Glossary of building terms. Dictionary of building and architectural terms

superstructure- a type of reconstruction of buildings, carried out by arranging one or more additional floors above the existing part of the building.

platband- framing a door or window opening.

Oblo- common in wooden architecture cutting of logs with the rest, that is, with the release of the ends of the logs outside the house.

crate- a covering of wooden or other planks, fixed to the rafters and serving, in turn, for roofing.

Paneling- facing of a wooden building with boards.

mansion- comfortable, most often one-two-story multi-room city residential building, intended for one family.

ohlupen- a hollowed-out log covering the junction of two roof slopes.

Sail- a structure in the form of a curved triangle, through which the transition from a rectangular base to the domed ceiling of the building is carried out. In church buildings, four sails support the drum of the dome.

Patio(from Spanish) - the courtyard of a residential building.

pergola(from Greek) - an open gallery, veranda, etc., covered with a light through canopy covered with climbing greenery.

Pilaster(s)(from French) - a flat vertical ledge in the wall, processed in the form of an order column, i.e. having a base, a trunk (fust) and a capital, and sometimes flutes.

Pinnacles(from French pinacle) - decorative turrets completed with pointed pyramids, crowning buttresses and some other parts of Gothic buildings; found in Romanov architecture.

Building layout:

• representation on a certain scale of its space-planning structure in the form of an orthogonal projection of its horizontal section onto a plane. Usually the position of the horizontal sectional plane is taken at a level slightly above the window sill. Such images are required in every building project, and their number should be sufficient for "reading" and unambiguous understanding of the design intent of the entire building and the possibility of realizing it;
• a certain order of placement in the designed or reconstructed building of the main, auxiliary, service and communication premises.

Plafond(from French) - the ceiling of a room or part of it, decorated with painting or relief.

Block, plate- half of a log split or sawn along; chopping blocks were used for flooring and ceilings.

plinth(from Greek) - a wooden profiled bar along the internal walls of the building, covering the gap between the wall and the floor.

Plinfa- Byzantine and Russian flat square bricks.

felling- the upper, constantly expanding part of the log house, which performs the architectural and constructive role of the cornice.

Police- the lower sloping part of the roof.

Portal(from German portal, from Latin porta - entrance, gate) an architecturally processed entrance to a public building - a church, a palace, etc.

Perspective portal - a kind of portal in the form of several ledges going into the depth, decreasing in size.

landscape potential (landscape capacity) - expressed in quantitative terms, the resources of the territory under consideration, which, without prejudice to the self-regulation of the landscape, can be used to meet all kinds of people's needs (recreational, agricultural, industrial).

Natural potential - the ability of natural systems to perform any function used in the economic activity of people. It is expressed by certain environmental and economic indicators.

Recreational potential - the property of a natural area to have a positive physical, mental, hygienic impact on a person. Most pronounced during rest.

Annex- a type of reconstruction of buildings associated with their enlargement, replacement of individual worn parts with new ones or giving the building new functional features.

Run- the main beam, on which, in turn, the secondary beams are laid. The main beam is directly laid on the supporting parts (pylons, columns, walls).

Program town-planning forecast - is developed on the basis of comprehensive research and presents a range of predicted options and ways for the development of the region (city) and gives them a comprehensive probabilistic assessment.

Project(from lat.) - developed drawings of the building.

span- distance between supports.

Avenue(from lat.) - a straight, long and wide street in the city.

Landscape destruction - the process of violation of natural ecological connections and integrity in the system of landscape components. Landscape destruction most often occurs as a result of various types of industrial activities, as well as other anthropogenic impacts.

Ramp(from French) - a system of lighting fixtures located on the floor in front of the stage for illumination from below.

Raskrepovka- protrusion in front (or indentation back) of a larger or smaller segment of a wall, entablature, cornice, parapet, etc.

Stripping- part of the vault, formed at the intersection of semi-cylindrical surfaces, a fragment of the cross vault or a small additional vault, cut into the main cylindrical or mirror vault.

thrust- horizontal force arising in the vaulted structure.

Regional land policy - purposeful activity of regional government bodies (republican, regional, regional, district administrations and land committees) on accounting, rational use and protection of lands of the region of various functional purposes, carried out through land management; a system of measures for land tenure, including design and survey work, filming and survey work.

Rezalit(from lat.) - a part of the building that protrudes beyond the main line of the facade.

Reconstruction(from lat.) - a radical reorganization; restructuring according to new principles.

Reconstruction of the architectural and historical environment of the city - this is a fairly free (compared, for example, with restoration) mode of construction work, subject to the tasks of the functioning of objects of cultural and historical heritage in the new socio-economic conditions, allowing the demolition of dilapidated buildings, redevelopment, a significant volume, subject to stylistic unity, not excluding the possibility of using new building materials.

Relief(from French) - a convex sculptural image on a plane.

Restoration(from lat.) - restoration to original form works of fine arts and architecture, affected by time or spoiled, distorted by subsequent alterations.

Rose- window round shape in buildings of the XII-XV centuries. It was used in religious buildings of the Romanesque style, but it was most widely used in Gothic temples.

Rostrum(from lat.) - an ornament in the form of the bow of an ancient vessel, often on a column.

Rotunda(from Italian) - a round building covered with a dome.

Adobe(from Turk.) - air-dried brick, made from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. It is used as a building material in treeless areas.

Sandrik- a small cornice above a door or window.

Sanitary protection zone - a zone of space and vegetation, specially allocated between industrial enterprises and residential areas in order to protect people's health.

Waste water discharge - discharge into the environment of untreated waters of industrial and domestic origin. There is an indicator of maximum permissible discharge (MPD) - the maximum permissible mass of a pollutant, determined in accordance with the established regime in a given place per unit of time in order to ensure environmental quality standards at the control point.

Pile- a rod driven into the ground in order to compact it.

Code- overlapping or covering structures, having a geometric shape formed by a curved surface.

Sectional gallery house - a kind of sectional house. In a purely sectional planning scheme, all living cells of the section are connected directly by a staircase as the only vertical communication. In the sectional-gallery scheme, the section is formed due to the horizontal connection of the cells of the galleries with subsequent access to the vertical connection - the stairs. Typically, a section in houses of this type consists of 6-8 or more apartments.

section house- a residential building, completed from residential sections. A residential section is understood as a group of residential cells (apartments), repeated floor by floor, united by a single vertical communication link - a staircase, an elevator. The number of cells on one floor of sections can be two, three, four, six.

canopy- a canopy made of stone, wood or metal on columns or poles, a canopy.

Silhouette(from French) - outline, outline of an object.

take it easy- horizontally laid logs forming a subroofing structure in Russian wooden architecture.

teardrop- portable plate - the main part of the eaves.

Soffit- architecturally processed ceiling surface.

Complete demolition of buildings - total destruction of existing construction sites and, in general, traces of buildings that once existed.

Rack- a pillar that serves as a support for the ceiling.

rafters- a structure that supports the roof slopes.

Stuka(knock) (from Italian) - top quality solid gypsum plaster, sometimes processed in the form of carvings or artificial marble.

substructure(from lat.) - a structure that supports one or another part of an architectural structure from below.

Terracotta(from Italian) - burnt pure clay, as well as artistic products from it.

terrace(from French) - an architecturally designed open or semi-open area, most often adjacent to the building.

Tympanum(from Greek tympanon):

• a recessed space above a door or window, having a triangular, semicircular or lancet shape;
• a triangular field of the ancient pediment, sinking deep into, framed on all sides by a cornice.

Tondo(from Italian) - an architectural and decorative detail in the form of a circle, a disk.

Travertine(from Italian) - sinter accumulations of porous limestone (dense tuff), deposited by carbon dioxide sources, are used as a building material.

trellis(from French) - a light lattice used as a frame for climbing greenery.

tromp(from French, German) - a special type of vaulted structure used to move from the square base of the structure to its round or polygonal part. Unlike a sail, a tromp is most often in the shape of a cone. Tromps are especially characteristic of the medieval architecture of the countries of Asia and Transcaucasia.

Sidewalk(from French) - a special path for pedestrians from boards, asphalt, etc. along the edges of the street.

Turnstile(from French) - a rotating cruciform slingshot installed in the aisles so that people can pass one at a time.

poke(poke) - bricks or stones laid with their long sides perpendicular to the plane of the wall.

thrust- a thin horizontal protrusion (like a cornice on a wall).

Arch thrust- a slab between the base of the vault and the top of the supporting pillar or wall.

Building compaction - this is an increase in the amount of living space per unit of territory in the context of the reconstruction of existing buildings. Building compaction means - building gaps between buildings, increasing the number of floors in a building, demolishing an existing building and replacing it with a new, denser building, reducing yard spaces and driveways, building wastelands, etc.

Urbanization(from lat. urbanus - urban) - a natural historical process of increasing the share of urban culture in the cultural potential of a developing society, the process of consistently transforming society into an urban (urbanized) society.

Texture(from Lat.) - the nature of the surface treatment: its roughness, smoothness, rustication, etc.

Facade(from French) - the outer, front side of the building.

Fachwerk(from German fachwerk) - the construction of a building, the walls of which are a wooden block frame, consisting of a system of buildings, crossbars, braces and strappings, with gaps filled with brick, stone, clay.

truss truss (from French) - a flat lattice structure of triangular or other outlines, which serves to cover large rooms.

Filenka(from German) - small plot walls, doors, pilasters, framed.

Outbuilding(from German) a side extension to the house or a small separate house in the courtyard of the building.

Gable(from French) - the upper part of the facade in the form of a triangle, bounded by two roof slopes.

Foundation- the lower supporting part of the structure, hidden underground.

Hall(from English) - a large room for something, for example, a hall for public meetings, a waiting room in a hotel, theaters, etc.

Cyclopean masonry (from Greek) - masonry of huge raw or roughly chipped stones not correct form.

plinth(from Italian) - the foot of a building, monument, column (usually in the form of a low, slightly protruding horizontal strip located directly above the ground).

Ground floor- the lower floor of the structure, the outer walls of which are designed like the plinth of a large order and the plinth of the entire building system.

Partial demolition of the building:

• liquidation, destruction of individual buildings recognized for demolition in a row of buildings;
• elimination of any fragments or parts of the building (for example, one floor of the building in order to improve the sanitation of the surrounding buildings).

fours- tetrahedral frame.

Sample(from German) - a drawing of architectural details, full-size profiles.

Shelyga- a line connecting the upper points of the vault.

Slate(from German) - a vertical point (needle) crowning the roof.

Things(from German stuck, from Italian stucce) - a material for wall decoration, the manufacture of architectural details and reliefs; in the Middle Ages, a composition of gypsum, sand and a small amount of lime was used.

shchipei- the upper part of the facade wall in the form of an angle bounded by two roof slopes; unlike the pediment, it does not have a horizontal cornice at the bottom, a decorative triangle crowning the window, portal and other parts of the Gothic building; same as vimperg.

Eclecticism(from Greek) - formal, mechanical use in the composition and artistic decoration of buildings of elements of styles of past eras.

Exedra(from Greek) - a large semicircular niche, a semicircular pavilion.

Exterior(from French) - the appearance of the building.

Bay window(from German) - part of the internal volume of the building, taken out beyond its outer walls and protruding on the facade in the form of a closed balcony.

Floor(from French) - the longitudinal part of the house, the rooms of which are on the same level.

Tier- one row above another (floors, boxes, seats in the auditorium, balconies, etc.).

Publishes a concise dictionary of the most commonly used, in the construction industry, concepts and terms

Agloporite- artificial porous aggregate in the form of crushed stone or gravel.

Anchor- a detail for fastening parts of structures, which is laid in masonry (foundations, walls, vaults). This term is also used in the meaning of "intermediate part" (anchoring, anchor plate).

Asbestos- a white fibrous mineral used as a refractory material.

Beam- a structural building element in the form of a beam, based on something at several points.

Bitumen- natural or artificially obtained complex organic matter used in the production of roofing material, insulating materials, etc.

Bituminous mastic- material for waterproofing, roofing.

bar- lumber with a thickness and width of 100 mm or more.

Bar- sawn timber with a thickness of less than 100 mm and a width of less than twice the thickness.

Booth, rubble stone- large (150-500 mm) pieces of irregular shape obtained from limestone, dolomite, sandstone, granite. A variety of buta is cobblestone (boulders up to 300 mm).

Rubble concrete- material used for the construction of foundations, consisting of a filler (stone, coarse gravel, crushed stone, brick battle, etc.). After laying, it is watered with a solution and tightly rammed.

Crown- logs or beams that make up one horizontal row of a wooden frame.

Fillet- semicircular notch on the part.

Gypsum- building material, fast hardening binder, obtained by firing gypsum dihydrate, subjected to grinding before or after firing. It is applied to finishing works in rooms.

wood paneling- cladding of a room or house with planed boards, wooden slabs or frames and panels.

Diaphragm (construction)- a transverse connection between two parallel brick walls (made of brick or steel-reinforced mortar).

Drill- manual machine with electric, pneumatic or manual drive for drilling holes.

Ironing- surface protection of the concrete structure from moisture penetration by applying a 2-3 mm layer of dry cement or cement paste to a fresh mortar and smoothing down.

Zabirka - thin walls between the foundation pillars, which serve to insulate the underground space and protect it from dust, moisture, snow, etc.

lime water- a saturated solution of slaked lime in water.

milk of lime- kneading slaked lime in water.

Insulator- a roller or other device made of insulating material for fixing electrical wires.

Insulation- a material that does not conduct electricity or heat, which is used to insulate electric wires and other conductors of energy.

Cornice- a horizontal protrusion on the wall that supports the roof of the building and protects the walls from running water.

Tile- baked clay tiles for lining furnaces and walls, the front side of which is covered with colored glaze.

Trowel- hand construction tool in the form of a small spatula; used in construction.

Kerner- a tool in the form of a steel rod with a conical tip for marking parts by drawing recesses.

Kosour- part of the ladder, which serves to fasten the steps.

circled- wooden elements for fastening the formwork when laying the furnace roof.

vitriol- sulfate salt of some metals (copper, iron).

laminated board- chipboard, lined with films based on papers impregnated with synthetic resins (does not require further finishing).

Spoon row- a row of brickwork in which the brick is laid along the wall.

Master OK- spatula, with which the plaster solution is applied.

Mastic- 1) thick adhesive mass used in construction; 2) composition for rubbing floors.

Mauerlat- beams or beams laid around the perimeter of external brick, concrete and similar walls for attaching rafters.

lighthouses- tiles laid separately on the floor or wall, used for precise laying out of rows.

Nog- a metal or wooden rod of a cylindrical or other shape, which is used to fasten parts of wooden structures.

Roll forward- the lower part of the interfloor overlap forming the ceiling.

On stake- a small depression in the glaze of the finishing tile.

platband- a patch on a window or doorway.

File- a tool in the form of a steel bar with a notch for removing a small layer of metal, for rough grinding.

Lagging- lumber obtained from the side of the log. If a inner side not propylene, it is called croaker.

strapping- the horizontal part of the wooden frame walls. The lower harness serves as the base of the frame.

crate- boards or beams strengthened along the rafters, necessary for roofing.

formwork- the form in which concrete is laid during the construction of the foundation. Made from wood.

Hardboard- solid types of wood-fiber boards.

blind area- a device for draining water from the foundation, performed with a slope from the house.

Groove- a recess in boards, bars or shields, into which a protrusion (thorn) of another part is inserted.

Tow- waste of bast crops (flax, hemp, etc.), which is used as stuffing, cushioning, cleaning and similar material.

pliers- a manual electrical and metalwork tool that combines wire cutters, a screwdriver, pliers.

Pumice- volcanic rock, formed as a result of swelling and rapid solidification of acidic lava; light (does not sink in water), porous. It is used as an abrasive material, cement additive, concrete filler.

grinding- grouting old plaster with a preliminary spreading of a thin layer of mortar on it.

Pilaster- a semi-column with four faces, one face of which is embedded in the wall.

plinth- rail profile shape to close the gap between the floor and the wall; an external protrusion at the bottom of a structure.

Pliers- tongs having a gripping part with notched flat surfaces.

Supporting wall- a structure made of natural stone, concrete, reinforced concrete or wood, which keeps the mass of soil behind it from collapsing.

riser- the vertical part of the stair step (determines the height of the step).

Poluterok- a tool for plastering surfaces, leveling mortars, pulling out corners and cornices. It is a planed wooden canvas made of coniferous species and a handle.

Portal- U-shaped part of the structure.

rule- a ruler for checking the correct laying of plaster, masonry; device for leveling the plastered surface.

tread- the horizontal part of the stair step (determines the width of the step).

Scan- a tool for finishing conical or cylindrical holes in the form of a rod with sharply sharpened longitudinal teeth.

gutter- a sunken angle obtained at the intersection of two roof slopes.

Stitching- smoothing and sealing the seams of brickwork while giving them the shape of a semi-roll (made if the walls are not plastered).

Rigel- a horizontally (sometimes obliquely) located element (rod, beam) in building structures, building frames. They serve as a support for girders and slabs installed in floors or roofs of buildings.

Ruberoid- cardboard impregnated with a special composition. It is used as a roofing and waterproofing material.

Stuffing box- a seal that seals the gap between the fixed and moving parts.

Sgon A pipe that has a short thread at one end and a long thread at the other. A coupling and a lock nut are “driven” onto a long thread.

stingray- the side of the roof.

sliding formwork- formwork that moves up as rows of bricks are laid when installing a stove or fireplace.

glass cutter- a tool for cutting glass, with a cutting part that is a diamond grain or a carbide metal roller, which is inserted into a metal frame and mounted on a plastic or wooden handle.

warm concrete- building material made from clay soils and organic additives (for example, adobe).

Grater- scraper for leveling surfaces.

bowstring- part of the ladder, which serves to fasten the steps by cutting them into the side plane.

Tol- waterproofing and roofing material, which is obtained by impregnating roofing paper with a coal tar or shale tar product.

Tychkovy row- a row of brickwork in which the brick is laid across the wall.

Texture- the quality of the processed material and its surface.

Falz- rectangular selection on the edge of the board or shield. A fold with equal sides is called a quarter.

Chamfer- cut sharp edge of the edge of the part (edge ​​of glass, cardboard, etc.).

Frieze- a decorative composition (ornament or image) in the form of a horizontal strip on an object: in a border on a carpet or parquet, on top of a wall, etc.

Jointer- a planer with an elongated block for clean planing.

Lining (lining)- protective inner lining of furnace furnaces, etc. There are refractory, chemically resistant and heat-insulating.

Cement- a powdered mineral substance, with the help of which an astringent solution is prepared, quickly hardening and fastening.

cement paste- a solution of cement with water.

Cement soil- material used for foundations and walls. Consists of cement, soil and water. (When used, they are carefully compacted. After the construction of foundations and walls from cement soil, they are watered with water 3-5 times a day for 15-20 days).

plinth- the upper part of the foundation, rising above the ground.

Skull bars- bars for laying the roll, nailed to the beams of the interfloor overlap.

Quarter- see fold.

mop- thorough wiping with a wet cloth of the inner surface of the furnaces and channels during their laying.

Shkant- round plug-in spike.

Grinding (grinding)- removal of irregularities with a pumice stone or sanding paper.

Puttying (puttying)- application of one or more layers of putty with intermediate drying and grinding of each of them.

Plaster- a layer of mortar, consisting of a mixture of binder and fine aggregate, which is applied to the surface structural elements buildings (structures).

Plaster in the wasteland- plaster with incomplete filling of seams.

Efficient brick- hollow brick.

BUT Adhesion- (from Latin adhaesio - sticking) in physics - adhesion of surfaces of dissimilar solid and / or liquid bodies at the points of contact of their surfaces. Adhesion is due to intermolecular interaction in the surface layer and is characterized by the specific work required to separate the surfaces. In some cases, adhesion may be stronger than cohesion, i.e. adhesion within a homogeneous material, in such cases, when a tearing force is applied, a cohesive rupture occurs, i.e. a rupture in the volume of the less durable of the contacting materials. Adhesion significantly affects the nature of the friction of the contacting surfaces: for example, when friction surfaces with low adhesion, friction is minimal. An example is polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), which, due to its low adhesion value, in combination with most materials, has a low coefficient of friction. Some substances with a layered crystal lattice (graphite, molybdenum disulfide), characterized by both low values ​​of adhesion and cohesion, are used as solid lubricants. surfaces. In some cases, the adhesion criterion can be the time of detachment of a layer of a material of a certain size from another material in a laminar fluid flow. Adhesion takes place in the processes of gluing, soldering, welding, and coating. The adhesion of the matrix and filler of composites (composite materials) is also one of the most important factors affecting their strength.

Additive- a component that gives polymers the necessary properties.

Acrylic- the colloquial name for polymers based on derivatives of acrylic and methacrylic acids and polymer compositions from them. Since acrylic is easy to care for, resistant to household acids and solvents, bacteria do not multiply on it, it is most often used for the production of sanitary ware, paints, sealants, and also kitchen countertops, sinks and aprons.

Antioxidants- substances that increase the resistance of polymers to the action of oxygen.

Antiseptics(lat. anti - against, septicus - decay) - a system of measures aimed at the destruction of microorganisms in the wound, pathological focus, organs and tissues, as well as in the patient's body as a whole, using mechanical and physical methods of influence, active chemical substances and biological factors.

Antiseptics- chemicals introduced into the composition of polymeric materials and mineral compositions to prevent their biological contamination and subsequent destruction by microorganisms.

Antistatics- substances that reduce the static electrization of polymers.

Antifriction polymeric materials- materials used in friction units and characterized by low coefficient of friction and insignificant wear.

fittings- a set of auxiliary devices and parts to ensure the functioning of any device, machine, equipment, structure.

Reinforcement- introduction of reinforcement into the product during its production.

Asepsis- a set of measures aimed at preventing the entry of microbes into the wound.

B Concrete- building material, artificial stone material obtained as a result of hardening of a rationally selected and compacted mixture of a binder (cement or others), aggregates, water. In some cases, it may contain special additives. It has a capillary-porous structure.

AT Moisture return- the property of a material to lose water in its pores.

moisture resistance- the property of the material to provide long-term resistance to the destructive action of moisture during periodic wetting and drying.

Humidity- the ratio of the mass of water currently in the material to the mass of the material in a dry state.

Waterproof- (W) - the ability of concrete not to pass water under pressure through itself. For example, W20 means that concrete can hold water pressure of 20 atm (2.0 MPa).

Water absorption- the property of the material in direct contact with water to absorb and retain it in its pores.

Water permeability- the property of the material to pass water under pressure.

Water holding capacity- the ability of the mortar mixture to retain excess water. The water-holding capacity prevents the solution from losing high water quality when applied to a porous base, as well as from delamination during storage and transportation.

Time… Time to reach full strength - the time during which the material gains full strength according to the characteristics of the binder. Adjustment time - the time during which the material retains plasticity. Setting time is the period during which the mixture (plaster, putty, glue, etc.) is applied and gains strength. Hardening time is the time after which the material loses its plasticity.

G Sealing- ensuring the tightness of walls and joints that limit the internal volumes of devices, machines, structures. It is used in various fields of science and technology. Methods are chosen depending on specific conditions. Soldering and welding of joints, gas-tight cast parts, special vacuum materials, sealing compounds, and seals are widely used.

Sealants is a pasty or viscous composition based on polymers or oligomers, which are applied to the joints and joints of structural elements of buildings and structures in order to prevent leakage of the working medium through the gaps of the structure and for waterproofing. The sealing layer is formed directly on the joint as a result of curing (vulcanization) of the polymer base or evaporation of the solvent; there are also sealants that do not undergo any changes after being applied to the surface to be sealed (non-drying putties). Acrylic sealants - sealants, the main component of which is acrylic. Acrylic is a colloquial name for polymers based on acrylic acid derivatives or materials made from them. Effective in filling cracks and joints in concrete products. These sealants are well covered with paints and varnishes, withstand slight vibration. The disadvantage of use is low resistance to atmospheric phenomena and moisture. Acrylic-based sealants do not contain solvents. Acrylic sealants have good adhesion (popularly - stickiness) to concrete, brickwork, wood, plaster, etc. They do not withstand deformation. The cheapest of today's building sealants - acrylic, as a rule, are not intended for outdoor use at all. The reason is that acrylic mastics are not elastic, but plastic - they are perfectly applied, but do not withstand mechanical loads and temperature changes. The scope of acrylic sealants is not critical areas of internal sealing. Bituminous sealants- sealants based on bitumen. They do not dissolve in water, dissolve completely or partially in benzene, hydrogen sulfide, chloroform and other organic solvents. They have good adhesion to a wide range of substrates (concrete, bitumen, wood, metal, plastic). For use on damp substrates. Operates at low temperatures. The main area of ​​application is filling cracks in roofs, plinths, foundations, etc. Butyl sealants- these are sealants based on butyl - a monovalent radical of butane (С4Н9). They are mainly used for the manufacture of double-glazed windows. They have excellent adhesion to glass, aluminum and galvanized steel. Do not contain solvents. They are vapor-permeable, which is very important in the production of double-glazed windows. They have low strength at low temperatures. They have high resistance to UV radiation. The disadvantages of this sealant include its color - only black, and the use of only one area. Polyurethane sealants- Sealants based on polyurethane - a synthetic elastomer (highly elastic polymer) with programmable properties. Used for sealing and bonding various types of materials - plastic, glass, paving stones, concrete, metal, ceramics. There are one-component and two-component. Polyurethane sealants are versatile, durable and elastic, do not shrink during vulcanization. Stick to any material, and you can work with them in any weather conditions. Interpanel joints on polyurethane sealant, durable and of high quality. Polyurethanes do not shrink when vulcanized, so sealant consumption can be accurately calculated. Polyurethane sealants are strong and elastic, able to withstand long-term regular deformation and restore their shape. Silicone sealants- These are low molecular weight silicone rubbers (an organosilicon polymer, as a rule, dimethylpolysiloxane with terminal hydroxyl groups). The composition may include various fillers that make the sealant fire-resistant, heat-resistant. They also improve adhesion to various building materials. They are used for outdoor internal works. Some of the most durable due to high resistance to various temperatures, mechanical stress and ultraviolet, however, they have several significant drawbacks, they have good adhesion only to a strictly defined amount of materials, they are not applied to wet substrates, they have a fairly long curing time - especially at low temperatures and humidity, do not stain. Thiokol (Polysulfide)- sealants based on liquid polysulfide rubbers (thiokols) - artificial rubbers made using polysulfide - a polysulfur compound. Widely used in shipbuilding, aircraft construction, radio electronics, electrical engineering and civil engineering, for example, for sealing interpanel joints. Fully vulcanized after 10 days. These sealants are less durable than silicone sealants and weakly resist deformation (no more than 25%). The disadvantages of thiokol sealants include low thixotropy - the seams closed with thiokol sealants gradually “slip”, on the facade the seam looks wide, uneven. Seams treated with thiokol sealant blacken over time. They can only be applied at temperatures above -10 °C and cannot be applied to a damp surface, so the application mode is strongly dependent on weather conditions. MS polymersealants- These are sealants based on modified silicone. They have the advantages of both silicone and polyurethane. Excellent adhesion to almost all materials: metal, wood, plastic, glass, ceramic tile, concrete, a natural stone. Elastic and resilient. High temperature resistance. Resistant to atmospheric and weather influences. Adhesion to damp substrates. Dust and dirt repellency. Coloring.

Waterproofing- protection building structures from impact, penetration of water or other aggressive liquid.

hydromonitor- (from other Greek "hydro" - water and English "monitor", English hydromonitor) - a device that serves to create (form) a dense, high-speed water jet and control it in order to destroy and wash away mountain rocks and alluvial layers.

Hydration- (from the Greek hydro - water) - the attachment of water molecules to molecules or ions. Hydration is a special case of solvation - the addition of organic solvent molecules to molecules or ions of substances. Unlike hydrolysis, hydration is not accompanied by the formation of hydrogen or hydroxide ions. Hydration in aqueous solutions leads to the formation of stable and unstable compounds of water with a solute (hydrates); in organic solvents, solvates similar to hydrates are formed. Hydration determines the stability of ions in solutions and hinders their association. Hydration is the driving force behind electrolytic dissociation—the source of the energy needed to separate oppositely charged ions.

hydrophobicity- water-repellent properties of the substance.

Water repellent(make a transfer to our sealants) - a substance that interacts weakly with water (water repellency), but firmly adheres to the surface. Processing of the material with water repellents is carried out in order to obtain a coating that is not wetted by water in the form of the thinnest layers or films of the lacquer type.

Fungus- damage to wood and other porous building materials plant organisms, not always mushrooms

Priming- (German grund - base, soil) - Soils can be used as the foundations of buildings and various engineering structures, material for structures (roads, embankments, dams), environments for placing underground structures (tunnels, pipelines, storage facilities), etc. Primer(make a transfer to our sealants) - a composition applied by the first layer on a surface prepared for painting to reduce its porosity and ensure the required adhesion of the paintwork. It differs from coloring compositions in a lower content of pigments.

deep cracks- cracks that penetrate one of the layers of the coating and can result in the complete destruction of the film

Gloss- shine that appears only when the surface is viewed at a slight angle.

Dirt retention- a defect characterized by the ability of a dry film to retain foreign particles on the surface.

D Deformability- this is an indicator established by an independent examination that determines the preservation of the elasticity of the sealant with statistical deformations by this value. An accredited laboratory, having tested a seam with a sealant on a statistical deformation determined by the manufacturer, sets the predicted service life in the following way: 1) information on deformation is correct only together with data on service life; 2) the manufacturer must confirm this with documentation (acts, protocols). Example: A sealant with 50% deformation and a predicted life of 8 years appears to outperform a sealant with a 25% deformation and a predicted life of 10 years.

Non-coverage defect(overlapping) paint - a defect that occurs when painting at different times of the same working day and is characterized by the presence of protruding traces and edges of the previously applied coating

dispersion(dispersion from lat. dispersio - scattering) - fineness of grinding - the size of the solid particles of the material.

dispersion(from the Latin "dispergo" - disperse) - fine grinding of a solid or liquid, as a result of which dispersed systems are formed: powders, suspensions, emulsions, aerosols. The dispersion of one liquid in another (not miscible with the first) is called emulsification, the dispersion of a solid or liquid in a gas (air) is called spraying. Additives are liquid or powdered substances or elements that are added to concrete. They, through chemical and/or physical action, affect the properties of concrete. Depending on the type of admixture used, both the properties of fresh concrete, such as setting behavior and spreadability, and the properties of cured concrete, such as strength and durability, can be purposefully changed.

Fibreboard (Fibreboard)– sheet material made from wood fibers. Soft fiber boards with low and medium density (150-350 kg/m3) are used for sound and heat insulation of floors, ceilings, for strengthening roofs and ceilings. Semi-solid (average density not less than 850 kg / cm3) is used for interior decoration of buildings, super-hard (not less than 950 kg / m3) - for flooring. The surface of fiberboard can be painted, lined with film materials, profiled, perforated.

Chipboards (chipboard)- are produced by hot pressing of flat parts of wood mixed with a synthetic binder. In some physical and mechanical properties, chipboard is superior to natural wood: they swell less from moisture, are less combustible, and have good heat and sound insulation properties. The surface of the wood shavings from which the boards are pressed is almost completely covered with a film of synthetic binder, which hinders the development of fungi and makes chipboard more biostable.

Drainage- a system of trenches, furrows, pipes (drains), wells designed to collect excess ground moisture from the developed territory.

E natural foundation- an array of soil in natural occurrence, used as the foundation of structures

F Reinforced concrete- an artificial building material consisting of a steel reinforcing cage filled with concrete and structurally combining the working properties of steel and concrete. In this case, the reinforcement works in tension, and the concrete in compression.

Reinforced concrete structures- monolithic or prefabricated structures made of jointly working steel reinforcement cage and concrete.

Solution pot life- the time during which the solution is suitable for work.

Gelatinization; gelation - the transition of a product from a liquid state to a solid or semi-solid state. Note. Gelatinization can be carried out deliberately to impart thixotropic (viscous) properties to the product.

Z putties- used to fill any cracks, scratches, potholes in products. They must meet the following requirements: - have good ductility. If putty is rolled out into a roll and then stretched, it must first become thinner and then break. Poor putty breaks immediately. - adhere firmly to the surface to which it is applied. - when hardened, do not shrink, crack or bubble. chalk and drying oil. The quality of putties depends on the materials used. If the chalk is wet, then the putties quickly lose their elasticity. With an excess of drying oil, putties stick to the hands. Reducing the amount of drying oil leads to a decrease in plasticity. Putties lose their plasticity during storage, but when kneading, plasticity returns to them. During storage putty should be wrapped with a wet cloth to prevent drying.

Shut up- stir

Hydraulic lock (water lock)- a movable waterproof device for closing and opening culverts of a hydraulic structure (spillway dam, sluice, pipeline, hydrotechnical tunnel, fish passage, etc.) in order to control the flow of water passing through them.

Z Achakanka- filling the seam

Cleanup- the process of mechanical removal of scale, weld sagging, welding spatter, metal defects, etc. from the product.

And Limestones- sedimentary rocks, consisting mainly of calcite. They may contain various impurities (debris particles, organic compounds, etc.). The name is given depending on the characteristics of their constituent components. Widely used in construction (as a facing stone, for the production of lime, etc.), glass industry, metallurgy (fluxes)

Limelime air- air binder obtained by firing crushed calcareous rocks (limestone, chalk, shell rock, etc.) containing no more than 6% clay components. The resulting lime is called lump lime, and after grinding - ground. Hydrated lime - hydrated lime, fluffy lime. Obtained from lump or ground lime by quenching it with water. If the amount of water is 60-80% of the mass of lime, lumps break up into fine particles and fluff lime is formed. Upon further dilution with water, lime dough and lime milk are obtained, respectively. It is used for the preparation of masonry and plaster mortars, as well as in concrete of low grades used in dry conditions. Fluffy lime used for preparing dry mixes. Lime hydraulic- hydraulic binder. Obtained by roasting marl limestone containing up to 20% clay components. It is used for the preparation of masonry and plaster mortars and low-strength concretes used in wet conditions. Boiled lime- ground quicklime. Obtained by mechanical grinding of lump lime. When it interacts with water, a significant amount of heat is released.

Insulation- separation, isolation, delimitation of something or someone from the rest of the environment.

Isocyanates. active electrophiles. When interacting with primary and secondary amines, they form substituted ureas, with alcohols - carbamates (urethanes), hydrolyzed by water to amines and carbon dioxide.

Isocyanate resin- Synthetic resin containing free or blocked isocyanate groups based on aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic isocyanates. Note. Isocyanates in the form of monomers or, in general, polymers are used in combination with compounds containing reactive hydroxyl groups in the formation of polyurethane coatings.

Insolation- The degree of sunlight exposure of buildings, structures and their interiors.

Infiltration- Movement of air through the enclosing structures from the environment into the premises due to wind and thermal pressures formed by the temperature difference and air pressure difference outside and inside the premises.

Incert- Facing concrete surfaces natural or artificial stones of irregular shape.

To Rubble stone- Pieces of natural stone 150-500 mm in size. May be torn or flagstone. They are used for building foundations, laying walls of some structures, backfilling or concreting certain parts of hydraulic structures.

Ceramic stone- Hollow building material made from clay raw materials with various additives. It differs from a brick in a slightly larger size. According to the average density, it is divided into effective (no more than 1450 kg / m3) and conditionally effective (1450-1600 kg / m3). It also differs in brand, density and frost resistance.

reeds(reed slabs) - Heat-insulating products made of reed stalks, reeds of autumn-winter felling with metal wire stitching. Frame - The skeleton of the building, consisting of rods (racks and beams).

Frame and panel structures- Consist of load-bearing elements of the frame (reinforced concrete or steel columns and crossbars) and enclosing structures ( wall panels, slabs and panels of coatings and ceilings). Designed for the construction of mainly multi-storey buildings.

Quadr- Hewn stone block, which has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped - an element of a stone wall.

Quartzites- Dense and strong granular rocks, consisting almost entirely of silica. They are used as a building stone, abrasive and acid-resistant material, as a flux in metallurgy and for the production of refractory bricks.

Expanded clay- Artificial filler for lightweight concrete (expanded concrete). It is obtained as a result of swelling of granules of low-melting clay rocks during their firing. It is produced in the form of crushed stone or gravel with a diameter of 5-40 mm. In addition, it is used as a heat-insulating backfill.

Expanded clay concrete- Lightweight concrete obtained on the basis of expanded clay (granules of baked clay) and a binder.

Porcelain stoneware- Artificial finishing material. It is produced by pressing a mixture of clay and granite chips at a pressure of 400-500 kg / cm 2, followed by firing at a temperature of 1200-1300 ° C.

Caisson(French caisson - box) - Caisson in maritime business - a design for the formation of a working chamber free of water under water or in water-saturated soil. Also a device for partial drainage of the underwater part of the vessel for the purpose of repair or inspection.

Brick Building- an artificial stone of the correct form, formed from mineral materials and acquiring stone-like properties (strength, water resistance, frost resistance) after firing or steam treatment.

KKK- coefficient of constructive quality // KKK = R \ y where R - strength, y - relative density

masonry- Masonry, consisting of stones or bricks laid in a certain order (with dressing). The main purpose of the dressing is to give the structure solidity by laying the stones of each upper row in such a way that the vertical seams between them do not coincide with the vertical seams between the stones of the lower row.

Adhesive paste- It is used for priming, puttying and gluing wood parts, the joint gaps of which exceed 0.2 mm. The paste is obtained by kneading finely sifted ash, or dry sifted chalk, or micanite dust, or dry crumbs of asbestos, etc., in hot glue. Glue paste can also be obtained by mixing the above fillers with other adhesives.

Adhesives- Natural or synthetic substances used to bond different materials as a result of adhesion of the adhesive film to the surfaces of the materials to be bonded. The strength of the adhesive connection depends on the force of adhesion of the adhesive to the surfaces to be bonded (adhesion), the strength of the adhesive film and the properties of the materials to be bonded. To obtain reliable connection, it is necessary to carefully prepare the surface of the parts, for which dust, dirt, grease, rust are removed from them. Wood, metals, stone materials are cleaned with fine-grained emery cloth. Porcelain, glass and rubber are washed with warm water, then (after drying) they are degreased with gasoline. To make the seam less noticeable, mineral pigments of the corresponding color are added to the glue, usually 8-10% of the pigment (by volume) is enough, since a large amount of dye does not make the color of the adhesive film more intense. If the objects are porous and easily absorb liquids, then the surfaces to be glued are pre-impregnated with a very liquid adhesive solution. Adhesives are applied with a brush, swab, spatula. Glue is injected into the slots, for example, with a grease gun (used, in particular, for lubricating a car).

tinting- The process of custom-made paint of a certain color by adding pigment pastes to white paint.

Composites- The purpose of creating composites is to combine in a new material the desired properties of the original constituent components. A well-known example of composites are the long-established glass-reinforced plastics.

Condensation(from Latin condensatio - compaction, thickening) The transition of a substance from a gaseous state to a liquid or solid. Condensation is possible only at temperatures below the critical temperature. At a constant given temperature, condensation proceeds until an equilibrium pressure (saturation) is established, which depends only on temperature.

Design- An engineering solution for an architectural structure, structure, machine regarding the structure, plan and relative position.

Corrosion(from late Latin corrosio - corrosive) - The destruction of solids (metal) caused by chemical and electrochemical processes that develop on the surface of the body when it interacts with the external environment. Concrete, building stone, wood, and other materials are also susceptible to corrosion damage; corrosion of polymers is called degradation.

Corrosion resistance- The ability of materials to resist corrosion. For metals and alloys, it is determined by the corrosion rate, i.e., by the mass of material converted into corrosion products, from a surface unit per unit of time, or by the thickness of the destroyed layer in mm per year. An increase in corrosion resistance is achieved by alloying (additives to the metal), applying protective coatings, etc.

Dye- Liquid or powder product, suspension of pigments or their mixtures with fillers in oil, drying oil, emulsion, latex or other film-forming substance. Paint forms after drying the opaque painted uniform film. The paints are designed to obtain the top layers of the coating. - facade paints - economical paints for exterior and interior work. Resistant to climatic influences, economical, easy to use, no unpleasant odor, water-repellent, wear-resistant, light-resistant, diluted with water, strengthen the treated surface, allow repair repainting. - oil paints - suspensions of pigments and fillers in drying oils. Produced thickly grated or ready to use. - mineral paints - painting compositions based on inorganic binders and glue. They are divided into lime, silicate, cement and adhesive. - silicate paints - painting compositions, which are a mixture of pigments and fillers with an aqueous solution of potash liquid glass. - cement paints - aqueous suspensions consisting of a mixture of white Portland cement with alkali-resistant pigments and some additives to improve properties.

Silicone (silicone) resin- Synthetic resin containing siloxane groups

Critical Pigment Volume Concentration (CVC)- A certain value of the volume concentration of the pigment, at which the film-forming agent fills the voids formed by solid particles in direct contact, and above which certain properties of the system change significantly

Krenta- Additives introduced into the composition of cement during grinding to improve its properties.

Roof- The upper part of the roof, consisting of a wooden batten and an outer covering. A wide variety of materials are used as a coating: from shingles and tiles to modern plastic materials.

Edge (end trim)- Melamine edge: decorative, water and mechanical damage resistant coating made of polymeric materials with a fine wood texture. Has a thickness of 0.5mm. Used for production edging of chipboard ends

circled- A wooden form that supports the formwork on which arched, vaulted and domed structures are erected, as well as the vaulted part of fireplaces.

Roof- The top covering of the structure, protecting it from the effects of the external environment. It consists of a bearing part - rafters, rafter beams and, in some cases, racks and an outer layer (see roofing). Inclined roof planes are called slopes; internal corners formed by slopes - valleys; outer corners - ribs; the upper horizontal edge is a ridge.

varnish- A liquid capable of producing a transparent, glossy film after drying in a thin layer. A solution of a film-forming substance in organic solvents. Varnishes may contain plasticizer, hardener and other additives that improve the quality of the coating.

Paint system- A set of layers of varnishes and (or) paints, which is applied or should be applied to the surface.

Paint environment- A set of components that make up the liquid phase of the paint. Note. This term also applies to varnishes containing matting agents.

Suite- A unit of illumination measurement. Illumination produced by a luminous flux of 1 lm (lumen) evenly distributed over a surface of 1 m 2 .

Strength grade of concrete- It is determined by the compressive strength of samples of 150x150x150 mm in size, made from the working composition and tested after 28 days of normal hardening.

Mastic- Sealant, paste, putty or other non-hardening material, the consistency of which, after manufacture and during operation, practically does not change. Mastic is used for sealing. A mixture of different substances for gluing, cementing, filling cracks in order to make the object impervious to water. Hardening occurs either due to the evaporation of the solvent M. or chemical. reactions of mixed substances. To compile M., the following are used: chalk, lime, gypsum, sand, crushed glass, litharge, whitewash, minium, sulfur, protein, clay, starch, wax, etc. M. are prepared in oil (very common. window, red lead and zinc putty etc.) with resins and gums, with rubber, casein and glue, with water, soluble glass, etc.

Shore method- Hardness is determined by the depth of insertion of a hardened steel needle under the action of a spring. Typically, the Shore method is used to determine the hardness of polymeric materials. Shore's method is described by ASTM D2240, which specifies 12 measurement options. The most commonly used options are A (for soft materials) or D (for harder materials). The hardness determined by this method is designated as HSA for measurement according to option A, or HSD for measurement according to option D;

Film chalking- The appearance on the surface of the film of a thin, easily removable powder resulting from the destruction of one or more components

MDF (MEDIUM DENSITY FIBER BOARD)- Environmentally friendly material, as additional synthetic binders are not used. The binder is lignin, which is part of the wood. It is made by dry pressing of fine wood shavings at high temperature and pressure. Well handled. In terms of moisture resistance and mechanical characteristics, it surpasses natural wood. MDF is slow-burning, bio-resistant, weather-resistant and cheaper than wood. It is used mainly for facade elements, less often for furniture cases.

mineral wool board- Hard and increased rigidity, lightweight and cellular concrete (mainly aerated concrete and foam concrete), foam glass, glass fiber, expanded perlite products, etc. mineral wool obtained by processing molten rocks or metallurgical (mainly blast-furnace) slags into vitreous fiber. Bulk weight of mineral wool products is 75-350 kg/m 3 . Inorganic, used as assembly materials, are made on the basis of asbestos (asbestos cardboard, paper, felt), mixtures of asbestos and mineral binders (asbestos-diatom, asbestos-triple, asbestos-lime-silica, asbestos-cement products) and on the basis of expanded rocks (vermiculite, perlite).

Multi-component product- A product whose components are produced in separate parts, which must be mixed in the proportions specified by the manufacturer.

Elastic modulus- Coefficient characterizing the resistance of the material to tension / compression.

modified resin- Resin, the chemical structure of which includes natural material, partially modified as a result of appropriate chemical reactions

Monomer(Greek mono "one" and meros "part") - This is a small molecule that can form a chemical bond with other monomers to form a polymer. It should be noted that other low molecular weight substances are usually called dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, etc., if they, respectively, consist of 2, 3, 4, and 5 monomers.

Frost resistance- The ability of the material after saturation with water to withstand a certain number of cycles of freezing - thawing without deterioration of properties below the established limit.

Marble- Predominantly calcareous rock. It has an amorphous structure, different color tones. Easily processed material. - Advantages of marble - an ideal material for interior decoration - both in terms of sanitary standards and appearance. Easily processed, which allows you to make elegant things out of it. "Living" stone - this is what marble is called. - The disadvantages of marble - its natural softness does not allow it to be widely used for exterior finish. Many types of marble have very high water absorption, which leads to a change in its color and premature aging. The main disadvantage of marble is that with large volumes it can be very difficult to pick up a stone of the same shade.

Marble chips- Aggregate for plaster mortars and decorative concretes. Marble chips consist of waste products obtained during the development of marble quarries and the manufacture of marble products.

marble powder- Powdered white marble. It is used as an additive to cement, lime or gypsum in the manufacture of decorative plaster solutions.

H Spraying- Application of a substance in a dispersed state to the surface of products and semi-finished products to give them special physical-chemical, mechanical, decorative properties or to restore a defective surface. The sprayed coating is held on the surface mainly by adhesion forces. Depending on the initial state of the sprayed materials and the design of the spraying devices, the following methods are distinguished: gas-flame, electric-arc, powder, liquid, vapor-phase, plasma, laser, autothermo-ion-emission. These methods apply metals (Ni, Zn, Al, Ag, Cr, Cu, Au, Pt, etc.), alloys (steel, bronze, etc.), chemical compounds (silicides, borides, carbides, oxides, etc.), non-metallic materials (plastics). The thickness of the sprayed layer depends on the method and mode of spraying and the required properties. In addition, thin epitaxial films, such as semiconductor materials, are obtained by sputtering.

Bearing structures- Structures that take the main loads and provide strength, rigidity, and stability of buildings and structures.

Non-volatile substance of paint and varnish material- Residue resulting from evaporation under specified test conditions.

Unsaturated polyester resin- A polyester resin characterized by carbon-carbon double bonds in the polymer chain capable of further crosslinking.

O Wallpaper- material intended for interior decoration.

Wallpaper vinyl- are formed from two layers: the bottom layer of paper (or fabric) is covered with a layer of polyvinyl, and then a pattern or embossing is applied to the surface. Wallpaper liquid- allow you to create smooth or embossed coatings without seams. Part liquid wallpaper may include cotton, cellulose, textile fibers. Liquid wallpaper is diluted with water-based paint and applied with a roller or spray gun. Tinting is done with special paints.

Wallpaper for painting- they are distinguished by a deep relief of the coating and the absence of a multi-color pattern. They are called structural (or textured) wallpapers and are designed for painting.

Crater formation- The appearance in the films of small rounded depressions that remain after curing.

Blistering- Convex deformation in films resulting from local separation of one or more layers of the coating.

Formation of bubbles in the film- The defect is temporary or permanent in the form of air bubbles and (or) solvent vapors or both together in the applied film.

Pigment Volume Concentration (VVC)- The ratio of the volume of pigments and other solids in the product to the total volume of non-volatile matter.

fire resistance- The ability of structures and products to withstand exposure to high temperatures without destruction for a certain time.

fire resistance- The ability of materials to withstand without destruction the impact of high (not lower than 158 0 C) temperatures.

Ondulin- Roofing and facing sheet material. Ondulin is used in modern private and capital construction, both residential buildings and technological facilities. Produced by saturating organic fibers with bitumen under pressure at high temperature. The sheets are wavy, have good flexibility along the wave.

Surface to be painted - The surface on which a layer of paintwork material is applied or is to be applied

formwork- A removable wooden or metal mold into which concrete mortar is placed during the construction of concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Settlement - Lowering of a structure caused by compaction of its base or reduction in the vertical dimensions of the structure (or its parts). The settlement depends on the properties of the soil, the acting loads, the type, size and design of the foundations of buildings and structures, the rigidity of the structure, etc.

pockmarks- A defect characterized by the appearance in the film of areas of different thickness, non-uniformly distributed on the surface. Note. Wrinkling is an extreme form of pockmarking.

Film peeling- Separation of one or more layers of the system from the underlying layers or complete separation of the entire coating from the surface. Peeling of the film with flakes - Separation of the film in the form of unevenly distributed flakes of various sizes, usually appearing as a result of cracking.

P padduga- A spherical surface located above the eaves in the room. The padding creates a transition from the plane of the wall to the surface of the ceiling.

vapor barrier- A layer of material, the main purpose of which is to prevent the ingress of moisture as a result of capillary infiltration or diffusion of water vapor into building structures.

Vapor permeability- The property of the material to pass air and water vapor.

PVC Polyvinyl chloride (abbreviated PVC) - A type of synthetic polymer that has been worthy of competition for many years natural materials due to predetermined consumer properties. PVC is not subject to destruction and corrosion, it is resistant to weathering. And absolutely harmless.

Pumice- Light volcanic porous rock of light gray color, similar to frozen foam. The tensile strength of pumice is 0.2-1.4 MPa, the average density is 300-600 kg/m3, the true density is 2.5 g/cm3.

penetration- (working wetting) (lat. penetratio - to penetrate) - a measure of the penetration of a conical body into a viscous medium, used to characterize the consistency (density) of substances. Penetration measurement methods are particularly useful for substances that change their rheological properties when stirred.

Primary paint layer- A layer applied directly to the surface to be painted. Foam concrete - A type of cellular lightweight concrete obtained from foam mass, which is prepared from cement paste porous with technical foam forming air cells (pores).

Polyvinyl chloride foam- Heat-insulating foam plastic obtained by porousization of polyvinyl chloride resins. Medium Density PVC Foam< 100 кг/м3. Polyvinyl chloride foam slightly changes its properties when the temperature changes from +60 degrees C to -60 degrees C.

Styrofoam - Thermal insulation material, a type of thermoplastic foam. Expanded polystyrene made by extrusion has the best characteristics.

polyurethane foam- Thermal insulation material. Polyurethane foam can be rigid or flexible. Polyurethane foam refers to a variety of foams. Sand- Loose, loose clastic rock, consisting of: fragments of minerals (quartz, feldspars, with an admixture of mica, etc.), skeletons of organisms. It is formed during the destruction of rocks, carried by water, wind, glaciers, etc. It is used for the production of glass, foundry molds and in construction. Depending on the conditions of formation and the place of occurrence, mountain, river, sea, dune and dune sands are distinguished. In sand, the sizes of fragments (grains) range from 0.1 to 1 mm. Depending on the size of the grains, there are varieties of sand - coarse-grained, dusty and clay sand.

Sandstones- Clastic rocks, consisting of small particles of various minerals, cemented into a solid mass. Coloring can be white, gray, yellow, red.

Pigments- Insoluble solids that give color to paints and varnishes, plastics, etc. Inorganic pigments are divided into natural and artificial (synthetic). Natural pigments include, in particular, various oxides of iron, manganese, chromium and other compounds (iron minium, ocher, mummy), as well as some types of clays and limestones. Synthetic pigments are divided into organic and inorganic. The main characteristics of pigments are color, light and weather resistance, intensity, hiding power, anti-corrosion.

Plastic- The property of a material to change its shape and dimensions under load without destruction and to retain its shape after the load is removed.

plasticizer- Product used to improve the elasticity of the cured film

Paint film- Continuous layer obtained after single or multiple application to the surface

Film former for paints and varnishes- The non-volatile part of the paint medium that forms the film and binds the pigment

Mold- various fungi (mainly zygo-iascomycetes) forming branching mycelia without large, easily visible to the naked eye, fruiting bodies. The development of mold fungi on the surface of building and finishing materials leads to the physical destruction of the latter. Mold has a particularly harmful effect on wooden structures. Mold is one of the main participants in the processes of biocorrosion and biodegradation of materials.

Surface cracks- Small cracks distributed over the surface in more or less regular patterns

Film lifting- Softening, swelling or separation from the surface of the dried film due to the application of a layer of the same or a different material. Note. The defect may occur during the application or drying of the film.

Coating is the surface layer applied to an object. The purpose of coating is to improve the surface properties of the base material, commonly referred to as the substrate material. Improve, among others, properties such as appearance, adhesion, wettability, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, high temperature resistance, electrical conductivity. Coatings can be applied in liquid, gaseous or solid phases

Polymers(from the Greek poly- - "many" and imeros - "part") - inorganic and organic, amorphous and crystalline substances obtained by repeated repetition of various groups of atoms, called "monomers", connected into long macromolecules by chemical or coordination bonds.

Polymerization- the process of formation of a high molecular weight substance (polymer) by repeated attachment of molecules of a low molecular weight substance (monomer, oligomer) to active centers in a growing polymer molecule. The monomer molecule, which is part of the polymer, forms the so-called. monomeric (structural) link.

Polyurethanes- Heterochain polymers, the macromolecule of which contains an unsubstituted and/or substituted urethane group -N(R)-C(O)O-, where R = H, alkyl, aryl or acyl. Polyurethane macromolecules can also contain simple and ester functional groups, urea, amide groups, and some other functional groups that determine the complex of properties of these polymers. Polyurethanes are synthetic elastomers and are widely used in industry due to a wide range of strength characteristics. They are used as substitutes for rubber in the manufacture of products operating in aggressive environments, under conditions of large alternating loads and temperatures. Operating temperature range - from -60° C to +80° C

Polyurethane resin- Synthetic resin resulting from the interaction of polyfunctional isocyanates with compounds containing reactive hydroxyl groups.

polyester resin- Synthetic resin obtained by polycondensation of polybasic acids and polyols (high molecular weight alcohols). Note. These resins can be classified according to their structure, such as saturated and unsaturated polyester resins.

Polycondensation- The process of synthesizing polymers from polyfunctional (most often bifunctional) compounds, usually accompanied by the release of low molecular weight by-products (water, alcohols, etc.) during the interaction of functional groups

Polymerization(Greek polymeres - consisting of many parts) - The process of formation of a high molecular weight substance (polymer) by repeatedly attaching molecules of a low molecular weight substance (monomer, oligomer) to active centers in a growing polymer molecule. The monomer molecule, which is part of the polymer, forms the so-called. monomer unit. The elemental composition (molecular formulas) of the monomer and polymer is approximately the same.

Polyesters or polyesters- High molecular compounds obtained by polycondensation of polybasic acids or their aldehydes with polyhydric alcohols.

Polystyrene concrete- Building material consisting of polystyrene granules, cement, additives, water. Scope: construction of load-bearing structures of residential buildings and public buildings; external walls in multi-storey frame-monolithic housing construction; as inter-apartment and interior partitions in residential and public buildings; insulation of roofs, ceilings over basements both in newly erected and reconstructed buildings with polystyrene concrete mixture, which is produced and poured directly on the construction site. Advantages: accurate surface geometry, quick and easy wall installation, fire resistance and fire safety, environmental safety, energy savings for building heating, high strength and resistance to aggressive environments

Film haze- The appearance of haze on the surface of the originally glossy film. Note. At the initial stage of defect development, matting can be easily removed by wiping. Haze - Matte opalescence, sometimes manifested during the drying process of glossy paint films, as a result of the deposition of one or more solid components of the paint or varnish

Leaks on film- The formation of irregularities in the film thickness, manifested in the form of sagging, streaks

Portland cement- Hydraulic binder, consisting mainly of calcium silicates.

Ventilated underground in the permafrost zone- An open space under the building between the ground surface and the ceiling of the first (basement, technical) floor.

Produh- A small hole in the plinths, walls, ceilings of the building, intended for natural ventilation closed spaces of the building.

Compressive strength- The maximum pressure that the material can withstand before failure begins.

Peel bond strength- The force that must be applied to the material in order to tear off the glued products perpendicular to the bonding plane.

Adhesion strength- The maximum tension that the material can withstand before failure begins.

R Rive- Heat-insulating material made on the basis of coniferous wood fibers fluffed in a special way. Rave is used in the form of tape or block insulation.

Thinner for paints and varnishes- Volatile liquid, single or multi-component, which, not being a solvent for a film-forming agent, can be used in combination with a solvent without causing undesirable effects

Thinner for paints and varnishes- Volatile liquid, single or multi-component, which is added to the product to reduce viscosity

Soluble dye for paints and varnishes- A natural or synthetic substance that colors the paint or varnish in which it dissolves

Solvent for paints and varnishes ov - Single- or multi-component liquid, volatile under drying conditions, in which the film-forming agent is completely dissolved

Solvents- Liquids that serve to give the compositions the required consistency. As solvents for oil paints, gasoline, white spirit, turpentine are used, for perchlorovinyl - acetone, for adhesive and water-based paints - water. Most solvents (except water) are toxic, flammable and explosive.

Cracking- A change characterized by the appearance of breaks in the film.

Consumption(paints, varnish) - Surface area (m2) that can be painted with one liter of material. Also - the amount of material (kg) required to paint one square meter of surface.

Expansion cement- The collective name of a group of cements that have the ability to increase in volume during the hardening process. In most expanding cements, expansion occurs as a result of the formation of highly basic calcium hydrosulfoaluminates in the medium of a hydrating binder, the volume of which, due to the large amount of chemically bound water, significantly (1.5-2.5 times) exceeds the volume of the original solid components.

Frost pattern on film- A defect characterized by many very fine polygonal or cobweb shaped wrinkles on the surface of the film

Rigel- Crossbar, bolt - a linear bearing element (beam, rod) of building structures of buildings or structures, located, as a rule, horizontally.

Rigel connects (rigidly or pivotally) vertical elements (racks, columns) and serves as a support for purlins and slabs installed in floors or roofs of buildings.

Grillage- The lower part of the foundation of a structure, distributing the load on the foundation, including the pile foundation.

Rotunda- A round building (hall, gazebo, pavilion) surrounded by columns and covered with a dome.

Ruberoid- A multilayer material obtained by impregnating roofing paper with molten low-melting bitumen and then applying refractory, oxidized bitumen filled with mineral powder. The front side of the roofing material is covered with a powder that protects the material from UV radiation; underside with limestone or talc powder to prevent sticking of the layers in the roll.

Loose (non-rocky) soils- Coarse clastic (non-cemented), containing more than half by weight of rock fragments with a particle size of more than 2 mm, for example, gravel (with a predominance of rolled particles - pebble), and finer soils - gruss (with a predominance of rolled particles - gravel); sandy - loose in a dry state, not having the property of plasticity and containing more than 80% by weight of particles with a size of 2-0.05 mm (according to the classification adopted in SNiP, less than 50% by weight of particles larger than 2 mm). There are: sandy soils: gravelly, large, medium, small, dusty; loess soils; clay soils: sandy loam, loam and clay ...

robes- Rectangular log structures filled with stone and sand. They are arranged during the construction of hydraulic structures (locks, dams, bridges).

With Self-stressed structures- Reinforced concrete structures in which a state of stress (self-stress) occurs during the hardening of concrete made on self-stressing cement. A characteristic feature of self-tensioned structures is that, as a result of volumetric expansion of concrete, all reinforcement is prestressed, regardless of its location. In the process of self-stressing, the concrete of the structure, due to intensive self-compacting, acquires significant strength (20-30% greater than when it is hardened in a free state, i.e. without reinforcement), crack resistance and a high degree of water, gasoline and gas impermeability.

self leveling- The property of the material when it is used to provide a smooth and horizontal surface.

piles- Wooden, metal or reinforced concrete "rods", which are buried in the foundation of buildings and structures in order to transfer loads to dense (mainland) soils.

pile foundation- A foundation in which piles are used to transfer the load from the structure to the ground. It consists of piles and a grillage uniting them. The choice between a pile foundation and a conventional foundation on a natural basis is made on the basis of their technical and economic comparison in the given engineering and geological conditions of the construction site, taking into account the features of the building or structure being designed. Pile foundations are especially rational in the construction of buildings and structures on water-saturated weak soils. In many cases, with a pile foundation, the volume is significantly reduced earthworks and consumption of concrete.

Light fastness- The ability of materials not to change color under the influence of ultraviolet rays (in particular, those present in daylight).

Desiccant- Organometallic compound, soluble in organic solvents and film-forming, which is added to products dried by catalytic oxidation to speed up the drying process. Note. There are also water-soluble desiccants (solutions of metal salts of fatty acids in organic solvents, which serve to speed up the drying of varnishes and paints).

Synthetic resin- Resin resulting from controlled chemical reactions of polyaddition or polycondensation between well-known reagents that do not themselves have the characteristics of resins.

layer of paint material- A continuous layer of product resulting from a single application.

Resin- Solid, semi-solid or pseudo-solid organic material which has an indeterminate and usually relatively high molecular weight and which, when exposed to heat, softens or melts within a certain temperature range

wrinkling- Small wrinkles in the form of more or less regular irregularities with small amplitude, appearing throughout the thickness of the film or part of it. Note. Some decorative paints are designed to achieve varying degrees of surface wrinkling during film formation

Product Compatibility- The ability of the product to mix with other products without the appearance of undesirable effects - precipitation, thickening.

Construction 1. An immovable artificial structure (building) of a relatively large size. 2. The process of construction, erection, creation of material objects (structures in the first sense).

medium cracks- Cracks similar to surface cracks, but wider and deeper

Film aging- Irreversible changes in film properties that occur over time

liquid glass- An air binder made by firing a mixture of quartz sand and soda. The resulting glass after crushing is dissolved in water. Sodium liquid glass is used in the production of concrete with special properties (acid-resistant, heat-resistant), fire-retardant paints and other materials.

fiberglass- Lightweight, sheet, colored, transparent and translucent plastic with fiberglass inside to give strength in bending and impact at low thickness. Combines the properties of wood, metal, polymer: high strength at low specific gravity(4 times lighter than steel), low thermal conductivity: retains heat 2.5 times better than glass, resistance to sudden temperature changes (- 50 + 50 degrees C), moisture, - weather resistance: does not rot, warp or rust like iron.

Styrene C8H8(phenylethylene, vinylbenzene) - Colorless liquid with a specific smell. Practically insoluble in water, highly soluble in organic solvents, a good solvent for polymers.

Styrene resin- Synthetic resin obtained by polymerization of styrene or its copolymerization with other monomers detergents- The ability of the cured film to be freed by washing off dust, particulate matter or surface contaminants without changing its special properties

rafters- A structure that supports the roof slopes.

KNOCK. STUCK. STUCCO.- The highest grade of plaster, which includes finely sifted gypsum with marble powder, alum, glue. When solidified, it acquires a very high strength.

Screed- The basis under a covering. Screed - a floor layer that serves to level the surface of the underlying floor layer or ceiling. The screed gives the floor covering on the floor a given slope. With the help of a screed, various pipelines are covered, loads are distributed over the non-rigid underlying layers of the floor on the floor.

substructure- A structure that supports one or another part of an architectural structure from below.

Loam- Loose sedimentary rock containing 10-30% clay particles (less than 0.005 mm in size). According to the content of clay particles, heavy (20-30%), medium (15-20%) and light (10-15%) loams are distinguished. They are used as raw materials for the production of bricks, tiles, less often ceramic tiles.

sandy loam- Loose sedimentary rock, with a content of clay particles less than 10%. It is used as a raw material in the production of building ceramics.

Suffusion- Leaching, removal of small mineral particles and soluble substances by water filtering in the rock mass.

Dry mixes- Loose, rationally selected mixtures of binder, filler, fillers and special additives (setting and hardening regulators, adhesives, plasticizers, etc.). Dry mixes are intended for the preparation of building mortars, mixtures for leveling concrete floors, gluing building tiles, preparing primers, putties, plasters and grouts. Dry mixtures are mixed with water at the work site.

Drying paintwork material- A complex of transformations leading to the transition from the liquid state of the film to the solid state.

Hardness(Shor method definition) - The property of a material to resist the penetration of another, more solid body into it, as well as the property of a more solid body to penetrate other materials. Hardness is defined as the magnitude of the load required to start the destruction of the material. Distinguish between relative and absolute hardness. Relative - the hardness of one mineral relative to another. It is the most important diagnostic property. Absolute, it is also instrumental - it is studied as a result of indentation.

Coating hardness- The ability of the dried coating film to resist mechanical stress: impact, indentation, scratching. Heat capacity - The ability of a material to accumulate thermal energy, Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat that needs to be transferred to 1 kg of a given material in order to increase its temperature by 1 degree C

Thermal protection- Property of a set of enclosing structures forming a closed volume inner space building, to resist the transfer of heat between the room and the outdoor environment, as well as between rooms with different air temperatures.

Thermal conductivity- The ability of a material to transfer heat from one part of itself to another due to the thermal movement of molecules. Heat transfer in the material is carried out by conduction (by contact of material particles), convection (movement of air or other gas in the pores of the material) and radiation. The unit of thermal conductivity is W/mK. coefficient?, W / (m K), - the amount of heat transferred per unit of time through a unit area of ​​an isothermal surface at a temperature gradient equal to one.

Thixotropy(Thixotropy, thixtropic) - The property of a fluid material to increase fluidity (viscosity) when mixed. For example, a mastic or paint that has good performance in this parameter does not flow or drip from the tool, but at the same time spreads well over the application surface; do not drain from ceiling, vertical, inclined surfaces. A thixotropic material liquefies well during mechanical agitation (agitation) and increases viscosity (thickens) at rest. Not to be confused with viscosity. Usually the unit of measure is not specified. They simply write: thixotropic / non-thixotropic or increased thixotropy. But there are advanced descriptions of properties, where the thixotropy index is indicated.

Fineness of grinding- Characterization of dispersion of binders, pigments, fillers. The fineness of grinding is determined by the residue on a standard sieve as a percentage in relation to the initial sample of the material.

Topping floors- Concrete floors with a hardened top layer are heavy-duty coatings that are made by adding to freshly laid concrete. The resulting floors have high technical specifications: increased wear resistance, impact resistance, lack of dust and a perfectly smooth, even surface. special hardening mixtures (topping). The topping contains mineral fillers, high-strength crystals (quartz, corundum) and metal chips. It is characterized by increased hardness and resistance to particle abrasion. The topping is applied directly to the freshly laid concrete and buffed with concrete finishing machines. At the end of the process, the finished floor is impregnated with a polymer composition designed to maintain optimal humidity regime during the curing of concrete. Impregnation fills the pores, seals the surface, makes it easier to clean the floor, increases the chemical resistance of the surface.

Shotcrete- (from lat. tectorium - plaster and lat. concretus - compacted) - a method of concrete work, in which concrete mix it is applied in layers on the surface to be concreted under compressed air pressure. Shotcrete is carried out using a shotcrete installation, consisting of a cement gun (or concrete syringe machine) and a compressor. For shotcrete, a dry mixture of cement and aggregates (usually sand) is prepared. The mixture is supplied with compressed air through a hose to the nozzle, wetted in it with water supplied through another hose, and at high speed (130-170 m / s) is thrown onto the shotcrete surface. The thickness of the layer obtained in one shotcrete cycle is 10-15 mm. Shotcrete coating is characterized by high mechanical strength (40-70Mn/m?), density, water resistance and frost resistance. Depending on the size of the aggregate, shotcrete (up to 10 mm) and sprayed concrete, or sprayed concrete (up to 25 mm) are distinguished. Shotcrete is used in the construction of thin-walled reinforced concrete structures (shells, vaults, tanks, etc.), finishing tunnels, waterproofing and sealing joints of prefabricated structural elements, repair and strengthening of concrete and reinforced concrete structures and products, etc. Gunning of brick surfaces is carried out in order to prevent the destruction of bricks in a continuous layer, 2-5 mm thick, with severe destruction of bricks, a layer is allowed, more than 5 mm thick.

Dew point- The temperature to which the air must be cooled so that the water vapor contained in it reaches a state of saturation and begins to condense into dew is called. The dew point is determined by the relative humidity of the air. The higher the relative humidity, the higher the dew point and closer to the actual air temperature. The lower the relative humidity, the lower the dew point of the actual temperature. If the relative humidity is 100%, then the dew point is the same as the actual temperature.

Film pitting- The appearance on the surface of very small round spots from the products of corrosion of the metal surface. Crocodile skin cracks - Wide cracks that form a pattern in the form of crocodile skin on the coating. Birdprint Cracks - A pattern of cracks resembling bird tracks.

At hiding power- The ability of the paint to cover the color of the base when applied to the surface.

Film hiding power- The ability of the paint to make invisible the color or color contrasts of the painted surface

Softening- The process of extracting hardness salts from water.

Soil compaction- Artificial transformation of soil properties for construction purposes without a radical change in their physical and chemical state; is a process of mutual movement of soil particles, as a result of which the number of contacts between them per unit volume increases due to their redistribution and the penetration of small particles into the gaps between large ones under the action of mechanical forces applied to the soil. Soil compaction is carried out mainly to ensure their specified density and, consequently, to reduce the magnitude and unevenness of the subsequent settlement of foundations and earthworks.

Elasticity- The property of physical bodies to restore their shape after the termination of the influence of external forces on them

Level, spirit level- Device for checking the horizontal plane

Shrinkage- The property of the material to decrease in size and volume during drying, hardening, etc.

Structural stability- The ability of metal structures to return to a state of equilibrium after any impact.

F Phenol(hydroxybenzene, obsolete carbolic acid) C6H5OH - Colorless needle-shaped crystals, turning pink in air due to oxidation resulting in colored products. They have a specific smell of gouache. Soluble in water (6 g of 100 g of water), in alkali solutions, in alcohol, in benzene, in acetone. 5% solution in water is an antiseptic widely used in medicine. Possesses weak acidic properties, under the action of alkalis forms salts - phenolates.

Phenolic resin- Synthetic resin obtained by polycondensation of various aldehydes, in particular formaldehyde, with phenols, their homologues and (or) derivatives

flocculation- Formation of agglomerates in dispersion or in paint (Agglomeration (from Latin agglomero - I attach, accumulate) - the formation of relatively large porous pieces)

Fraction- Particle size of the base material.

Milling- (milling) - the processing of materials by cutting with a milling cutter. The milling cutter performs rotational, and the workpiece - predominantly translational motion. Two objects are involved in the milling process - a cutter and a workpiece.

Foundation- The lower supporting part of the structure, hidden underground.

X Chlorinated rubber- Resin obtained by chlorination of natural or synthetic rubber

Film brittleness- Deterioration of film elasticity

Hittings- Water stop valves

Cold pantry- Storage room up to 2 m2, located in the unheated volume of the apartment.

Choirs- Upper open gallery or balcony inside the front hall of the building.

C Cementation- Consolidation of soils, rocks, stone and concrete masonry by injection into voids, cracks and pores of liquid cement mortar or cement slurry. It is used to strengthen the foundations of structures, create impervious curtains, make rocks waterproof...

Cement- The collective name of artificial inorganic powdered binders, mainly hydraulic, which, when interacting with water, with aqueous salt solutions or other liquids, form a plastic mass, which eventually hardens and turns into a strong stone-like body; one of the main building materials intended for the manufacture of concrete and mortar, fastening individual elements(parts) of structures, waterproofing, etc. They are divided by composition, type of clinker, hardening strength, setting time, etc. Grades 200, 300, 400, 500, 550 and 600 are distinguished by bending and compressive strength.

magnesian cement- A composition of caustic magnesite (a product of burning MgCO3 at temperatures up to 700 degrees Celsius in the form of MgO) and magnesium salts, mainly MgCl2 and MgSO4. Aqueous solutions of the latter are often referred to as "mixers". Without sealers, caustic magnesite mixed with water hardens slowly. Cement mortar - Homogeneous mixture of cement, quartz sand and water. When interacting with water or other liquids, they form a plastic mass, which, when hardened, turns into a stone-like body.

Chain (two-row) masonry- Brickwork, dressing in which is carried out by alternating bond and spoon rows with overlapping of all vertical seams.

Tsiklevka- Cleaning the surface (mole).

Cyclopean masonry- Masonry walls of structures from large hewn stone blocks without the use of a binder solution.

plinth- Bottom part outer wall building, located directly on the foundation, or the upper, above-ground, part of the strip foundation.

H black floor- Flooring on the floor beams, on which the insulation is laid.

black ceiling- flooring by ceiling beams, covered from below with a layer of cladding.

Finished Floor - The top visible surface of the floor.

W Slate- A material obtained by reinforcing cement stone with fine asbestos fibers.

Putty- A paste-like material consisting of a binder (adhesives, drying oils, polymer emulsions) and a filler (finely ground chalk, lime, fluff, gypsum, Portland cement, and other cements. Putties are used to level surfaces before painting, to seal sinks, crevices, cracks. On sale there are both ready-to-use and dry putties.In the latter case, a liquid for its dilution is attached to the putty or it is indicated in which liquid the putty should be mixed.

sheet pile wall- A solid wall formed by wooden, reinforced concrete or steel sheet piles hammered into the ground. Serves as a waterproof barrier and keeps the soil from collapsing during the construction of hydraulic structures; temporary fencing of pits and trenches.

Plaster- Finishing material obtained by mixing in a certain proportion of binders (cement, lime, gypsum, etc.), sand and water.

Strokes on film- A defect that appears on the film with certain application methods, characterized by the appearance of parallel stripes in the wet film, which remain after it has dried.

SCH rubble- Loose clastic rock from unrounded fragments of rocks, slags, etc., ranging in size from 10 to 100 mm. It can have both natural and artificial origin.

E Elasticity- The ability of the cured film to withstand without breaking the deformation of the surface on which it is applied

Esterification(from Greek aither - ether and lat. facio - I do) - Obtaining esters from acids and alcohols

Extrusion(From Latin extrudo - push, expel, drive) - Extrusion (technological process) - a method and process for obtaining products from polymeric materials (rubber compounds, plastics, starch-containing and protein-containing mixtures) by forcing the material melt through a forming hole in the extruder.

Elasticity- The property of a material to change its shape and dimensions under load without destruction and to restore its original dimensions after removal of the load. The ability of a cured film to withstand without breaking the deformation of the surface to which it is applied

Elastomer -(Elastomer) - this term refers to polymers that have highly elastic properties in the range of operation. Rubber or elastomer is any resilient material that can stretch to dimensions many times its original length (elastomeric filament) and, importantly, return to its original size when the load is removed. Not all amorphous polymers are elastomers. Some of them are thermoplastics. This depends on its glass transition temperature: elastomers have low glass transition temperatures, while thermoplastics have high ones. (This rule only works for amorphous polymers, not for crystallizing ones.)

emulsions- A group of binders and thinners for water-based and paint-and-lacquer compositions that improve their quality and help save drying oil. They are used instead of drying oil for the preparation of putties, primers. Bitumen and tar emulsions are used for priming bases for waterproofing, for gluing rolled roofing materials, in the manufacture of asphalt solutions.

Epoxide- (oxiranes) - saturated three-membered heterocycles containing one oxygen atom in the cycle. Epoxides are cyclic ethers, however, due to the tension of the three-membered ring, they are highly reactive in ring-opening reactions.

Epoxy coating- Differs in the increased wear resistance and on durability is not inferior to metal and reinforced concrete. One square millimeter 0.7 mm thick can withstand a load of 10 tons. Two-component coating materials are made on the basis of epoxy resins containing organic solvents. This technology is resistant to UV rays, frost and heat resistant, the coating is not affected by weather conditions, resistant to any damage. In addition, the color remains unchanged over time. Epoxy coating can be done on any surface (floors, walls, fences, doors, etc.).

Epoxy resins- A group of synthetic polymers with high adhesive strength and high adhesive layer density. They are viscous liquids or yellow or brown solids; dissolve well in acetone, alcohol, amyl acetate; long time are stored unchanged. For their hardening, polyethylene polyamine is most often used (a brown viscous liquid, highly soluble in acetone or alcohol). Mix the polymer with the hardener 30-40 minutes before using the mixture. A very viscous mixture is diluted with acetone or alcohol. The mixture hardens at room temperature in 12 hours to 5 days, depending on the type of epoxy resin and hardener, as well as on the amount of hardener in the mixture.

Erosion(lat. erosio-corrosion) in technology - the destruction of the metal surface by mechanical influences - shocks, friction, etc. - or electrical discharges.

Film erosion- Degradation of the film in natural weather conditions, which can lead to the exposure of the painted surface

Anteroom - front, first hall.

An aqueduct is a structure in the form of a stone or concrete bridge that serves to transfer water pipes, irrigation and hydroelectric channels through deep ravines, gorges, river valleys, railways and highways.

Alleys are regular linear plantings of trees, forming a narrow space aimed at the focus or dominant of the composition.

Antefix - stone or ceramic figured tiles, located along the eaves of the roof.

the upper part of the room, divided into two floors.

the upper mezzanine, built into the volume of the main floor, is typical for mansions and manor houses of the 18th - 1st half of the 19th century.

Lease of land - property lease, an agreement on the provision of territory for temporary use for a fee. It is used in industry, in agriculture, in other sectors of the national economy, in urban land use. In Russian cities, land plots are an object of various types of ownership: federal, regional, municipal (city), corporate, private.

Arch - a curvilinear overlap of openings in the wall (windows, gates, doors) or spans between supports, for example, between columns or abutments.

in reinforced concrete structures - a set of welded or connected steel rods poured with concrete.

sculptural decorations from swords, shields, helmets and other weapons.

An architect is a specialist in the field of architecture, an architect.

Architecture is a qualitative side of construction activity, reflecting the aesthetic relations of the process of creating a building object.

Architectural and construction control and supervision is a type of state control over the use and protected land in cities and other settlements. The relevant bodies for architecture and urban planning exercise state control over.

compliance with the implementation of all types of urban planning activities in cities and other settlements in accordance with urban planning documentation.

compliance with the standards and rules for planning and building cities and other settlements.

observance of the established procedure for the use of the territory with a special regime of urban planning.

prevention of demolition of buildings and structures, cutting down of green spaces for common use in cities and other settlements.

provision of land plots in cities and other settlements in accordance with their purpose and urban planning requirements.

Beam - a solid or composite rod, usually prismatic in shape, used to cover rooms.

Balcony - a protruding area on the facade of the building, fenced with railings and surrounded by a lattice or balustrade.

Balustrade - a through fence in the form of railings, balconies, galleries, stairs, roofs.

Baluster - small curly columns supporting the railings of balconies, stairs, roofs.

The runner is a form of ornamental brickwork in the form of a belt, forming a series of triangular recesses on the surface of the wall, successively facing upwards and downwards.

the second, main (usually with higher rooms) floor of a building (palace, mansion.

the first floor of balconies above the stalls in the auditorium of the theatre.

Concrete is a mixture of gravel, crushed stone, pebbles with a solution of cement or other binders, which acquires great hardness after drying. Used as building material.

Biosocial ecology is a scientific discipline that studies the biological foundations of the social behavior of living organisms, including humans.

Biforium - a window with two openings, divided by a column or column, very common in Romanesque architecture.

A block is a large stone, most often of a prismatic shape, made of natural or artificial building materials (limestone, concrete, cinder block, etc.).

Blocked house - a residential building formed by a set of planning blocks. The block is one, two or more apartments with a common exit. Block - an apartment can be located on one or two levels. The layout of the apartment, the placement of window openings and entrances are decided in such a way that when forming the house there is the possibility of shifting, turning individual blocks relative to each other.

Border - a strip framing the edges, border, edge; decoration around the edges of any object.

Bosquet - a group of shrubs or trees evenly trimmed in the form of walls or geometric shapes.

Eyebrows - decorative decoration of the wall above the window in the form of a protruding roller.

Boulevards - landscaped stripes along avenues, streets or embankments of cities with alleys and paths for pedestrian traffic and short-term recreation; originally on the site of the ramparts.

Bungalow (bengalo) - a light country building with verandas that make up one horizontal row of wooden chopped buildings.

Cable structures are structures based on a combination of tension of special rods (ropes, cables, etc.) and rigid supports and fasteners (suspension bridges, coatings, etc.).

Guys - stretch marks for fastening high metal pipes, radio masts, wind turbine towers, etc.

Crown - mutually connected four logs that make up one horizontal row of wooden chopped buildings.

Veranda - an open or glazed gallery with a roof attached to the house.

The vestibule is a large front hallway of a public building.

Villa - country house, cottage.

Hanging gardens - artificial ornamental and orchards arranged in tiers on artificial terraces or roofs.

A stained-glass window is a set of colored glasses inserted into a window opening, constituting an ornamental pattern or image.

An octagon is a part of a building that has an octagonal shape, an octagonal frame.

Remote plate - a simple or profiled shelf with a significant extension, which in some orders constitutes the main part of the cornice.

Releases (helpers) - in wooden architecture, the ends of logs released from a log house. Helpers support roof overhangs, galleries, platforms of hanging rings.

Dimension - a generalized limiting contour of an architectural structure or its part, details, etc.

A lawn is an area sown with grass for decorative purposes, usually short and evenly cut.

Gallery house - a residential building in which residential cells (apartments) are located on one side of an open or closed gallery, which is the main horizontal communication link.

The gallery is a semi-open light room, the length of which is much greater than the width.

General plan - a type of urban planning documentation that regulates urban planning activities in cities and other settlements, determines the conditions for the safety of the population, ensuring the necessary sanitary, hygienic and environmental requirements, rational determination of land use boundaries, residential, public, industrial development zones, specially protected areas, zones of various urban development value, placement of places of application of labor, development of engineering and transport infrastructure, improvement of territories, preservation of historical and cultural heritage and anthropogenic landscapes. The master plan is the main legal document and is approved in the manner prescribed by the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation and laws or other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Federation.

Hygiene of the living environment is a branch of hygiene that studies the influence of the environment on the health of the population and develops criteria for optimizing the environment in terms of maintaining human health.

The upper room is a front, clean room located on the second floor of a Russian hut. Usually it is summer, unheated.

A city is one of the types of social and spatial organization of the population that arises and develops on the basis of the combination of industrial, scientific, cultural, administrative and other functions. As a rule, the population in cities exceeds 10 thousand, the vast majority of them are employed in industries not related to agriculture.

A garden city is a city designed for healthy living and working, no larger than to provide a full social life, surrounded by a rural landscape. The idea of ​​the garden city is to combine the positive features of the city and the countryside: all its land is in public ownership or assigned to the community.

The satellite city is a historically emerging method of decentralized development of large cities, contributing to the removal of undesirable industries and excess population from large cities and slowing down the growth of megacities.

Gorodnya is a log house filled with stone or earth inside.

Urban agglomeration - territorial and economic integration of densely located and functionally connected cities and other settlements, different in size and economic profile.

Urban land policy is the activity of the city administration in order to dispose of the urban territory in accordance with the different urban development value of land in order to achieve conditions for comfortable living, industrial activity and socio-cultural development for the maximum development of the possible majority of urban residents.

Urban climate is a climate that is formed as a result of changes in the natural environment by urban development, industry, transport, and the urban population. It is characterized by a higher temperature (3-5 degrees C higher) than in the surrounding area, an increase in convection, the frequency and amount of heavy rainfall; decrease in hours of insolation, increase in the number of fogs and increase in air pollution.

The urban landscape is a dynamic functional-spatial system of cultural complexes, including natural components and urban environment.

Gostiny Dvor - rows of shops, commercial premises and warehouses, united by covered galleries, and sometimes by a common roof.

Urban planning documentation is a set of materials of graphic-analytical, cartographic, textual, calculation and other types, based on a scientific forecast of the development of the territory and its development.

Urban planning policy is a purposeful activity to manage development and regulate construction and investment processes in order to create a favorable human environment.

The town-planning cadastre is a state information, legal system for registering the use of a territory as objects of town-planning activities. The basis for maintaining the cadastre is urban planning and design documentation. The procedure for maintaining the cadastre is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Urban planning charter - (development rules) of the city - a regulatory legal document that regulates the procedure and procedures for the implementation of urban planning activities in a given territory.

A grotto is a natural or artificial cave.

Decor is a system, a set of decorative elements.

A desuporte is a decorative painting or sculpture above a door.

A detail is a part of a whole, a detail, a particular. Part of a structure, a separate element.

The commune house is the embodiment of the design of a residential block with the main elements of consumer services tied to it.

A hotel-type house is a residential building for single and small-family residents, consisting of small-sized apartments with a well-developed service unit, located on the lower floors or in a separate building connected to a residential building. The living cell of such a house usually consists of a living room with an area of ​​​​10-14 square meters. m. kitchen-niche and combined bathroom. Hotel houses are most often located according to the corridor or gallery planning schemes.

Chimney - a chimney, the upper outer part of a wooden chimney.

Zhartok is a part of the Russian stove, in which hot coals are stored.

Residential building - a building intended for permanent residence of people, structurally consists of one or many residential cells - apartments. The cells are united by communication links - vertical (stairwells, elevators) and horizontal (corridors, galleries.

Green building is a system of planned measures to create, preserve and increase green spaces in cities and urban-type settlements, industrial facilities in state farms and collective farms, landscaping of large areas is carried out on the basis of a design assignment and a technical project drawn up on its basis.

The green massif is the largest unit of the park landscape. The optimal width, providing protection from noise, dust, and also creating visual isolation, is 100-150 m.

A tile is glazed ceramic facing plates.

Impost - a horizontal rod in the form of a cornice that separates the arch from the supporting pillar or wall.

Inlay (from lat.) - decoration of an object made of one material by cutting figured pieces from various other materials into its surface, forming a pattern that does not protrude above the surface.

Interior (from French interiur - internal) - the architecture of the interior of the building.

Kamelek - a stove, hearth, made of dry stones, without a binder solution. The smoke from it goes directly into the room itself and is drawn out either through the door or into a special hole in the wall.

Fireplace - (from German) - an open room stove with a direct chimney, which warms the rooms directly with the flame of the fuel burning in it.

Flutes - vertical grooves on the trunks of columns, pylons or pilasters.

Cornice (from Greek) - a protruding belt crowning the outer walls of the building, designed to protect the walls from rain. Upper part of the entablature. The cornice is in turn divided into three parts (from bottom to top: supporting, teardrop and crowning.

Tile (from German) - a tile, a thin tile made of burnt marl clay, covered with glaze on the outside. The tile serves for facing of furnaces, walls and floors.

A square is a hewn stone that has a prismatic shape.

Kohler (from lat.) - the color of the paint, its tone and density.

Comfort (from English) - a set of household amenities.

Structural diagram of a building is a concept that characterizes the type of the supporting frame of a building. The load-bearing frame is a set of building elements combined into a system that ensures its strength, rigidity and stability. The strength of the bearing frame is its ability to resist the influence of design loads without collapsing and without receiving unacceptable deformations; the rigidity of the supporting frame is the invariance of its shape in the process of receiving loads, and stability is the resistance to overturning. The loss of one of these qualities, one way or another, leads to the failure of the entire system of the carrier frame.

Construction (from lat.) - structure, arrangement, construction, plan, relative position of parts (structure, project, etc.)

Buttress (from the French. contre-force - counteraction) - a vertical protrusion of the wall, counteracting the phenomenon of thrust.

Corridor-sectional house - a kind of sectional house. Unlike a purely sectional house, where residential cells are grouped directly around the stair-elevator node, in this scheme, a section is formed by connecting several residential cells with a horizontal connection - a corridor that goes to a vertical connection - a staircase, an elevator. Typically, a section in houses of this type is formed from 8 or more apartments.

Corridor house - a residential building in which residential cells (apartments) are located on two sides of the corridor, which is a horizontal communication link. The corridors are connected floor by floor by stairs, of which there must be at least two. The width of the corridor is usually 1.4 -1.6 m. The length is 40 m or more.

Box vault with formwork - formed by crossing at right angles K.S. with others K.S. smaller span and lower height.

Kosour - an obliquely placed beam, thrown between the platforms of the stairs, on which, in turn, the stairs are laid.

Cottage (from English) - a small country house.

The red line is the boundary that defines the building line of the street or area of ​​the settlement.

Krepovka (raskrepovka) - a small ledge of a wall, entablature, cornice.

Roof - the upper shell of the roof, consisting of a waterproof so-called waterproofing carpet and a base in the form of a crate, flooring or solid slabs laid along the rafters and roof beams.

Bracket - a piece or structure in the form of a console, released from the wall, serves for some kind of ledge.

Hanging porch - a porch resting on pillars and on the ends of logs protruding from the log house itself.

Roof without nails (male) - in ancient Russian wooden architecture, a roof in which the board is not folded onto inclined rafters, but onto horizontal logs - slabs. The ends of these longitudinal legs are cut into the transverse walls of the log house, or otherwise, males. To prevent the gaps from slipping, they are supported from below by a hollowed-out log-stream, based on chickens. Such a roof was built without a single nail and held very firmly.

Lobby (from French) - premises in public buildings (parliaments, theaters, public libraries, etc.), which increase the space of the main foyers and halls and are used for recreation, informal meetings, and even for work.

A dome is a vault formed by rotating a curve (arc, circle, etc.) around a vertical axis.

Landscape is a specific territory, homogeneous in origin and history of development, having a single geological foundation, the same type of relief. Depending on the origin, there are anthropogenic, natural, geochemical, cultural, acultural, agricultural, marsh, geographical, elemental, etc.

Paw (in the paw) - cutting logs in the corners without residue, that is, without the released ends of the log.

A curved brick is a brick that has the shape of a sector, a circle, or some other shape, limited by segments of a straight line and a circle.

A plowshare is a wooden tile used to cover domes, necks, barrels, kokoshniks and other parts of church tops.

Tape city - a city stretched along one or more highways. L.G. in which the building strip along the highway is narrow enough that in the transverse direction it can be limited to pedestrian traffic, was called linear. L.G. in which building lanes of various functional purposes are allowed parallel to the main communication routes, is called parallel.

Linear city - a city in the form of narrow strips of development, developing along transport lines and having a symmetrical structure.

Loggia (from Italian) - a room open on one or more sides. It usually serves as a balcony, gallery or terrace recessed into the body of the building.

Spoons (spoons) - bricks or stones laid with their long sides along the wall (i.e. in the direction of the plane of the wall.

Spatula - a vertical, flat and narrow ledge in the wall, resembling a pilaster, but without a capital and base.

Tray - a bar with a hollowed out gutter; part of the vault, having the shape of a segment of a semi-cylindrical surface, dissected by two mutually intersecting (most often mutually perpendicular) planes and resting on an extended horizontal wall.

Luchkovy pediment - a segmoid-shaped pediment, resembling a stretched bow in its outlines.

Lucarna (from lat. lux - light) - an attic window.

Lunette (from French lunnette.

hole in the wall under the stripping of the vault.

a wall field bounded by an arch and its buttresses, often decorated with paintings or sculptures.

Highway (from lat.) - any main line in relation to the secondary ones departing from it. Eg. the main wide street (one of the main ones in a big city) with heavy traffic.

Layout (from French) - a model of something; a preliminary sample representing something in a reduced size (for example, a model of a building.

Matitsa is a beam that carries a wooden ceiling.

Mezzanine (from Italian mezzanino - mezzanine) - a superstructure over the middle part of a residential building.

Neighborhoods are a structural and planning unit for dividing a territory, consisting of residential buildings and service establishments.

Mosaic - an image made up of small pieces of marble or smalt (colored glass.

Monolith (from Greek) - a solid block of stone; a whole building (monument) or part of it (column), carved from one piece of stone.

The load on the landscape is a measure of the anthropogenic and technogenic impact on the landscape. The term came to geography from engineering vocabulary, characterizes the processes and phenomena that occur in the landscape under the influence of human activities.

Superstructure - a type of reconstruction of buildings, carried out by arranging one or more additional floors above the existing part of the building.

Platband - framing a door or window opening.

Oblo is a common in wooden architecture cutting of logs with the rest, that is, with the release of the ends of the logs outside the house.

Lathing - a covering of wooden or other planks, fixed on the rafters and serving, in turn, for roofing.

Boarding is the cladding of a wooden building with boards.

A mansion is a comfortable, most often one-two-story multi-room city residential building intended for one family.

Okhlupen is a hollowed-out log covering the junction of two roof slopes.

Sail - a structure in the form of a curved triangle, through which the transition from a rectangular base to the domed ceiling of the building is carried out. In church buildings, four sails support the drum of the dome.

Patio (from Spanish) - the courtyard of a residential building.

Pergola (from Greek) - an open gallery, veranda, etc. covered with a light through canopy covered with climbing greenery.

Pilaster (a) (from French) - a flat vertical ledge in the wall, processed in the form of an order column, i.e. having a base, a trunk (fust) and a capital, and sometimes flutes.

Pinnacles (from French pinacle) - decorative turrets completed with pointed pyramids, crowning buttresses and some other parts of Gothic buildings; found in Romanov architecture.

representation on a certain scale of its space-planning structure in the form of an orthogonal projection of its horizontal section onto a plane. Usually the position of the horizontal sectional plane is taken at a level slightly above the window sill. Such images are mandatory in every building project, and their number should be sufficient for reading and unambiguous understanding of the design intent of the entire building and the possibility of realizing it.

a certain order of placement in the designed or reconstructed building of the main, auxiliary, service and communication premises.

Plafond (from French) - the ceiling of a room or part of it, decorated with painting or relief.

Block, plate - half of a log split or sawn along; chopping blocks were used for flooring and ceilings.

Plinth (from Greek) - a wooden profiled bar along the internal walls of the building, covering the gap between the wall and the floor.

Plinfa - Byzantine and Russian flat square brick.

Fall - the upper, constantly expanding part of the log house, performing the architectural and constructive role of the cornice.

Police - the lower sloping part of the roof.

Portal (from German portal, from Latin porta - entrance, gate) an architecturally processed entrance to a public building - a church, a palace, etc.

Perspective portal - a kind of portal in the form of several ledges extending into the depth, decreasing in size.

The potential of the landscape (landscape capacity) is the resources of the territory under consideration, expressed in quantitative terms, which, without prejudice to the self-regulation of the landscape, can be used to meet all kinds of people's needs (recreational, agricultural, industrial.

Natural potential - the ability of natural systems to perform any function used in the economic activity of people. It is expressed by certain environmental and economic indicators.

Recreational potential is the property of a natural area to have a positive physical, mental, and hygienic impact on a person. Most pronounced during rest.

Extension - a type of reconstruction of buildings associated with their enlargement, replacement of individual worn parts with new ones or giving the building new functional features.

Run - the main beam, on which, in turn, secondary beams are laid. The main beam is directly laid on the supporting parts (pylons, columns, walls.

A program town-planning forecast is developed on the basis of comprehensive research and presents a range of predicted options and ways for the development of a district (city) and gives them a comprehensive probabilistic assessment.

Project (from lat.) - developed drawings of the building.

Span - the distance between the supports.

Prospect (from Latin) is a straight, long and wide street in the city.

Landscape destruction is a process of violation of natural ecological connections and integrity in the system of landscape components. Landscape destruction most often occurs as a result of various types of industrial activities, as well as other anthropogenic impacts.

Ramp (from French) - a system of lighting devices located on the floor in front of the stage for illumination from below.

Rasskrepovka - a protrusion in front (or indentation back) of a larger or smaller segment of a wall, entablature, cornice, parapet, etc.

Stripping - a part of the vault, formed at the intersection of semi-cylindrical surfaces, a fragment of the cross vault or a small additional vault, cut into the main cylindrical or mirror vault.

Thrust is a horizontal force that occurs in a vaulted structure.

Regional land policy is a purposeful activity of regional government bodies (republican, regional, regional, district administrations and land committees) for accounting, rational use and protection of lands of the region of various functional purposes, carried out through land management; a system of measures for land tenure, including design and survey work, filming and survey work.

Rezalit (from lat.) - a part of the building that protrudes beyond the main line of the facade.

Reconstruction (from lat.) - a radical reorganization; restructuring according to new principles.

Reconstruction of the architectural and historical environment of the city is a fairly free (compared, for example, with restoration) mode of construction work, subordinated to the tasks of the functioning of cultural and historical heritage objects in the new socio-economic conditions, allowing the demolition of dilapidated buildings, redevelopment, a significant volume, subject to style unity, which does not exclude the possibility of using new building materials.

Relief (from French) - a convex sculptural image on a plane.

Restoration (from Lat.) - restoration in its original form of works of fine arts and architecture, damaged by time or damaged, distorted by subsequent alterations.

A rose is a round window in buildings of the 12th-15th centuries. It was used in religious buildings of the Romanesque style, but it was most widely used in Gothic temples.

Rostra (from lat.) - an ornament in the form of the bow of an ancient vessel, often on a column.

Rotunda (from Italian) - a round building covered with a dome.

Saman (from Turkic) - air-dried brick made from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. It is used as a building material in treeless areas.

Sandrik - a small cornice above a door or window.

Sanitary protection zone - a zone of space and vegetation, specially allocated between industrial enterprises and residential areas in order to protect people's health.

Discharge of sewage — discharge into the environment of untreated water of industrial and domestic origin. There is an indicator of maximum permissible discharge (MPD) - the maximum permissible mass of a pollutant, determined in accordance with the established regime in a given place per unit of time in order to ensure environmental quality standards at the control point.

Pile - a rod driven into the ground in order to compact it.

A vault is a covering or covering of structures that has a geometric shape formed by a curved surface.

Sectional-gallery house - a kind of sectional house. In a purely sectional planning scheme, all living cells of the section are connected directly by a staircase as the only vertical communication. In the sectional-gallery scheme, the section is formed due to the horizontal connection of the cells of the galleries with subsequent access to the vertical connection - the stairs. Typically, a section in houses of this type consists of 6-8 or more apartments.

Sectional house - a residential building, completed from residential sections. A residential section is understood as a group of residential cells (apartments), repeated floor by floor, united by a single vertical communication link - a staircase, an elevator. The number of cells on one floor of sections can be two, three, four, six.

Canopy - a canopy made of stone, wood or metal on columns or poles, a canopy.

Silhouette (from French) - outline, outline of an object.

Slegs are horizontally laid logs that form a roof structure in Russian wooden architecture.

Sleznik - a portable plate - the main part of the eaves.

Soffit is an architecturally processed ceiling surface.

The continuous demolition of buildings is the total destruction of existing construction sites and, in general, traces of the building that once existed.

Rack - a pillar that serves as a support for the ceiling.

Rafters - a structure that supports the slopes of the roof.

Styuka (knock) (from Italian) - the highest quality solid gypsum plaster, sometimes processed in the form of carvings or artificial marble.

Substructure (from lat.) - a structure that supports one or another part of an architectural structure from below.

Terracotta (from Italian) - burnt pure clay, as well as artistic products from it.

Terrace (from French) is an architecturally designed open or semi-open area, most often adjacent to the building.

Tympanum (from Greek tympanon.

a recessed space above a door or window, having a triangular, semicircular or lancet shape.

a triangular field of the ancient pediment, sinking deep into, framed on all sides by a cornice.

Tondo (from Italian) is an architectural and decorative detail in the form of a circle, a disk.

Travertine (from Italian) - sinter accumulations of porous limestone (dense tuff), deposited by carbon dioxide sources, is used as a building material.

Trillage (from French) - a light lattice used as a frame for climbing greenery.

Tromp (from French German) is a special type of vaulted structure used to move from the square base of the structure to its round or polygonal part. Unlike a sail, a tromp is most often in the shape of a cone. Tromps are especially characteristic of the medieval architecture of the countries of Asia and Transcaucasia.

Sidewalk (from French) - a special path for pedestrians from boards, asphalt, etc. along the edges of the street.

Turnstile (from French) - a rotating cruciform slingshot installed in the aisles so that people can pass one at a time.

Poke (poke) - bricks or stones laid with their long sides perpendicular to the plane of the wall.

Thrust - a thin horizontal protrusion (like a cornice on a wall.

Vault rod - a slab between the base of the vault and the top of a supporting pillar or wall.

Building compaction is an increase in the amount of living space per unit of territory in the context of the reconstruction of existing buildings. Building compaction means - building gaps between buildings, increasing the number of floors in a building, demolishing an existing building and replacing it with a new, denser building, reducing yard spaces and driveways, building wastelands, etc.

Urbanization (from Latin urbanus - urban) is a natural historical process of increasing the share of urban culture in the cultural potential of a developing society, the process of the gradual transformation of society into an urban (urbanized) society.

Texture (from lat.) - the nature of the surface treatment: its roughness, smoothness, rustication, etc.

Facade (from French) - the outer, front side of the building.

Fachwerk (from German fachwerk) is a building structure, the walls of which are a wooden block frame, consisting of a system of buildings, crossbars, braces and strappings, with gaps filled with brick, stone, clay.

Truss truss (from French) - a flat lattice structure of triangular or other shapes, which serves to cover large rooms.

Panel (from German) - a small section of the wall, door, pilasters, surrounded by a frame.

Outbuilding (from German) a side extension to the house or a small separate house in the courtyard of the building.

Pediment (from French) - the upper part of the facade in the form of a triangle, bounded by two roof slopes.

Foundation - the lower supporting part of the structure, hidden underground.

Hall (from English) - a large room for something, for example, a hall for public meetings, a waiting room in a hotel, theaters, etc.

Cyclopean masonry (from Greek) - masonry of huge, unworked or roughly chipped, irregularly shaped stones.

Socle (from Italian) - the foot of a building, monument, column (usually in the form of a low, slightly protruding horizontal strip located directly above the ground.

Ground floor - the lower floor of the building, the outer walls of which are designed like the basement of a large order and the basement of the entire building system.

Partial demolition of the building.

liquidation, destruction of individual buildings recognized for demolition in a row of buildings.

elimination of any fragments or parts of the building (for example, one floor of the building in order to improve the sanitation of the surrounding buildings.

Four - a four-sided frame.

Template (from German) - a drawing of architectural details, profiles, made in full size.

Shelyga - a line connecting the upper points of the vault.

Slate (from German) - a vertical point (needle) crowning the roof.

Pieces (from German stuck, from Italian stucce) - a material for wall decoration, the manufacture of architectural details and reliefs; in the Middle Ages, a composition of gypsum, sand and a small amount of lime was used.

Shchipei - the upper part of the facade wall in the form of an angle bounded by two roof slopes; unlike the pediment, it does not have a horizontal cornice at the bottom, a decorative triangle crowning the window, portal and other parts of the Gothic building; same as vimperg.

Eclecticism (from Greek) is the formal, mechanical use of style elements of past eras in the composition and artistic decoration of buildings.

Exedra (from Greek) - a large semicircular niche, a semicircular pavilion.

Exterior (from French) - the appearance of the building.

Bay window (from German) - part of the internal volume of the building, taken out of its outer walls and protruding on the facade in the form of a closed balcony.

Floor (from French) - the longitudinal part of the house, the rooms of which are on the same level.

Tier - one row above another (floors, boxes, seats in the auditorium, balconies, etc.

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