
to eliminate the spacer, a contraction is established.

The fight or screed becomes one of the significant elements of the gable roof of the house. It prevents the expansion of the walls under the action of thrust. The following types of fights can be distinguished:

located at the attic floor level;
located at the level of the attic ceiling.

It is worth noting that the second option provides less reliability, since the higher the element is mounted, the stronger the rafters have an effect on it. If the fight turns out to be too long, you need to make it stronger with your own hands. For this, additional elements of the gable roof of the house are installed - suspensions. They connect the skate to the middle of the puff, which prevents it from sagging.

The gable roof truss system with hanging rafters allows you to perform installation with pre-assembly of trusses on the ground, then raise them to the roof and fix them.

This option is only suitable if you have lifting equipment, since the finished gable roofs of the house will become too large and heavy to lift with your own hands.

Classification by type of slope

The second division can be made depending on how the ramp line is designed. The views here suggest the presence of two options:

With straight slopes. The easiest way to do. Allows you to get the job done without any hassle. The disadvantage of this do-it-yourself roofing option is the reduction in attic space.
With broken slopes. Such types of roofing are more difficult to perform. It is assumed that there is a line along which the angle of inclination changes. The angle of inclination of the lower part of the slope must be made greater than that of the upper. Thus, it turns out to raise the ceiling of the attic and increase the free space. The installation of the roof is carried out with the installation of an additional crossbar at the fracture site.

These types involve a choice between them, depending on the wishes of the future owner of the building.

The main elements of the roof

The rafter system of the gable final part of the building consists of many elements. Installation should begin with a detailed study of each of them and the choice of their sections.

Mauerlat

When installing elements under a metal tile or other coating, it implies the use of a bar with a section of 150x150 or 200x200 mm. It is this size that allows you to most optimally distribute the load. then you need to choose a method of fixing it depends on the material of the walls. There are several options:

Frame, timber or log walls do not require the installation of a Mauerlat. In the case of a frame building, the top framing of the walls serves as a support for the rafter legs. during the construction of fences from timber or logs, the upper crown becomes the Mauerlat. It is important to correctly fix these elements in the wall structure.
When used for the construction of lightweight concrete, additional reinforcement will be required. Lightweight concretes include materials such as foam concrete, cinder concrete, expanded clay concrete. They can collapse if the roof is not supported centrally on them. To evenly distribute the load, a monolithic reinforced concrete belt is poured along the edge of the walls. During work, a special wire, studs or bolts are laid in it, on which the Mauerlat will be fastened.
For brick means, it is possible not to provide a reinforced concrete belt. In this case, to connect with the strapping beam, a wire is inserted into the masonry, which is then wrapped around the Mauerlat and twisted. The second option - one row before the walls are cut into masonry with outside give birth to wooden bars soaked in an antiseptic. Such plugs and Mauerlat are fastened with staples. It is also possible to use studs and bolts, for fixing which will require pouring a monolithic belt.

An important point is waterproofing.

When installing, it is important to provide roofing material, linokrom or waterproofing at the junction of concrete or brick with wood. This is required to prevent the wood from rotting on contact with material of a different moisture content.

rafters

After fixing the Mauerlat, rafter legs are installed. Their cross section is selected depending on the pitch of the supporting beams, their span, snow load and type of coating. When installing a frame under a metal tile with a step of 60 cm, it is recommended to follow the following recommendations, depending on the span:

3 m - 4x15 cm;
4 m - 5 \u003d 15 cm;
5 m - 5x17.5 cm;
6 m - 5x20 cm.

Table of average values of rafter legs

These are average values, in order to perform a more accurate calculation, it is better to contact a specialist or study additional literature.

There are two ways to fasten the rafter legs to the Mauerlat:

with a notch;
without her.

Fastening rafter legs to the Mauerlat with and without a notch

In the first case, they washed down on the strapping beam, in the second, a special plank is nailed to the rafters, which becomes a persistent bar. Further, for both methods, the work is performed in the same way. With the help of metal corners, the inclined beam is fixed so that it does not move relative to the design position along the Mauerlat. Additionally, nails are driven in at an angle.

Scheme of fastening rafters with wire and brackets

In addition, you will need to fasten the rafter to the wall. The implementation of this measure is provided for in the regulatory documents. You can do this in two ways:

on brackets (suitable for wooden buildings);
using wire twisting (a more time-consuming option, but the only one possible for stone houses).

You can perform fastening according to the norms through one leg. This is necessary for a more secure attachment of the roof to the box of the house.

If you do the work correctly, you can not worry about its condition even in the strongest winds.

Racks, ties, struts

Such elements are most often made of boards. The optimal thickness is in the range of 32-50 mm. Racks are an exception. Here you can use boards with a thickness of 50-100mm. Fastening is carried out on studs or using support bars.

The gable truss system is chosen by many owners of residential buildings. This is due to its high practicality and ease of creation. If you carefully examine the device truss system gable roof, then the process of its formation can be done by hand. The resulting design is highly reliable and durable, and also guarantees excellent protection of the building from cold and precipitation.

Main elements of the system

The design of the gable roof truss system is considered simple. It consists of a variety of elements made of wooden elements with different lengths, configurations and sections. The main nodes include:

Mauerlat. Represented by a beam with a section in the form of a square. To create it, coniferous wood is usually used. Its dimensions vary from 10 to 15 cm. It is laid along all the load-bearing walls of the building. It is fixed to them with the help of anchors or special rods. If you make and attach it correctly, then it will evenly distribute the load from the rafter legs along all the walls of the structure.
Rafter legs. They are created from a bar with dimensions of 15x10 or 15x5 cm in section. With their proper connection, a roof contour is formed that has the shape of a triangle. It must be strong and reliable in order to withstand heavy loads from rain and wind. Rafter legs must be fixed at a distance of about 1 m from each other.
Sill. It is created from a square wooden beam, the cross section of which is . It is laid horizontally on a load-bearing wall inside the building. Due to it, the load coming from the roof racks is evenly distributed.
Puff. This element is used if a hanging structure is selected. It is installed on top of the resulting triangle of rafter legs, which ensures its stability.
Racks. To create them, a square beam is used. They are in a vertical position. They bear the load from the ridge, after which it is transferred to the load-bearing wall inside the building.
Struts. The installation of these elements is necessary in order to obtain a special transmission element located between the rafter legs and various load-bearing parts. Due to their reliable connection with a tightening, the creation of a strong structure is guaranteed.
Crate. It is assembled from bars or boards. Installed perpendicular to the legs of the rafters. It provides the transfer of gravity from the roof of the roof to the legs of the rafters. It is advisable to use to create this element edged boards. If you plan to create a coating on the roof of soft roofing materials, for example, shingles, then the crate must be continuous.
Skate. It is represented by the topmost element of the entire roof. Due to it, its two slopes are connected. Its assembly is carried out by connecting the legs of the rafters at the top of the roof. It must be placed in a horizontal position.
Eaves. It protrudes from each wall of the building by about 40 cm. Its installation is due to the need to protect the walls from water flows as a result of precipitation.
Filly. Provides the ability to create a roof overhang. They are used exclusively in a situation where short rafter legs are used, so they are lengthened by fillies.

Important! The step between the legs of the rafters is chosen in accordance with the severity of the roof, since the more weighty it is, the smaller this gap should be.

Thus, the installation of a gable roof truss system is considered quite simple, so it is not difficult to make this design with your own hands.

Types of structures

The rules and features of the installation of this design depend on the selected variety.

Types of gable roof truss system:

All options have their own characteristics, so their characteristics are preliminarily evaluated. If you plan to install a gable roof truss system with your own hands, then a simple symmetrical design is chosen.

Important! The basis for obtaining the ideal result is competent calculations, and if they are incorrect, the roof will not be reliable and durable, and it will also be dangerous to live in such a house.

How to choose the material to create the system?

When choosing a material, the following rules are taken into account:

rafters are created exclusively from high-quality wood, on which there are no rotten areas, damage, knots or other shortcomings;
edged boards are purchased to form the crate;
all wood should be well treated with antiseptics and fire retardants.

Important! Knots are allowed, but their length cannot be more than 1/3 of the thickness of the timber used.

Calculation rules

To make the gable roof truss system reliable and of high quality, a lot of attention is paid to competent calculations. They should affect all elements of the future design:

Load calculation. Any system is affected by two types of load. The constants will regularly act on the structure, and this includes the weight from the roofing of the roof, battens, thermal insulation material, waterproofing, extensions and finishing materials used for the attic. Typically, this load is 40 kg / m. sq. Variable loads can have different strengths, as they include wind, snow exposure and precipitation intensity. To calculate the load, the wind load of a particular region is multiplied by a special correction factor.
Determining the angle of inclination. A roof with two slopes can have a different angle of inclination, and it is determined by the roofing material used. If a soft roof is mounted, then a slope of 5 to 20 degrees is selected for it, or metal tiles vary from 20 to 45 degrees.
Snow load calculation. In winter, a large amount of snow can accumulate on the roof. In order to avoid any problems with the structure, the frame must withstand these loads. The calculation requires the weight of the snow to be multiplied by the correction factor.
Definition . The gap between these elements is usually chosen in the range from 60 to 100 cm, and the final choice depends on the roof and the weight of the roof.
Definition . To do this, it is recommended to use the standard Pythagorean theorem.
Determination of the section of the rafters. This parameter is influenced by several important factors: roof loads, the type of materials used, the length of the rafter legs, as well as the step between them.

Important! When calculating loads, the possibility of a storm or tornado is additionally taken into account, since if the house is located in a region where such loads can appear, then a margin of safety is made for the roof, read more:.

Types of rafters

Before direct work on creating a gable roof with your own hands, you should make a special plan, which will contain a drawing and layout of the entire structure. This takes into account which rafters will be used, since the following types can be used:

. Suitable for small buildings. Their installation consists in fixing the legs to the bearing wall of the structure, as well as to the ridge run. A feature of the use of these elements is that a bursting force acts on the rafter legs, and puffs are used to reduce this effect. They can be made from wood or metal.
Layered. Suitable for roofs of any shape and size. The layered design is used in conjunction with racks and lying down. The bed is laid parallel to the fixed Mauerlat, so a certain part of the load is transferred to it. This allows you to tilt the legs of the rafters, which are additionally supported by the rack, to each other.
Combined. They are used when using unusual gable roof configurations.

After determining the main design parameters, the calculation begins the right amount material. Then you can proceed to the direct creation of the truss system.

Assembly of the structure

The do-it-yourself truss system of a gable roof is created only after the preliminary formation of drawings and plans. The scheme of future contraction should be clear and correctly calculated. For this, it is recommended to use special computer programs.

Important! In the presence of Money allowed to contact specialized construction companies for the correct calculation.

Installation of a gable roof truss system is divided into successive stages:

to the walls of the building. Its installation is carried out along their entire length. If the house is made of logs, then the Mauerlat acts as its upper crown. If cellular concrete or brick is chosen for the building, then it is mounted on top bearing wall along its entire length. It is required to splice the Mauerlat, for which the bars are sawn at a right angle and connected with bolts. It can be fastened with an offset to the side of the wall or in its center. Laying is carried out on a waterproofing layer, for which roofing material is usually used.
Creation of roof trusses. To do this, it is allowed to install bars on the roof or form a structure on the ground, after which it rises to the roof. The second option is often chosen, since it is difficult to perform work on the roof of the house. But to raise the structure made, you will have to use special equipment. Before connecting the legs of the rafters, the correctness of their size and location is checked.
. The formed pairs rise to the roof, after which they are laid on the Mauerlat. For the competent performance of the work, special cuts are made from the bottom of the legs. The process begins with the ends of the roof, located opposite to each other. To obtain a perfect result, temporary fasteners are used when installing the elements. A rope is pulled between the fixed pairs, making the installation of subsequent elements simplified. All rafter legs are mounted, and the correct step between them is checked. Next, a special skate support is installed. All additional elements used in the rafter system are fixed by cutting and brackets. It is allowed to lengthen the rafter legs if necessary.
Skate installation. It is created with the help of a competent connection on top of all rafter legs. For its formation, different methods, and it is allowed to use a support bar for this or you can work without it. If a beam is used, then it is allowed to put a skate on it or use the cutting method.
The rafter system is considered to be done, but in order for it to be strong and reliable, it is necessary to thoroughly fix all the elements, therefore, all temporary fasteners are eliminated, in place of which high-quality products are used to fix all parts of the system.
Lathing installation. This design is intended for easy movement on the roof, and also serves as the basis for laying the roof. Its type and parameters depend on the chosen roof. A solid crate is created if a soft roof is selected. has a distance between the boards within 35 cm. For or slate, this parameter is 44 cm.

The arrangement of a gable roof is considered a very practical and right decision in the construction of a residential or commercial building. This option combines the relative simplicity of execution and reliability, ease of maintenance and long service life. In this material, we will talk about how to install a gable roof truss system with your own hands, what are its varieties, and how to calculate the dimensions of its individual elements. Our step-by-step instructions will allow you to deal with any complications that may arise in the process.

A roof with two slopes has a whole list of advantages:

ease of calculation;
various versions;
saving materials;
the possibility of natural outflow of water;
low probability of water leakage due to the integrity of the structure;
the possibility of arranging an attic or attic;
reliability and long service life;
ease of preventive maintenance.

Varieties of gable roofs

Consider the main types of roofs with two slopes, the truss system in which will differ slightly in execution.

Symmetrical gable roof

This is the simplest gable roof, however, the most reliable and popular. Symmetrical slopes allow you to distribute the load on the Mauerlat and load-bearing walls evenly. In this case, the type and thickness of the insulation layer do not affect the choice roofing material. Thick beams of rafters have a sufficient margin of safety, so they will not sag. In addition, spacers can be installed at your discretion.

Among the disadvantages of this option, one can only note a too sharp angle of the slopes, which makes it difficult to use the attic floor and creates "deaf" zones that have no use.

Roof with two asymmetrical slopes

If the angle of inclination of the slopes is made more than 45º, some unused areas of space can be used. It will even be possible to equip a living space in the attic. However, some additional calculations will be required, as the load on the walls will become uneven.

Broken roof with external or internal break

This configuration makes it possible to place a spacious attic or attic under the roof. However, in this case, more complex engineering calculations will be required.

The design of rafters for arranging a roof with two slopes

The design of the gable roof truss system assumes the presence of such components:

Mauerlat. It is a durable bar made of oak, pine, larch or other strong wood, which is laid around the perimeter on the bearing walls of the building. The purpose of the Mauerlat is to evenly distribute the load. The cross section of the bars is chosen based on their structure - solid or glued, as well as on the age of the building. The most commonly used beams are 100 × 100 or 150 × 150 mm.
rafters. The whole structure is created from such elements (read also: ""). Connecting at the top point, two rafters form a farm. They are made from logs or durable bars.
puff. This part serves to grip the rafters and ensure their rigidity.
Runs. In those places where the rafter legs are joined, a ridge run is attached, on which the skate will subsequently be mounted. And with the help of side runs, the frame of the rafters is given additional strength. The expected load determines the size and number of such elements.
Rafter rack. This is a vertical beam that partially takes over the weight of the roof. If the gable roof scheme is simple, then one such beam is placed in the center. For a long span, three bars may be required - one in the center and two on the sides. If an asymmetrical roof is being erected, then the location of such a beam is determined by the length of the rafter legs. Under the rafters for a sloping roof, racks are placed on the sides to make room for movement. Beams are placed in the center and sides if there are two rooms.
Struts. These are rack supports. If significant winds and precipitation are expected in winter period, install longitudinal, as well as diagonal racks.
Sill. A rack for rafters rests on it, and struts are also attached.

crate. The selected roofing material is attached to it, and you can also move along it during work. Fix the crate perpendicular to the rafters. Please note that the crate allows you to evenly distribute the mass of roofing material over the rafter system.

The installation scheme of the gable roof truss system will greatly facilitate all construction work. How such a roof scheme will look depends on the type of roof.

Please note that the material for the truss system must be of the highest quality, treated with flame retardant and antiseptic agents. There should be no knots or cracks on the beams for rafters, Mauerlat and racks. Only a small number of knots are allowed on the crate, firmly seated in the wood.

Calculation of frame elements for a gable roof

Laying Mauerlat on the walls

This element is mounted on a load-bearing wall along its entire length. If it's about log house, then the upper crown can serve as a Mauerlat. For buildings made of aerated concrete or brick, a Mauerlat equal to the length of the wall will be required. Sometimes this detail can be laid between the rafters.

With a lack of material length for the Mauerlat, several pieces can be spliced. At the same time, the edges are sawn at 90º and joined with bolts - wire, dowels or nails are not suitable.

There are two ways to lay a Mauerlat on top of a load-bearing wall:

symmetrically in the center;
offset in the desired direction.

Mounting of the Mauerlat is carried out on a pre-laid waterproofing layer of roofing material. This will protect the wood from rotting.

It is worth taking a responsible attitude to the process of attaching the Mauerlat, since in strong winds it must withstand a particularly heavy load.

As fasteners for Mauerlat, you can use the following consumables:

Anchors, which are indispensable for monolithic materials.
Wooden dowels. These parts are used in houses made of timber and logs, although they require additional fastenings.
Staples.
Reinforcement or special studs. This option is preferable for buildings made of foam or aerated concrete.
knitting or steel wire- This is an auxiliary fastener, used almost always.

Assembly of trusses or trusses

Farm assembly can be done using one of the following methods:

Beams for rafters are assembled and mounted directly on the roof of the building. This process is quite laborious, since all measurements, trimming and coupling of the bars will have to be done at a height. However, you can do it on your own, without the involvement of technology.
Trusses or truss pairs can be fixed to the ground, and then the finished elements can be raised to the roof of the building. On the one hand, this simplifies the process of installing the rafters, and on the other hand, due to the large weight of the structure, lifting it up will require special equipment.

Please note that it is worth starting the assembly of truss pairs only after marking. And if you make a template in advance, for which you take two boards equal to the length of the rafters, and connect them together, then all pairs will turn out to be exactly the same.

Installation of rafters

After assembly and lifting to a height, the installation of gable roof rafters is carried out wooden house. To fix them on the Mauerlat, cuts are made at the bottom of the rafters. The first to install two trusses from opposite ends of the roof.

After that, a rope is pulled between the starting pairs, along which all the other truss trusses will be aligned and the ridge will be installed.

Now you can mount the remaining pairs in compliance with the calculated step between them. In cases where pairs are assembled directly on the roof, a ridge run is attached between the two end trusses. Subsequently, rafters are installed on it.

The order of installation of halves of rafters according to the opinions of professionals may differ. Some prefer to lay the bars in a checkerboard pattern so as not to overload the foundation and walls during work. Others tend to install pairs of rafters in series. Be that as it may, rafter legs may need props and racks - it all depends on the size of the roof and the shape of the trusses.

Skate mount

A ridge is an element that is formed by attaching rafters at the top point. As soon as all the details of the truss system for gable roof will be installed, it is necessary to perform a capital fixing of all structural elements.

Lathing installation

The presence of lathing is mandatory in the construction of any roof. It not only supports the roofing material and allows it to be securely fastened, but also makes it possible to move along the roof during work.

The distance between the individual boards is chosen based on the type of roofing material:

soft roofing is laid on a continuous crate without gaps;
for a metal tile, a crate is needed with a step of 35 cm (between the two lower rows - 30 cm);
slate and corrugated board can be laid on the crate in increments of 44 cm.

Results

Thus, in order to assemble a truss system for a roof with two slopes, many nuances should be taken into account and any possible complications should be foreseen. We hope that our advice will help you cope with this difficult task and create a high-quality and durable roof for your home.

The rafter system is the basis of any roof. Difficulty or accessibility roof structure depends on the chosen type of roof. Today we will talk about the most simple version- a rafter system for a gable roof. Experienced specialists tell about the structure of the roof frame, the features and functions of its elements, and how the truss system of a gable roof is made with their own hands.

Gable roof: types and benefits

Recall that a gable roof is a type of roof consisting of two planes (slopes) connected at an angle of a certain degree. It can be simple (symmetrical or asymmetric) and complex - broken.

The rationality of choosing a roof of two slopes is determined by its following advantages:

Profitability and simplicity of erection, in comparison with other roof structures.
Ease and availability of service at any time of the year.
Reliability and durability against wind, snowfall, hail and other natural influences.
The possibility of arranging the attic.
Better hydro and thermal insulation.

The necessary theoretical minimum for the construction of the truss system

The pitched roof structure is made of metal or wooden beams. Metal is a more "problematic" material. It makes the entire roofing system heavier, cools down and heats up quickly, is more difficult to install and requires the use of professional welding equipment. Based on this, in the construction of private houses (especially with their own hands), wood is mainly used.

There are two main options for the implementation of the truss system for a gable roof - a hanging type device (each rafter leg has two points of support) and a layered method (the rafters are connected at the bottom by a puff, forming a triangular truss, a carrier beam is installed in the middle). A layered structure is necessary if there is a distance of more than 10 meters between the bearing walls. Look at the image:

What does the system of truss elements consist of? Imagine a 3D projection. The skeleton of the roof consists of a mauerlat (rafter base), rafter legs, a ridge, racks, girders, lying, puffs, struts and battens. Mauerlat, lying and puffs are the lower parts of the system on which the entire future roof is being built. First, take a look at the illustration below, and then consider each element separately:

Mauerlat - the basis of all foundations

Mauerlat is a bar made of solid wood (mainly coniferous species) with a cross section of 10-15 cm. These are the optimal dimensions for the required strength and durability of the entire roof structure. The beam is laid on the load-bearing walls of the house to redistribute the spacer load on them.
There are two ways to install the bars of the truss base - with the transfer of load to the walls and without the transfer of gravity. The choice of mounting option for the Mauerlat should depend on the severity of the roofing system, the coating, the thickness of the load-bearing walls and the perimeter of the roof.

In the latter version, the Mauerlat is placed in a pocket, closer to the inner edge of the wall, and fastened to wooden corks with staples (each cork corresponds to the size of a brick and is part of the top row of brickwork).

The bars that take the load are mounted on the load-bearing walls from above with the help of anchors. Masters advise laying a rigid frame on a concrete base in the form of a belt in the wall. High-quality waterproofing is necessarily laid under the Mauerlat.

Details can be found in the video:

Lying - Basic Load Distributor

Lezhen performs functions similar to Mauerlat, and has the same dimensions. Beams are laid on internal load-bearing walls to evenly distribute loads from vertical struts and struts.

See the illustrations for the installation master class:

Rafter legs - ribs of the roofing skeleton

Rafters can be called the main component of the roof frame. This element cannot be left unused or replaced by another part. The legs of the rafters are wooden bars, the cross-sectional size of which can vary from 5 to 15 cm. The rafters rest on the Mauerlat and are interconnected by a ridge.

The installation process of the rafters can be seen in this video:

Skate - a small nuance with great meaning

The final element of the junction of two slopes is called the roof ridge. This is a rib located vertically at the highest point of the roof. A ridge run is mounted at the junction of the rafters. After that, the roof ridge is installed on it. This element fastens the rafters, performs a ventilation function and gives the roof aesthetics.

Racks - receivers of the main loads

Racks are powerful beams that take part of the load of the truss structure. They are installed vertically, usually in the center of the truss. If the project provides for an attic, then the racks are placed on both sides, closer to the roof slopes. When the attic is divided into two rooms, the racks are placed both in the center and on the sides.

Runs - rafter support

Ridge and side runs serve as a stiffener for roof trusses. The greater the load on the system (snowy winters, heavy roofing, large roof area, etc.), the more purlins should be installed on the roof slopes.

Tightening - truss element connector

This structural detail performs the function of fixing the rafters at the base. Thus, a rafter triangle is formed - a farm. Puffs may not be installed in layered systems.

Struts - the strength of the structure

The struts serve as a support for the uprights and strengthen all structural elements. Experts recommend installing struts at an angle of 450. This increases the strength of the system and protects it from deformation under the influence of snow masses and wind.

Lathing - the basis for a roofing cake

Lathing - horizontal wooden slats section 40-50 mm, located on the slopes perpendicular to the rafters. The main purpose of the crate is to fix the roofing material. The frequency and thickness of the battens depends on its type. In addition, the crate helps to move materials during the roofing and serves as an additional element of structural strength.

Overhang elements - final moments

The edge of a roofing system is called an overhang. This is a protrusion of the rafter system above the wall by about 40 cm. The overhang box consists of the following elements: filly (slats connecting with rafters), frontal and cornice boards. The purpose of the overhang is to protect the walls from getting wet during rains and melting snow.

A step-by-step guide to installing a gable roof truss system

To get started, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the illustration that we have prepared for you:

And now consider the three main stages of the process of installing a simple gable roof truss system:

Stage 1: Calculations and drafting

Work should begin with the preparation of the roof project. It will contain all sizes, shapes and types of fasteners of structural elements. To create a quality project, you need to make the following calculations:

Calculation of constant and variable loads on the truss system. Permanent loads include the weight of the roof and finishing materials(the attic is also taken into account additionally). Variable loads are the force of wind, rain, snow, etc. The maximum can be considered the main load of up to 50 kg per square meter roofs, and variable - up to 300 kg (taking into account possible snow blockages).
Accounting for seismic activity, storm winds and features of the location of the house. For example, if the house is surrounded by other buildings, then the load on the roof is significantly reduced.
The choice of the angle of inclination of the gable roof. When calculating the angle of inclination, the following factors are taken into account: the higher the angle, the more materials will go to the roof (and money, respectively); the slope depends on the roofing material - than softer roofing, the smaller the angle of inclination (for example, for soft tiles an angle of 5-200 is selected, and if you use slate or ondulin, you must select a slope of 20-450).
Calculation of the pitch and length of the rafters. The step length between the trusses varies from 60 to 100 cm. The heavier the roofing, the more often the rafters need to be distributed. To calculate the length of the rafter, we use the Pythagorean theorem, taking the rafter leg as the hypotenuse of the triangle. The first side will be considered half the width of the house, and the second - the selected roof height. Then we add another 60-70 cm of margin to the hypotenuse we found.

When all calculations are made, you need to make a drawing of parts, connections and the entire project as a whole.

Stage 2: Acquisition and preparation of the necessary materials and tools

For work, it is necessary to purchase lumber, according to calculations, bolts, corners, anchors and other connecting parts, and prepare the appropriate tools (drills, levels, meters, jigsaw, etc.). Wood for load-bearing beams and rafters must be solid and of high quality - knots and wormholes are unacceptable.

Antiseptic, anticorrosive and fireproof wood treatment is a must at this stage. You can start working with the material one day after processing.

Stage 3: Installation of the roof truss structure

It is better to mount the roof frame in dry, non-windy weather, so as not to encounter additional difficulties during operation. At this point, we will take a closer look and look at step by step instructions installation of the truss system.

Installing the truss system: a step by step guide

Step 1. Laying the Mauerlat and the bed. There may not be a bed if there are no more load-bearing walls inside the house. Before laying the Mauerlat on the walls, it is necessary to lay a waterproofing material, for example, roofing material. We measure the tape of the desired width, cut it off and lay the waterproofing on the edge of the wall (where the frame will be installed).

We mark the beams of the desired section and length, trim and begin to form the base frame. Mauerlat should be located on the outer edge of the wall (if a hanging structure is planned) or in a special niche on the wall in front of the threshold (if the roof system is layered). The beds under the racks are laid on the internal load-bearing partitions. The Mauerlat is attached to the wall and wooden plugs with brackets, studs and anchors.

And we invite you to familiarize yourself with the illustration that we have prepared for you:

When laying the frame along the entire length of the wall, we may encounter the need to connect the base beam. They should be performed by cutting the bars at an angle of strictly 90 degrees. Fastening is carried out with high-quality bolts.

How not to damage bricks or blocks when lifting roof boards?

Choose the edge of the wall through which it is most convenient to feed the beams for the roof frame. This edge must be protected with a wooden square. Two trimmings of a rough board about a meter long will do, which need to be knocked together at a right angle. Put the square on the outer edge of the work wall. Now you can lift the boards without fear of damaging walls or window sills with them.

Step 2 Installation of rafters. The first step is to install the extreme rafters. In order for the rafters to be held evenly, we install the racks in the center. We attach the racks to the Mauerlat using an iron corner and self-tapping screws. This temporary part is removed after the installation of all rafters. We fasten the extreme rafters with crossbars and install a ridge run. Attachment type - metal corner, self-tapping screws and studs.

The illustration shows the process of mounting the rafter legs and attaching the rafters to the run:

But how to attach the rafters to the Mauerlat:

Between the extreme farms, it is imperative to stretch the construction thread along which we will level all the slope rafters.

Now we mount all the truss elements according to a pre-marked scheme. We join the rafters over the ridge run.

For more information about the process of installing rafters, see this video:

A system of special racks will help strengthen the rafter legs. On the Mauerlat, wooden bars are fastened from boards of the same thickness as the rafters. The bars must be fixed in increments equal to the selected distance between the rafter legs according to the markup. The length of each board is approximately 40 cm. These racks will transfer the load to the power plate and load-bearing floors. The bars must be fixed to the base with steel corners. Now the rafter legs need to be installed so that one side of each is adjacent to the rack. Then, on the other side of each rafter, we fasten the same rack and grab all three parts with 12 mm studs.

After mounting all the legs of the rack, they are cut flush with the bevel of the rafters from the side of the street. From the inside, an empty corner is formed between the racks, which must be closed wooden triangle(you can use trimming from bevels).

All rafter legs should be additionally strengthened with crossbars, racks, struts and the joints should be reinforced with metal plates. The full process of strengthening the rafters can be viewed on the video:

Step 3. Waterproofing and crate. On the finished rafter ribs, you need to lay a high-quality waterproofing vapor-permeable material under the crate. The entry of the insulating sheet (sheet to sheet) is 15 cm. A counter crate of wooden battens is stuffed onto the waterproofing along the ribs of the rafters. From above, a crate of the same rails is installed perpendicular to the rafter legs.

When installing the frame, it is necessary to take into account the presence of a chimney and the obligatory ventilation of the ridge. The distance between the boards of the crate is on average 300 mm. This scheme is suitable for all types of solid roofs. When choosing a soft roofing material, the crate is made of solid sheets of moisture-resistant plywood.

The rafter system is ready. Now it's the turn of the installation of roofing material, internal insulation of the roof and the arrangement of the attic (if such is provided for by the project).

So, it's time to answer the main question of our topic: is it worth doing it all with your own hands? Do not believe anyone who tells you that it is easy and simple. But if you have golden hands and a great desire to make a high-quality roof "for yourself", then go ahead! We wish you good luck!

Roof installation is a complex multi-stage process. In order to independently assemble and install the truss system, it is necessary to carefully study the methods of connecting the elements, calculate the length of the rafters and the slope angle, and select the appropriate materials. If you do not have the necessary experience, take on complex structures not worth it. The best option for a small residential building - do-it-yourself gable roof.

A standard roof of this type consists of the following elements:

Mauerlat is a beam laid on top of the walls along the perimeter of the building. It is fixed with threaded steel rods immured into the wall or anchor bolts. The beam must be made of coniferous wood and have a square section of 100x100 mm or 150x150 mm. Mauerlat takes on the load from the rafters and transfers it to the outer walls.

rafter legs- these are long boards with a section of 50x150 mm or 100x150 mm. They are attached to each other at an angle and give the roof a triangular shape. The design of their two rafter legs is called a truss. The number of farms depends on the length of the house and the type of roofing. The minimum distance between them is 60 cm, the maximum is 120 cm. When calculating the pitch of the rafter legs, one should take into account not only the weight of the coating, but also the wind load, as well as the amount of snow in the winter.

It is located at the highest point of the roof and most often represents a longitudinal beam connecting both slopes. From below, the timber is supported by vertical racks, and the ends of the rafters are attached to the sides. Sometimes the ridge consists of two boards, which are nailed to the top of the rafters on both sides and connected at a certain angle.

Racks - vertical bars with a section of 100x100 mm, located inside each farm and serving to transfer the load from the ridge run to the load-bearing walls inside the house.

The struts are made from timber scraps and set at an angle between the uprights and the rafters. The side faces of the truss are strengthened with struts, the bearing capacity of the structure is increased.

Puff - a beam connecting the lower parts of the rafters, the base of the truss triangle. Together with struts, such a beam serves to strengthen the truss, increases its resistance to loads.

Lying is a long bar with a section of 100x100 mm, laid along the central load-bearing wall, on which vertical racks rest. Lying is used when installing layered rafters, when the run between the outer walls is more than 10 m.

The crate is a board or timber stuffed on the rafters. The crate is solid and with gaps, depending on the type of roof. It is always attached perpendicular to the direction of the rafters, most often horizontally.

If there is no more than 10 m between the outer walls and there is no load-bearing wall in the middle, arrange hanging rafter system. With such a system, the upper ends of adjacent rafters are sawn at an angle and connected to each other with nails, excluding the installation of racks and ridge timber. The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the outer walls. Due to the lack of racks, the attic space can be used to equip the attic. Very often, floor beams perform the function of puffs. To strengthen the structure, it is recommended to install the upper puff at a distance of 50 cm from the ridge.

In the presence of a central supporting wall, the arrangement is more justified layered truss system. A bed is laid on the wall, support posts are attached to it, and a ridge beam is nailed to the posts. This installation method is quite economical and easier to perform. If the ceilings in the interior are designed at different levels, the racks are replaced brick wall dividing the attic into two halves.

The installation process of the roof includes several stages: fastening the Mauerlat to the walls, assembling the truss trusses, installing the rafters on the floors, installing the ridge, fastening the batten. All wooden elements before assembly are carefully treated with any antiseptic composition and dried in the air.

For work you will need:

timber 100x10 mm and 150x150 mm;
boards 50x150 mm;
boards 30 mm thick for lathing;
ruberoid;
metal studs;
jigsaw and hacksaw;
hammer;
nails and screws;
square and building level.

V wooden houses Mauerlat functions are performed by logs of the last row, which greatly simplifies the workflow. To install the rafters, it is enough to cut on inside logs grooves of the appropriate size.

V brick houses or buildings from blocks, the installation of the Mauerlat is as follows:

Mauerlat bars should form a regular rectangle and be in the same horizontal plane. This will facilitate further installation of the roof and provide the structure with the necessary stability. In conclusion, markings are made on the bars for the rafters and grooves are cut along the thickness of the bar.

When choosing a hanging truss system, it is necessary to assemble the trusses on the ground, and then install them above the floors. First you need to draw up a drawing and calculate the length of the rafter legs and the angle of their connection. Typically, the roof slope is 35-40 degrees, but in open, heavily ventilated areas, it is reduced to 15-20 degrees. To find out at what angle to connect the rafters, you should multiply the angle of the roof by 2.

Knowing the length of the run between the outer walls and the angle of connection of the rafters, you can calculate the length of the rafter legs. Most often, it is 4-6 m, taking into account the cornice overhang 50-60 cm wide.

The upper ends of the rafters can be fastened in several ways: overlap, butt and "in the paw", that is, with cut grooves. For fixing use metal pads or bolts. Next, the lower and upper puffs are mounted, and then the finished trusses are lifted up and installed above the ceilings.

The extreme trusses are attached first: with the help of a plumb line, the rafters are set vertically, the length of the overhang is adjusted and attached to the Mauerlat with bolts or steel plates. So that during the installation process the farm does not move, it is strengthened with temporary jibs from a bar. After installing the extreme rafters, the rest are exposed, keeping the same distance between them. When all the trusses are fixed, they take a board with a section of 50x150 mm, the length of which is 20-30 cm longer than the length of the eaves, and nail it along the upper edge of the slope. Do the same on the other side of the roof.

The first option: on the rafter leg, at the place of contact with the Mauerlat, a rectangular groove is cut out 1/3 of the beam width. Stepping back from the top of the box 15 cm, a steel crutch is driven into the wall. The rafter is leveled, the grooves are aligned, then a wire clamp is thrown on top and the beam is pulled close to the wall. The ends of the wire are securely fixed on the crutch. The lower edges of the rafters are carefully cut off circular saw leaving an overhang of 50 cm.

The second option: the upper rows of walls are laid out with a stepped brick cornice, and the Mauerlat is placed flush with the inner surface of the wall and a groove is cut in it for the rafter. The edge of the rafter leg is cut at the level of the upper corner of the eaves. This method is simpler than the others, but the overhang is too narrow.

Third option: ceiling beams are released over the edge outer wall by 40-50 cm, and truss trusses are installed on beams. The ends of the rafter legs are cut at an angle and rest against the beams, fixing with metal plates and bolts. This method allows you to slightly increase the width of the attic.

The device of layered rafters

1 shows the cutting of the struts of the rafters into a bed laid on intermediate supports, and in Fig. 2 - supporting the rafter leg on the Mauerlat

The procedure for installing a layered truss system:

When the main elements are fixed, the surface of the rafters is treated with flame retardants. Now you can start making the crate.

A beam of 50x50 mm is suitable for the crate, as well as boards with a thickness of 3-4 cm and a width of 12 cm or more. Waterproofing material is usually laid under the crate to protect the truss system from getting wet. The waterproofing film is laid in horizontal stripes from the eaves to the roof ridge. The material spreads with an overlap of 10-15 cm, after which the joints are fastened with adhesive tape. The bottom edges of the film must completely cover the ends of the rafters.

It is necessary to leave a ventilation gap between the boards and the film, so first wooden slats 3-4 cm thick are stuffed onto the film, placing them along the rafters.

The next stage is the sheathing of the truss system with boards; they are stuffed perpendicular to the rails, starting from the roof eaves. The step of the lathing is affected not only by the type of roofing, but also by the angle of inclination of the slopes: the larger the angle, the greater the distance between the boards.

After the installation of the battens is completed, they begin to sheath the gables and overhangs. You can close the gables with boards, plastic panels, clapboard, waterproof plywood or corrugated board - it all depends on financial capabilities and personal preferences. Sheathing is attached to the side of the rafters, nails or self-tapping screws are used as fasteners. Overhangs are also hemmed with various materials - from wood to siding.