Installation of garden paths and playgrounds. Garden paths and features of their device

Technology for arranging tracks and platforms

The service life of paving slabs, and even more so natural stone, is very long, so how long the path will serve you depends largely on the technology of the device and the quality of the work. Regardless of what the tile is laid on, dry mix, mortar or sand, the base is a cushion of crushed stone and sand. In some cases, to strengthen the base, a concrete screed is arranged on a sand and gravel cushion.

1. Marking tracks and areas

First you need to mark the paths and sites according to the developed plan. Marking is done using a tape measure, pegs and construction twine. After the markup is completed, you need to walk along the future track to check the usability and, if necessary, correct its location and size.

2. Preparation of the base

The laying of tracks begins with the device of their foundation. Depending on the functional purpose of the path and the nature of the soil, you will need to install either a sand and gravel cushion or a concrete base. The correct base will not allow the path or platform to "sag" and ensure the longevity of the paving. The track is a "sandwich" of successively laid layers. At the very bottom: crushed stone - 15 cm, then sand - 10 cm, geotextiles are usually laid between them. Next, a laying layer of a dry mix, - 3 cm, and paving slabs- 7 cm.

Digging a profile under the track

When digging a profile under the track, it is necessary to correctly calculate its depth in order to rationally use crushed stone and sand. If the path is laid in a developed garden on an existing lawn or other surface that will remain unchanged, the depth of the profile will be: crushed stone 15 cm + sand 10 cm + dry mix 3 cm + tile 7 cm = 35 cm

If the laying of the path is carried out as part of the integrated development of the site, the level of the future lawn should be taken into account (when fertile soil is expected to be delivered, which will raise the overall level of the site.) In this case, the profile depth will be: crushed stone 15 cm + sand 10 cm + dry mix 3 cm + tiles 7 cm - the thickness of the fertile layer under the lawn 15 cm = 20 cm.

When excavating a profile for one square meter tracks in the first case, 0.35 cubic meters are formed. m. of excess excavated soil, in the second 0.2 cubic meters. m, and you should think in advance about how to dispose of it. Export outside the site will require certain costs, so it is better to use it for leveling the terrain or filling unnecessary holes on the site.

Forming the base of the track

After the profile is formed, we fill it with crushed stone - 15 cm and sand - 10 cm, carefully tamping each layer.

A geotextile is laid between a layer of crushed stone and sand. This will prevent sand from spilling into the gravel layer and make the base more durable.

3. Laying paving slabs

for dry mix

As a laying mixture, a ready-made dry mixture, or cement and sand, is used. Of these, the mixture is prepared independently (1: 4 ratio) immediately before laying the tiles. The thickness of the laying mixture layer is usually 3 cm. Using the level, we constantly check the surface of the tile, if necessary, upset individual bricks or pour additional portions of the dry mixture under them.

After finishing laying, we fill the surface of the tile with sand and ram to fill the sand into the seams. We sweep away excess sand and spill the surface with water. If necessary, repeat the procedure. You need to wait a couple of days before you start using the track.

on the cement mortar

Cement mortar (2 cm thick) is usually used when laying tiles on a concrete base (a blind area around the house, a platform for cars, etc.). At one time, laying is carried out on an area of \u200b\u200bnot more than half a square meter. Having laid the tile, we check and correct its surface according to the level.

The solution needs to be seized within a few hours, and it will be possible to walk along such a path no earlier than in three days

Based on CD "Landscape Architecture" 2004

When arranging landscape gardening paths and playgrounds with various types coatings, a number of general construction norms and rules are observed. First, the entire road and footpath network with platforms is taken out in accordance with the project and layout drawing of the layout according to generally accepted methods using geodetic tools and instruments (Fig. 31, 32). The routes of the main roads are taken out along their axes with reference to the main base lines according to the layout drawing. Then the longitudinal slopes are checked in accordance with the vertical planning project, and the points of intersections of paths, turns and curvature radii, as well as relief fractures are fixed in nature. In the future, a complex of earthworks is carried out to cut the "trough" and lay out the track bed in accordance with the required slopes. After preparing the roadway and the trough for the sites, it is again necessary to check the longitudinal slopes of the surface. Then the boundaries of the structures are beaten off, marked in kind with pegs and stretched twine. An important point is the creation of a transverse profile of roads. The transverse profile of small tracks is created manually using a specially cut template from thick plywood with a given profile. On large roads and alleys, the profile is created using a motor grader or bulldozer with a profile knife on the blade. The transverse gable profile of the structure is given an appropriate slope. For example, with a surface slope of 2% o, the rise of soil per 1 m of the surface of the road section will be 2 cm. All microrelief changes on the surface of the canvas are leveled, construction debris is selected or can be partially used when laying the foundation. The surface of the canvas is compacted by motor rollers with a passage from the edge to the middle 5-6 times along one track. Before compaction, the canvas is irrigated with water impregnated with a layer of 5 ... 6 cm. The soil surface of the roadbed or site is considered ready and well-rolled if thin round objects - nails, wire, etc. - are pulled out of the soil without violating its integrity.

After the preparation of the roadbed and platforms, work is carried out on the construction of the base and coating.

Walkways and playgrounds with concrete slabs

Structures of paths and platforms with slab coating can be:

improved;

Simplified.

Advanced designs include rugged designs that include

the following elements:

Leveled and compacted base, crushed stone layer, thickness. in 5 cm - fractions 2 ... 3 cm;

Leveling layer of stone carvings - fractions 0.5 ... 1 cm;

Dry mixture of cement, sand, granite screenings - fractions up to 0.5 cm, - up to 2 cm thick or liquid cement mortar - cement screed;

Tiles spread over the surface of a mixture or mortar.

Simplified structures include coatings made of slabs laid on a layer of sand - a "sand cushion" - 6 ... 10 cm thick. The layout of the slabs, the coating pattern itself are determined by the designer and depicted on the working drawings of the project. Layout techniques can be very diverse and depend on the compositional solution of the territory. Tiles can be laid with jointing, which are filled with small concrete blocks. In some cases, the joints are filled with vegetable soil and sown with seeds of lawn grasses, a kind of "lawn-tiled" coating is obtained. When arranging landscape gardening paths and tile sites, the class and type of structures are taken into account. The base is made of crushed stone or pure sand (see above). A layer of crushed stone is laid along the prepared canvas of the main alleys, which is planned along the slopes, rolled down with rollers. A layer of lean concrete or a cement-sand mixture is laid on the rolled base, and tiles are laid on this layer (Fig. 34). When laying tiles by hand, the underside of the tile is wetted with water and applied to the concrete surface, then carefully brought into position with a hammer handle. The surface of the laid slabs is checked with a special template. Particular attention is paid to sealing the seams. As a rule, they are filled with a cement mortar or covered with a cement-sand mixture. Residues of mortar and mixture must be removed immediately from the surface of the tiles. Tiles of small sizes are laid manually, large slabs weighing more than 50 kg are laid with the help of special devices and mechanisms - "captures". When arranging secondary paths along the lawn, the tiles are laid on a sand cushion 10 ... 15 cm thick. The tile is sunk into the sand by 2/3 of its thickness and "precipitated" with a wooden mallet. The seams between the tiles are covered with vegetable soil and sown with seeds of lawn grasses. The vertical displacement of the tiles must not exceed 1.5 cm; the sediment of the tiles is made by tamping through the superimposed board. The sandy base should have side stops made of densely compacted earthen curb or garden concrete curb. It is necessary to ensure a tight fit of the tiles when laying to the edge and to each other. Tiles are usually laid 2 cm above (or flush with) the adjacent lawn surface.

modern garden it is difficult to imagine without organizing space elements - paths and driveways. A variety of materials allow them to be used not only for utilitarian purposes, but also as a bright decorative element.

It is difficult to imagine a modern garden without space-organizing elements - paths and driveways. A variety of materials allow them to be used not only for utilitarian purposes, but also as a bright decorative element.

In principle, the process of creating garden paths is a simple matter, and many garden owners enthusiastically start this work on their own or easily hire the first “specialist” they meet. But in fact, this is a very thorough work that requires both knowledge and experience, and even special tools - at least rammers and grinders. The paths should serve the garden for more than one year, they, like arteries, connect the functional areas of the garden, open up an overview of the brightest decorative elements, allow you to safely and conveniently move around the site in any weather.

Modern design garden involves not only the arrangement of paths, but also open areas. These can be traditional patios adjacent to the house, separate areas for relaxation, placement of a portable garden furniture, benches, playgrounds and playgrounds, for permanent or short-term placement of vehicles. Depending on the purpose and design idea, they have their own construction and paving features. However, as in the case of paths, the construction of playgrounds requires compliance with general building regulations and their operation must comply with safety regulations.

What you need to know about paths and playgrounds in the garden

Optimal Width for a garden path - at least 0.8 m, and for an access road - 3 m. The road that connects the access path and the pedestrian path must be at least 4.5 m wide. The dimensions of the sites depend on their purpose.

Paths and driveways should be slightly above ground level and have a slight slope so that there is a natural runoff of rain and melt water. In this case, the slope in length is 2-5%, while in width it can be only 1-2%.

When choosing a material for covering sites, paths and driveways, one should take into account its strength, frost resistance and durability. What material you will use to cover paths and areas also depends on the style of the garden, decorative design residential building and small architectural forms located on the site. Today, a large number of a wide variety of materials are on the market, in addition, many companies offer the execution individual order, for example, paving slabs of an unusual color, and even with built-in lamps.

It is very important to use a linear drainage system when constructing paths and driveways. This will avoid the formation of puddles and, as a result, the rapid destruction of the tracks. Linear drainage systems can consist of drains of various sizes and strength characteristics, gratings and special elements, often very decorative.

For quality device paths and extending their service life today use materials such as geotextiles, plastic geogrids, which are laid under a layer of rubble to prevent it from moving. It is also important to use geogrids when arranging paths on slopes. But for the device of access roads it is better to use lawn plastic gratings. Their upper edges are equipped with teeth, so that the wheels of the car have better grip and do not slip. Connect in right size grids with self-locking hooks.

Construction of paths and playgrounds

The work on laying tracks is divided into three stages. The first is design. How exactly the paths will run along the site depends on the choice of style of your garden. So, for a garden in a regular style, the paths should be straight, intersect at right angles. The landscape style is characterized by paths with smooth bends. When planning paths, it is also important to take into account the way in which households are used to getting to one or another garden object.

The second stage is the preparation of the bed for the tracks. Having marked the paths, they first remove the fertile soil and transfer it to a separate site for further use in the garden. Then the rest of the soil is taken out to the depth necessary to fit the base and the final layer. In this case, it should be borne in mind that the pavement of the tracks should rise 2-3 cm above the ground. The bottom of the earthen trough is carefully rammed. By the way, do not try to compact the humus layer - this is a waste of time and effort.

The base of the track consists of a carrier layer and bedding. A 10-15 cm layer of crushed stone or gravel is laid on a well-packed bottom (for an access road this layer should be 20-30 cm). The gravel is carefully compacted, then a 3-5 cm layer of sand is added and carefully leveled.

The third stage is the choice of finishing material. It also depends on the style direction of the garden, the design of the residential building and other buildings on the site. The finishing material must be of high quality, durable, frost-resistant and safe for movement in rainy weather and in winter. Low-quality and non-frost-resistant material very quickly leads to the destruction of paths and playgrounds.

Now it remains only to choose the way of laying the finishing material. It can be like laying on a dry mix gravel-sand base, and pouring the base with concrete and further decorating with finishing materials. Poor quality cement and violations in the preparation of the mortar, as well as the construction of paths during the period of night frosts, leads to the rapid destruction of paths and sites.

Before laying the finishing material, curbs are installed, which are made with concrete. For unpaved paths, simple plastic curbs are used. Laying finishing materials produced according to their respective technologies.

In the construction of sites, the construction of both buried containers for plants and raised beds is often used. This issue is solved at the design stage, so as not to spoil the prepared base for paving. It is most important to carefully consider the construction of sites with combined paving, that is, when two or three types of materials are used in decoration.

Dirt paths

In a natural-style garden, dirt paths and paths will look quite natural (paths can be up to 60 cm wide). They are cheap and easy to make. However, such paths are less durable and more laborious to maintain, especially if their surface is decorated with wood chips, sand or brick chips.

If there are puddles on the site for a long time, then drainage of the area should be carried out before laying dirt paths. From the bed of future tracks are removed fertile layer, compact the base and pour a 10-centimeter layer of gravel. It is carefully compacted and only after that a 15-centimeter layer of soil is poured, which is also carefully compacted.

For a more durable earthen cover, a mixture of clay (30%) and sand (70%) is taken. The axis of the road should be at the level of the surrounding soil, and its cross section should be in the form of an arc. Such a bulge will allow rain and melt water to drain naturally.

After the coating has been formed, the dirt paths can be decorated with a thin layer of coarse sand, brick or stone chips and compacted again. Such paths can also be lined with decorative wood chips or crushed bark. This, by the way, is not only beautiful, but also protects the paths from overgrowing with weeds, and it is very pleasant to walk along them, especially barefoot.

Ground areas are most often used in natural-style gardens for campfires, children's playgrounds, and for sports activities. For playgrounds, you can use the soil cover with sand or decorative wood chips.

Wooden flooring

Wooden paths (decorative flooring made of boards, round saw cuts, etc.) go very well with English mixborders and typical for middle lane plants. They are warm to the touch and natural in the garden. However, in rainy weather, the tree becomes slippery. Plus, it rots quickly. Anti-rotting wood impregnated by special means.

Under such decks, it is important to properly prepare a well-drained backfill. To do this, use a 10-15 cm layer of gravel and a 5 cm layer of coarse sand. When installing borders, it should be borne in mind that the tree swells, so you need to leave gaps. Paving with saw cuts also involves filling the gaps with stone chips or fine gravel.

For curbs enclosing wooden paths, they use both concrete, a special curb stone, and stylish fences made of sanded and rotting logs, sawn from thick branches or thin trees, willow weaving.

Rest areas lined with wood are important to make safe in rainy weather. Often they are made elevated above the soil level. Then piles are used, and gaps are made in the coating itself for the natural flow of water. The wood is treated with protective equipment, it can be painted with texture paints and coated with moisture-resistant deck varnish.

Paving of paths and platforms with stone

Stone elements of the paths are most often laid on bedding or concrete. The choice of styling largely depends on the size of the elements. For example, it is better to lay granite or basalt slabs on concrete, and thin sandstone tiles on a gravel-sand cushion.

Original paths and platforms are obtained from hewn stone, which has a shape close to a hexagon or a rectangular parallelepiped (for example, in the form of paving stones). In one batch there may be plates of different shades, so the installation will require artistic taste. Granite slabs, as a rule, have grayish, red or yellow hues, basalt slabs are black. When buying, pay attention to the size of the plates, which is indicated by a fraction. For example, the size of the slabs 12/16 means that the sides of the slabs are 12 and 16 cm long.

More correct form cut stone slabs. They come in granite, limestone or sandstone. The thickness of such plates is from 6 to 15 cm, the size of the side ranges from 10 to 100 cm.

A special flavor of the garden gives a coating of pebbles. You just need to decide right away that it is better to cover the access road or narrow paths with pebbles, because walking along it is not very familiar. For paving, we use pebbles with a flat and even surface, if necessary, carry out additional trimming. In addition, pebbles are often used in the design of sites, as additional material.

Clinker paving

A stylish garden with a lot of history can be created in a matter of years. In such a garden, exquisite clinker paths can serve as an element of antiquity. Agree that one can easily imagine some rare car or even a horse-drawn phaeton on the access road paved with clinker bricks.

For the garden, special clinker road bricks or paving stones with anti-slip notches are used. This material is very durable, because clay is settled at temperatures up to 1300 ° C until it is completely sintered. The structure of the clinker brick is dense, without inclusions and voids, which provides the material with high performance.

Clinker is laid on a layer of sand or very fine stone chips. Clinker elements for tracks have dimensions of 200x100x45 mm, 200x100x52 mm, 240x59x52 mm or 60x59x52 mm. For access roads, it is better to lay the clinker upright, creating a layer 10 or 5.9 cm thick. 3 mm gaps are left between the clinkers, which are filled with coarse sand or fine stone chips. With the help of clinker paving stones from a non-uniformly dyed material, you can create beautiful platforms by laying out a variety of patterns.

When choosing clinker, attention should be paid to strength, frost resistance, resistance to fats, solvents and gasoline.

Paving of paths and platforms with concrete tiles

In addition to the dull gray concrete coating, there are many decorative products based on this material on the market today. Starting from concrete tiles of various colors, with a surface often imitating a natural stone.

Front side such tiles can be covered with natural chips, and thanks to a special treatment, they are slightly uneven and rough, which increases their safety during rain and winter. As a rule, such a tile has a thickness of 4-10 cm, a width of 9-20 cm and a length of 10-28 cm. For paths, a thickness of 6 cm is sufficient. Concrete tiles can have not only a rectangular or square shape, but also figured.

Paving slabs are more popular. They have a square or rectangular shape with sides 20–50 cm and 35–100 cm long and 4–8 cm thick.

Supporters of the natural style prefer to pave the paths with openwork tiles. They may also be different color, size and shape. This concrete structure transfers the loads directly to the deeper layers of the soil, thereby unloading the soil surface, which fills the free gaps and is sown with grass. Thus, an openwork carpet of concrete is obtained and lawn grass. Alas, it is difficult to walk along such paths barefoot or in high heels. But such a coating is great for access roads.

Increasingly, stamped concrete is being used in the design of paths. Its surface can imitate stone paving, sandstone slabs, river stone, bricks and even planks. To increase strength, such concrete is reinforced with polypropylene fibers. However, it should be remembered that such a coating of tracks is distinguished by a glossy, too slippery surface and low frost resistance.

More useful information from the real estate world on our

COMPLEX OF PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY

MAIN PLAN DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

MOSSTROYLICENSE

DEPARTMENTAL BUILDING REGULATIONS

INSTRUCTIONS
FOR THE DEVICE OF PAIDEWAYS
FROM CONCRETE SLAB

VSN 15-95

MOSCOW - 1998

Instructions for the installation of sidewalks made of concrete slabs (instead of VSN 6-76) were developed by Candidates of Technical Sciences V. M. Goldin, L. V. Gorodetsky, R. I. Bega (NIIMosstroy) with the participation of Yu. I. Stolyarov, Ph.D. n. VD Feldman (Mosstroylitsiya). pavement service experience on operated streets. The instruction was drawn up taking into account the new GOST for paving slabs developed by NIIMosstroy, Mosinzhproekt and the Academy of Public Utilities. The instruction was agreed with the Mosinzhproekt Institute, the Gordorstroy trust, the municipal enterprise Mosinzhstroy.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. This manual applies to the device in summer and winter periods in Moscow, sidewalks, landscape gardening, pedestrian paths and areas made of concrete slabs produced by MPHK Mospromstroymaterialy plants and satisfying GOST 17608-91.1.2. Pavement structures should be taken according to the album SK 6101-85 "Designs of pavement for the city of Moscow." The construction of sidewalks is carried out taking into account the current norms. 1.3. Sidewalks and footpaths should be located between the carriageway and buildings; between the roadway and the lawn; between lawns, in a strip of green spaces. The estimated width of one lane for pedestrian traffic is 0.75 m.1.4. Structural elements of sidewalks are accepted: sandy underlying layer; bases made of sand, sand-cement mixture, crushed stone and concrete; slab coating. The technological sequence of works for the construction of prefabricated pavement pavements includes the following stages: digging and compacting the trough, installing the side stone, laying the underlying layer, laying the base and covering, including filling the joints. 1.5. The pavement of sidewalks, garden paths and playgrounds is carried out from prefabricated square (K), rectangular (P), hexagonal (W), figured concrete slabs and paving elements (F) and decorative road elements (EDD). Types, brands and sizes of paving slabs according to GOST 17608-91 are presented in Table. 1.1.

Table 1.1

Types, brands and sizes of paving slabs

Plate type, plate brand	Plate dimensions, mm
		Plate thickness
		on crushed stone and concrete bases A	on sandy and stabilized substrates B	in places where heavy vehicles enter the sidewalk B
Square slabs
1K.5, 1K.6, 1K.8
2K.5, 2K.6, 2K.10
3K.5, 3K.6, 3K.10
4K.5, 4K.7, 4K.10
5K.5, 5K.7, 5K.10
6K.5, 6K.7, 6K.10
7K.6, 7K.8, 7K.10
8K.8, 8K.10
Rectangular slabs
1P.5, 1P.6, 1P.10
2P.5, 2P.7, 2P.10
3P.5, 3P.7, 3P.10
4P.6, 4P.7, 4P.10
5P.6, 5P.7, 5P.10
6P.8, 6P.10
Hexagonal slabs
1Sh.5, 1Sh.6, 1Sh.10
2Sh.6, 2Sh.7, 2Sh.10
3Sh.6, 3Sh.8, 3Sh.10

From Table. 1.1 it can be seen that the thickness of the coating slab depends on the type of base. Note. According to the same GOST, the industry manufactures figured slabs and paving elements - (F) and decorative road elements - (EDD), general form which is shown in Fig. 1.1.

Rice. 1.1. General view of curly slabs and paving elements.

2. DEVICE OF BASES, INSTALLATION OF SIDE STONES

2.1. Bases for coating of concrete slabs are made of sand, sand-cement mixture, crushed stone and concrete.2.2. Work on backfilling and compaction of the subgrade, laying of underground networks, installation of drainage and backfilling of trenches is carried out before the start of work on the foundation. 2.3. The subgrade is planned by bulldozers, motor graders and compacted with rollers used in the construction of intra-quarter roads. For planning, bulldozers DZ-18 (D-535A), DZ-4 (D-493A) and motor graders DZ-40 (D-144), DZ-40A (D-598A), DZ-51 are used. For compaction, rollers are used on pneumatic machines DU-30 (D-635), DU-31 (D-627), vibratory rollers DU-10 (D-455), DU-10A, DU-14 (D-480), rollers of static actions with smooth rollers DU-1 (D-211V), DU-11A (D-469A), etc. The type of roller is selected depending on the subgrade soil group and the width of the sidewalk or footpath.2.4. The density of the subgrade soil, including backfilling of pits and trenches, must be at least 0.98.2.5. The installation of the underlying layer is started after the acceptance of the subgrade. During acceptance, it is necessary to check: the conformity of the profile marks (with an accuracy of 10 mm); the degree of soil compaction (every 25 m at two points along the cross section). The sand for the underlying layer must have a filtration coefficient in the compacted state of at least 3 m / day. 2.6. Sand leveling is carried out by bulldozers and motor graders, and on narrow sidewalks and footpaths - by forklifts with attachments. The thickness of the loose sand layer must exceed the design one, taking into account the loosening factor 1.1.2.7. The sandy underlying layer is compacted in a wet state with rollers used in the compaction of the subgrade (see clause 2.3.). The compaction coefficient of the sandy underlying layer must be at least 0.98.2.8. The surface marks of the underlying layer must correspond to the design ones with an accuracy of ± 5 mm. Traffic on the finished underlying layer is prohibited. 2.9. To prevent freezing of sand in winter time it is recommended to impregnate it with a 2% solution of calcium chloride (CaCl 2). The required amount of calcium chloride per 1 m 2 of the surface of the underlying layer at bulk weight sand 1700 kg / m 3 is given in table. 2.1.

Table 2.1

Dependence of the required amount of calcium chloride on the depth of impregnation of the underlying layer

2.10. The installation of the underlying layer should be carried out taking into account the completion of sand compaction before it freezes. 2.11. The side stones separating the carriageway from the sidewalks are made of granite, concrete or reinforced concrete and installed on a concrete base. 2.12. To separate the pavement from the lawns, concrete side stones are installed with a size of 1000 × 200 × 80 mm (BR 100.20.8). 2.13. Concrete side stones BR 100.20.8 are installed manually on a concrete base 10 cm thick, laid on a leveled and compacted sandy underlying layer.2.14. The width of the seam between the side stones should not exceed 5 mm. The joints are filled with a cement mortar of composition 1: 4, after which they are embroidered with a solution of composition 1: 2.2.15. In the case of a base made of sand-cement mixture, its lower part 7 cm thick is made of sand-cement mortar, and the upper part 3 cm thick is made of dry mixture. Approximate composition per 1 m 3 of brand 50 solution: brand 400 cement - 155 kg, water - 170 l, sand - 1650 kg. A dry sand-cement mixture is prepared in the same way, but without adding water at a natural sand moisture content of 5 - 6%. 2.16. In winter, it is recommended to lay the sand-cement mixture prepared at the factory on heated materials at an outside air temperature of at least -15 ° C, avoiding a gap in time when laying the sand-cement mortar and dry mixture. 2.17. The compaction of the sand-cement mortar is carried out by vibrating screeds and vibrating platforms. 2.18. Crushed stone foundations are arranged using crushed stone pavers, with a sidewalk area of \u200b\u200bless than 1000 m 2, crushed stone can be leveled with a motor grader or bulldozer in the “away from you” method. 2.19. Crushed stone mixtures of optimal moisture content (4 - 6% by weight, crushability grades in the cylinder are not lower than 400) are delivered by dump trucks and unloaded into the receiving hopper of a crushed stone paver or onto a prepared subgrade. The mixture is laid on the road no later than 3 hours after delivery to place of work. Compaction of the mixture is carried out by self-propelled static rollers weighing 5 - 10 tons or vibrating ones - weighing 1.5 - 3.5 tons. Checking the density of the crushed stone base is carried out with a heavy roller, after which the base should not have noticeable deformations. 2.20. When constructing bases from lean concrete, the M100 concrete grade is used. Estimated consumption of materials per 1 m 3 concrete mix is: cement brand 400 - 90 - 100 kg, crushed stone fr. up to 40 mm - 1440 - 1400 kg, sand - 650 - 600 kg, water - 120 - 130 kg. The layout of lean concrete is carried out by concrete paving machines, crushed stone paver. Compaction is carried out with 5-ton motor rollers in 8 - 10 passes along one track. 2.21. Concrete grade 100 is used for the construction of a concrete base. The construction of a concrete base is carried out on a planned and compacted sandy underlying layer by concrete-laying machines or an E-153 excavator with attachments. In the latter case, the mixture is compacted with a vibrating screed or platform vibrator. Every 30 - 40 m, expansion joints 20 mm wide are arranged at the base. 2.22. A film-forming material - bitumen emulsion - is applied to the freshly laid concrete base at the rate of 0.7 kg/m 2 .2.23. The construction of a concrete base in winter is allowed at an outside air temperature of up to -15 °C. Laying of the concrete mixture should be carried out on a sandy underlying layer prepared before the onset of frost.

3. COATING DEVICE

3.1. The slabs are delivered to the object by trucks in special containers. Loading and unloading and installation of a coating of slabs with a side size of 100 cm is carried out using attachments designed by the SU-32 Construction Trust for the construction of embankments to a 3-5-ton truck crane or forklift (Fig. 3.1). Slabs with a side size of up to 50 cm can be laid into coatings with a special vacuum grip of the design GDS-1 (Fig. 3.2) or manually.3.2. The layout of the plates can be carried out according to various schemes (Fig. 3.3). 3.3. Laying of plates should be done in transverse rows from edge to edge. Before laying the slabs, two boundary lines must be broken and fixed on the base, from one of which the laying of the slabs begins (Fig. 3.4).

Rice. 3.1. Clamp for laying slabs:

1 - frame made of rectangular pipes (40 × 60 mm); 2-shaft traverse; 3 - bearing traverse; 4 - a strip with a cutout; 5 - bracket; 6 - finger; 7 - strip size 100×80×10 mm; 8 - strip size 150×100×10 mm; 9 - lever

Rice. 3.2. Vacuum gripper for laying slabs

Rice. 3.3. Schemes of the layout of plates in the coating.

3.4. Alignment of the edges of the plates is carried out along a stretched wire or cord located along the stacked row. 3.5. The width of the joint between adjacent plates with a side size of 100 cm should be within 8 - 12 mm and with a side size of up to 50 cm - within 5 - 8 mm. The seams are filled with a sand-cement mixture in a ratio of 3: 1.3.6. When installing decorative coatings, the width of the seam can be increased up to 50 mm. In this case, the seam is filled with sod or vegetable soil and sown with grass. To ensure the required width of the joints between the plates, special templates are used. 3.7. When laying slabs with a side size of 100 cm, they are leveled using rigging gaffs after the lower plane of the slab is lowered by a crane 2–3 cm below the upper plane of the laid adjacent slabs. Any distortion of the plate is unacceptable. When using crowbars, breaking off the edges of the plates should be excluded. 3.8. Alignment of the laid plates is carried out by light tapping with wooden rammers. Ledges in the seams of adjacent plates should not exceed 2 mm. A roller of sand or sand-cement mixture formed at the edges of the slabs is cut off with a manual template. 3.9. Figured slabs and paving elements are laid mainly by slab-layers of domestic or foreign production. On fig. 3.5 shows paving with a slab paver. On fig. 3.6 shows the layout of curly elements.3.10. When installing coatings in winter, it is advisable to prepare the subgrade, the underlying layer and the base for the coating in advance, before the onset of stable frosts. The leveling layer is laid on the prepared base immediately before installation.

Rice. 3.4. Scheme of laying paving slabs with dressing of seams:

1 - pin; 2 - running cord

Rice. 3.5. Laying slabs with a slab paver

Rice. 3.6. Layout schemes for curly paving elements

3.11. When laying slabs on a concrete base in winter, its surface must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt, snow and ice and then warmed up. To facilitate the removal of the ice cover, it is recommended to thaw it by spilling CaCl 2 solution in an amount of 1 l/m 2 . Cleaning and heating of the concrete base can be done with an asphalt heater or with the help of an installation used for roofing with built-up roofing material, as well as hot sand heated to a temperature of 180 - 200 ° C, which is laid with a layer thickness of 5 - 7 cm, with its subsequent removal. 3.12. A heated cement-sand mortar up to 20 mm thick is laid on the cleaned and heated concrete base, the temperature of which should not exceed 35 °C.3.13. Sidewalk works are stopped during heavy snowfall. The prepared sections of the leveling layer are covered with mobile awnings, tarpaulins or straw mats. It is not recommended to lay slabs at temperatures below -15 °C. 3.14. It is recommended to seal the seams only in the spring. If it is necessary to fill the joints in winter, it is necessary to preheat the joints of the plates and fill them with a sand-cement mixture heated to 35 ° C.

4. ACCEPTANCE OF WORKS

4.1. Sidewalks must be made in accordance with the project, SNiP and other applicable regulatory and technical documents. 4.2. When accepting sidewalks, the following must be checked: a) compliance with the approved design of the structures of the base of the underlying layer, drainage devices and drainage. The verification is carried out according to acts for “hidden” work, work logs and laboratory data; b) compliance of the sidewalk width with the design size; c) the longitudinal and transverse profiles of the coating and their compliance with the project (checked by control leveling); by control measurements with a 3-meter rail at least every 20 m; gaps under the rail should not exceed 3 mm.

5. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

5.1. Safety precautions at construction sites must be observed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP III-4-80 * "Safety in Construction". Responsibility for the state of safety and industrial sanitation rests with the head and chief engineers of specialized departments and trusts.5.2. Sanitary facilities at the facilities must be equipped in accordance with the hygienic requirements of the Ministry of Health of Russia.5.3. Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone a medical examination, have been trained according to an approved program in safe working methods and instructed directly at the workplace are allowed to work. Knowledge is tested annually by the commission, after which certificates are issued to workers. 5.4. The chief engineer of the construction department and the foreman are responsible for compliance with safety regulations during construction. 5.5. Checking the safety knowledge of engineering and technical workers should be carried out annually. In case of unsatisfactory knowledge, the manager of the trust is obliged not to allow engineering and technical personnel to supervise the work.5.6. Workers must be provided with special clothing and serviceable hand tools in accordance with applicable regulations.5.7. When performing work in winter, periodic breaks lasting 10 minutes at a temperature of -20 ° C and - 30 ° C and a complete cessation of work at a temperature below - 30 ° C.5.8 are established to warm the workers. Working area needs to be protected. At nightfall, red signal lamps should be installed in the work area. Lighting lamps with a power of up to 200 W are suspended at a height of 2.5 - 3 m, and more than 200 W - at a height of 3.5 - 10 m.5.9. Persons involved in the preparation and application of film-forming materials to the base must work in overalls, canvas gloves and goggles. It is forbidden to smoke and use open fire when working with film-forming materials containing flammable substances. 5.10. Responsibility for the serviceability of machines and mechanisms used in construction lies with the head of the section of the Mechanization Department. 5.11. It is strictly forbidden for persons who do not have a special certificate to operate or repair mechanisms.

6. OPERATION OF PAIDEWAYS

6.1. Works related to the maintenance of pavement coatings in good condition are divided into the following main types: - maintenance; - current repairs; - major repairs.6.2. The maintenance of sidewalks includes regular maintenance work to keep them in proper order and cleanliness throughout the year to ensure normal conditions for the movement of pedestrians.6.3. Maintenance is carried out every 3 years and includes work to eliminate individual minor deformations, oil stains, cracks and destruction of plates.6.4. Oil stains that have appeared on the surface of the boards are removed using adsorption powders or dry cement, degreasing agents that are used to clean cars, as well as household detergents. Stains from oil paints are removed using abrasive powder and water. The use of solvents is impractical, since the paint solution penetrates even deeper into the pores of the concrete. Aerosol paints applied to the slabs by spraying are removed with acetone. Bitumen is removed from concrete slabs mechanically or manually, then a mixture of gasoline and oil is applied to the remaining stain and the repaired area is covered with plastic wrap to reduce gasoline evaporation. 6.5. Cracks are eliminated by filling them with epoxy, polymer and colloid-cement adhesives.6.6. Cracks in concrete slabs must be cleaned of dirt and dust before gluing, and in case of filling with colloid-cement adhesive, the surfaces to be glued must be moistened. 6.7. Epoxy adhesive is made from epoxy resin(ED-5), filler (sand), plasticizer (varnish kukersol) and hardener (benzosulfonic acid and polyethylene-polyamine-BSK) in a ratio of 10: 11: 3: 4.5. Epoxy adhesive of the given composition should be used within 35 minutes after preparation.6.8. The composition of the polymer cement adhesive includes Portland cement grade 400, molding sand, building sand, water, furyl alcohol, aniline hydrochloride, calcium chloride in accordance with 4.85: 1.76: 1.32: 2.15: 0.4: 0.06 : 0.66.6.9. Filling cracks with cement colloidal adhesive can be done manually or using a device such as a vibrating gun and a pneumatic tank with a capacity of 20 liters. A vibrator head should be mounted inside the pneumotank, which serves to reduce the viscosity of the glue when it is fed into the vibrating gun during periodic activation of the glue during storage. 6.10. The preparation of a dry mixture and colloidal cement glue from it is carried out in accordance with the “Temporary guidelines for the preparation of colloidal cement glue” (VSN 8-66). The glue is prepared immediately before use by mixing the dry mixture with water. When using a vibrating gun, the water-binding ratio of the adhesive should be 0.25 - 0.28; in case of manual filling of cracks - 0.3 - 0.35.6.11. Filling cracks with cement colloidal adhesive should be done within no more than two hours from the moment of its preparation. The temperature of the adhesive at which cracks are filled must be at least 5 °C.6.12. At current repair if necessary, level the base. Destroyed slabs are removed and replaced with new ones, which are laid on a cement mortar or a dry cement-sand mixture. All joints between the slabs are cleaned with compressed air from a compressor and filled with a 1: 3 cement mortar to the full height of the joint. 6.13. Major overhaul involves a full or partial change structural elements pavement: coatings, bases, underlayment. The subgrade must be additionally compacted to a factor of at least 0.98.6.14. The arrangement of structural elements of sidewalks is carried out at overhaul in the same way as during construction in accordance with the instructions of sections 2 and 3.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. GOST 17608-91 "Concrete sidewalk slabs".2. GOST 6665-91 “Concrete and reinforced concrete side stones. Specifications”.3. SNiP Sh-4-80 * "Safety in construction".4. Album SP 6101-85 "Designs of pavement for the city of Moscow" Mosinzhproekt. NIIMosstroy.5. Recommendations for the construction of urban roads in winter, 1991 NIIMosstroy6. Instructions for the construction of prefabricated urban roads (VSN 1-94). Construction Department.7. Technical instructions for the installation of sidewalks from concrete slabs (VSN 26-76). Glavmosinzhstroy.8. Normal for the construction of sidewalks and blind area, 1976. Glavmosstroy.9. Timofeev A. A. Prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete coatings of urban roads and sidewalks. 1986. Stroyizdat.10. Goldin V. M., Bega R. I. Prefabricated pavements of sidewalks and footpaths, 1973, TsBNTI Moszhilkomkhoz of the RSFSR.

Paths and playgrounds are, undoubtedly, important elements of the garden and park composition, they give the landscape a well-groomed look and individuality. The material from which the platforms and paths are made necessarily affects the impression made by the park recreation area. With their shape and location, as well as intricate curves, the paths determine the style and properties of the landscape project. Park paths and playgrounds differ in the type of coverage, paving, materials and technologies used.

Types of coatings are stone, tile, block, grass, etc. There are also various laying options - on a sand cushion or on a cement mortar. They come with and without a border, solid, made with islands, etc. Natural stone is used as the main material for pavement of park paths. decorative tiles, concrete slabs, clinker bricks, simple and decorative concrete, pieces of wood and grass.

The most important stage in the process of building tracks. The correct base will not allow the path or platform to "sag" and ensure the longevity of the paving.

The track is a "sandwich" of successively laid layers. At the very bottom: crushed stone - 15 cm, then sand - 10 cm, geotextiles are usually laid between them. Next laying layer of dry mix - 3 cm, and paving slabs - 7 cm.

After the profile is formed, we fill it with crushed stone - 15 cm. and sand - 10 cm., carefully tamping each layer. The drainage base of a garden path or platform is the most important part of the paving, ensuring that excess water is drained into the lower layers of the soil. Drainage is of particular importance in severe clay soils, poorly permeable to water. Such soils are saturated with water in autumn, the freezing of which in winter leads to a significant expansion of the volume of the soil - a process called heaving. Heaving of the soil can lead to damage to the paving, which is expressed in the formation of blisters on the paths and platforms, under which there are ice lenses. Another aspect is that the base of the paving must be stable, in other words, paving made of stone or paving slabs should not be forced through over time, sink into the ground.

A geotextile is laid between a layer of crushed stone and sand. This will prevent sand from spilling into the gravel layer and make the base more durable. The effect of the geotextile is that, on the one hand, having filtering properties, it prevents subsidence of the base into the ground, and on the other hand, it provides additional resistance to deformation of the roadway due to its strength characteristics.

As a laying mixture, a ready-made dry mixture, or cement and sand, is used. Of these, the mixture is prepared independently (1: 4 ratio) immediately before laying the tiles. The thickness of the layer of laying mixture is usually 3 cm. Using the level, we constantly check the surface of the tile, if necessary, upset individual bricks or pour additional portions of the dry mixture under them.

Table 1. Product range of prefabricated pavement coatings

Paving slabs produced by ZhBK-1 in Belgorod are used.